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Real Numbers Exercise 1

Question 1
Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of :
(i) 135 and 225
(ii) 196 and 38220
(iii) 867 and 255

Question 2
Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.

Question 3
An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a
parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum
number of columns in which they can march?
Question 4
Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form
3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
[Hint : Let x be any positive integer then it is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2. Now square each
of these and show that they can be rewritten in the form 3m or 3m + 1.]

Question 5
Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m,
9m + 1 or 9m + 8

Solution 1
We know two things from the chapter
Euclid’s Division Lemma
For a and b any two positive integer, we can always find unique integer q and r such that
a=bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b
If r =0, then b is divisor of a.
HCF (Highest common factor)
HCF of two positive integers can be find using the Euclid’s Division Lemma algorithm
We know that for any two integers a, b. we can write following expression
a=bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b
If r=0 ,then
HCF( a,b) =b

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If r≠0 , then
HCF ( a,b) = HCF ( b,r)
Again expressing the integer b,r in Euclid’s Division Lemma, we get
b=pr + r1
HCF ( b,r)=HCF ( r,r1)
Similarly successive Euclid ‘s division can be written until we get the remainder zero, the divisor
at that point is called the HCF of the a and b
We will use the same in this question

We should always start with Larger number

So in this case the larger number is 225
Now we can write 135 and 225 in Euclid division algorithm
225=135 X 1 +90
Now HCF of numbers (225,135) = HCF ( 135,90)
Again writing 135,90 is Euclid division formula
135=90X1 +45
Now HCF (135,90)= HCF (90,45)
Again writing 90,45 is Euclid division formula
90=45X2 +0
Now r =0, 45 is HCF (90,45)
45 is HCF ( 225,135)

We should always start with Larger number

So in this case the larger number is 38220
Now we can write 38220 and 196 in Euclid division algorithm
38220=196 X 195 +0
Now r =0, 196 is HCF (196,38220)
We should always start with Larger number
So in this case the larger number is 867
Now we can write 867 and 255 in Euclid division algorithm
867=255 X 3 +102
Now HCF of numbers (867,255) = HCF ( 255,102)
Again writing 255,102 is Euclid division formula
255=102X2 +51
Now HCF (255,102)= HCF (102,51)
Again writing 102,51 is Euclid division formula
102=51X2 +0
Now r =0, 51 is HCF (102,51)
51 is HCF ( 867,255)

Solution 2:
Euclid’s Division Lemma

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For a and b any two positive integer, we can always find unique integer q and r such that
a=bq + r , 0 ≤ r < b

Now on putting b=6 ,we get

a=6q+ r , 0 ≤ r < 6
a=6q , This is an even number
a=6q+1 , This is an odd number
a=6q+2 ,This is an even number as 6 and 2 are divisible by 2
a=6q+3, it is not divisible by 2
a=6q+4, it is divisible by 2
a=6q+5 , it is not divisible by 2
So 6q,6q+2,6q +4 are even number
6q+1,6q+3,6q+5 are odd numbers

Solution 3:
According to the questions, we need to find the maximum number of column
Maximum number of column is the HCF of number 32 and 616
So question has reduced to finding the HCF of 32 and 616 using Euclid division algorithm

We should always start with Larger number

So in this case the larger number is 616
Now we can write 616 and 32 in Euclid division algorithm
616=32 X19 +8
Now HCF of numbers (616,32) = HCF ( 32,8)
Again writing 32,8 is Euclid division formula
32=8X4+0
As r=0, 8 is the HCF of 616 and 32

Solution 4:
Euclid’s Division Lemma
For a and b any two positive integer, we can always find unique integer q and r such that
a=bq + r , 0 ≤ r < b

Now on putting b=3 ,we get

a=3q+ r , 0 ≤ r < 3
a=3q , a2=9q2 a2 =3m where m=3q2
a=3q+1 , a2=9q2 +6q+1=3(3q2+2q) +1 =3m+1 where m=3q2+2q
a=3q+2 , a2=9q2 +12q+4=3(3q2+4q+1) +1 =3m+1 where m=3q2+4q+1

Solution 5:
Euclid’s Division Lemma

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For a and b any two positive integer, we can always find unique integer q and r such that
a=bq + r , 0 ≤ r < b

Now on putting b=3 ,we get

a=3q+ r , 0 ≤ r < 3
a=3q , a3=27q3 a3 =9m where m=3q3
a=3q+1 , a3=27q3 +27q2 +9q +1=9(3q3+3q+q) +1 =9m+1 where m=3q3+3q+q
a=3q+2 , a2=27q3 +54q2 +36q +8=9(3q3+6q+4q) +1 =9m+1 where m=3q3+6q+4q

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Real Number Exercise 2,3 and 4

Important Tip
How to Factorize the Composite Numbers?

