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Indian Ringnecks: Assessment of the status, potential distribution and

impacts of exotic Psittacula krameri in Australia

Presentation · November 2014

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 INDIAN RINGNECKS: FROM PETS TO PESTS
Assessment of the status, potential distribution and impacts
of exotic Psittacula krameri in Australia
Miquel Vall-llosera and Phill Cassey NZES2014 Palmerston North
 Indian Ringneck Parakeet Psittacula krameri

• Native range: sub-

Saharan Africa &
southern Asia
• Introduced in 5
continents
• Agricultural pest
• Native species
competitor:
– Breeding sites
 An emerging pest in Australia
• Risk assessments:
– Australia
• Serious risk
• High climatic match
– Western Australia
• Extreme risk
• Declared pest
• High climatic match
– Tasmania
• Extreme risk
• Prohibited
• Australian Vertebrate
Pests Committee
– Extreme threat
 10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00

0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
•
•
•
•
Indian Ring-necked…
Crimson-bellied…
Red-and-green Macaw
Eclectus Parrot
Black-headed Parrot
Green-cheeked…
White-fronted Parrot
Princess Parrot
White-bellied Parrot
Ochre-marked Parakeet
Popular pet bird

Black-capped Parakeet
Sun Parakeet
Available at low price

Alexandrine Parakeet
Private keeping is legal
Suitable for live import

Pearly Parakeet
Red-shouldered Macaw
Red-bellied Parrot
Golden Parakeet
Monk Parakeet
Pink Cockatoo
Maroon-bellied…
Derbyan Parakeet
However…

Peach-fronted Parakeet
Chattering Lory
Red-lored Parrot
Ornate Lorikeet
Mulga Parrot
Blue-winged Parrot
Fiery-shouldered…
Barred Parakeet
Yellow-naped Parrot
Slender-billed Black-…
Swift Parrot
Average number of ads per month in the classified section of Australian Birdkeeper magazine for 2013

Rose-fronted Parakeet
Orange-winged Parrot
 However…
• Establishment attempt:
– 2005-2007
• 25 birds were removed
from the wild in Western
Australia
– Species was declared a
pest
 However…
• Establishment attempt:
– 2005-2007
• 25 birds were removed
from the wild in Western
Australia
– Species was declared a
pest

Lack of knowledge is
an obstacle for prevention
 Objectives:
1. Update of the knowledge on parakeet
incursions in Australia
2. Predict potential distribution of the parakeet
in Australia
3. Predict potential impacts of the parakeet in
Australian agricultural production
1. Update of the knowledge on
parakeet incursions in Australia
Parakeet incursions in Australia
• Sources:
– Reviews
– Zoo & Aquarium
Association
– Biosecurity governmental
agencies
– Atlas of Birds of Australia
– Citizen science initiatives:
• Atlas of Living Australia
• Eremaea
• Birding AUS
– Missing pets websites:
• Australian Rescue and
Rehoming Resource
 Frequency of incursions Distribution of incursions map
300 Sources of information
Zoos

50 S 40 S 30 S 20 S 10 S
Number of incursion events

250 Missing pets

Citizen science
200 Biosecurity
Atlas
150

100

50

0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

2012
2013
2011
100 E110 E120 E130 E140 E150 E160 E
Years

Source of information Status of reported missing birds

Australian Resource and Rehoming Resource 74% Lost 68%
Zoo and Aquarium
Association 1%
Citizen science
projects 3% Stolen 2%

Atlas of
Australian Birds 4%
Biosecurity agencies 18% Found 31%
 2.
Predict potential
distribution of the
parakeet in
Australia
 Species distribution models
Risk assessment
Distribution of incursions map CLIMATCH environmental model
50 S 40 S 30 S 20 S 10 S

100 E110 E120 E130 E140 E150 E160 E

Predictors of parakeet incursions
Global Human
band1.1
Footprint Human population
band1.2
density Land uses
layer.1
0

