D.

Sanitary Drainage and

Ventilating System
Planning and design of house drains, house sewers,
horizontal branches, stacks, vents, drains, traps,
cleanouts, special waste, manhole and appurtenance
within the building and premises
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
HOUSE SEWER – part of the drainage system beginning just
outside the foundation wall and terminating at the main sewer. The
terminal of a house sewer can also be a septic tank.
HOUSE DRAIN – part of the plumbing system which receives the
discharge of all soil and waste stacks within the building and
conveys it to the house sewer (referred to as the collection line)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
House Drain and House Sewer
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
House Drain/House Sewer Sizes and Slope
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
The House Trap – a device placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall of the
building; serves as barrier; prevents gases which occur in the public sewers from circulating
through the plumbing system.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

DRAINAGE SYSTEM - takes the waste water from the plumbing

fixtures and deliver it to the sewer
PLUMBING SYSTEM - water supply, liquids, substances and other
ingredients (water, liquid, and other carried wastes); the fixture,
fixture traps; the soil, waste, vent pipes; house drain, foundation
drain, house sewer; storm water drainage, drainage ejectors,
appurtenances and connections
SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS - (construction, collection,
transportation, pumping treatment and final disposition of sewage)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

BUILDING SUBDRAIN - underground system; cannot

drain by gravity into the building sewer
SUBSOIL DRAIN - underground drainpipe; receives only subsurface
or seepage water and convey it to a sump for disposal by gravity
flow or by lift pump
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

BUILDING DRAIN (HOUSE DRAIN) - lowest horizontal

piping of drainage system; conveys to the building
sewer beginning 0.6 m. outside the building wall
BUILDING SEWER (HOUSE SEWER) - starts at the
end of the building drain
HOUSE DRAIN - part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing
system; conveys it to the house sewer
HOUSE SEWER - part of plumbing system extending from about 4 or
5’ from inner face of foundation wall
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

FIXTURE UNIT - one fixture unit equivalent to a flow rate of 7 ½

gallons of water per min; 28.3 liters per min (1 cu.ft/minute)
PLUMBING UNIT - minimum standard quantity of one (1) water
meter, one (1) water closet, one (1) lavatory, one (1) shower head
and drain for a bathtub or shower stall, one (1) kitchen sink, one (1)
laundry tray and three (3) floor drains and four (4) faucets/hose bib
FIXTURE DRAIN - the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction
of the drain
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Fixture Units
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Sizing For Plumbing
Determine the size of the pipe to arrive at a basic discharge figure, use Tables I
and 2 to calculate individual setup. By totaling the number of units which can be
discharged you can determine the minimum size of pipe for that branch, i.e. if
two units - 1 ½”; if nine units, water closet not included - 2" pipe; for up to 35
units, water closet included, 3" or 4“; one water closet, 3" pipe; two or more
water closets, 4".
Table 3 shows how to size the soil or waste stack. Determine number of fixture
units by Table 1 and find the proper size of stack in 3. No stack into which a
water closet discharges should be less than 3" in diameter. The "branch
interval" used in Table 3 means a vertical length of stack of not less than 8 feet,
within which branches are connected. The total fixture units on all branches
connected to a stack within any 8-foot length should not exceed the maximum
permitted by the table in one branch interval.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Sizing For Plumbing
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Item FIXTURE Trap & Trap Arm Drainage Fixture
Sizing For Plumbing No. Size Units (DFU)

1 Bathtubs 38 2
2 Bidets 38 2
MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETERS 3 Clotheswashers* 51 2
4 Dental units or cuspidors 32 1
AND DRAINAGE FIXTURE 5 Drinking fountains 31 1
UNIT VALUES (NPCP 1995 ed.) 6
7
Floor drains
Interceptor* for grease, oil, etc.
51
51
2
3
8 Interceptor* for sand, auto wash, etc. 76 6
9 Laundry tubs 38 2
10 Mobile home park traps (one for each trailer) 76 6
11 Receptors* (floor sinks), indirect waste receptors for refrigerators, coffee 38 1
urns, water station, etc.
12 Receptors*, indirect waste receptors for commercial sinks, dishwashers, 51 3
air washers, etc.
13 Shower, single stall 51 2
14 Shower*, gang (one unit per head) 51
15 Sinks, and/or dishwashers (residential) 51 mm min waste 38 2