1) Few things we need to remember,

If the number is even, then it will be divisible by 2
If the sums of its digits is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 3
if the end of the number is 0 or 5, then it is divisible by 5
2) We have start with the small prime number with the rules given in step 1. Once
we find the quotient, repeat the same process for the quotient. The last quotient
will be a prime number itself

Example

Suppose the composite Number is 168

1) Now 168 is even number, so we know it will get divided by 2
168 / 2 = 84
2) Again 84 is even number, so we know it will get divided by 2
84 / 2 = 42
3) Again 42 is even number, so we know it will get divided by 2
42 / 2 = 21
4) Now sum of digits of 21 is 3,so we know we can divide it by 3
21 / 3 = 7
5)7 is a prime Number

So prime factors = 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 X 7

Here are the prime factors of the composite numbers between 1 and 30.
4=2X2
6=3X2
8=2X2X2
9=3X3
10 = 5 X 2
12 = 3 X 2 X 2
14 = 7 X 2
15 = 5 X 3
16 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 2
18 = 3 X 3 X 2
20 = 5 X 2 X 2
21= 3 X 7
22=2 X 11
24= 2 X 2 X2 X3
25= 5 X 5

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26= 2 X 13
27= 3 X 3X3
28= 2 X 2 X7
30= 2 X 3X5

Question 1
Express each number as product of its prime factors:
(i) 140
(ii) 156
(iii) 3825
(iv) 5005
(v) 7429

Answer

(i) 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7
(ii) 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13
(iii) 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 = 32 × 52 × 17
(iv) 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13
(v) 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23

Question 2

Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF
= product of the two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91

(ii) 510 and 92

(iii) 336 and 54

Answer

(i)

Prime Factorization of the Numbers

26 = 2 × 13
91 =7 × 13
HCF = 13
LCM =2 × 7 × 13 =182

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Product of two numbers 26 × 91 = 2366
Product of HCF and LCM 13 × 182 = 2366
Hence, product of two numbers = product of HCF × LCM

(ii)

Prime Factorization of the Numbers

510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17
92 =2 × 2 × 23
HCF = 2
LCM =2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
Product of two numbers 510 × 92 = 46920
Product of HCF and LCM 2 × 23460 = 46920
Hence, product of two numbers = product of HCF × LCM

(iii) Prime Factorization of the Numbers

336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 =3024
Product of two numbers 336 × 54 =18144
Product of HCF and LCM 6 × 3024 = 18144
Hence, product of two numbers = product of HCF × LCM.

Question 3

Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorization
method.

(i) 12, 15 and 21

(ii) 17, 23 and 29

(iii) 8, 9 and 25

Answer

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(i) Prime Factorization of the Numbers

12 = 2 × 2 × 3
15 =3 × 5
21 =3 × 7
HCF = 3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420

(ii) Prime Factorization of the Numbers

17 = 1 × 17
23 = 1 × 23
29 = 1 × 29
HCF = 1
LCM = 1 × 17 × 19 × 23 = 11339

(iii) Prime Factorization of the Numbers

8 =1 × 2 × 2 × 2
9 =1 × 3 × 3
25 =1 × 5 × 5
HCF =1
LCM = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 1800

Question 4

Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

Answer

We have the formula that

Product of LCM and HCF = product of number
LCM × 9 = 306 × 657
Divide both side by 9 we get
LCM = (306 × 657) / 9 = 22338

Question 5

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Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

Answer

If any digit has last digit 10 that means it is divisible by 10 and the factors of 10 =
2 × 5.

So value 6n should be divisible by 2 and 5

Now (2×3) n is divisible by 2 and 3 for sure but not divisible by 5. So it can not
end with 0.

