GOOD MORNING STUDENTS

THIS PRESENTATION IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY

 RECAP
■ What is nutrition? Need for nutrition for an organism
■ How plants provide for their nutrition  Photosynthesis
■ Photosynthesis  produce food in the presence of light using Carbon dioxide and
water
■ Studied the structure of a leaf.
■ Adaptation seen in leaf to enhance the process of photosynthesis
■ We studied the ways in which reactants are absorbed by the plant for the process of
photosynthesis
Reaction for the process of photosynthesis?
Learning Objectives

• How plants use glucose they produce during photosynthesis

• How to carry out investigations into photosynthesis
• The factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
• Why plants need nitrate and magnesium ions
GLUCOSE:

• First carbohydrate produced in plants during photosynthesis

• Chemical formula is C6H12O6

• Organic substance used by all living being to generate their own

source of energy as well as to synthesize other substances
 USES
OF
GLUCOSE
IN
PLANT
 1) ENERGY

• Glucose is broken down in presence of oxygen during

the process of respiration to yield 38 ATP

• In plants this process occurs in the leaves

• The energy released is utilized by the plants for its

respective activities
• Growing

• Germination of seed
 2) Stored as Starch

• Glucose is soluble in water.

• Cannot be stored in the body

• Reasons to store glucose as starch:

1. It is reactive, thus might get involved in chemical reactions
2. It may dissolve in water and may be lost by the plant cell
3. Large amount of glucose in the sap may result in damaging the
cell
 2) Stored as Starch
• Glucose is converted to starch and stored
Starch is a polysaccharide  large molecule
Not very reactive
Not very soluble in water

Stored in the form of granules in the

chloroplast
3) Converted to sucrose for transportation

• What do you think will the criteria required for transporting substances in
plants?
• SMALL, SOLUBLE AND NON-REACTIVE
• GLUCOSE  SUCROSE
Small, soluble and non-reactive
Easily dissolve in the phloem and transported to different parts of the plant
4) Used to make protein and other substances

• Organic compounds like starch, cellulose, proteins, fats and oils

• Glucose combines with nitrogen absorbed to form proteins

• Glucose combined with nitrogen and magnesium to form

chlorophyll
 How are Nitrogen and Magnesium absorbed
by the plants?
Both Nitrogen and Magnesium are absorbed by the roots as ions
Nitrogen  78% in atmosphere
Non-reactive

To make it reactive nitrogen is converted in nitrates ions

Nitrate ions are absorbed by the root hair cells through the
process of diffusion or active transport

These combine with glucose to form amino acids which further

forms long chains of proteins
 How are Nitrogen and Magnesium absorbed
by the plants?
• Magnesium is absorbed through the same process by the
root hairs

• This ion is used in the making of chlorophyll pigment

Photosynthesis
Nitrogen and Magnesium absorbed by the
plants

Nitrogen Magnesium
Nitrate and ammonium
Magnesium ions
ions

To synthesize proteins To make chlorophyll

Weak growth or yellowing Yellowing between the

of leaves veins of the leaf
Nitrogen and Magnesium absorbed by the
plants
 ACTIVITIES
TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Lets recollect:
In a leaf where is the starch stored?

Which indicator is used to test the presence of starch?

What do we observe when this indicator reacts with starch?

What happens is a leaf cell is boiled?

 Activity
TO TEST THE LEAF FOR PRESENCE OF STARCH 1
• Starch in leaves is present in the chloroplast.

• It is impossible to directly study the presence of starch in the

leaves as the iodine solution cannot enter the leaves cell
membrane.

