RIPH 111 (handwritten and unprinted like archival
materials and memoirs)
LESSON 1
PPT + NOTES
• History
- derived from the Greek word “istoria” means
knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation.
- as a discipline, it existed for around 2,400 years
and is as old as mathematics and philosophy.
- provides significant records of events of the
past, a meaningful story of mankind depicting
the details of what happened to man and why it
happened.
• Various Historians
1. Burckhardt – “History is the record of what one
age finds worthy of note in another.”
2. Henry Johnson – “History, in its broadest sense,
is everything that ever happened.”
3. V.S. Smith – “The value and interest of history
depend largely on the degree in which the
present is illuminated by the past.”
4. Jawaharal Nehru – “History is the story of man’s
struggle through the ages against nature and
the elements; against wild beasts and the jungle
and some of his own kind who have tried to
keep him down and to exploit him for their own
benefit.”
• Nature of History
1. History is a study of the present in the light of
the past.
2. History is the study of man.
3. History is concerned with man in time.
4. History Is concerned with man in space.
5. History provides an objective record of
happenings.
6. History is multisided.
7. History is a dialogue between the events of the
past & progressively emerging future ends.
8. History is not only narration but it is also an
analysis.
9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary
prerequisites of history.
10. History is relevant.
11. History is comprehensive.
• Relevance and Functions of History
1. History helps us understand people & societies.
2. History contributes to moral understanding.
3. History provides identity.
4. Studying history is essential for good
citizenship.
5. History is useful in the world of work.
• Historical Sources
- an object from the past or testimony
concerning the past which historian’s use to
create their own depiction of the past.
✓ Written Sources - are published materials
(books, journals etc.) and manuscript
✓ Non-Written Sources - Oral history, artifacts,
fossils, etc.
• Primary Sources
- testimony of an eyewitness.
- It must have been produced by a contemporary
of that is narrated.
- It is a document or physical object written or
created during the time under study.
- These sources were present during an
experience or time period and offer an inside
view of a particular event.
- Ex. Maps, Memoirs, Personal Accounts,
Newspapers & Magazines, Legislative Journals,
Court Records, A Historical Record, Records of
Social Observations, Chronicles, Human Fossils,
Artifacts, Royal Decrees and Laws, Official
Reports
• Secondary Sources
- Interpret and analyze primary sources.
- they are one or more steps removed from the
event.
- Ex. Printed Textbooks, Books with endnotes and
footnotes, Biographies, Preprints of Artwork,
Journal/Magazine which interprets or reviews
previous findings, Conference Proceedings,
Literary Criticism, Book Reviews, most works
incorporating primary sources
• Secondary Research/Tertiary Sources
- Ex. Books, Periodicals/Magazines, Indexes,
Databases, Internet, Market Consultants,
Marketing Professionals
• Repositories of Primary and Secondary Sources
- National Archives of the Philippines
- National Library of the Philippines
- National Historical Commission of the
Philippines
- National Museum of the Philippines
- U.P Main Library
- OLFU Library
- Library of Congress
- National Archives and Records Administration
- Lopez Memorial Museum
- Ayala Museum
• Both primary and secondary sources are useful in
writing and learning history. However, they need to
scrutinize thoroughly these documents to avoid
deception and to come up with the historical truth.
• Historical Criticisms
A. External Criticism
- deals with the problem of Authenticity: to spot
hoaxes, fakes, forgeries and_ fabrications.
- Tests of Authenticity are:
o Determine the date if it is
Anachronistic: a material, skill or culture
does not exist at that time.
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 o Determine the Provenance or Custody: - Presently, the word “history” means the “past
genuineness. of mankind”. History is the study of past events,
o Determine the Semantics: meaning of a particularly in human affairs.
text or word - History in German is “Geschichte”, meaning,
o Determine the Hermeneutics, the “that which has happened”. This means that the
ambiguities (the branch of knowledge word implies that history teaches and we may
that deals w/ interpretation, especially learn from the lessons of history.
of the bible) - With the definition of history, it brings man to a
recognition that history cannot be
B. Internal Criticism reconstructed, that the past of mankind, much
- deals with the problem of Credibility. of it, is beyond recall. And that even the best of
- Tests of Credibility are: our memories cannot re-create our past.
o Determine the Character of the Author, - The reconstruction of the total past of mankind
his reliability, and his Ability and is the total goal of historians which, however, is
Willingness to tell the truth. unattainable. Historians will never really know
o Determine. the Corroboration, everything that happened in the past.
historical facts rest upon the testimony - The problem that every historian confronts is
of two or more reliable witnesses. that the evidence they rely on is likely to be
• Historical Method fragmented, incomplete and even
- the process of critically examining and analyzing contradictory. The result is, each historian’s
the records and survivals of the past. conclusions are influenced by the evidence they
✓ The historian is many times removed from have selected from what is available and from
the events under investigation. how they interpreted it.
✓ They rely on surviving records. - And from whatever a historian only has will be
✓ History is a reconstruction. the only thing that he can use to connect him to
the past.
Notes:
• Coherence – based on facts, chronological
• Historical Sources – according to origin, anything
that is tangible (can touch)
• Memoirs (read as memwa or memors)
- narrative
- historical account or biography
- written as personal knowledge or special sources
(witness from the historical event/s happened)
• Primary and Secondary Sources – according to form
• Primary Sources – serves as evidence
• Justify – mapatunayan
• Archival Materials – e.g photography, documents,
diary
• Repositories – kung saan nakatago, nakalagay, o
pinangangalagaan yung mga archival materials
• Autobiography (primary) - an account of a person's
life, written by that person.
• Biography (secondary) - an account of a person's
life, written by someone else.
• Ambiguities – kalituhan