Question 6

Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite

numbers.

Answer

7 × 11 × 13 + 13
Taking 13 common, we get
13 (7 x 11 +1)
13(77 + 1)
13 (78)
It is product of two numbers and both numbers are more than 1 so it is a composite
number.

7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
Taking 5 common, we get
5(7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 +1)
5(1008 + 1)
5(1009)
It is product of two numbers and both numbers are more than 1 so it is a composite
number.

Question 7

There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one
round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both
start at the same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction. After

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how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?

Answer

It is an exercise for LCM.They will be meet again after LCM of both values at the
starting point.
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
12 = 2 × 2 × 3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36
Therefore, they will meet together at the starting point after 36 minutes.

Exercise 1.3

Question 1

Prove that √5 is irrational.

Answer

Let take √5 as rational number

If a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0.
We can write √5 = a/b
Multiply by b both side we get
b√5 = a
To remove root, squaring on both sides, we get
5b2 = a2 … (i)

Therefore, 5 divides a2 and according to theorem of rational number, for any prime
number p which is divides a2 then it will divide a also.
That means 5 will divide a. So we can write
a = 5k
Putting value of a in equation (i) we get
5b2 = (5k)2
5b2 = 25k2
Divide by 5 we get
b2 = 5k2

Similarly, we get that b will divide by 5

and we have already get that a is divide by 5

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but a and b are co prime number. so it contradicts.
Hence √5 is not a rational number, it is irrational.

Question 2

Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

Answer

Let take that 3 + 2√5 is a rational number.

So we can write this number as
3 + 2√5 = a/b
Here a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0
Subtract 3 both sides we get
2√5 = a/b – 3
2√5 = (a-3b)/b
Now divide by 2, we get
√5 = (a-3b)/2b
Here a and b are integer so (a-3b)/2b is a rational number so √5 should be a
rational number but √5 is a irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 3 + 2√5 is a irrational number.

Question 3

Prove that the following are irrationals:

(i) 1/√2 (ii) 7√5 (iii) 6 + √2

Answer

(i) Let take that 1/√2 is a rational number.

So we can write this number as
1/√2 = a/b
Here a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0
Multiply by √2 both sides we get
1 = (a√2)/b
Now multiply by b
b = a√2
divide by a we get
b/a = √2

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Here a and b are integer so b/a is a rational number so √2 should be a rational
number But √2 is a irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 1/√2 is a irrational number

(ii) Let take that 7√5 is a rational number.

So we can write this number as
7√5 = a/b
Here a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0
Divide by 7 we get
√5 = a/(7b)
Here a and b are integer so a/7b is a rational number so √5 should be a rational
number but √5 is a irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 7√5 is a irrational number.

(iii) Let take that 6 + √2 is a rational number.

So we can write this number as
6 + √2 = a/b
Here a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0
Subtract 6 both side we get
√2 = a/b – 6
√2 = (a-6b)/b
Here a and b are integer so (a-6b)/b is a rational number so √2 should be a
rational number.

But √2 is a irrational number so it contradicts.

Hence, 6 + √2 is a irrational number.

Exercise 1.4

Question 1

Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational
numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating
decimal
expansion:
(i) 13/3125

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(ii) 17/8

(iii) 64/455

(iv) 15/1600

(v) 29/343

(vi) 23/23 × 52

(vii) 129/22 × 57 × 75

(viii) 6/15

(ix) 35/50

(x) 77/210

Answer

We know that for terminating decimal expansion of a rational number of form p/q
,q must be of the form 2m × 5n.

S.no Rational Denominator Factorization Terminating/Non

Number terminating

i) 13/3125 Factorize the denominator we get As denominator is

3125 =5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 55 in form of 5m so
it is terminating.

ii) 17/8 Factorize the denominator we get As denominator is

8 =2 × 2 × 2 = 23 in form of 2m so
it is terminating.

iii) 64/455 Factorize the denominator we get There are 7 and

455 =5 × 7 × 13 13 also in
denominator so
denominator is not
in form of 2m × 5n.

