3-Phase Induction Motor Design

(© Dr. R. C. Goel & Nafees Ahmed )

By

Nafees Ahmed
Asstt. Prof. Department of Electrical Engineering
DIT, University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

References:
1. Notes by Dr. R. C. Goel
2. Electrical Machine Design by A.K. Sawhney
3. Principles of Electrical Machine Design by R.K Agarwal
4. VTU e-Learning
5. www.goole.com
6. www.wikipedia.org

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OUTPUT EQUATION: - It gives the relationship between electrical rating and physical dimensions
(Quantities)

Output of a 3 phase IM is
Q  3VPh1  I Ph1  Cos   10 3 KW                (1)
Where
VPh1= Stator phase voltage
IPh1= Stator Phase current
Cos  Stator power factor
  Efficiency of motor
Or equation (1) can be written as
Q  3(4.44  K pd 1  f  1  N Ph1 )  I Ph1  Cos   103 KW        (2)
( VPh1  4.44  K pd 1  f  1  N Ph1 )
Where
f = frequency of supply =PN/120
P =No of Poles
N =Speed in RPM
Kpd1= Winding factor =0.955
  D
1  B  P  L  B  L =Average value of fundamental flux
P

B = Average value of fundamental flux density
 P =Pole pitch = D
P
D = Inner diameter of stator
L = Length of the IM
Total No of Conductors on Stator  3  2 N Ph1  6 N Ph1
Total Ampere Conductors on Stator  6 N Ph1 I Ph1
Total Ampere conductors is known as total electric loading
Specific electric loading

It is defined as electric loading per meter of periphery, denoted by ac .

6 N Ph1I Ph1
ac 
D

ac  D
Or N Ph1 I Ph1 
6
Putting the values of f, 1 & NPh1IPh1 in equation 2 we get

NP  D ac  D
Q  3  4.44  0.955  ( )  ( B  L)  ( )  Cos   10 3 KW
120 P 6
 
Q  (17.4  10 5 B ac Cos  ) D 2 LN

Or Q  CD 2 LN KW

Where
 
C  Output Co  efficient  17.4  10 5 B ac Cos 

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 
CHOICE OF MAGNETIC LOADING ( B ):

( B is average value of fundamental flux density in the air gap)

1. Magnetizing current : Lower B


2. P.F : Lower B

3. Iron Loss : Lower B


4. Heating & Temp rise : Lower B


5. Overload Capacity : Higher B
We know
VPh1  4.44  K pd 1  f  1  N Ph1

If voltage is constant so for Higher B , Nph1 will be less.
And we know
Leakage reactance  N Ph 2
1  Leakage Reactance 

 Isc is more  Dia of circle diagram   Overload Capacity 


6. Noise & Vibration : Lower B

7. Size : Higher B

8. Cost : Higher B

Range of B = 0.3 to 0.6 Tesla

CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING:


1. Copper Losses : Lower ac

2. Heating & Temp Rise : Lower ac


3. Overload Capacity : Lower ac


If ac   NPh1 
And we know
Leakage reactance  N Ph
2
1  Leakage reac tan ce 

 Isc is more  Dia of circle diagram   Overload Capacity 


4. Size : Higher ac


5. Cost : Higher ac


Suitable values of ac are


ac =10,000 to 17,500 Amp Cond/meter up to 10 KW
=20,000 to 30,000 Amp Cond/meter up to 100 KW
=30,000 to 45,000 Amp Cond/meter > 100 KW

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MINI AND MAXI VALUE OF C:
We know
 
C 17.4  10 5 B ac Cos 
Cmin  17.4  10 5  0.30  10000  0.80  0.85 ( let Cosmin  0.80 &  min  85%)
Cmin  0.35
Cmax  17.4  10 5  0.60  45000  0.85  0.88 ( let Cosmax  0.85 &  max  88%)
Cmin  3.5

EFFECT OF SPEED ON COST AND SIZE OF IM:

Q
D2L   Represents the volume of Machine
CN
So for higher speed IM, volume is inversely proportional to speed.
Hence High speed means less volume that is low cost

ESTIMATION OF MAIN DIMENSIONS (D, L):

We know
Q
D2L                     (1)
CN
L 
  1 : Good Overall Design 
 P 
 1  1.25 : for Good PF         (2)
  1.5 : for higher  
 
  1.5  2.0 : Overall Economical Design

Solving equation (1) & (2) we can find out D & L.