CANVAS

• The Meaning of History

- The English word history is derived from the
Greek word “istoia” meaning learning
- According to Aristotle, history is the systematic
account of a set of natural phenomena whether
or not chronological ordering was a factor in an
account, and this is considered as natural
history.
- As time passed, the equivalent Latin word
“scientia”, which is science in English later was
used more to designate non-chronological
systematic accounts of phenomena.

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 LESSON 2 - Took on the responsibility of establishing
factions of the secret society in different parts
PPT
of Morong or Rizal province and Bulacan
KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF - Original member of Katipunan
GENERAL
• Gregoria De Jesus
• Santiago Alvarez - Founder and vice president of the women’s
- Revolutionary general chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines
- Honorary president of the first directorate of - Wife of Andres Bonifacio
the Nacionalista Party
- Known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” or “General Apoy”
• Jose Dizon
- Hero of the Battle of Dalahican (Cavite) - A Filipino patriot who was among those who
o 36 hours battle
founded the Katipunan
o One of the bloodiest encounters during
the revolution
• March 14, 1896 - Saturday
o He scored a decisive victory and
✓ Gen. Santiago V. Alvarez accompanied
repulsed the Spanish troops
neophytes Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo
o Simultaneous battle during PH
Mata to Manila for their initiation into the
revolution (November 9-11, 1896)
Katipunan secret society, where they waited at
o The result of the battle was the first
the quarters of Jacinto Lumbreras , a Katipunan
significant Filipino victory in country’s
member.
history
✓ Before leaving Lumbreras place, the two were
blindfolded as they reach the home of Andres
• Paula Carolina Malay Bonifacio, the Katipunan Supremo
- Graduated from UP
✓ They pledged to destroy oppression by signing
- Turned to translation and writing during the their names in their own blood and were
martial law period welcomed by fellow katipuneros
- Translated the Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General
• April 6, 1896 – Monday
✓ Aguinaldo asked Santiago to accompany him to
• General Artemio meet the Supremo Bonifacio to learn more
- Filipino general during PH revolution
about the Katipunan
- Father of the Philippine Army
✓ They travelled from Cavite to Manila via
- First Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Ynchausti Boats
Philippines ✓ Aguinaldo went to the port office to attend
some business, only to be upset over the
• Emilio Aguinaldo superciliousness of Ramon Padilla, an official at
- Filipino revolutionary, politician and military the port office
leader. ✓ They walked until they reached Lavezares
- First and the youngest president of the Street, Binondo. They met with Supremo
Philippines Andres Bonifacio, his wife Gregoria De Jesus,
- Original member of Katipunan Jose Dizon, and Dr. Valenzuela himself
- He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the
latter part of the Philippine Revolution
• KKK
- Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
• Reymundo Mata ng mga Anak ng Bayan
- Fellow Caviteños - Katipunan means “assembly” or “asscociation”
that comes from the root word “tipon” which
• Jacinto Lumbreras means “gather”
- A Magdiwang - A secret organization founded by Filipino
- First presiding officer of the Tejeros Convention patriots specifically Andres Bonifacio led to the
- A Katipunan member outbreak of the Philippine Revolution

