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Ekddetai sthn Aj na.

Dianèmetai kai anaparˆgetai eleÔjera.
Diktuakì Tìpo :
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr/ekthetis.htm

FÔlla Majhmatik  Paidea

Stoiqeiojetetai me to L
AT X 2ε
E
Epimèleia:
N.S. Maurogiˆnnh , Dr Majhmatik¸n
Prìtupo Genikì Peiramatikì LÔkeio
Euaggelik  Sqol  SmÔrnh
Fullo 13, 26 Ianouariou 2013
mavrogiannis@gmail.com

Mègista kai elˆqista w efarmog  kai autì epitugqˆnetai sth jèsh x=α , kaj¸ th

2
th mejìdou sumpl rwsh tetrag¸nou. sqèsh (x − α) ≥ 0 mporoÔme na th doÔme kai w

f (x) ≥ 0 = f (α)
Dhm trh Ntrzo

Sqolikì SÔmboulo Majhmatik¸n Tèlo , s' autì to Shmewma sumperilˆbame kai dÔo endei-

Trikˆlwn kai Kardtsa ktikˆ paradegmata prosdiorismoÔ mègisth   elˆqisth

drizosdim@yahoo.gr tim  parastˆsewn me perissìtere th mia metablhtè .

1 Eisagwg  3 Paradegmata
SÔmfwna me thn teleutaa anadiˆtaxh th Ôlh th 'Alge- Katˆ thn diapragmˆteush twn parakˆtw paradeigmˆ-

bra pou didˆsketai sti dÔo pr¸te tˆxei tou Lukeou, oi twn sthn tˆxh, o didˆskwn enai skìpimo na epidi¸-

ènnoie th elˆqisth kai th mègisth tim  sunˆrthsh xei thn anˆptuxh suz thsh me tou majhtè tou è-

entˆssontai plèon sthn Ôlh th 'Algebra B' tˆxh Geni- tsi, ¸ste na katano soun kai emped¸soun th diasÔnde-

koÔ Lukeou (parˆgrafo 2.1, sel. 32-34, èkdosh 2012). sh twn apotelesmˆtwn th algebrik  epexegasa me th

To de jewrhtikì upìbajro pou apaitetai gia ton upolo- grafik  parˆstash twn antstoiqwn sunart sewn. Oi

gismì twn en lìgw tim¸n baszetai sti paragrˆfou 2.1 en lìgw grafikè parastˆsei ja mporoÔsan na para-

kai 2.2 tou biblou th 'Algebra A' tˆxh GenikoÔ Lu- qjoÔn kai on line
diamèsou th diadiktuak  efarmog 

keou, oi opoe anafèrontai sti prˆxei , ti idiìthte kai http://www.wolframalpha.com/

thn diˆtaxh twn pragmatik¸n arijm¸n.

Parˆdeigma 1. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th su-

Me aplˆ paradegmata pou epilèxame gi' autì to Sh-
1 nˆrthsh
mewma , epiqeiroÔme na emploutsoume to perieqìmeno

f (x) = x2 − 2x + 6 x ∈ R
th paragrˆfou 2.1 tou biblou 'Algebra B' tˆxh Ge-

nikoÔ Lukeou, akrib¸ sto tm ma ekeno pou anafèretai Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th

sto elˆqisto kai mègisto sunˆrthsh . 'Eqoume th gn¸mh f (x) ?

ìti o dhmiourgikì diˆlogo pou ja anaptuqje me ènau-

Lush. 'Eqoume
sma thn eplus  tou sthn tˆxh ja sumbˆllei ètsi, ¸ste

f (x) = x2 − 2x + 6 = x2 − 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ x + 12 + 5 = (x − 1)2 + 5
na anadeiqjoÔn kai na empedwjoÔn mejodologikè idèe

kai praktikè pou kalliergoÔn, anaptÔssoun kai belti¸-

noun th majhmatik  ikanìthta. 'Allwste, h eplush e-

kai kaj¸

nì majhmatikoÔ probl mato me th sumbol  stoiqeiwd¸n

gn¸sewn th sqolik  ˆlgebra - kai ìqi me isqurˆ jew- (x − 1)2 ≥ 0 ⇔ (x − 1)2 + 5 ≥ 5 ⇔ f (x) ≥ 5 = f (1)
r mata, gia parˆdeigma, tou diaforikoÔ logismoÔ - empe-

rièqei pˆntote mia idiaterh paideutik , allˆ kai didaktik 

prokÔptei ìti h elˆqisth tim  th f isoÔtai me 5 kai epi-

axa.
tugqˆnetai gia x=1

Parˆdeigma 2. Na brete th mègisth tim  th sunˆr-

2 Basikè proapaitoÔmene thsh

gn¸sei f (x) = −x2 + 2x − 9 x ∈ R

Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h mègisth tim  th f (x) ?