Alternate method: Fitting the design into the “Standard frame size”.

LENGTH OF AIR GAP:

  0.2  2  DL mm
Note: D & L are in Meters
 min  0.25 mm
For medium rating machines
  2  3 mm
Our effort is to keep the length of the air gap as small as possible. If air gap length is higher, then
magnetizing current will be more it will result in poor power factor.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF MACHINE:

Generally
l1= l2= l3=………. = ln l1 l2 l3 ln

Let
nov =No of ventilating ducts bv
bv = Width of one ventilating duct L
(Generally for every 10 cm of core length there used to be 1 cm ventilating duct)
Gross Iron length
l = l1+ l2+ l3+………. +ln

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Actual Iron length
li =Ki*l
Where Ki =Stacking factor
=0.90 to 0.92
Overall length
L = l + nov*bv
Effective length
Le  L  nov  bv'
5
Where bv'  bv =Effective width of ventilating duct (< bv due to fringing)
b
5 v


DESIGN OF STATOR:

Stator and rotor with semi-closed slots

(1) Shapes of stator slots:

May be (i) Open Slot: Used for Synchronous M/Cs
(ii) Partially Closed Slot: Used for Induction M/Cs

(2) No of Stator Slots S1: Two approaches

16 1
a. Let q1=  5 ⇒y=3
3 3
Slot pitch If poles are 4 then pole pairs=2
D 1
 sg1  15  20 mm  Select q1= 5 ⇒y=2
S1 2
D
S1 
 sg1
So
For 3-Phase IM having P-poles
S1  3q1P
S
q1  1  No of slots per pole per phase
Where 3P
Winding may be integral (q1 is integer) or fractional (q1 is fractional) slot winding.
If q1 is fractional, say
x n
q1   m
y y

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 Then for windings to be symmetrical it is essential that the denominator ‘y’ should be such that the
no of pole pair is divisible by ‘y’.
If double layer winding is to be use then ‘y’ should be divisible by 2.
Hence S1 is estimated.

b. Select q1=3 to 10 and then find S1.

(3) Estimation of No of turns per Phase (Nph1), Total no of conductors (Z1) & No of conductors per
slots (Nc1):

We know
VPh1  4.44  K pd 1  f  1  N Ph1              (1)
VPh1
So N Ph1               (2)
4.44  K pd 1  f  1
Where
  D
1  B  P  le  B  le                (3)
P
Z1  3  2 N Ph1  6 N Ph1                ( 4)
Z
N c1  1                (5)
S1
N c1 Must be an integer and divisible by 2 for double layer windings. If not an integer make it integer
and hence find the corrected value of N c1 that is N c1,corrected . Also find out the corrected values of
Followings
Z1,corrected Using equation (5)
N Ph1,corrected Using equation (4)
1,corrected
Using equation (1)

B corrected Using equation (3)

(4) Sectional area of stator conductor (Fc1):

Per phase stator current

Q  103
I Ph1 
3VPh1 Cos 
I
FC1  Ph1 mm 2
So 1

Where 1  Current density  3  4 A / mm 2

From ICC (Indian Cable Company) table, find dc corresponding to Fc1

SWG | Fc1 (mm) | dc (mm) | doverall (mm)

50 | | 0.025 |
25 | | 0.5 |
1 | | 7.62 |

(5) Stator slot design:

Let
nv = No of conductors vertically
nh = No of conductors horizontally
So Nc1= nv*nh ------------------------- (1)
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 nv
 3  5            ( 2)
nh
Solving equation (1) & (2) find out nv & nh.

