Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fire-Protection and Suppression-Systems
Fire-Protection and Suppression-Systems
250 gpm
\ 250 gpm
(946 L/min) (946 L/min)
Roof
150 ft
(45.8 m)
50 ft
. / 6-in.
(15 m)
/
( 15 2 mm)
6-in. (152 mm) pipe
Fire
pipe~ department
connection
6 -i n. (152 m m ) - •
pipe To water
/ supply
a
I I
~-l---·
: Tank :
I I
- -----------,
:_l--:
I I
High• I I
,-----~----- .
¥
Low•
level
zone
Grade
--Fir-e d-ep✓artment
l House supply
Fire reserve
Penthouse
F
House header
Fire header 1
l
Pressure, top hose
{Minimum 12 psi
Optimum 25 psi
10th
F F
9th
120±
7th
F F
6th
5th
4th
3rd
1st
F ..
Water
-Maximum pressure 80
lowest hose
psi/ \
Automatic
ball drip
Check valve
service
' 1 .
T
t
1/l.
« s
(a)
Hose rack with 64mm valve and Hose rack with 38mm valve and
38mm hose (up to 38 meters) 38mm hose (up to 30 meters)
(c)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Wall-mounted surface type
2-way Siamese connection
Sidewalk-type, freestanding
2-way Siamese connection
Automatic pressure-reducing
valve to limit the water
pressure at the nozzle under
both flow and no-flow
conditions
(i)
WHAT IS AN AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
• Integrated fire suppression system consisting
of a water supply, a network of pipes,
sprinkler heads, and other components to
provide aut omat ic fire suppression in areas of
a building where the temperature or smoke
has reached a predetermined level.
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
• Wet-pipe system
■ Most common type, have wat er, under pressure,
in the pipes at all times
■ Water is supplied eit her from a roof tank or f rom a
ground level tank and aut omat ic pump syst em
that maintains pressure in the system
■ Each sprinkler head acts individually, i.e.,
sprinkler heads in the affected area only are
activated
{ [ } inspector't
test conn
= s%sen
lines
Fire dept. ] j
connection
OS&Y gate valve to
; c o n t r o l wa t e r s u p p ly
Main drain - r t
to system
t e l = } } = n = / , 4 % = AyroMAng
SPRINKLERS
WATER MOTOR
ALARM
CHECK VALVE
WATER SUPPLY
[WATERPRESSURE
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
• Dry-pipe system
■ These systems are filled with compressed air (or nitrogen)
rather than with water.
Used in unheated areas, cold-storage areas including
loading docks
• As soon as sprinkler head opens, the compressed air
rushes out, allowing water to enter the formerly dry-pipe
system through a dry-pipe valve. It then functions like a
wet-pipe system
■ A maximum system capacity of 2,840 liters is
recommended
■ Require pit ching of all piping to allow t ho rough drainage
af t er usage
Cross main
Inspector's
test connection
Fire dept.•
connection \
CHECK VALVE
WATER S U P P L Y I + l
[WATERPRESSURE 0 AIRPRESSURE
DRY PIPE VALVE
Wet system Dry system
for frost-free rooms for rooms exposed to frost
'
Wet alarm
valve station • -
Dry alarm
valve statlon
Automatk
supply device
Compressed water tank
-
Municipal
w at er [
:!'.
L D r a. - 7l l
l..c : = J
L
Statton
distributor
0: : . SwItch cabinet
Overflow
--.- Municipal
water
Interim tank Sprinkler pump Sup ply tank
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
• Deluge system
■ This syst em is a dry-pipe system that has open
sprinkler heads.
■ Responds to abnormally high temperature anywhere
in the prot ect ed area by opening a deluge valve that
supplies wat er to all t he heads. As a result, all
sprinkler heads operate simultaneously.
■ The purpose of t he design is to prevent the ext remely
rapid spread of fire, as in buildings wit h highly
flammable materials. It is also used where fire can
produce noxious or poisonous fumes, as in chemical
plants.