16 Sinks, bar, commercial 51 mm min. waste 38 2

17 Sinks, bar, private 38 mm min waste 38 1
18 Sinks, commercial or industrial, schools, etc., including dishwashers, wash 38 3
up sink, and wash fountains 50.8 mm waste

19 Sink, flushing rim, clinic 76 6

20 Sink, service 51 3
21 Urinal, pedestal, trap arm only 76 6
22 Urinal, stall, separate trap 51 2
23 Urinal, wall-mounted, integral trap, trap arm only 51 3
24 Urinal, wall-mounted, blowout, integral trap, trap arm only 76 6

25 Urinal, wall-mounted, washdown or siphon jet, integral trap, tram arm only 51 2

26 Urinal, wall-mounted, washout, separate trap 50.8 mm min. waste 38 2

27 Wash basin, in sets 38 2

28 Wash basin (lavatory) single 32 1
29 Water closet,* private installation 76 4
30 Water closet, public installation 76 6
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Sizing House Drain
Size is determined by the number of units drained by it. Proper Ф are: 2 units, 1
1/2"; 9 units, 2"; 25 units, 2 1/2". The size of stack, house drain, or sewer must
be at least the size of the largest branch connected to it. The minimum size of a
house drain receiving discharge from a WC should be 4" Ф, and should
continue full size to the vertical stacks receiving the discharge of water closets.
The drainage system should have one 3" Ф stack extended full size through the
roof (w/o any WC)
Sizing Vent Pipe
The proper size for vent stack is determined by the total fixture units of the
soil/waste stack it serves. A branch vent is sized by the number of units
connected to it and the length of the pipe itself. No vent pipe should be less
than 1 1/4" Ф, nor should a vent stack's Ф be less than half the Ф of the soil
stack it serves. For a 4" soil stack, vents cannot be less than 2" pipe. To
determine the length of vent piping, regard length of stack and branches as
being continuous.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

SOIL PIPE – portion of the plumbing system which receives the

discharge of water closets
WASTE PIPE – part of the drainage system which conveys the
discharge of fixtures other than water closets, such as sinks,
lavatories, urinals, bathtubs; usually smaller in Ф than soil pipe
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
House Drain, House Sewer, Main Sewer
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
TRAPS USED IN PLUMBING SYSTEM
Trap – a device to prevent the passage of sewer air through it; also called anti-
siphon traps
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
TRAPS USED IN PLUMBING SYSTEM
Two forms of water-sealed traps
1. Common Seal – 2” depth
2. Deep Seal – 4” liquid content
Deep seal – 3” minimum, 4” maximum liquid content
Types of Permissible Traps
1. P-Trap – ½ S
2. Drum Trap
3. Grease Trap
Objectionable Traps/Non-Permissible Traps
1. Full S and ¾ S Traps 2. Bag Trap
3. Mechanically Sealed Trap 4. Internal Partition
Trap 5. Light Metal Partition Traps
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SEAL - vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a
trap/the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir
TRAP - a fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage
of air, gas
TRAP ARM - that portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the
vent
TRAP SEAL (WATER SEAL) - maximum vertical depth of liquid
that a trap will retain, measured within the crown weir and the top
of the dip of the trap
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
P-Trap, Trap Arm
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Drum Trap, Grease Trap
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
(CLARIFIER) - intercept or to separate, and prevent the passage of oil,
grease, sand
CLARIFIER - (interceptor)
GREASE INTERCEPTOR - interceptor of 3 cubic meters capacity
GREASE TRAP - device to retain grease from one to four fixtures
(maximum)
SAND INTERCEPTOR - (INTERCEPTOR)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
AIRBREAK - physical separation into indirect waste receptor from fixture,
device indirectly connected
AIR GAP, DRAINAGE - unobstructed vertical distance between the lowest
opening from any pipe to the flood level rim of the receptor
AIR GAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION - unobstructed vertical distance through
free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet
conveying potable water to the flood-level rim
DOUBLE-BEND FITTING - fitting shaped like the “S”
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