• Andres Bonifacio • Magdiwang Government

- A Filipino revolutionary hero - Mariano Alvarez as President
- Founded the Katipunan - One of two Katipunan branches in Cavite along
- First leader of the Philippine Revolution with Magdalo
- First self-declared president of the Independent - The Magdiwang Council was acknowledged as
Philippines “the supreme organ responsible for the
successful campaigns against the enemy
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela
- A Filipino physician and a major figure during
the Philippine Revolution

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 HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE • Burial Jar in Tabon Cave
- At least 200 jars, jar covers and small vessels
• Teodoro A. Agoncillo (November 8, 1912)
scattered on the cave was recovered
- a renowned Filipino historian and national
scientist, was born in Lemery, Batangas
• Manunggul Cave
- Agoncillo started writing history from the so-
- Discovered by Mr. Victor Decalan, Mr. Hans
called Filipino point of view, along with his
Kasten and volunteer workers from us peace
contemporary historians Renato Constantino
corps in 1964
and Gregorio F. Zaide
- Composed of 4 chambers with 3 openings but
- They stand as the most prominent 20th century
only 2 were used for jar burial
Filipino historians
- Has a large round mouth
- Agoncillo’s “History of the Filipino People” was
- Tunnel-like having a send opening on the
first published in 1960. It remained a popular
northeast side of cliff
standard textbook in many Filipino universities
- Some his other well-known works include
a. Chamber A
Revolts of the Masses (1956), Malolos the Crisis
- Has three animal or bird heads surrounding an
of the Republic (1960), the Fateful Years (1965),
opening
and History of the Filipino People (1960) which
- A unique tripod construction
are all still being used as textbooks in many
schools
• Manunggul Jar
- For this outstanding works as a historian, he
- A kind of burial jar which is unrivaled in
was conferred as a National Scientist in 1985
southeast asia and considered as the work of a
- Accordingly, Agoncillo obtained a Bachelor's
master potter
degree in Philosophy from the University of the
- Signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life after
Philippine in 1934 and a Master's degree in Arts
death
from the same university
- The boatman is seated behind a figure whose
- He became a linguistic assistant at the Institute
hands are crossed on the chest
of National Language and as an Instructor at the
- The position of hands is a traditional Filipino
Far Eastern University and at the Manuel L.
practice observed when arranging the corpse
Quezon University and a faculty member of
U.P., chairing the Department of History from
• Other Artifacts
1963 to 1969, until his retirement in 1977
- Wooden Coffin
- Until his death on January 14, 1985, Agoncillo
- Kalayaan Pottery
served as a member of the National Historical
- La-kuynb Pottery
Institute
- True Jade
TABON CAVE
• Fragments of the distinct bracelets and other
• Robert Bradford Fox accessories
- He found Tabon Caves between the year of - 4 of jade
1962-1966 - 3 of agate
o Artifacts recovered ranging 50,000 - Two made from large limpet shells
years ago to the 14th century - 1 perfect jasper ear pendant
- He led a 6-year archaeological research in - Super thin and translucent, ellipsoid-shaped
Palawan; caves and rock shelters of Lipuun pendant of a red chalcedony
Point
b. Chamber B
• Tabon Man - A highly decorated funerary
- the oldest known human skeletal - Sand tempering
- Surface colors
• Tabon Cave - Form of burial jars
- Large main cave where only Pleistocene human - Trunconial jar cover
fossils in the Philippines were found
- Scattered fossil bones of at least 3 individuals • Types of Pottery
were excavated - Tabon plain
- Tabon polish
• Fossil Human Bones - Tabon impressed
- Tabon Man may 1 be dated from 22,000 -
24,000 years ago • Types of Shells
- Large ring like beads
• The Beginnings of Philippine Archaeology - Tiny disk beads
- The discovery of TABON cave in Palawan - Typical small covering beads
- Site of an important Philippine Archaeological - Shell spoons
discovery: The TABON MAN o In 1948, number of spoons collected
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 INTERNAL CRITICISM
• Chapter 6 - gives the list of Castillian officials
• About the Author
between 1637 and 1808 and the epilogue contains
- 1918-1985
a few 18th century dates from Miag-ao
- Anthropologist and leading historian on the Pre-
Hispanic Philippines
• The Confederation of Madia-As
- Actively served the National Museum of the
- The settlements set up in Panay by the seven
Philippines in 1948-1975
Bornean datus.
- Serving as consultant to the Philippine president
- The datus divided the islands into three areas;
on anthropological matters and as dean of
o Hantik (now Antique), under Datu
brent school in Baguio City
Sumakwel
- Head of the anthropology division of the
o Irong-irong (now Iloilo), under Datu
National Museum of the Philippines
Paliburong
- Taught at the UP and served as presidential
o Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz), under
assistant for national minorities
Datu Bangkay.
- the 3 areas united themselves into a
PREHISPANIC SOURCE: MARAGTAS
confederation under the overall rule of Datu
• The Maragtas (History of Panay) Sumakwel, the wisest of the datus and this
- Published by the Kadapig sang Banwa at the El grouping was called the Confederation of
Tiempo Press, Iloilo in 1907 Madya-as.
- It is written in mixed Hiligaynon and Kin-iraya
CANVAS
• Pedro Monteclaro
• William Henry Scott
- Born in Miag-ao, Iloilo on October 15, 1850
- A historian of the Gran Cordillera Central and
- Served as Teniente Mayor in 1891 and
Pre-Hispanic Philippines
Gobernadorcillo in 1892-1894
- Also known as poet in both the vernacular and
Spanish