1. H mèjodo th sumpl rwsh tetrag¸nou.

Lush.
2. Oi idiìthte twn anisot twn, kai eidikˆ h jemeli¸-

dh idiìthta: An α pragmatikì arijmì , tìte isqÔ- f (x) = −x2 + 2x − 9 = − (x2 − 2x + 9) =

2
ei (x − α) ≥ 0 gia kˆje x ∈ R , opìte to elˆqi-

sto th sunˆrthsh f (x) = (x − α)2 isoÔtai me 0 − [(x − 1)2 + 8] = −(x − 1)2 − 8

1
To parìn Shmewma grˆfthke me stìqo na uposthrxei mia 1wrh   2wrh didaskala twn ennoi¸n th elˆqisth kai th mègisth

tim  sunˆrthsh , sto plasio th 'Algebra B' tˆxh GenikoÔ Lukeou.

1
kai kaj¸ 'Ara, gia kˆje x∈R enai f (x) = x2 − 4x + 10 . Enai

−(x − 1)2 ≤ 0 ⇔ −(x − 1)2 − 8 ≤ −8 ⇔ f (x) ≤ −8 = f (1) f (x) = x2 − 4x + 10 = (x − 2)2 + 6

prokÔptei ìti h mègisth tim  th f isoÔtai me −8 kai epi-

kai kaj¸

x=1
(x − 2)2 + 6 ≥ 6 ⇔ f (x) ≥ 6 = f (2)
tugqˆnetai gia

Parˆdeigma 3. Na brete th mègisth tim  th sunˆr-

thsh
prokÔptei ìti h elˆqisth tim  th f isoÔtai me 6 kai epi-

1 tugqˆnetai gia x=2

f (x) =
x2 − 2x + 9 Parˆdeigma 6. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th su-

kaj¸ to x metabˆlletai sto sÔnolo R . Gia poia tim  tou

nˆrthsh
√
x epitugqˆnetai h mègisth tim  th f (x) ?
f (x) = x2 − 10x + 31
Lush. ProkÔptei kaj¸ to x metabˆlletai sto sÔnolo R . Gia poia tim  tou

x epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th f (x) ?

1
f (x) =
(x − 1)2 + 8 Lush. 'Eqoume

√ √
kai kaj¸
f (x) = x2 − 10x + 31 = (x − 5)2 + 6
1 1 1
(x − 1)2 + 8 ≥ 8 ⇔ 2
≤ ⇔ f (x) ≤ = f (1) kai kaj¸

(x − 1) + 8 8 8 (x − 5)2 + 6 ≥ 6 ⇔
√ √
1
parnoume ìti h mègisth tim  th f isoÔtai me
8 kai epi-
(x − 5)2 + 6 ≥ 6 ⇔
tugqˆnetai gia x=1 √
f (x) ≥ 6 = f (5)
Parˆdeigma 4. Na brete th mègisth tim  th sunˆr- √
prokÔptei ìti h elˆqisth tim  th f isoÔtai me 6 kai
thsh

x=5
f (x) = −2x2 + 12x x ∈ R
epitugqˆnetai gia

Parˆdeigma 7. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th parˆ-

Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h mègisth tim  th
2 2
stash x +y −2x−4y+2 , kaj¸ ta x kai y metabˆllontai
f (x) ; Lush.
sto sÔnolo R Gia poio zeÔgo pragmatik¸n arijm¸n (x, y)
2 2
f (x) = −2x + 12x = −2 (x − 6x) = epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th parapˆnw parˆstash ?

Lush.
−2 (x2 − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x + 32 − 32 ) =
x2 +y 2 −2x−4y+2 = x2 −2⋅1⋅x+12 +y 2 −2⋅2⋅y+22 −1−4+2 =
= −2 [(x − 3)2 − 9] = −2(x − 3)2 + 18
kai kaj¸
= (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 − 3
kai kaj¸

−2(x − 3)2 + 18 ≤ 18 ⇔ f (x) ≤ 18 = f (3) (x − 1)2 ≥ 0

prokÔptei ìti h mègisth tim  th f isoÔtai me 18 kai epi- kai

tugqˆnetai gia x=3 . (y − 2)2 ≥ 0

Parˆdeigma 5. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th

parnoume

(x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 − 3 ≥ −3
f (x) = ∣x2 + x + 4∣ − 5x + 6 x ∈ R
opìte h elˆqisth tim  th parˆstash

Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th su-

x2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y + 2
nˆrthsh f (x) ?

isoÔtai me −3 kai epitugqˆnetai gia (x, y) = (1, 2) .