INDIRECT WASTE PIPE - a waste pipe that does not connect

directly with the building drainage
RECEPTOR - approved plumbing fixture/device to adequately
receive discharge from indirect waste pipes
SPECIAL WASTE - require special methods of handling (use of
indirect waste piping and receptors, corrosion resistant piping,
sand, oil or grease interceptors, condensers or other pre-treatment
facilities
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

Indirect Waste Pipe, Air Gap -Drainage

DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

3 major difficulties:
1 Trap Seal Loss – inadequate ventilation of the trap/subsequent (-)
and (+) pressures
2 Retardation of Flow in Drainage System:
improper atmospheric conditions due to insufficient ventilation, or
incorrect installation of fittings
3 Material Deterioration and Removal of Objectionable Gases:
wastes of the plumbing system contain chemical elements creating
compounds of acid nature detrimental to piping materials
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
VENTILATION
5 ways in which a trap seal may be lost:
1. Siphonage: minus pressure in the drainage system
Direct Self-Siphonage - found in unventilated traps serving oval-
bottomed fixtures (lavatory, slop sink); result of unequal
atmospheric conditions caused by the rapid flow of water to the
trap
Indirect or Momentum Siphonage - the result of a minus pressure
in the waste piping caused by discharge of water from a fixture
installed on a line which serves a fixture placed at lower elevation
Siphonage by Momentum – the result of a minus pressure in the
waste piping caused by discharge of water from a fixture installed
on a line which serves a fixture placed at lower elevation
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
VENTILATION
5 ways in which a trap seal may be lost:
2. Back Pressure: plus pressure; blows the water out of the fixture into the
room; at those located at the base of soil stacks, or a soil pipe changes its
direction abruptly.
3. Evaporation: use of deep seal trap recommended to prolong the interval
of total loss of the trap seal
4.Capillary Action: a suspension of a foreign object (rag, string, lint) into the
trap seal
5. Wind Effects: wind passing over the top of soil pipe roof terminal; a
downdraft ripple the liquid content
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Trap Seal Loss, Direct Siphonage
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Trap Seal Loss, Indirect Siphonage, Capillary Action
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Two Principal Classifications of Vents
1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT (STACK VENT): used to
ventilate the soil and waste pipes
portion of the soil-pipe stack above the highest installed fixture
branch extending through the roof
the terminal for the many main vents
size: 2 – 5” Ф
2. MAIN VENT (VENT STACK): “relief” and “yoke” vents; tributary;
collecting vent line; relieves any back-pressure; terminates in the
soil-pipe stack, at least 3’ above the highest installed fixture branch
size: 2 – 5” Ф
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Two Principal Classifications of Vents: Stack Vent and Vent Stack
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Two Principal Classifications of Vents: Stack Vent and Vent Stack
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
VENT SYSTEM - provide flow of air to or from a drainage system;
provide a circulation of air to protect traps seals from siphonage
and backpressure
MAIN VENT (VENT STACK) - principal artery
VENT STACK - vertical vent pipe
STACK VENT - the extension of a soil or waste stack above the
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack (SVTR)
VENT PIPE - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of
air in a plumbing system; for reducing the pressure exerted on
trap seals
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM - horizontal wet

venting of one or more sinks/floor drains by a common horizontal
waste and vent pipe
CONTINUOUS WASTE - drain connecting the compartments of a set
of fixtures to a trap or connecting other permitted fixtures to a
common trap
SIPHONAGE - a suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes
(pressure less than atmospheric)
VACUUM - an air pressure less than atmospheric (SIPHONAGE)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

OTHER VENTS:
Materials Used: (Chapter 9 Sec. 903 Materials, NPCP)
Required Sizes of Vents: (Chapter 9 Sec. 904 Size of
Vents, NPCP)
Vent Pipe Grades & Connections: Vent pipe must be
graded slightly so that no water may accumulate in it.
(Chapter 9 Sec. 905 Vent Pipe Grades and
Connections, NPCP)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

Types of Vents
Individual Vent: back vent; serves a single trap
Unit Vent: ventilates two fixture traps;discharge into a sanitary
cross with deflectors
Circuit or Loop Ventilation: ventilates 2 or more fixture traps that
discharge into a horizontal soil or waste branch extended at
slight grade
Relief Ventilation: eliminates minus and plus pressures in the
drainage system; on long vertical pipes, a relief vent, often
referred to as yoke or by-pass vent maybe installed at 3 – 5
floor intervals
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