• Chapter 1 - Anthropological treatise on the former

customs, clothes, dialect, heredity, organization of
the Aetas (Negritos) of Panay.

• Chapter 2 - the upcoming of the Ten Datus from

Borneo, fleeing the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw,
and their purchase of the Island of Panay from
Marikudko.

• Chapter 3 - the romance of Sumakwel, Kapinangan

and her lover Garung-garung, a charming little tale
in its own right.

• Ten Bornean Datus

1. Datu Puti (And Wife Piangpangan)
2. Datu Sumakwel (And Wife Kapinangan)
3. Datu Bangkaya (And Wife Katurong)
4. Datu Paiborong (And Wife Pabilaan)
5. Datu Paduhinogan (And Wife Tibongsapay)
6. Datu Dumangsol
7. Datu Libay
8. Datu Dumangsil
9. Datu Dumalogdog
10. Datu Balensuela

• Chapter 4 – concludes the tale of ten Datus, telling

their political arrangements and their
circumnavigation of the Island

• Chapter 5 - another anthropological sort of treatise

describing language, commerce, clothes , customs,
marriages, funerals, mourning habits, cockfighting,
timekeeping techniques and calendars, and
personal characteristics
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 LESSON 3
PPT
EXCERPT FROM ANTONIO PIGAFETTA'S FIRST VOYAGE
AROUND THE WORLD
• Background of the Author
- Born sometime in the closing year of the 15th
century.
- Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela Zoga.
- The eldest child among his siblings of 2.
- Was a native of Vicenza, a town about a
hundred kilometers west of Venice, Italy.
- Studied astronomy, geography, and
cartography.
- Served on board the ships of the Knights of
Rhodes at the beginning of the 16th century.
- Had an aunt, Elisabetta, who married Valerio
Chiericati.
- Accompanied Monsignor Chiericati to Spain in
1519.
- Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together
with Juan Sebastián Elcano in the famous
expedition to Moluccas which began in August
1519 and ended in September 1522.
• Historical Context of the Document
- The First Voyage Around the World by Antonio
Pigafetta was written on board one of the 5
ships that was first to circumnavigate the world
during an expedition that was led by the
Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and
after his death during the voyage, by Juan
Sebastián Elcano. The expedition started in
1519 and ended in Spain in 1522.
- Name of the Spanish fleet that was led by
Ferdinand Magellan: Armada de Molucca.
- Provided by King Charles V, included 5ships: the
Trinidad (crew: 55) under Magellan's command,
the San Antonio (crew: 60) commanded by Juan
de Cartageña, the Concepcion (crew: 45)
commanded by Gaspar de Quesada, the
Santiago (crew: 32) commanded by Juan
Rodriguez Serrano and the Victoria (crew:43)
commanded by Luiz Mendoza, which carried
supplies and provisions.
- The Santiago was a caravel, while the others
were rated as carracks.
- At the end of the voyage, Antonio Pigafetta, the
author of the book, was on board the Victoria;
this was the only ship that was able to return to
Spain.
- Upon arrival in Europe, Pigafetta presented
copies of his account to several high
personages, including Pope Clement VII, mother
of King Francis I of France, etc.
- His original diary was lost, and it is not known in
what language it was written.
- Survives in 4 manuscript versions; one in Italian,
3 in French.
• Analysis of the Important Information found in the
Document
- Since Magellan and his crew crossed the
International Dateline, there is one day added
to the original dates that Antonio Pigafetta
wrote in his book for the better perspective of
us Filipino.
- Throughout the expedition, there served a
translator named Enrique.
- Enrique was from Sumatra (present day
Indonesia) and was a slave of Ferdinand
Magellan
- Magellan acquired Enrique as a slave at Malaca.
- March 17, 1521 (originally March 16)
o Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)
o The island was called Humunu (now
Homonhon)
o Magellan and his men called it Acquada
da li buoni Segnialli (“The Watering-
place of Good Signs”)
o There are many islands in that district,
and therefore they called them the
archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were
discovered on the Sunday of St. Lazarus.
- April 1, 1521 (originally March 31)
o The first mass in the Philippines was
held in Mazaua(Limasawa)
o It was attended by Magellan, Raia
Colambu (Rajah Kolambu), Raia
Siaui(Rajah Siagu), Spanish voyagers,
and the local islanders.
- (Originally April 7)
o Magellan and his men entered the port
of Zubu.
- April 8, 1521
o Initially, Magellan and his men
encountered some struggle first
entering the port of Zubu.
o The “king” of Zubu wanted Magellan
and his men to pay tribute to them but,