3500
80 80
3000
-20

60 2500
60
2000
40 1500 40
1000
-40

20 20
500
0 0
-60

Average personal
layer.2
income Proportion oflayer.3
population >65 Proportion layer.4
of population <14
0

80000 35
30
30
60000 25
25
-20

20 20
40000 15 15
10 10
20000
-40

5 5
0 0 0
-60

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
 Predictors of parakeet incursions
Coefficient plot for the predictors
of parakeet incursions model
Human
impact Global human footprint index
Intensive uses
Dryland
Land
uses Irrigated
Natural environments
Water features
Average personal income
Pet Population over 65yo
ownership Population under 14yo
(Intercept)
-10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5

Regression estimates
Predicted distribution of incursions
Distribution of incursions model Presence/absence map
0

0
AUC: 0.99± 0.002 Threshold: 0.18 ± 0.09
Predicted area: 3.55%
-10

-10
-20

-20
0.6

0.4
-30

-30
0.2
-40

-40
-50

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 -50 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
 Environmental matching
Overseas distribution • Overseas
100

distribution data
– Native populations
50

– Feral: only if
0

established
-50

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

• Environmental data:
– 19 Bioclimatic
Annual mean temp (°C x10) variables
100

– Terrestrial biome
• Models fitted in
300
50

200
100
0
MaxEnt
0

-100
-200

• Projected to
-50

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Australia
 Environmental matching
Habitat suitability model Presence/absence map
0

0
AUC: 0.98 ± 0.002 Threshold: 0.27 ± 0.04
Suitable area: 11.5%
-10

-10
0.7
0.6
-20

-20
0.5
0.4
0.3
-30

-30
0.2
0.1
-40

-40
-50

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 -50 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
 Potential distribution of the parakeet
Combined prediction Presence/absence map
0

0
Threshold: 0.17 ± 0.08
Predicted area: 3 %
-10

-10
0.4
-20

-20
0.3

0.2
-30

-30
0.1
-40

-40
-50

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 -50 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
 3.
Predict potential
impacts of the
parakeet in
Australian
agricultural
production
 Total value of produced
agricultural commodities Value of fruit production

0
-10

-10
600 250
500
-20

-20
200
400
150
300
-30

-30
100
200
100 50
-40

-40
0 0
-50

-50
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Value of grape production Value of vegetable production

0

0
-10

-10
80
150
-20

60 -20
100
40
-30

-30

50
20
-40

-40

0 0
-50

-50

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
 Potential impact on total of Potential impact
produced agricultural commodities on fruit production

0
Impact area: 15% Impact area: 4.1%

-10

-10
-20

-20
-30

-30
-40

-40
-50

-50
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Potential impact Potential impact

on grape production on vegetable production
0

0
Impact area: 2.9% Impact area: 5.2%
-10

-10
-20

-20
-30

-30
-40

-40
-50

-50

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
 Conclusions
• Frequency of parakeet incursions is currently much
higher than previously known
• Parakeet incursions occur mostly in highly urbanized
areas
• Online resources should be considered as useful tools
for passive surveillance
• The distribution of incursion events is predicted to be
restricted to the main urban and peri-urban areas
in environmentally suitable habitat
• Combining invasibility with propagule pressure models
can help focus surveillance and prevention efforts
 Acknowledgments
• DEPI Victoria: Andrew Woolnough, Tamara Van
Polanen
• DAFWA: Susan Campbell, Win Kirkpatrick,
Malcom Kennedy, Glenn Coupar, Brett Scourse,
Terry Paterson
• Biosecurity SA: Peter Bird
• University of Adelaide: Pablo Garcia-Diaz
• IA CRC Incursions Theme group: Michelle Christie
• Birdlife Australia : Golo Maurer
• Contributors to: Atlas of Australian Birds,
Eremaea-Ebird, Atlas of Living Australia, Birding-
Aus forum and Australian Rescue and Rehoming
Resource

• All of you for your attention!

Contact: miguel.vall-lloseracamps@adelaide .edu .au

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