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so it is not
terminating.

iv) 15/1600 Factorize the denominator we get As denominator is

1600 =2 × 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 in form of 2m × 5n
= 26 × 52 Hence it is
terminating

v) 29/343 Factorize the denominator we get There are 7 also in

343 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 73 denominator so
denominator is not
in form of 2m × 5n
Hence it is non-
terminating

vi) 23/ (23 × 52) Denominator is in

form of 2m × 5n

Hence it is
terminating.

vii) 129/ Denominator has

(22 × 57 × 75) 7 in denominator
so denominator is
not in form of
2m × 5n
Hence it is none
terminating.

viii) 6/15 divide nominator and denominator Denominator is in

both by 3 we get 2/5 form of 5m so it is
terminating.

ix) 35/50 divide denominator and nominator So denominator is

both by 5 we get 7/10 in form of
Factorize the denominator we get 2m × 5n so it is
10=2 × 5 terminating.

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x) 77/210 simplify it by dividing nominator and Denominator has

denominator both by 7 we get 11/30 3 also in
Factorize the denominator we get denominator so
30=2 × 3 × 5 denominator is not
in form of 2m × 5n

Hence it is none
terminating.

Question 2

Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above
which have terminating decimal expansions.

Answer

(i) 13/3125 = 13/55 = 13×25/55×25 = 416/105 = 0.00416

(ii) 17/8 = 17/23 = 17×53/23×53 = 17×53/103 = 2125/103 = 2.125

(iv) 15/1600 = 15/24×102 = 15×54/24×54×102 = 9375/106 = 0.009375

(vi) 23/2352 = 23×53×22/23 52×53×22 = 11500/105 = 0.115

(viii) 6/15 = 2/5 = 2×2/5×2 = 4/10 = 0.4

(ix) 35/50 = 7/10 = 0.7.

Question 3

The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case,
decide whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the
form p, q you say about the prime factors of q?

(i) 43.123456789

(ii) 0.120120012000120000...

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(iii) 43.123456789

Answer

(i) Since this number has a terminating decimal expansion, it is a rational number
of the form p/q, and q is of the form 2m × 5n.

(ii) The decimal expansion is neither terminating nor recurring. Therefore, the given
number is an irrational number.
(iii) Since the decimal expansion is non-terminating recurring, the given number is
a rational number of the form p/q, and q is not of the form 2m × 5n.

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Real Number Extra Questions

Short Answer Questions

1) Find the LCM and HCF of the numbers by 16 and 256 by Fundamental theory of Arithmetic’s

2) Find the HCF of 12 and 256 by Euclid Division Formula

3) If a and b are two consecutive positive integers, Find the HCF of a and b

4) If a and b are Prime numbers ,find the LCM of a and b

5) Find the HCF and LCM of 84 and 270

True and False

a) √16 is a rational number

b) 2  √144 is an irrational number

c) Terminating decimal number are rational numbers

d) Non Terminating repeating decimal number are irrational number

e) Non terminating non repeating decimal number are rational number

f) The average 2 and 11 is a rational number

g) The product of an irrational number and rational may be rational number

Long Questions

1) Show that the square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8p + 1, for some whole number p.

Solution:

Any positive odd integer is of the form 2n + 1,

Where n is a whole number.

Therefore,

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2  1
 4
 4  1

Now it can be written as

=4n(n+1)+1

Now n and n+1 are two consecutive integers, so the product must be even,

n(n+1)=2p where p is a whole number

So

=4X2p+1

=8p+1

Hence Proved

2) If n is an odd integer, then show that n2 – 1 is divisible by 8.

Solution

Any odd integer can be written as (2q+1) where q is positive number

So

n2-1=(2q+1)2 -1

=4q2+4q +1 -1

=4q(q+1)

Now q and q+1 are two consecutive integers, so the product must be even,

q(q+1)=2p where p is a positive number

So

=8p

Hence it is divisible by 8

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3) Show that the product of 3 consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6.