Magellan refused and told the
translator that they are working for the
King of Spain and threatens him with
war.
- April 15, 1521 (originally April 14)
o A mass was held with Raia Humabon
and his people attending the ceremony.
o 800 souls were baptized.
o Pigafetta showed the queen an image
of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden
child Jesus, and a cross.
o She asked for the little child Jesus to
keep in place of her idols and this image
of child Jesus is now known as the Sto.
Niño found in Cebu.
- Image of Sto. Niño de Jesus was given to the
Wife of Raia Humabon
- April 27, 1521 (originally April 26)
o According to Zula, the chief of Matan,
Cilapulapu refused to obey the king of
Spain.
o Cilapulapu did not want to pay
Magellan and his men the goat that
they were promised.
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 o Magellan was not pleased since they
went to Matan to garner food for their
expedition.
- Zula requested the captain to send him only
one boat load of men to fight against the other
chief. The captain-general decided to go thither
with three boatloads.
- The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent
a message to the natives to the effect that if
they would obey the king of Spain, recognize
the Christian king as their sovereign, and pay us
our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if
they wished otherwise, they should wait to see
how our lances wounded."
- April 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
o At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s men set
out armed with corselets and helmets,
Christian king, prince, some of the chief
men, 20 or 30 balanghais.
o The local islanders had lances of
bamboo and stakes hardened with fire.
- They shot the captain through the right leg with
a poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet off his
head twice.
- An Indian hurled a bamboo spear in the
captain’s face, but the latter immediately killed
him with his lance, which he left in the Indian’s
body.
- April 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
o 8 of Magellan’s men were killed, 4
Indians were killed by mortars.
o Of Cilapulapu’s men, only 15 were
killed.
• Contribution of the Document in Understanding
the Grand Narrative in Philippine History
- Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it
described what the local islanders wore, what
they ate, how they communicated, and how
they lived.
- Pigafetta’s journal is the only known document
about Lapu-Lapu’s life
- Considered the best source today of the
customs and usages of the Filipinos in the early
16th century due to the daily notes Pigafetta
took and details about the expedition that he
wrote about.
- Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words
ever penned by a European.
• Relevance of the Document
- August 10, 1519 is the starting point of the first
expedition around the world of Magellan.
- The book served as evidence that the world is
round and not flat.
- This book aids the researchers and students of
today in understanding the context of the
Magellan expedition and how the whole
Europe-Philippines conflict commenced.
- Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean.
- Magellan proved that there was a way to the
east by sailing west.
- Growing up, we’ve understood this issue just
simply as the start of the Spanish era and
Magellan being the Philippines’ villain without
taking into debate the context and different
reasons of the expedition.
- The expedition that was held from 1519-1522:
- Opened many doors for Spain together with
many other different countries around the
world due to the different discoveries from this
expedition.
- Led the world to be a more globalized society
because of how other countries were revealed
to the European countries.
- Businesses rose because of the discoveries that
made up the different products. Collaborations
were also made that benefited the different
sides.
- Opened many doors for the Philippines.
- Helped us in knowing how the early Filipinos
lived by the account of a primary source who
witnessed it firsthand.
- Will help us understand how the Filipinos of the
past lived and how they coped when Magellan
and his men came to the Philippines.
- We discover what religion Filipinos used to have
and they became Christians.
- We also find out how the first Filipinos fought
and delayed the Spanish occupation by about
40 years.
- Pigafetta’s journal is also a vital piece not only
of Philippine history, but also of World history.
He narrated the events that transpired in a way
that gives the readers of his journal a clear
picture of what it was like to be part of the first
voyage around the world.
