O EXERCISES

X y at x = 0.1, 0.2 given that = 0.5, y = |

whenr= (0. [Ans. y (0.1) 1.049, y (0.2) 1.099]

= =

x +y2 = 0, with y (0) = 1. y (0) = 0, obtain

Gnend?
alues of y (0.1) and y (0.2) correct to 3 decimal places
he
series method.
sing Taylor
[Ans.y (0.l) = 0.995, y (0.2) = 0.981

+y 0 with the conditions y (0) = 1

Solvethe equation d
=

ndy (0) = 0. Find y (0.2) and y (0.4).

[Ans. y (0.2) =
1.0204, y (0.4) = 1.0]

EULER'S METHOD
Consider the first order differential equation
. (1)
dx f y)
Lel us
this differential equation under the condition
o The solution of (1)gives y as a function x, which may
*witten symbolically as
y F (x) (2)
As
.... UNIT4
 L METHa

curve
he XY
in the XYplane; and
plar s
is
from any a smosth
4.30
a
o f(2) for short distance
for aa short
graph t
poinm
straight
The
p r a c t i c a l l y

curve is from
figure
have
we
it,

tan6 AY
Ax
6 Yo
Artan
Ay o Xo Ax =hh
i.e
=Ar(

.Slope at (ro. Y0o)

=\drlane
1 ot Ay
(d Ar
y Yot dx)
Assuming Ar=h
=
fa.,)from(1)

The next value of y corresponding to x =*2 (=x1 +h) is

(dy
Y21+
+dx) h

ie.
1+f (.y1) h =f
'32+f (t2, y2) h, etc.
In
general Ln+1 yn tfn yn)h
By takingh
2 n n e r ,

small enough and

cOuld tabulate
the expression (2)
proceeding " ding
valt

of x and as a set or co
This
m e t h o d

This is method is
y.
Euler. m
r This
either too slow given
given by case
(in of h 1S
(in
not
small) for case use. is small) or too inaccurate
UNIT 4..
practical
 MERICA
Modified Euler's Method
In Improved Euler's method
the solution curve is approximated
in the interval [ xo. Xo+h] by a
RICALEHOO
straight line. This line is passing
through (x o) whose slope is Po-Yo
the averages of the slopes viz,
(dy dy
dx dx
2
2
But in modified Euler's method the curve
averaging the points. is
Let P ya) be the point on the
o solution y ximated by
tangent at (Xo» Yo) to the curve. Let this curve. Let
PAbe
PA the
tangent meet the
at O X+) P. The
at
Y-co-ordinate of thene pointordinar
Va+ Ay.. (1) where Ay is the mall point P

increment along QP
Now P.
considering the triangle PP M, we have tan 6 =
Ax
i.e., Ay =
(tan 8) Ar =dx
)
Ay fto. o)
.(2)
Here Ax =
Substituting (2) in (1) we get the Y- co-ordinate of the
h pomi
is yo+fCo Yo)
Hence the
co-ordinates of the point P is
h
The slope at P is
at P1
But
But
fx. y) (Given diff-equation
UNIT 4
 E G R A T

A T I O NA N D I N T E
E E R E N T I A T I O N A N DI N T E

ALDEFERENTIA
aP fotot5f.). ... (4)

h yo+2 s(t0. o)1

4):rbyxo+ andy by
Replacmgi n( 4 ) draw a
this pe (slope
at P). Then
line is
PB. This
with

PjB to the
line
1e parallel interval
and
( oo )and curve in the
drawa

the approximation to the

oximation
this line
viz., PC is
e q u a t i o n
oft
of
h).
The
... (5)

hich
which equation of
is the equation
of
= m (- x0)
y-o
.theformula and having slope m]
through (o Yo)
i gthe

passing
raight
line
( +h) at the point
x
=
=X1
(5) meets tthe ordinate
meets

his line (5)

line
(5), we have
e this
Letuth
lies on the line
.
Since (1 )
h

hf 4o+.o*äfGo.o)
h

h general,

h
a+1 n +hf,+), +5fYn
+h) y(t) +hf|x4 =

Thissformula is
called modified Euler's
Noke :A. formula.
The ererror in
the solution can be reduced
decreasing the step size. by
The
method
gven function villis provide error-freee solutions if the
linear.
 OMEERI
JMER
3. Because in Euler's method we aCAL ETHO
ICAL METH
segments to approximatee the use
is referred to as a first order solution.
method.
straigh
his m
me
4. The error in
one-step of the
method is Oh3). This is
There is an accumulation called the
modified E
of error ocal etor
step, so that the error over from step t
0 (h2) and is called the whole
global error. range s

mproved Euler's method find y Example 1

(0) 1 with h 0.2.
=
= (0.2) and y (0.4) fron
om
[A.UMay 200
oved Euler's algorithm is
h
+flm 'm) +flxm +h, ym +hf m Yml
=0 in (1) we get
If (To. yo)+f o +h, yo +hf (to o}l}