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Introduction To Flow Reactors
Introduction To Flow Reactors
Introduction to Flow Reactors
Advanced Atmospheric chemistry
CHEM‐5152
Spring 2015
Prof. J.L. Jimenez
Types of Reactors
• Which ones can be simulated w KinSim?
A. Batch B. Batch and Plug C. All D. Batch & CSTR E. I don’t know
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemical‐engineering/10‐37‐chemical‐and‐biological‐reaction‐engineering‐spring‐2007/lecture‐notes/lec05_02212007_g.pdf 2
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4/14/2015
Flow inReactors: Laminar vs Plug Flow
• Laminar flow has a
distribution of speeds
and residence times
• “Plug Flow” is a
simplification for
analysis purposes
• Turbulent flow is
closer to plug, but
more wall contact
http://hyperphysics.phy‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pfric.html & http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactor#PFR_.28Plug_Flow_Reactor.29 3
Residence Time Distribution
Laminar Flow Reactor
http://www.comsol.com/paper/download/200363/junior_paper.pdf
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25070/9/FundChemReaxEngCh8.pdf 4
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4/14/2015
Finlayson‐Pitss Nucleation Flow Reactor I
78 cm x 6.5 cm
Volume = 5.9 L
S/V = 53 m2 m‐3
6‐17 LPM (Re ~200)
v ~ 5 cm s‐1
t ~ 30 s 5
NO NO2in Flow Reactor
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4/14/2015
Finlayson‐Pitts Large Flow Reactor I
Ezell et al., AS&T 2010
Finlayson‐Pitts Large Flow Reactor II
850 cm x 46 cm Volume = 1200 L
S/V = 10 m2 m‐3 20 LPM (Re ~61)
v ~ 0.2 cm s‐1 t ~ 60 min
• Very large volume to reduce wall effects
• Very long length to allow long reaction times
• Controlled flow to keep laminar profile 8
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4/14/2015
Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) Oxidation Flow Reactor (OFR)
Ambient Air
Studies using OFRs: Kang et al., ACP 2007, 2011; Lambe et al., AMT 2011…
Our work: Ortega et al. ACP 2013, Li et al. ES&T 2013; Li et al. JPCA 2015; Hu et al.
ACPD in press; Peng et al. AMTD in press; Palm et al. and Ortega et al. in prep.
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Residence Time distribution in PAM OFR
With Inlet Plate Vs. Laminar Flow Reactor
Li et al., JPCA 2015
• In the field we use it w/o an inlet plate, distribution will
be narrower
10
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Why we use the PAM OFR in the Field
Ortega et al. in prep.
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OFR185
4.2x 1018
O2 128.2
4.9x 1013 1.6x 1010
0.6
O3 OH
8.3
5.
1 8.3
0.6
5.1 9.1
1.
7
6.1x 1011
6.3x 1010 2.2 1. 10.9
HO2 1.
H2O2 7
7
9.1 1.
7
10.9 2.1x 1017
1% water mixing ratio; medium lamp setting; no external OH reactivity H2O
Peng et al., AMTD, in press 10
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4/14/2015
Time Evolution of Species in OFR185
Li et al., JPCA 2015 13
OFR254‐70: using 254 nm photons only, with 70 ppm O injected 3
1.1x 1015 1.8x 1010
171.2
O3 55.6
OH
146.4
55.6 171.2
146.4
28.9
9.0x 1012 28.
2.5x 1011 34
9
HO2 H2O2 51.5
28.9
51.5 28.
9 2.1x 1017
1% water mixing ratio; medium lamp setting; no external OH reactivity H2O
Peng et al., AMTD, in press 11
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4/14/2015
Clicker Questions
• The OH exposure in • The OH exposure in
OFR185 will change OFR185 will change
with water vapor with external OH
A. Increase strongly reactivity (OHRext)
B. Increase a little A. Increase strongly
C. No change B. Increase a little
D. Decrease C. No change
E. I don’t know D. Decrease
E. I don’t know
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OH exposure OFR185
External OH
reactivity = 0
1 mo OH+SO2→HSO3
1 d
Δ[HSO3] = k*[SO2] * [OH]*t
1 h
OH reactivity OH exposure
http://tinyurl.com/ac-cheat
Peng et al., AMTD, in press
16
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4/14/2015
OH exposure
1 mo 1 mo
External OH
reactivity = 0
External OH
reactivity = 10 s‐1
(Remote or
clean urban
air)
External OH
reactivity = 100 s‐1
(Polluted
urban air)
Peng et al., AMTD, in press
17
OH suppression
OH suppression = 1 – [OH]0/[OH]s
[OH]0: OH conc. without external OH reactivity
[OH]s: OH conc. with external OH reactivity
OFR254‐70
Peng et al., AMTD, in press
18
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OH suppression vs. OH reactivity
OHRO3 = k(OH+O3) * [O3]
OHRext = k(OH+SO2) * [SO2]
Peng et al., AMTD, in press
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Fate of NOx / RO2
• NOx destroyed quickly
NO + O3 NO2 + O 2
NO2 + OH + M HNO3
(HNO3+ hv is slow)
• HO2is very high
• RO2 + HO2 dominates
• No way to study high‐
NO chemistry in this
type of reactor has
been reported
Li et al., JPCA 2015 20
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4/14/2015
Uncertainty on OH exposure due to k and σ
• The uncertainties on rate constants and photolysis rates
propagate to the species you predict
• Easy to do a Montecarlo simulation to study the impact
• Change the rate constant by a random amount within its uncertainty
distribution
• Further details in Z. Peng et al. in AMTD
Case labels:
water mixing ratio/ lamp setting /
external OH reactivity
0=no; L=low; M=medium; H=high
e.g., LH0=low water mixing ratio,
high lamp setting, no external OH
reactivity Peng et al., AMTD, in press
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Introduction to Flow Reactors II
Advanced Atmospheric chemistry
CHEM‐5152
Spring 2015
Prof. J.L. Jimenez
22
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4/14/2015
Advantages & Limitations of PAM OFRs
Advantages Limitations
• Fast (~3‐5 min), can do • Can only do low‐NO
chemistry
lots of experiments quickly
• Can’t study processes that
• Wide range of OHexp (~0.5‐ don’t scale w/ [OH]
40 days) • E.g. reactive uptake of IEPOX
(next slide)
• Easily portable to sources • Autooxidation?
• Crounse et al. (2013):
& field sites “Experiments that use very
high radical abundances and
• Can do the same exp. in therefore very short RO2
lifetimes may not be fully
field & lab characterizing the in‐situ
chemistry.”
• “Non‐tropospheric” • But Ehn et al. (Nature 2014)
quotes 0.5 s‐1, would still
chemistry not enhanced compete at lower OH/HO2
relative to OH if careful • “Non‐tropospheric”
chemistry can dominate if
not careful
23
Details on OFR Limitations
• Reminder of autooxidation reactions:
Crounse et al., 2013
• Fate of IEPOX in OFR during SOAS:
Hu et al., in prep.
24
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4/14/2015
• Dimensionless Axial Distance z*
Dg,X: gas=phase diffusion coeff of X.
Sherwood Number
X: thermal molecular velocity X
X: wall uptake coefficient
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ac5042395 25
26
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4/14/2015
• What fraction of
Penetration of Aerosol Particles 50 nm particles
will penetrate
25 m of tubing
at 0.1 lpm?
A. ~100%
B. ~30%
C. ~10%
D. ~1%
E. I don’t know
= Dgp ltube/Q
27
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