Height of slot
hs1 = nv*dc + 3*0.5 + 3.5 + 1.5 + 2 mm (0.5 mm is insulation thickness and
2 mm for slack & tolerance)
Width of the slot
bs1 = nh*dc + 2*0.5 + 2 mm (0.5 mm is insulation thickness and
2 mm for slack & tolerance)
Slot opening
2
b01  bs1
5

Ratio b01
hs1
35 1.5 mm Tooth lip
bs1
3.5 mm Wedge

0.5 mm
hs1

bs1

Partially closed slot for 400Volts IM

Thickness of insulation
With mica or leatheroid insulation for small rating machines
KV 0.4 1.1 3.3 6.6 11 15
mm 0.5 0.75 1.5 2.5 4 5.5

With improved insulation (Semica Therm)

KV 2 3 6 10 16 25
mm 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.8 4.0 6.0
Thickness = 0.215 KV +0.7 mm
Advantages of Semica Therm:
(a) Much better heat is dissipated for higher rating machines due to less thickness of wall
insulations.
(b) Insulation occupies little less space in the slot.

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(6) Length of mean turns (Lmt1)

Lmt1  2 L  2.3  P  0.24

D
Where  P  Pole pitch  L Coil Span
P
< Pole pitch

(7) Resistance of stator winding per phase (RPh1)

Lmt1
RPh1  0.021  10  6  N Ph1 One Turns
Fc1
(8) Total copper loss in the stator winding
 3 I Ph
2
1 RPh1

(9) Flux density in stator tooth

hy
Slot
Yoke
Tooth

Maximum flux density in stator tooth should not exceed 1.8T; otherwise iron losses and
magnetizing current will be abnormally high. (So if flux density >1.8T, change slot dimensions)
rd
1
Mean flux density in the stator tooth is calculated at of tooth height from the narrow end of the
3
stator tooth.

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 rd
1
Dia of stator at of tooth height from narrow end
3
1
D1  D  hs  2
3
ht 3
rd
1
Slot pitch at of tooth height from narrow end
3
D1
ht
 1  3
sg ht
3
S1
rd
1
Width of the tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
b 1  1  bs
t ht sg ht
3 3
rd
1
Area of one stator tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
 b 1  K il (Where li = ki l=Actual iron length)
t ht
3

Area of all the stator teeth under one pole

S 
A 1  Area of one tooth  No of teeth per pole 1 
t ht
3 P
S 
 b 1  K il   1 
t ht
3 P
  1  
  D  3 hs  2  
    b   K l   S1 
s i  
 S1  P
 
So mean flux density in teeth

B1  1
t ht
3
A1
t ht
3
(10) Depth (Height) of stator yoke (hy):
Flux through stator yoke is half of the flux per pole
1
 B y  hy K i l
2
Where By = flux density in yoke
= 1.3 to 1.5 T
 /2
So hy  1
By K il

(11) Outer dia of IM (Do):

Do  D  2hs  2hy

(12) Estimation of iron losses:

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 Corresponding to flux density in tooth B 1 find out iron loss per Kg from the graph given on
t ht
3

page 19, fig 18. So B 1  pit W / Kg

t ht
3
Iron loss in teeth
= pit* density * volume of iron in teeth
= pit* 7600 * volume of iron in teeth
Corresponding to flux density in yoke By find out iron loss per Kg from the graph given on page 19,
fig 18. So B y  piy W / Kg
Iron loss in yoke
= piy* density * volume of iron in yoke
= piy* 7600 * volume of iron in yoke
Total iron losses Pi = Iron loss in teeth + Iron loss in yoke
P
So IC  i
3VPh1

ROTOR DESIGN:

(1) Estimation of rotor no of slots (S2)

If S1= S2, cogging will take place and slot selection also affects noise & vibrations. So as a general
rule to avoid crawling, cogging and keeping noise & vibrations low, following slot combinations are
selected