EXCERPT FROM JUAN DE PLASENCIA'S CUSTOMS OF THE
TAGALOGS
- Born to the illustrious family of Portoc arreros
in Plasensia in the region of Extremadura, Spain
in the early 16" century. He was one of the
seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain
of a Spanish schooner.
- Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period
known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age when
arts and literature flourished in many parts of
Spain, among them his native Extremadura.
- Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de
Villanueva de la Serena was his real name.
• Arrival in the Philippines
- Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the
first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the
Philippines.
- Arrived at a port in Cavite, a few kilometers
south of Manila on the 2nd of July 1578.
• Purpose: Relacion De Las Costumbres and
Instruccion
- To put an end to some injustices being
committed against the natives by certain
government officials.
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 - “The chronicler, Francis enemies, and so I can
hardly express the sadness I feel any time the
news of such incidents reach my ears or I myself
am involved; however, if one is to choose
between enmity and friendship and between
peace and war, I believe enmity is to be
preferred. For considering the kind of persons
most of the alcaldes mayores are nowadays,
nothing indicates that friendship with them will
help the missions in any way. On the contrary, it
will destroy them. Because, as I have observed,
you can hardly find one that is not blinded and
moved by greediness, thus destroying his own
soul as well as the lives and possessions of the
poor Indians.”
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT
• Social Classes
Chieftain (Datu)
Nobles (Maharlika)
Commoners (Aliping
Namamahay)
Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilir)
• Datu
- chief, captain of wars, whom governed, obeyed
and reverenced.
• Nobles or Maharlika
- Free-born, they do not pay taxes.
• Commoners or Aliping Namamahay
- They live in their own houses and lords of their
property and gold.
• Slaves or Aliping sa Guiguilir
- They serve their master in his house and his
cultivated lands and can be sold
• Mode of Dressing
- Male
o Head gear is called Putong (symbolizes
the number of persons the wearer had
killed)
o (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves
called Kanggan
o (Lower) Bahag
- Female
o (Upper) Baro or Camisa
o (Lower) Saya
• Ornaments
- A decorative object or detail that adds quality
or distinction to a person, place or thing.
• Government
- The unit of government is called Barangay ruled
by a chieftain, and consist of 30 to 100 families
together with their relatives and slaves.
• Administration of Justice
- The chieftain’s executive function includes
implementing laws, ensuring order and giving
protection to his subject.
- Disputes between individuals were settled by a
court made up of the chieftain and council of
elders.
• Inheritance
- The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits
his father’s position; if the 1st son dies, the 2nd
son succeeds their father; in the absence of
male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that
becomes the chieftain.
• Slaves
- A person becomes slave by:
1. by captivity in war
2. by reason of debt
3. by inheritance
4. by purchase by committing a crime
- Slaves can be emancipated through:
1. by forgiveness
2. by paying debt
3. by condonation
4. by bravery (where a slave can possibly
become a Datu)
5. by marriage
• Marriage Customs
- Men were in general, monogamous; while their
wives are called Asawa.
- Courtship begins with Paninilbihan.
- Prior to marriage the man requires to give a
dowry:
1. Bigay-kaya (a piece of land or gold)
2. Panghihimuyat (a gift for the bride’s
parents)
3. Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse).
- Marriage between couples belonging to
different social classes were not common.
- Several grounds of divorce are:
1. Adultery
2. Abandonment on the part of the
husband
3. Cruelty
4. Insanity
• Religious Belief
- They worship many gods and goddesses:
1. bathala, supreme being
2. Idayanale, God of agriculture
3. Sidarapa, God of death
4. Agni, God of fire
5. Balangaw, a God of rainbow
6. Mandarangan, God of war
7. Lalahon, God of harvest and
8. Siginarugan, God of hell
- Also believe in sacred animals and tress
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• Superstitious Beliefs
- Believe in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre, Tikbalang,
Patyanak/Tiyanak.
- They also believe in magical power of amulet
and charms such as anting-anting, kulam and
gayuma or love potion.