Cross main
Bulk ma in t } d
(riser)
Detectors
Fire dept. ·] } oeluge v alv e
connection
OS&Y gate valve to
' control water supply
Chec k valve -[} /to system
T [ =
A. Deluge valve
B. Clapper seal
C. Detector
D. Pneumatic actuator
E. Relief valve
F. Alarm
G. Sprinkler head
Branch
lines
Bulk main
(riser)
Check valve I N
Automatic
sprinklers
Fire dept.
connection
l Preaction valve
OS& Y
m a !:."e
Check valve to system supply
(a)
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS
• Circulating closed-loop system
■ This system is a wet-pipe system that uses rather
large sprinkler piping to circulate water for heating and
cooling operations of the HVAC system.
■ Wat er is not removed from t he system, merely
circulated. Water temperature must not exceed 4 9 C
or fall below 4C.
■ The operation of the HVAC system should not
interfere with the water flow from t he sprinkler when
the automatic sprinkler function is act ivat ed.
Sprinkler Line
Sprinkler Line
Circulating
Pumps
High•
Efficiency
Water
Heater
Heat Exchanger
Supply Discharge
Well Well
SPRINKLER PIPING TYPES
• Ferrous piping (welded and seamless) - can either be black steel,
galvanized, or wrought steel pipe that are manufactured in various wall
thickness. Most common for sprinkler systems are schedules 40, 30
and 10. NFPA Standard 13 notes minimum wall thickness for steel pipe
depending on the method of joining the pipe.
• Copper tube (drawn and seamless)
• Nonmetallic [polybutylene and chlorinated polyvinyl chlorinated
(cPVC)] piping - light w eight and has favorable hydraulic charact erist ics
for water flow. Special installation requirements are as follows:
For use in light hazard occupancies only
Limited to indoor wet-pipe systems
Must have a protective membrane
Can be exposed when quick-response or residential sprinklers are
installed
MAJOR SPRINKLER SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
COSS MAIN
,!
INS P ECTOR
VALVE
TEST
FEEOMAIN---~ =--_,
-------",----
R
IS
E
R
ALARM !
1
CROSS MAIN
+I
uMvuve
FIRE DEPT.
CONNECTION
OS&Y CONTROL VALVE
. i i 1 ] N 4
_i'
I
It
UNDERGROUND
SUPPLY }'
TOWATER - . -'
/ SUPPlY ,t;';/
Know Your Fire Sprinkler Systems Components
Branch Line
Hiser
Central Station
t Monitoring Panel
Prwate
Fire Hydrant "I C o n t r o l Valve
Tamper
Switch
Level 2 #
FS
Level 1
♦ 0 Stop Valve
Alarm
Gong
0 Valve Monitor
0 Alarm Valve
Sprinkler
0 15mm
0 Head
Alarm Test
Test Valve
0 Valve
Alarm Bell
0 (Going)
Pressure
Installation
I
I
I
0 Switch
Side
Supply
I 0 Flow Switch
'
Jacking
Side
0
' Water Supply
Pump
Cover ~
·. Tamper Proof
Wrench
.
[ l e [ 3 y a k ] Switch Enclosure
Mechanism
Ground Screw
(Green)
Mounting
Plate
s~ N PT
t··.
Threa'
tuator
ver
-P
ad
·Ile
SPRINKLER PIPING COMPONENTS
• Valves
-Water flow detecting valves are determined by the type of sprinkler
system provided. These valves send an when a continuous flow
alarm
of water occurs from a leak in the system.
WATER
MOTOR GONG
LOCAL
ELECTRIC
ALARM
z.2! l
1
FILLER CUP
WATER
PRESSURE
GAUGE
t 1Mi
C A +
\
INDICATES WATER FLOW DIRECTION
l House supply
Fire reserve
Penthouse
F
House header
Fire header 1
l
Pressure, top hose
{Minimum 12 psi
Optimum 25 psi
10th
F F
9th
120 ±
7th
F F
6th
5th
4th
3rd
1st
1F 7 L 6 ' F
:
,M i m u m pressu re so
rest hose
F
par
/
p \
Automatic
ball drip
Water Check valve
service
- Glass Bulb
SPRINKLERS
• Nozzles are classified as:
- Standard
- Large orifice
- Extra large orifice
DISCHARGECHARACTERISTICS
V e r t ic a l S id e wa ll Conv entional
Horizontal Sidewa ll
H SW 1 De flec to r Rec essed Pendent
'...t.er Water 'ster
",.·.,.