1 2
q1  q2  1,  ,  .........
3 3
1 2
q2  q1  1,  ,  .........
3 3
Where, q1 & q2 are no of slots per pole per phase for stator and rotor respectively.
So No of rotor slots
S 2  3q2 P
(2) Estimation of rotor no of turns, conductors etc

(a) Wound rotor IM:

We may keep
VPh 2 N Ph 2
  0 .5  0 .6
VPh1 N Ph1
So No of turns per phase on rotor
N Ph 2  (0.5  0.6) N Ph1
Total no of conductors on rotor
Z 2  6 N Ph 2
Conductors per slot for rotor
Z
NC 2  2 Make it (NC2) integer if not and divisible by 2 for 2 layer winding. Hence find
S2
out correct value of NC2, NPh2 & Z2 i.e. NC2,Corrected NPh2,Corrected ¸ Z2,Corrected

(b) Cage rotor IM:

No of rotor bars
Z2bar  S2

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(3) Rotor current (IPh2)
It is assumed that 85% of ampere turns get transferred to the rotor.
Ampere turns on stator  3 I Ph1 N Ph1

(a) Wound rotor IM:

Ampere turns on rotor  3 I Ph2 N Ph2
So 3 I Ph2 N Ph2  0.85  3 I Ph1 N Ph1
0.85  I Ph1 N Ph1
Or I Ph2 
N Ph2
(b) Cage rotor IM:
S
Ampere turns on rotor  I 2bar 2
2
S
So I 2bar 2  0.85  3 I Ph1 N Ph1
2
0.85  6 I Ph1 N Ph1
Or I 2bar 
S2
End ring current
S I
I 2 endring  2 2bar
P
(4) Size of rotor conductors:
(a) Wound rotor IM:
X-sectional area of rotor conductor
I
FC 2  Ph 2
2
Where  2 = Current density in rotor winding
= 4 to 5 A/mm2
(Higher than stator current density because rotor is rotating so cooling
is increased hence,  2 is more)
SWG or strip conductors may be used.

(b) Cage rotor IM:

X-sectional area of rotor bar
I
FC 2bar  2bar
 bar
 bar
Where = Current density in rotor bar
= 5 to 7 A/mm2
(Higher than stator & wound rotor because rotor conductors are
bare that is no insulation so better heat conduction resulting in
better cooling so  is more)
If round bars are used then dia of bar

FC 2bar  d 22bar
4
4 FC 2bar
Or d 2bar 


X-sectional area of rotor endring

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 I 2 endring
FC 2 endring 
 bar
Current density in end ring is same as current density in bar.

(5) Flux density in rotor tooth

(Note: This is same as flux density in stator tooth)
rd
1
Dia of rotor at of tooth height from narrow end
3
2
D1  D  2  ht 2  2
3
ht 2 3
rd
1
Slot pitch at of tooth height from narrow end
3
D1
ht 2
 1  3
sg 2 ht 2
3
S2
rd
1
Width of the tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
b 1  1  bS 2
t 2 ht 2 Sg 2 ht 2
3 3
rd
1
Area of one stator tooth at of tooth height from narrow end
3
 b 1  Ki l
t 2 ht 2
3
Area of all the stator teeth under one pole
S 
A 1  Area of one tooth  No of teeth per pole 2 
t 2 ht 2
3 P
S 
 b 1  K il   2 
t 2 ht 2
3 P
  2  
  D  2  3 ht 2  2  
    b   K l   S2 
s2 i  
 S2  P
 
So mean flux density in teeth
1
B 1 
t 2 ht 2
3
A 1
t 2 ht 2
3
(6) Rotor copper loss
(a) Wound rotor:
Length of mean turns of rotor
Lmt 2  2 L  3.5 P

DC resistance per phase at 75 0 C

Lmt 2
RPh 2, 75o C  0.021 10 6 
N Ph 2
Fc 2
We don’t take the ac resistance because the rotor current frequency is very small (f2=sf)
So Rotor cu loss  3I Ph
2
2 RPh 2

