ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

Basic Mechanical Engineering

Engr. Joeffrey D. Bustinera

Professional Mechanical Engineer
INTRODUCTION
Part 1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
▪ Mechanical engineering is an engineering branch that combines
engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science to
design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is one
of the oldest and broadest of the engineering branches.

▪ Technically, mechanical engineering is the application of the principles and

problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing
to the marketplace for any object. Mechanical engineers analyze their
work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that
designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost.
AREAS OF CONCERN TO STUDY THIS BRANCH ARE:
▪ Materials
▪ Solid and fluid mechanics
▪ Thermodynamics
▪ Heat transfer
▪ Control, instrumentation
▪ Specialized mechanical engineering subjects
Objectives
• Define Plumbing and Sanitary

• Explain the purpose of implementing plumbing and

sanitary systems.

• Categorize different sanitary systems.

• Recognize the functions of sanitary plumbing systems .

• Categorize different sanitary plumbing systems.

• Recognize the different types of sanitary drainage systems.

 Plumbing and Sanitary
Plumbing is the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixture and convey and supply water in buildings, to
dispose and discharge water, liquids, gases and other
substances out of the building in a safe manner,
healthy to ensure the health and sanitation of life and
property.

Sanitary is the state of being clean and free from

infection or disease. The unwanted fluid/water
discharged from a building and its surrounding areas
must be quickly disposed due to convenience, health;
preventing spreading of disease, possible damage to
structures .
Plumbing Practice in the Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City
of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division
of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the
Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for
the City of Manila.

In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines

(NAMPAP) was formally organized

Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was
enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
Plumbing Practice in the Philippines
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955,
became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President
Ramon Magsaysay.

On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by
NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.

Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building
Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as
referral code in full text

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing

Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to
Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided
with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to
unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.

2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with

water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function
satisfactorily and without undue noise.

3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity

of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code

4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and

installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.

5. Every building abutting on a street alley or easement with a public

sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.

6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet one
kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the
basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material,
free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated
enclosures.

8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained

to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with
adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily
cleaned.

9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from

defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered
Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code

10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be

equipped with a water-sealed trap.

11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide

adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing
of trap seals under ordinary use.

12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code

13.Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to

effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.

14.Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive

mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly
with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food,
water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage.
When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected
indirectly with the building drainage system.

16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is

no properly lighted and ventilated.

17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be

made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method
of sewage treatment and disposal such as a septic tank.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of
sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in
the building.

19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by

Registered Master Plumbers.

20.All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced to be

accessible for their intended use.
 22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
21.Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and the
prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through
fixture usage.

22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may

be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable
form of treatment.
 C o m p o n e n t s

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURES

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

 Nature of Water
The Water Cycle:
3 Major
Phases:
Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation
 The Plumbing Cycle
Components & Flow in
Water Systems:
S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E
Pressure,
Water Mains, Plumbing
Piping
Storage Tanks Fixtures
Networks

S O U R C E COLLECTION
Gravity,
Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs Networks
TREATMENT DISPOSAL

Treated water Sewage Plants,

Sanitary and
returned to the Natural
Storm Sewers
original source Purification
 The Plumbing Cycle
Water Functions Diagram:

SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL

Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always be

only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
The two sides should always be carefully separated from
each other
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rain Collected from Water is soft & Only a source

roofs of pure and is during the wet
Water buildings and suitable for the season;
special water hot water
sheds and supply system Storage becomes
stored in a breeding place
cisterns or for mosquitoes;
ponds;
Roofs may not be
Cistern water clean
for drinking
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Natural Obtained from Easy to acquire; Contains a large

Surface ponds, lakes amounts of
and rivers Usually in large bacteria, organic,
Water quantities; & inorganic
substances;
Used for Purification &
irrigation, treatment is
industrial necessary
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Ground Obtained from Usually has an May have organic

underground by abundant matter & chemical
Water means of supply; elements;
mechanical & treatment is
manual requires less suggested;
equipment; treatment
because of Character of
From springs and natural filtering ground water, its
wells and is the hardness,
principal source depends upon the
of water for nature and
domestic use in condition of the
most rural areas soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates
 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY AND
METHOD OF COLLECTING/EXTRACTION
 Wells & Pumps
Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells Deep Wells

Individual Well Springs:

(Types According to Method of Construction)
Dug Well

Most common type

Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
 Wells & Pumps

Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger
Seldom driven below 15 meters

Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Used only where ground is relatively soft
 WELLS & PUMPS
Driven Well
Dug with driven point
attached to the pipes

Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
 Wells & Pumps
Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better! (allows natural filtration)
 Wells & Pumps
Methods of Well Screening:
 Wells & Pumps
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn

in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

 Wells & Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal
force
 Wells & Pumps
Types of Pumps
Shallow Well Pumps
Shallow well reciprocating pump
Shallow well jet pump
Rotary pump

Deep Well Pumps

Deep well reciprocating pump
Deep well jet or ejector pump; a.k.a. ‘Venturi”
Submersible pump
Multi-stage turbine pump
WATER STORAGE
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Gravity Supply Tanks
(Overhead Water Tanks):
Used in Overhead Feed System
Main Components:

Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
TYPES OF WATER STORAGE TANK
 Controls & Valves
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water

Rules Regarding Location

of Valves:
Locate & distribute valves in such
a manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they are not
too visible while remaining
accessible to users
 Controls & Valves
Types of Valves:
Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line (does
not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent

2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

The Double Disc Valve

 Controls & Valves
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
Only one side of the valve is an inlet

3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve

The Conventional Disc Valve

The Composition Disc Valve

 Controls & Valves
Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal of
flow (backflow) in the line

4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve

The Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve

Horizontal Check Valve

 Controls & Valves
Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as globe
valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints

Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the pumps

Used mainly to prevent loss of priming

of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
 Controls & Valves
Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines & other
pipe lines with excessive pressure
 Controls & Valves
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:
Compression Operates by the
compression of a
Cock soft packing upon
a metal sheet

Key Cock Operates with a

round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose

Ball Faucet Constructed with a

ball connected to
the handle
THANK YOU!!!