res-._ Frangible
Glass Bulb
Temperature GlassBulb
·F Classification Colors
100 38 135to170 57 to 77 Ordinary Uncolored or black Orange or red
150 66 175 to 225 79 to 107 Intermediate White Yellow or green
225 107 250 to 300 121 to 149 High Blue Blue
300 149 325 to 375 163to191 Extra high Red Purple
375 191 400 to 475 204 to 246 Very extra high Green Black
475 246 500 to 575 260 to 302 Ultra high Orange ° Black
625 329 650 343 Ultra high Orange Black
TYPES OF SPRINKLERS BASED ON
PERFORMANCE DATA
• Flow rate of a sprinkler depends on the size of its orifice and the residual
pressure of the water supply. Residual pressure is the remaining pressure
at the outlet when water is discharging at the rated flow.
DISCHARGECHARACTERISTICS
~ NominalOrificeSize PercentofNominal
KFactor Markedon Frame -in. Discharge
% 6.4 1.3-1.5 Yes 25
%% 8.0 1.8-2.0 Yes 33.3
% 9.5 2.6-2.9 50
%, 4.0-4.4 ·
Yes 75
11.0
½ 12.7 5.3-5.8 Yes 100
1½2 13.5 7.4-8.2 No 140
% 15.9 11.0-11.5 No 200
% 19.0 13.5-14.5 Yes 250
--- ----
Yes
PLANNING GUIDELINES
LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCIES
Occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or
com bust ibilit y of cont ent s is low, and fires w it h relat ively low rat es of heat
release are expected.
The Light Hazard classification is intended to encompass residential
occupancies, however, this is not intended to preclude the use of listed
sprinklers in residential occupancies or residential portions of other
occupancies.
Light Hazard Occupancies include occupancies having conditions similar to:
Churches Museums
Clubs Nursing or convalescent homes
Eaves and Overhangs* Offices, including data processing
Educational Residential
Hospitals Restaurant seating areas
I nstitutiona I Theat ers and Audit oriums, excluding st ages
Libraries (except large stack rooms) and prosceniums
*if combustible construction with no combustibles beneath Unused attics
ORDINARY HAZARD OCCUPANCIES
Group 1: Occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility
is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do
not exceed 2.40m, and fires with moderate rates of heat release are
expected.
Ordinary Hazard Occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies having
conditions similar to:
PARTA.UPRIGHT(SSU)ANDPENDANT(SSP)SPRINKLERS
. . . .
Light Hazard Ordinary Ha
.a i ' s »w f i
PART8.STANDARDSIDEWALLSPRAYSPRINKLERS
tHa
i n u ai w ' o R R
Noncombustible or
Limited-Combustible Limited-Combustible
Combustible Finish Finish Combustible Finish Finish
Maximum distance along 14 ft 14 ft 10 ft 10 ft
the wall (S)
Maximum room width (L) 12 ft 14 ft 10 ft 10 ft
Maximum protection area 120 f 196 ft 80 ft 100 ft
Obstructed: depth, spacing and openness of structural members impede heat flow
to the sprinkler head and/or disrupt the spray pattern
Unobstructed: structural members do not impede the operation of the sprinkler head
Table 1. Summary of NFPA Standard 13 Pipe Schedule Systems for Steel Pipe: Number of sprinklers fed by pipe slz@
Pipe size L_
igh_t _
Ha.z..:a._r_ d Ordina r y Hazard
_ : _ _
1" 2 2
1-1/4" 3 3
1-1/2" 5 5
2° 10 10
2-1/2"° 30 20
3" 60 40
3-1/2" 100 65
4" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor area 100
5" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor area 160
6" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor area 275
8" Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor area Maximum 52,000 sq. ft. floor area
°
1" 1 1- 1/ 4" 1- 1/ 2 1- 1/2" 2" 2"
0 0 0 0 0
" ELEVATION
Fig. 5. Ordinary hazard pipe schedule. (Source: NSFA Fire Sprinkler Plan
Review Guide)
2 sprinklers fed by 1 in (2.5 cm) pipe
2 + 1 = 3 sprinklers fed by 1¼ in (3 cm) pipe
3 + 2 = 5 sprinklers fed by 1% in (3.8 cm) pipe
5+ 2 = 7 sprinklers fed by 2 in (5 cm) pipe (up to 10 allowable)
1GANIWA01NE.E1E( DIKEBONE C.I608 40,Ia'
MarimumDistance
$grillerType (n)
$105 n
an¢ardside»wel %
Curgit.rdpedant n
Cside«oil :
largedrop 8
ER 4
OTHER PLANNING GUIDELINES
• When sprinklers are spaced less than 6 feet on centers, baffles shall be
located between the sprinklers to prevent non-activated sprinklers from
being cooled off by the water discharge from adjacent sprinklers.