• Economic Life
- Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of rice, a
corn, banana, coconut, sugar canes and other
kinds of vegetable and fruits.
- Hunting in high lands.
- Fishing in river banks and sea.
- Ship building, weaving, poultry, mining and
lumbering.
- Domestic trade of different baranggays by boat.
- Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China,
Japan, Cambodia, Java, and Thailand.

• Language and System of Writing

- Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan,
Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
Magindanaw and Samarnon. These languages
are originated from the Malayo-Polenisian
language.
- System of writing: the alphabets consisted of 3
vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayi.
- They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick
as pencil.
- They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree
or “bamboo tubes.

CANVAS

• Antonio Pigafetta
- An Italian scholar and explorer from the
Republic of Venice.
- He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led
by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the flag
of King Charles I of Spain and, after Magellan's
death in the Philippines, the subsequent voyage
around the world.
- During the expedition, he served as Magellan's
assistant and kept an accurate journal which
later assisted him in translating the Cebuano
language. It is the first recorded document
concerning the language.

• Juan de Plasencia
- A Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order.
- He spent most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he founded numerous towns
in Luzon and authored several religious and
linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina
Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first book
ever printed in the Philippines.

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 LESSON 4
PPT
EMILIO JACINTO y DIZON'S KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN
[DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES]
- He was one of the highest-ranking officers
during the Philippine revolution.
- He joined the secret society
kataastaasan,kagalang-galangang katipunan ng
mga anak ng bayan, better known as the
Katipunan or KKK, at the age of 19.
- He serves as the advisor on fiscal matters and
secretary to Andres Bonifacio.
- He edited the revolutionary newspaper of the
katipunan called KALAYAAN under the
pseudonym 'Dimasilaw ‘and used the monicker
'Pingkian ‘in the secret society. Identified as the
BRAIN OF THE KATIPUNAN, he authored the
kartilya ng katipunan.
- Bonifacio found a twin soul in katipunan the
younger and intelligent Emilio Jacinto.
- Born in Tondo, Manila on December 12,1975
- Jacinto lived a hard life when he was young. His
father died early which compelled his mother to
send him to his uncle's house for support.
- He first studied at San Juan de Letran and later
transferred to the University of Santo Tomas
where he studied law.
- Jacinto joined at the katipunan leaving his
studies.
- Bonifacio warmed up to him and a deep
friendship developed between the two, then
greatly influenced the katipunan.
- He wrote in tagalog, the language of the
masses, expect one poem in Spanish, A mi
patria (country)
- Jacinto believed. that the people, the masses,
could be reached only on their own language,
so they both wrote in tagalog.
- Bonifacio assigned him to lead the rebels in
laguna
- he died in mahayhay laguna on april 6, 1899 at
the young age of 24
• Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B. (The
Teachings of the Katipunan)
1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble and divine
cause is like a tree without a shade, if not, a
poisonous weed.
2. A deed that is motivated by self-interest or self-
pity and done without sincerity lacks nobility.
3. True piety is the act of being charitable, loving
one's fellowmen, and being judicious in
behavior, speech and deed.
4. We are all equal, regardless of the color of their
skin; While one could have more education,
wealth or beauty than the other, none of them
can overpass one's identity.
5. A person with a noble character values honor
above self-interest, while a person with a base
character values self-interest above honor.’
6. To a man with a sense of shame, his word is
inviolate.
7. Do not waste your time; lost wealth can be
retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
9. A wise man is someone who is careful in all that
he says; learn to keep the things that need to be
kept secret.
10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way
and his wife and children follow; If the leader
goes the way of evil, so do the followers.
11. Never regard a woman as an object for you to
trifle with; rather you should consider her as a
partner and a friend in times of need; Give
proper considerations to a woman's frailty and
never forget that your own mother, who
brought you forth and nurtured you from
infancy, is herself such a person.
12. Do not do to the wife, children and brothers
and sisters of others what you do not want
others to do to your wife, children and brothers
and sisters.
13. A (person's) worth is not measured by his/her
status in life, neither by the length of his nose
nor the fairness of skin, and certainly not by
whether he is a priest claiming to be God's
deputy. Even if he is a tribesman/tribeswoman
from the hills and speaks only his/her own
tongue, a (person) is honorable if he/she
possesses a good character, is true to his/her
word, has fine perceptions and is loyal to
his/her native land.
14. When these teachings shall have been
propagated and the glorious sun of freedom
begins to shine on these poor islands to
enlighten a united race and people, then all the
loves lost, all the struggle and sacrifices shall
not have been in vain.
• Apolinario Mabini (Memoirs)
- Is known in literature and history as the
SUBLIME PARALYTIC and the BRAINS of the
REVOLUTION.
- Born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22,
1864.
- Became known to his professors and classmates
at Letran and the UST because of his sharp
memory and the simple clothes he used to wear
throughout his schooling.
- Became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo
when the latter founded his Republic in
Malolos.
• EMILIO AGUINALDO (Memoirs)
- The first president in the Philippines
- He was born on March 22, 1869 at Cavite el
viejo also known as Kawit, Cavite.
- He died on February 6, 1964
- His parents are Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and
Trinidad Famy-Aguinaldo.
CANVAS
• Emilio Jacinto
- A Filipino General during the Philippine
Revolution
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 - He was one of the highest-ranking officer in the
Philippine Revolution and was one of the
highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary
society Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or simply and
more popularly called Katipunan, being a
member of its Supreme Council.