Types of Vents
Wet Ventilation: vent pipe through which wastes flow
Looped Vent: used on fixtures located in the room away from
partitions that might be utilized to conceal the waste and vent.
Local Vent: a conduit/pipe shaft used to convey foul odours from
a fixture or room; used to some extent in connection with
water closets; terminates at the roof
Utility Vent: used for underground public restrooms
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Individual Vents, Unit Vent
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Yoke Vents, Circuit/Loop Vent
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Island Venting, Wet Venting, Local Vent
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

BACKVENT PIPE - connects directly with an individual trap

underneath/behind the fixture
(INDIVIDUAL VENT/REVENT PIPE)
INDIVIDUAL VENT - (BACK VENT PIPE)
REVENT PIPE - (BACK VENT PIPE)

COMMON VENT - (UNIT VENT/DUAL VENT)

DUAL VENT - (UNIT VENT)
UNIT VENT - an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent
pipe will serve two traps
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
BRANCH VENT - a horizontal vent pipe connecting from a branch of
the drainage system to a vent stack or stack vent
GROUP VENT - a branch vent
DRY VENT - a vent that does not carry water or water borne waste
WET VENT - portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow
LOCAL VENT - a pipe or shaft serving to convey foul air from a
plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

CIRCUIT VENT - group vent from in front of the last fixture/connects

to vent stack (LOOP VENT)
RELIEF VENT - acts as auxiliary vent (“yoke vent”)
LOOP OR CIRCUIT VENT - (extension is usually vertical immediately
beyond its connection to the soil or waste pipe); connected to the
stack vent
YOKE VENT - pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack
below the floor and below horizontal connection to a adjacent vent
stack
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 1: Minimum requirement for a waste
and vent pipe installation: Installation
consisting of a WC, LAV, SINK, a BT on first
floor, and LT in basement with a drain, soil
waste, and vent pipe arrangement
 Cleanouts extended at least 1” above floor
line
 House drain: 3” – 4” Ф
 Basements/public washrooms: provide floor
drain; should be vented (but not required if
drain is not more than 5’ away)
 Waste pipe not less than 1 ½” for Bathroom,
BT & LAV
 Waste stack serving the LT and Sink is with a
1 ½” Ф pipe
 Branch of the drain is extended 4” above floor
level
 4 x 2” tapped cross for laundry tub connection
 Sink waste discharged to a 4 x 2” reducer in
the top opening of the tee
 Vent for Sink: 1 ½” Ф; connected to main soil
pipe
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 2: Maximum requirements: Layout
of a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe
installation
 All fixtures are trapped
 Each trap is vented except the floor drain
(supplied with water from the laundry tub)
 4”-line installed from the floor drain
intersection to the wall to accommodate 4”
C.O.
 Pipe size is reduced above 4” Y
 2” soil line extended up to the Sink
 1 ½” vent extends through the roof
 Laundry vent intersects at a point 3 ½’
above sink floor line
 WC, LAV and Bath served with 4” soil pipe;
2” soil laterals
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 3: Individual Ventilation: Layout
consisting of a WC, LAV, & Sink on first floor;
WC, LAV & BT on 2nd floor; LT located in
basement
 House drain/soil pipe same as Principles 1 & 2
 LAV (1st Flr): 1 ¼” waste pipe into the closet
bend
 WC individually vented with 2” pipe extended to
a point in the soil pipe 3’ above the closet
connection
 LAV & Bt fixture traps are individually ventilated
with 1 ¾” and 1 ½” Ф pipe
 LT and Sink waste and vent (same as Principle
1)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES

Principle 4: Plumbing for a duplex: WC, LAV, (2) LT
in basement, toilet on 1st and 2nd Flr - WC, LAV and
BT are installed. Sink provided in each kitchen
 Soil Pipe is 4” Ф; has toiletroom branch connections
on 3 levels installed in the partition directly in back of
WC
 Basement toilet with 2” wet vent into which the basin
is wasted.
 Main vent: extended from basement toiletroom
vertically to a point 3’ above the 2nd Flr toiletroom
branch
 BT waste (1st Flr toiletroom) with 1 ½” pipe increased
at LAV branch to 2” pipe then discharged to closet
bend
 Bathroom group is wet vented through LAV waste
increased to 2” pipe, reconnected into the main vent
 2nd Flr bathroom identical with 1st except that a 1 ½”
LAV waste is ample
 LTs connected to unit waste of 2” Ф, vented by the
unit method with 1 ½” pipe connected to the waste
vent of sink stack
 Both sinks discharge into a common waste pipe
increased to 2” at 1st Flr sink connection, each
individually vented
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 5: Typical installation of a soil and
waste stack in a 3 storey apartment building:
wet ventilation of the bathroom groups is
employed
 Main vent of the soil-pipe installation
increased to 2 ½” Ф, reconnected full size into
the base of the soil pipe to relieve back-
pressure
 Sink waste stack increased to accommodate
number of fixture units it serves
 Each fixture is individually vented with 1 ½”
pipe, reconnected to a main vent , extended
through the roof
 Roof terminal has been increased to 4” Ф
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 6: Fixtures discharging into sanitary
crosses wasted and vented: Installation consists
of a soil pipe serving 4 complete bathrooms and a
sink waste on which 4 sinks are installed for two-
storey apartment buildings
 Soil pipe is 4” Ф pipe provided with (2) sanitary
crosses for WC connections
 1st Flr bath waste increased to 2” Ф (ventilation of
WC essential)
 1st Flr toiletrooms with wet vent method through
LAV waste, also increased to 2”
 Main vent increased to 2 ½” Ф as per number of
fixture units served, reconnected into base of the
soil pipe.
 Sinks discharged into a unit waste pipe and
ventilated
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 7: Unit waste and vent applied to bathroom
fixture groups on opposite sides of a partition typical of
hotel and apartment house layouts
 Soil-pipe stack accommodates 4 complete bathrooms
(WC, LAV, BT)
 WCs connected to 4” sanitary cross, top opening serving
as vent
 WCs traps ventilated with 2” unit vent
 LAV and BT wastes discharged to 2” Ф common waste
pipe
 Both groups are connected into the waste by 90 º
drainage cross, top opening serving as unit vent.
 LAV and BT traps ventilated with 1 ½” Ф pipe.
 Vents from 1st Flr extended with 2” pipe to a point 3’
above topmost branch of soil pipe, where main vent is
increased to 2 ½” Ф accommodating 2nd Flr bathroom
 Sinks are with independent 2” Ф vertical waste pipe,
fixtures are unit vented
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

SOIL, WASTE AND VENT

PRINCIPLES
Principle 8: Installation common to
multi-storey apartment and hotel
buildings
 Bathroom waste and vent pipe
connections typical to small
residence
 Main vent with 3” pipe based on
number of fixture units served
 Provided with a 3’ yoke or by-pass
vent between 4th and 5th Flr
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 9: Waste and vent pipe installation for
small toiletroom on each floor of a 2-storey
industrial building; lower floor men’s toiletroom (5
WCs 2 LAVs, 2 URs located on common
partition; upper floor – ladies’ toiletroom (5
WCs, 4 LAVs) located on one partition
 WCs (1st Flr) with 4” branch, circuit-vented with 3” Ф
pipe extended to a point in the soil pipe above the
highest fixture branch, increased to 4” Ф
 URs and LAVs connected to 2 ½” common waste
line
 LAVs are unit vented
 URs with circuit vent
 2nd Flr toiletroom typical of first (with 4 LAVs); LAV
branch ventilated by a 1 ½” circuit vent
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
Principle 10: Common to buildings of larger design:
Women’s toiletroom (2nd Flr), Men’s toiletroom (1st Flr)
fixtures located on opposite partitions
 Toilet groups ventilated by circuit vent and relief vent
 Branch for the LAVs and URs (1st Flr) is taken from
the soil branch between 1st and 2nd WC, extended with
1 ½” pipe to serve UR group
 URs ventilated with 1 ½” pipe, increased to 2” joining
the vent pipe of the LAV group
 LAVs are circuit vented
 Upper floor branch serving the LAVs in women
toiletroom is of 2” pipe
 LAVs are divided into 3, reconnected into the main soil
and waste vent