Solution

Three consecutive positive integers can be of the form

(3q+1),(3q+2) and (3q+3) where q is a whole number

Now product of these numbers

(3q+1) (3q+2) (3q+3)=(9q2+9q+3)(3q+3) =3(q+1)(3q2+3q+1)

So it is divisible by 3

4. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

5. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 196 and 38220

6. Find the prime factors of number 1024

7. Prove that √10+2 is an irrational number

8. Find the two irrational number between √5  √11

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Crossword Puzzle

Solution

1) Rational
2) Four
3) Whole
4) Prime

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5) Two
6) Irrational
7) Five
8) Euclid

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Real Number Formative assessment

Question 1. Without actually performing division, state which of these number will terminating
decimal expression or non terminating repeating decimal expression

a) 7/25

b) 3/7

c) 29/343

d) 6/15

e) 77/210

f) 11/67

g) 15/27

h) 11/6

i) 343445/140

Solution

Those rational number which can be expressed in form x/2m X5n are terminating expression
and those can not be are non terminating decimal expression

Terminating decimal: (a), (d)

Non terminating repeating decimal: (b), (c), (e), (f), (g).(h) ,(i)

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Question 2. Using Euclid’s theorem to find the HCF between the following numbers

a) 867 and 225

b) 616 and 32

Solution

a)

Using Euclid theorem

867=225X3 +192

225=192X1 +33

192=33X5+ 27

33=27X1+6

27=6X4+3

6=3X2+0

So solution is 3

b) 8

Question 3. Write 10 rational number between

a) 4 and 5

b) 1/2 and 1/3

Question 4. Represent in rational form.

a) 1.2323236.
b) 1.25
c) 3.67777777

Question 5
a) Prove that 2  √3 is a irrational number

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b) Prove that 3√3 is a irrational number

Solution

a) Let’s take this as rational number


 2  √3

Or
 

 √3
Since a rational number can’t be equal to irrational number, our assumption is wrong

b) Let’s take this as rational number

 3√3

 √3


Since a rational number can’t be equal to irrational number, our assumption is wrong

Question 6 -True or False statement

a) Number of the form 2n +1 where n is any positive integer are always odd number
b) Product of two prime number is always equal to their LCM
c) √3 √12 is a irrational number
d) Every integer is a rational number
e) The HCF of two prime number is always 1
f) There are infinite integers between two integers
g) There are finite rational number between 2 and 3
√
h) √3 Can be expressed in the form  ,so it is a rational number
i) The number 6n for n in natural number can end in digit zero
j) Any positive odd integer is of the form 6m+1 or 6m+3 or 6m +5 where q is some integer

Solution
a) True
b) True
c) False, as it is written as 6
d) True ,as any integer can be expressed in the form p/q
e) True
f) False,There are finite integer between two integers
g) False
h) False
i) False
j) True

Multiple choice Questions

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Question 7 the HCF (a, b) =2 and LCM (a, b) =27. What is the value a X b
a) 25
b) 9
c) 27
d) 54

Solution (d)

LCM X HCF=aXb

Question 8. √2  2 Is a
a) Non terminating repeating
b) Terminating
c) Non terminating non repeating
d) None of these

Solution (c)

Question 9 if a and b are co primes which of these is true

a) LCM (a, b) =aXb

b)HCF (a, b)= aXb
c) a=br
d) None of these

Solution a and b

Question 10. A rational number can be expressed as terminating decimal when the factors of
the denominator are

a) 2 or 5 only
b) 2 or 3 only
c)3 or 5 only
d) 3 or 7 only

Solution (a)

Question 11. if x2 =3 ,y2=9 , z3=27, which of these is true

a) x is a irrational number
b) y is a rational number
c) z is rational number
d) All of the above

Solution (d)

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 5

Short answer question

Question 12 Find the HCF and LCM of these by factorization technique

a) 27,81
b) 120 ,144
c) 29029 ,580

Solution (a)
27= 3X3X3
81=3X3X3X3

HCF=27
LCM=81

b)
120=2X2X3X2X5
144=2X2X3X2x2X3
HCF=23X3=24
LCM=720

c)
29029=29X13X11X7
580=29X5X4

HCF=29
LCM=29X13X11x7X4X5=580580

Question 13. Find all the positive integral values of p for which p2 +16 is a perfect square?

Solution
p2+16=q2
(q-p)(q+p)=16

So we have
Case 1
q-p=8 and q+p=2 which gives p=3
Case 2
q-p=4 and q+p=4 which gives p=0
Case 3
q-p=2 and q+p=8 which gives p=3

So the answer is 3 only

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