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 (b) Cage rotor:
L ( m) Do  D  2hs  2hy
Resistance of one bar  0.021  10 6 D
FC 2bar (m 2 )
Cu loss in bars  S 2  I 22bar  Resistance of one bar
Resistance of end ring
 ( D  2  2d 2bar )(m)
 0.021  10 6 d2bar
FC 2 endring (m 2 )
2d2bar
Cu loss in end rings
 2  I 22endring  Resistance of one endring
Total cu loss = Cu loss in bars + Cu loss in end rings

Rotor Cu Loss
Slip S
Rotor Input Power
Rotor Cu Loss D  2  2d 2 bar
S
Mech Power Output  Losses
D  2
Losses = Rotor Iron Loss (Negligible) + Rotor Cu loss + F & W loss
F & W loss up to 5% for small motors
3% to 4% for medium motors
2% to 3% for large motors

S up to 5% for small motors

2.5% to 3.5% for medium motors
1% to 1.5% for large motors

EFFECTIVE AIR GAP LENGTH ( ' ) :

Rotor
 '

Stator

Effective air gap length

 '  K C1K C 2
Where K C1  Gap Contraction factor for stator
 Sg1 D
K C1  &  Sg1 
 Sg1  K 01b01 S1
b01  stator slot Opening
1
K 01  Carter ' s gap coefficient for stator 

1 5
bs1
K C 2  Gap Contraction factor for rotor
 Sg 2  ( D  2 )
KC 2  &  Sg 2 
 Sg 2  K 02b02 S2

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 1
K 02  Carter ' s gap coefficient for rotor 

1 5
bs 2
b02  rotor slot Opening

FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION:

Flux density at 300 from direct axis

= flux density at 600 from inter-polar axis
B30 0  B60 0  Bm1 Cos300
So
 3
 B
2 2

 1.36 B

For all practical purposes this value is modified to


B30 0  1.35 B

MMF REQUIRED IN AIR GAP  ATδ '  :

1
H  B
0 AT/m
1
AT '  B 0 '
0 30

ESTIMATION OF MAGNETIZING CURRENT & NO LOAD CURRENT (Im & Io):

S.No Part Length of path Flux at ATpole-pair

density (AT/m)
1 Stator Yoke ly By aty ATy

2 Stator Tooth 2ht1 B1 at2ht1 AT2ht1

t ht 1
3

3 Air Gap 2 ' B300 at2 ' AT2 '

4 Rotor Tooth 2ht2 B1 at2ht2 AT2ht2

t ht 2
3

5 Rotor Yoke lry Bry atry ATry

ATpole-pair = AT30 = 

AT30  ATy  AT2ht1  AT2 '  AT2ht2  ATry

AT30
AT for one pole 
2
So magnetizing component of no load current

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 P 1 Pi
I m  AT30 IC 
2 1.17 K pd 1 N Ph1 3VPh1
No load current
I o  I C2  I m2
No load power factor
I
Coso  C
IO
ESTIMATIONS OF IDEAL BLOCKED ROTOR CURRENT:
Total resistance referred to stator
2
K N 
R01  R1  R '
Where R   pd 1 Ph1  R2
'
2 K N 
2
 pd 2 Ph 2 
Total leakage reactance referred to stator
2
X 01  X 1  X 2' K N 
Where X   pd 1 Ph1  X 2
'
K N 
2
 pd 2 Ph 2 

VPh1
I sc , Ideal 
R012  X 012
R01
Cossc 
R012  X 012

ESTIMATION OF LEAKAGE REACTANCE:

Leakage reactance consists of Leakage flux

1. Stator slot leakage reactance
2. Rotor slot leakage reactance
(a) Wound rotor or
(b) Cage rotor Slot leakage Reactance