• Kartilla
- served as the guidebook for new members of
the organization, which laid out the group's
rules and principles. The first edition of the
Kartilya was written by Andres Bonifacio. Emilio
Jacinto later pens a revised Decalogue.

• Apolinario Mabini
- Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer
and statesman who served first as a legal and
constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary
Government, and then as the first Prime
Minister of the Philippines upon the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic.
- He is regarded as the "Utak ng Himagsikan" or
"Brain of the Revolution".
- Mabini performed all his revolutionary and
governmental activities despite having lost the
use of both his legs to polio shortly before the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.

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 LESSON 5
PPT
THE 1898 DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
BY AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA [PROCLAMATION]
- Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898
- Kawit Cavite before Cavite-Viejo
- June 12, 1898 (the Philippine Independence
Day)
- Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898
- Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
- National Flag of The Philippines designed by
General Aguinaldo and made in Hong kong by
Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza
o The lower red stripe represents
patriotism and valor.
o The upper blue stripe signifies peace,
truth and justice.
o The white triangle stands for Equality
o The three stars indicate the three
Geographical areas of Luzon, Visayas
and Mindanao.
o The eight rays of the sun refer to the
first eight provinces of Manila, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Laguna, Batangas and Cavite.
- “Marcha Filipina Magdalo”
- Julian Felipe - composer
- Jose Palma poem “Filipina”
NOTES
- The Philippines was claimed in the name of
Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a
Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, who
named the islands after King Philip II of Spain.
They were then called Las Felipinas.
- The Battle of Mactan was a fierce clash fought
in the Philippines on 27 April 1521.
- Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was
killed by a poison arrow during a skirmish on
the island of Mactan in what is now the
Philippines. Magellan and his crew were
assisting a local king they had allied with when
they landed on the island of Cebu weeks earlier.
- Ferdinand Magellan was the first European
recorded to have landed in the Philippines. He
arrived in March 1521 during his
circumnavigation of the globe. Following several
more Spanish expeditions, the first permanent
settlement was established in Cebu in 1565.
- Spain had three objectives in its policy toward
the Philippines, its only colony in Asia: to
acquire a share in the spice trade, to develop
contacts with China and Japan in order to
further Christian missionary efforts there, and
to convert the Filipinos to Christianity.
- Andres Bonifacio is the one who created
Katipunan. This organization was part of the
late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the
Philippines. The founders of the Katipunan were
Deodato Arrellano, Teodoro Plata, Valentin
Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Andres Bonifacio, and Jose
Dizon.
- The Magdalo factiom was officially led by
Baldomero Aguinaldo, but his cousin Emilio
Aguinaldo (who’s own Katipunan codename
was "Magdalo") was its most famous leader.
1. When was the Philippines discovered? - March 15,
1521
2. The Battle when Magellan Died. - The Battle of
Mactan
3. He arrived in the Philippines on 1565. - Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi
4. The Philippines was named after him. - King Philip II
5. Spain’s primary aim and intention in the Philippines
was to spread? - Roman Catholicism
6. Katipunan was Created by Dr. Jose Rizal. - F
7. June 12, 1898 is the Philippine Independence. - T
8. Emilio Aguinaldo the first President of the Philippine
Republic. - T
9. Magdalo led by Andres Bonifacio - F
10. The upper blue stripe signifies Patriotism and Valor.
–F
CANVAS
- The Philippine Declaration of Independence
occurred in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898
where Filipino revolutionary forces under
General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the
sovereignty and independence of the Philippine
islands from Spanish colonization after the
latter was defeated at the Battle of Manila Bay
on 1 May 1898 during the Spanish-American
War.
- The Act of the Declaration of Independence was
prepared and written by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista in Spanish, who also read the said
declaration. The Philippine Declaration was
signed by ninety-eight persons, among them an
American army officer who witnessed the
proclamation.
- The Act declared that the Filipinos “are and
have the right to be free and independent,” and
that the nation from ”this day commences to
have a life of its own, with every political tie
between Filipinas and Spain severed and
annulled”.
- Emilio Aguinaldo was a filipino revolutionary,
politician, and military leader who is officially
recognized as the first and the youngest
President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and
first president of a constitutional republic in
Asia.
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