• The distance of a sprinkler from a wall shall be no more than half of the
allowed distance between sprinklers - not more that 9 feet or less than 4
inches from the wall.
• The distance between vertical obstructions and the sprinkler shall not be
less than that given on the table below.
verticalobstructions(inft)
MaximumDimensionofObstructions MinimumDistance 4 ft
(1.3 m)
Lessthan½inch nolimit
Between½and1 inch 6inches
Between 1and 4inches 12inches
Morethan4inches 24inches
Distribution
pattern
from a standard
spray sprinkler
DEFLECTOR
T·'«w DEFLECTOR SCREW
FRAME
/ FEMALE LEVER
] ROuER KEY
P
c>
r
MALE LEVER
LINK PLATES
TO HYD U L IC FI R
E ALARM ON G
10_ F IR E_A LARM_ BEL !
ELECTRICALLY OFERATED
ALFM SWITCH
0er1MAL
TEST VALVE
PR IN N CLP
PRIMING CUP VALVE
SNG OIECX VALVE
AIR SUMFLY VALVE NO,
TO AIR
sourCE
PLY VALVE
wAo,2
SATE CRAI 'SAFETY VALVE
VALME
VELOCITY DRIP VALVE
WATERSUPPLY
DELUGE SYSTEM
Protection for extra-hazard
risks such as aircraft hangers
and petrochemical facilities.
C E IL 4N C
P E N D E NT TY P E
S P R IN K L E R H EA D
O B S T R U C T I O N
_ / _ e
POSITION OF DEFLECTOR TO AV O I D
O B S T R U C T I O N S TO D I S C H A R G E
] D IS TA N C E FROM S P R IN K LE R M AX IM U M A LL O W A B L E D IS T A N C E
TO SIDE OF O B S TR U C TIO N ( A ) OF D E FLE C TO R A B O V E B O T T OM
OF O B S T R U C T IO N ( i n . ) ( B )
LE S S TH A N 1 ft . 0
1 ft. TO LE S S TH A N 1 ft. 6 in . 0
1 ft. 6 in. TO LE S S TH A N 2 f t. 1
2 f t . TO LE S S TH A N 2 ft. 6 in. 1
2 f t. 6 in . TO L E S S T H A N 3 f t . 1
3 f t . TO LE S S T H A N 3 f t . 6 in. 3
3 f t . 6 in. TO LE S S TH A N 4 f t . 3
-
4 ft. TO LE S S TH A N 4 f t . 6 in . 5
4 f t . 6 i n. T O L E S S T H A N 5 ft . 7
~ 5 ft. TO LE S S TH A N 5 f t. 6 in. 7
5
ft. 6 in. TO LE S S T H A N 6 f t . 7
6 -
ft. TO LE S S T H A N 6 f t . 6 in. 9
6 f t. 6 in . TO LE S S TH A N 7 ft. 11
I 7 f t. A N D G R E A T E R _... 14
D E TA I L O F S P R IN K L E R H E A D S ·M O U N T IN G
_ T O AV O ID O B S T R U C T IO N S T O D I S C H A R G E