3. Overhang or end turns leakage reactance Over Hang

Leakage flux
4. Zigzag leakage reactance

Zigzag leakage flux L

Rotor

Stator

Zigzag leakage Reactance Over Hang Leakage Reactance

For cage rotor IM Zigzag leakage reactance is small and may be ignored.
5. Differential or harmonic leakage reactance

1. Stator slot leakage reactance:

Assumptions are
(i) Permeability of iron is infinity so NO MMF is consumed in iron path.
(ii) Leakage flux path is parallel to slot width
Let

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 Ic1 = Conductor current (A)
Nc1 = No of conductors per slot
Z1 = Total No of conductors
NPh1 = Turns per Phase
P = No of poles
q1 = Slot / Pole /Phase
(a) For 1-Layer winding
Total amp conductors in slot =Ic1 Nc1
Consider an elementary path of thickness dx at a distance of x as shown in the figure. Let d x be the
leakage flux through the elementary path of thickness dx & height x.
MMF at distance x

N c1 I c1
Mx  x ------ (1)
h1
A Ldx
Permeance  0  0 ----- (2)
L bs1
So
d x  M x  Permeance of the path
N I Ldx
d x  c1 c1 x   0 ---- (3)
h1 bs1

b01
h4

h3
h2 Nc1Ic1

h1
dx Mx

bs1
Stator slot MMF Distribution

Leakage flux linkages associated with this elementary path

d x  No of Conductors with which it is associated  d x
N  N I Ldx
d x   C1 x   c1 c1 x   0 ---------- (4)
 h1  h1 bs1
So flux linkages in height h1

2
L 1 x 
h

bs1 0  h1 
 h1   0 N I
2
C1 c1
  dx ------------------- (5) (Integrating equation 4 from 0 to h1)

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 h1
 h1  0 N C21 I c1 L ------------------- (6)
3bs1

Leakage flux linkages in height h2

h
 h 2   0 N C21 I c1 L 2 ------------------- (7)
bs1

Leakage flux linkages in height h3

2h3
 h 3   0 N C21 I c1 L ------------------- (8)
(bs1  b01 )

Leakage flux linkages in height h4

h
 h 4   0 N C21 I c1 L 4 ------------------- (9)
b01

Total slot leakage flux

 h h 2h3 h 
 s1   0 N C21 I c1 L  1  2   4  ----------- (10)
 3bs1 bs1 (bs1  b01 ) b01 

Slot leakage inductance will be

  h h 2h3 h 
Ls1  s1  N C21 L 0  1  2   4  --------- (11)
I C1  3bs1 bs1 (bs1  b01 ) b01 
 s1
Ls1   N C21 L s  --------- (12)
I C1
Where
 h h 2h3 h 
s   0  1  2   4   Specific slot permeance
 3bs1 bs1 (bs1  b01 ) b01 
No of slots per phase =Pq1

Slot leakage inductance per phase

Ls1 / Phase  Pq1 N C21 L s  ---------- (13)
Total No of conductors
Z1  N c1.3q1.P  6 N Ph1
2 N Ph1
So N C1  Put in above equation
Pq1
2
 2 N Ph1 
So Ls1 / Phase  Pq1   L s 
 Pq 1 

N 2
 h h 2h3 h 
Or Ls1 / Phase  4 0 Ph1 L  1  2   4 -------- (14)
Pq1  3bs1 bs1 (bs1  b01 ) b01 
Slot leakage reactance per phase (1-Layer)
X s1  2fLs1 / Phase
2
N Ph  h h 2h3 h 
X 1  X s1  8f0 1
L  1  2   4 -------- (15)
Pq1  3bs1 bs1 (bs1  b01 ) b01 
(b) For 2-Layer winding
Same as 1-Layer winding
Slot leakage reactance per phase (2-layer)
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 2
N Ph  2h h h 2h4 h 
X1  X s2  8  f 0 1
L  1  2  3   5 -------- (16)
Pq1  3bs1 4bs1 bs1 (bs1  b01 ) b01 

b01
h5

h4
h3 Zc1Ic1

h1 I C1
Z c1
2
h2

h1

bs1
2-Layer stator slot MMF Distribution

2. Rotor slot leakage reactance(X2)

(a) Wound rotor: Estimated in the same manor as for stator.

