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7.3 Exergy of a System 362
7.3.1 Exergy Aspects 365
7.3.2 Specific Exergy 366
7.3.3 Exergy Change 368
7.4 Closed System Exergy Balance 368
7.4.1 Introducing the Closed System Exergy
Balance 369
7.4.2 Closed System Exergy Rate
Balance 373
7.4.3 Exergy Destruction and Loss 374
376
7.4.4 Exergy Accounting
7.5 Exergy Rate Balance for Control Volumes
at Steady State 377
7.5.1 Comparing Energy and Exergy for Control
Volumes at Steady State 380
7.5.2 Evaluating Exergy Destruction in Control
Volumes at Steady State 380
7.5.3 Exergy Accounting in Control Volumes at
385
Steady State
7.6 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency 389
7.6.1 Matching End Use to Source 390
7.6.2 Exergetic Efficiencies of Common
Components 392
7.6.3 Using Exergetic Efficiencies 394
7.7 Thermoeconomics 395
7.7.1 Costing 395
7.7.2 Using Exergy in Design 396
7.7.3 Exergy Costing of a Cogeneration
398
System
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 403
8 Vapor Power Systems 425
Introducing Power Generation 426
Considering Vapor Power Systems 430
8.1 Introducing Vapor Power Plants 430
8.2 The Rankine Cycle 433
8.2.1 Modeling the Rankine Cycle 434
8.2.2 Ideal Rankine Cycle 437
8.2.3 Effects of Boiler and Condenser Pressures on
the Rankine Cycle 441
8.2.4 Principal Irreversibilities and Losses
8.3 Improving Performance—
Superheat, Reheat, and Supercritical 447
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Contents xiii
8.4 Improving Performance—Regenerative
Vapor Power Cycle 453
8.4.1 Open Feedwater Heaters 453
8.4.2 Closed Feedwater Heaters 458
8.4.3 Multiple Feedwater Heaters 459
8.5 Other Vapor Power Cycle Aspects 463
8.5.1 Working Fluids 463
8.5.2 Cogeneration 465
465
8.5.3 Carbon Capture and Storage
8.6 Case Study: Exergy Accounting
of a Vapor Power Plant 468
Chapter Summary and Study Guide 475
9 Gas Power Systems 493
Considering Internal Combustion Engines 494
9.1 Introducing Engine Terminology 494
9.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle 497
9.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle 502
9.4 Air-Standard Dual Cycle 506
Considering Gas Turbine Power Plants 509
9.5 Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants 509
9.6 Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 511
9.6.1 Evaluating Principal Work and Heat
Transfers 511
9.6.2 Ideal Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 512
9.6.3 Considering Gas Turbine Irreversibilities and
Losses 518
9.7 Regenerative Gas Turbines 521
9.8 Regenerative Gas Turbines with Reheat
and Intercooling 525
9.8.1 Gas Turbines with Reheat 526
9.8.2 Compression with Intercooling 528
9.8.3 Reheat and Intercooling 532
9.8.4 Ericsson and Stirling Cycles 535
9.9 Gas Turbine–Based Combined Cycles 537
9.9.1 Combined Gas Turbine–Vapor Power Cycle 537
9.9.2 Cogeneration 544
9.10 Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle
443 Power Plants 544
9.11 Gas Turbines for Aircraft
Propulsion 546