Lush. Gia th diakrnousa ∆ tou triwnÔmou x2 + x + 4

brskoume ∆ = −15 < 0 kai kaj¸ o suntelest  x2
tou Parˆdeigma 8. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th parˆ-

2 2 2
enai jetikì , ja isqÔei x +x+4 >0 gia kˆje x∈R , kai stash x +y +4x−6y+21 , kaj¸ ta x kai y metabˆllontai

epomènw sto sÔnolo R Gia poio zeÔgo pragmatik¸n arijm¸n (x, y)

∣x2 + x + 4∣ = x2 + x + 4 epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th parapˆnw parˆstash ?

2
 Lush. Enai Apì thn (2) prokÔptei ìti to klˆsma

x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y + 21 = 3x2 − 6x + 19
x2 − 2x + 5
(x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 + 8
megistopoietai ìtan to klˆsma

kai entel¸ anˆloga brskoume ìti h elˆqisth tim  th

parˆstash 4
x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y + 21 (x − 1)2 + 4
isoÔtai me 8 kai epitugqˆnetai gia (x, y) = (−2, 3)
parnei th mègisth tim  tou.

Parˆdeigma 9. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th parˆ-

Me diadikase anˆloge pro autè pou qrhsimopoi -

stash same sto 3o parˆdeigma brskoume ìti h mègisth tim  tou

2
x + 8x + 16 klˆsmato

x∈R 4
x2 + 8x + 20
Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th pa-
(x − 1)2 + 4
4
rˆstash ?
isoÔtai me
4 =1 kai autì epitugqˆnetai gia x=1 .

Apì to teleutao apotèlesma kai lìgw th (2) èqoume

Lush. 'Eqoume

ìti h mègisth tim  tou klˆsmato

2
x + 8x + 16 (x2 + 8x + 20) − 4 4
= =1− 2
(1) 3x2 − 6x + 19
x2 + 8x + 20 x2 + 8x + 20 (x + 4) + 4
x2 − 2x + 5
4
=4 x=1
Apì thn (1) prokÔptei ìti to klˆsma
isoÔtai me 3+ 4 kai epitugqˆnetai gia .

x2 + 8x + 16 Parˆdeigma 11. Na brete thn elˆqisth tim  th pa-

x2 + 8x + 20 rˆstash

x2 + 6x + 8
elaqistopoietai ìtan to klˆsma
x∈R
x2 + 6x + 10
4
Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h elˆqisth tim  th pa-

(x + 4)2 + 4 rˆstash ?

parnei th mègisth tim  tou. Brskoume ìti h mègisth tim 

Parˆdeigma 12. Na brete th mègisth tim  th parˆ-

tou klˆsmato
stash
4
2x2 − 8x + 17
(x + 4)2 + 4 x∈R
x2 − 4x + 7
isoÔtai me 1 kai autì epitugqˆnetai gia x = −4 Telikˆ
Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h mègisth tim  th pa-

prokÔptei ìti h elˆqisth tim  tou klˆsmato

rˆstash ?

x2 + 8x + 16
x2 + 8x + 20
Bibliografike Phge
isoÔtai me 1 − 44 = 0 kai epitugqˆnetai gia x = −4 .

Parˆdeigma 10. Na brete th mègisth tim  th parˆ-

1 Ivan Niven Maxima and Minima without Calculus,
,

stash
Dolciani Mathematical Expositions, No. 6 The
3x2 − 6x + 19 Mathematical Association of America, 1981
x∈R
x2 − 2x + 5 2 Mark Saul, Titu Andreescu , Sumplhr¸nonta to te-
Gia poia tim  tou x epitugqˆnetai h mègisth tim  th pa- trˆgwno Quantum, , Ellhnik  èkdosh, tìmo 6o ,

rˆstash ? teÔqo 1o, Ianouˆrio - Febrouˆrio 1999, sel. 41-

43, Kˆtoptro.
Lush. Enai:

3(x2 −2x+5)+4
3 Neculai Stanciu, George Emil Palade, Problem M472,
3x2 −6x+19
x2 −2x+5
= x2 −2x+5
= Crux Mathematicorum with Mathematical Ma-
(2)
yhem, Canadian Mathematical Society, Volume
4 4
3+ x2 −2x+5
=3+ (x−1)2 +4 37, Number 7, Nov 2011, page 419