(b) Cage rotor:
W0 = b02 = (0.2 to 0.4) d2bar
h = 1 to 3 mm
Rotor reactance per phase
N2
X 2  8  f Ph 2 L r  ----------------- (17)
Pq2
Where
r  Rotor Specific Permeance
 h 
r  0  0.623  
 W0 
Rotor resistance referred to stator
2
K N 
X   pd 1 Ph1  X 2
'
2 K N 
 pd 2 Ph 2 
Where
S
N Ph 2  2
23
3. Overhang leakage reactance(X0):

2
l0 0 
N Ph
X 0  8 f 1
-------------- (18)
Pq1
Where
0  Overhang Specific Permeance

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  P2
0  0 K s
l0 sg
l0 = Length of conductor in overhang
Ks = Slot leakage factor
 P  Pole Pitch
 sg  Slot Pitch
4. Zigzag leakage reactance (Xz):

5  1 1 
Xz  X m  2  2  --------------- (19)
6  S P1 S P 2 
Where
V S S
X m  Ph1 S P1  1 & SP2  2
Im P P

5. Differential or Belt or Harmonic leakage reactance (Xh):

It is ignored for cage rotor but considered for wound rotor IM. It is due to the fact that spatial
distribution of MMFs of the primary and secondary windings is not the same; the difference in the
harmonic contents of the two MMFs causes harmonic leakage fluxes.

X h  X m ( K h1  K h 2 ) ----------------- (20)
Where
Kh1 & Kh2 are the factors for stator & rotor

Hence
Total leakage reactance referred to the stator side

X 01  X 1  X s1  X 2'  X 0  X z  X h

CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLE DIAGRAM FROM DESIGNED DATA:

We should know following for drawing the circle diagram
a. No load current and no load power factor
b. Short circuit current and short circuit power factor

Steps to draw the circle diagram are (See the figure)

1. Draw horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) lines.

2. Draw I at an angle 0 from vertical line assuming some scale for current.
0

3. Draw Isc at an angle sc from vertical line.

4. Join AB, which represents the o/p line of the motor to power scale.
5. Draw a horizontal line AC, and erect a perpendicular bisector on the o/p line AB so as to meet
the line AF at the point O’. Then O’ as center and AO’ as radius, draw a semi circle ABC.
6. Draw vertical line BD; divide line BD in the radio of rotor copper loss to stator copper loss at the
point E.
7. Join AE, which represent the torque line.

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 F

U W Rated
Output
P B
I1 Output line

1 Rotor Cu Loss
Q I
sc sc
Torque line E
V
0 R Stator Cu Loss
S X D C
A O’ F & W Loss
O T
I0 Circle Diagram

Determination of design performance from above circle diagram

1. Power scale can be find out from current scale
Power in watt per Cm = Voltage x Current per Cm

2. Full load current & power factor

Draw a vertical line BF representing the rated o/p of the motor as per the power scale.
From point F, draw a line parallel to o/p line, so as to cut the circle at pint P. Join OP which
represents the full load current of the motor to current scale.
Operating power factor = cos1
3. Full load efficiency
Draw a vertical line from P as shown in above figure.
PQ = O/p Power
PT = I/p Power
PQ

PT
4. Full load slip
Rotor Cu loss
Slip 
Rotor Input Power
QR

PS

5. Torque: Line PS represents the torque of the motor in synchronous watts on power scale.

6. Maximum power output: Draw perpendicular line from O’ to line AB (o/p Line), which intersect
circle at point U. Now draw vertical line UV.
Maximum power output = UV
7. Maximum Torque: Draw perpendicular line from O’ to line AE (torque Line), which intersect
circle at point W. Now draw vertical line WX.
Maximum Torque = WX (Synchronous Watt)

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