Ground Improvement

Modification or improvement refers to the improvement in the engineering properties of poor

soil.
Poor soil conditions: Loose sand, soft clay, highly organic deposits/dumped material, expansive
soil, collapsible soil
Soil: I.S. Classification (IS: 1498-1970)

Fine grained: particle size less than 0.075mm

Course grained: particle size greater than 0.075mm
Cohesive soil (Fine grained soils)

Consistency of cohesive soil consistency index or liquidity index

Cohesive soil (Fine grained soils)

Non-cohesive soil (coarse grained soil; sand, gravel)

Expansive soil (Black cotton soil)
 Free swell ratio

Vd = volume of 10 grams of an oven-dried specimen passing through 0.425 mm opening sieve

after keeping in a graduated cylinder containing 100 ml distilled water
VK = volume of 10 grams of an oven-dried specimen passing through 0.425 mm opening sieve
after keeping in a graduated cylinder containing 100ml carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or kerosene
Collapsible soil (Aeolian)

Wind deposited sands or silts, such as loess, aeolic beaches, and volcanic dust deposits.

Collapse potential

e1 and e2 are void ratios before and after flooding, respectively

Permeability of soil
Rate of flow:
Consolidation of soil

Settlement computation for normally consolidated clay

Cr
Rate of settlement

One way drainage

Shear strength of soil