• To do this the first step for all activities will be boiling of the
leaf:

To dissolve the cell membrane so that iodine solution can

reacts with starch
 Activity
TO TEST THE LEAF FOR PRESENCE OF STARCH 1
• Apparatus
1. Freshly plucked leaf
2. Beaker containing boiling water
3. Test tube containing ethanol
4. A Bunsen burner
5. Forceps to handle the leaf
• Precautions
1. Use safety goggles
2. Wear a lab coat
3. Alcohol is highly inflammable
TO TEST THE LEAF FOR PRESENCE OF STARCH Activity
1
Points to remember

• Destarching of plant:
Plant is destarched by placing in dark for 48 hours or more to ensure all the
starch stored in the plant is used up

• Set up a control:
Control is an another set up made, i.e., another plant which is provided all
the needed conditions including the one under study.
It is to compare the results of the experiment obtained and to justify the Aim
of the experiment
 To study if light is needed for the process for Activity
photosynthesis 2
• Apparatus:
1. A destarched bean plant or Pelargonium plant
2. Black paper or aluminium foil to cover certain parts of a leaf
3. Apparatus needed to test for starch

• Precautions
1. Wear lab coat all the time
2. Use eye protection- safety goggles
3. Care while using alcohol
To study if light is needed for the process for Activity
photosynthesis 2
 To study Chlorophyll is needed for the Activity
process of photosynthesis 3

• Apparatus
1. Destarched plant with variegated leaves
2. Apparatus needed to perform test for starch

• Precautions
1. Wear lab coat all the time
2. Use eye protection- safety goggles
3. Care while using alcohol
To study Chlorophyll is needed for the Activity
process of photosynthesis 3
 To show that oxygen is produced during the Activity
process of photosynthesis 4
• Apparatus
1. A twig of any aquatic plant
2. Flask
3. Beaker filled with water
4. Test tube to place over the inverted flask
5. A wooden splinter to test for oxygen gas

• Precaution
1. Wear lab coat
2. Manage the glass apparatus well
3. Use tweezers to hold the specimen
To show that oxygen is produced during the Activity
process of photosynthesis 4
FACTORS AFFECTING
RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What are the factors which may affect
photosynthesis?
■ Amount of carbon dioxide
Limiting factors
■ Amount of water
■ Intensity of light
■ Temperature
■ Amount of stomata present on the leaf
 Carbon dioxide

The more the CO2 is given the faster is the rate of photosynthesis up to a point reached
maximum
TEMPERATURE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS ∝ TEMPERATURE
■ Warmer the day faster is the rate of photosynthesis
■ Low the temperature, lower will be the rate of photosynthesis
STOMATA

■ Open stomata allows easy diffusion of gases to occur

■ However, on a hot and sunny day due to opened stomata

the rate of transpiration increases, thus, stomata are closed
preventing loss of water
Thus, on a really hot day rate of photosynthesis decreases
SUNLIGHT / LIGHT INTENSITY
■ As light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases
■ This continues until the rate of photosynthesis is maximum. At this point the light
does not behave as a limiting factor
ACTIVITY: To study the effect of light
intensity on rate of photosynthesis
 USE OF GLASSHOUSE

 Region where plants can be grown

providing all necessary conditions

 In cloudy conditions we can increase the

intensity
 In a extremely high temperature and
light, condition for the plants can be
regulated in the green house
 Carbon dioxide concentration can be
regulated
 Humidity can be controlled
IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Basic energy reaction which brings the Suns energy in the

ecosystem

• Maintains a constant global level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in

the ecosystem
• Oxygen is produced during the photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide is produced as a result of respiration or combustion which is
used for photosynthesis
QUESTION BANK
• Fill in the blanks
1. Glucose is broken down through the process of ________ to release energy
2. ________ combines with glucose to form amino acids
3. ___________ is used to test starch
4. More the intensity of light ________ the rate of photosynthesis
5. On a cool day the rate of photosynthesis is ______________
• Answer the following questions
1. Why is leaf boiled while conducting experiment to test for starch?
2. Why glucose cannot be transported through the plant body?
3. What is the meaning of the term “limiting factor”?
4. Why certain plants are grown in Glasshouse?
5. How photosynthesis help in maintaining the level of carbon dioxide and oxygen?
THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY
HAVE A NICE DAY