Chapter 4

Network Synthesis

1.Elementary Synthesis
2.Synthesis of One Port Networks
3.Synthesis of Two Port Networks
 1.0 Elementary Synthesis
• The basic philosophy behind the synthesis of driving-
point functions is to break up a positive real (p.r.)
function Z(s) into a sum of simpler p.r. functions
Z1(s), Z2(s) . . . Zn(s).

• Then to synthesize these individual Zi(s) as elements

of the overall network whose dp impedance is

Z (s)  Z1 (s)  Z2 (s)  ...  Zn (s)

 Breaking up process
• One important restriction is that all Zi(s) must be
positive real.

• If we were given all the Zi(s), we could synthesize a

network whose driving point impendence is Z(s) by
simply connecting the Zi(s) in series.

• However, if we were to start from Z(s) alone, how do

we decompose Z(s) into Zi(s)?
an s n  an1s n1  ...  a1s  a0 P(s)
Z ( s)  m 1

bm s  bm1s  ...  b1s  b0 Q(s)
m
 Removing a pole at s=0
• If there is a pole at s=0, we can write Q(s) as
Q(s)  sG(s)

• Hence, Z(s) becomes

D
Z ( s)   R( s )
s
 Z1 (s)  Z 2 (s)

• Z1(s) is a capacitor.
• We know Z1(s) is positive real, is Z2(s) positive
real?
 Is Z2(s) positive real?

• The poles of Z2(s) are also poles of Z1(s), hence, Z2(s)

doesn’t’ have poles on the right hand side of the s plane
and no multiple poles on the jw axis.

– Satisfies the first 2 properties of p.r. functions.

• What about Re(Z2(jw))?

ReZ ( jw)  ReZ1 ( jw)  Z 2 ( jw)  ReZ1 ( jw)  ReZ 2 ( jw)
 ReZ 2 ( jw)

• Since Z(s) is p.r. Re(Z2(jw))=Re(Z(jw))>0.

• Hence, Z2(s) is p.r.

 Removing a pole at s=∞
• If Z(s) has a pole at s=∞, we can write Z(s) as
Z ( s)  Ls  R(s)
 Z1 (s)  Z 2 (s)
• Using a similar argument as previous we can
show that Z2(s) is p.r.
• Z1(s) is an inductor.
Removing complex conjugate poles on
the jw axis.
• If Z(s) has complex conjugate poles on the jw axis,
Z(s) can be expanded into
2Ks
Z ( s)   Z 2 ( s)
s  1
2 2

 2Kjw 
Re 2 0
2 
• Note that  s  1 

ReZ 2 (s)  Re(Z (s))  0

• Hence,

• Z2(s) is p.r.
 Removing a constant K
• If Re(Z(jw)) is minimum at some point wi and if
Re(Z(jw)) = Ki as shown in the figure
• We can remove that Ki as
Z (s)  Ki  Z2 (s)

• Z2(s) is p.r.
• This is essentially removing
a resistor.
 Constructing
• Assume that using one of the removal
processes discussed we expanded Z(s) into
Z1(s) and Z2(s).
• We connect Z1(s) and Z2(s) in series as shown
on the figure.
 Example 1
• Synthesize the following p.r. function
s 2  2s  6
Z ( s) 
s(s  3)
• Solution:
– Note that we have a pole at s=0. Lets remove it
A Bs  C
Z ( s)  
s s 3
A  2, B  1, C  0
2 s
Z ( s)  
s s3
– Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s+3) is a
parallel connection of a resistor and an inductor.
• 2/s is a capacitor with C=1/2.
• While s/(s+3) is a R=1 connected in parallel
with an inductor L=1/3.
 Example 2
• Synthesis the following p.r. function
7s  2
Y ( s) 
2s  4
• Solution
– Note that there are no poles on s=0 or s=∞ or jw
axis.
– Lets find the minimum of Re(Y(jw))
 7 jw  2   2  j 7w4  j 4w 
ReY ( jw)  Re   Re 
 4 jw  4   16  16w 2

8  14w2

16  4w2
 Cont…
• Note that minimum of Re(Y(jw))=1/2.
• Lets remove it
1 3s
Y ( s)  
2 s2
3s
• ½ is a conductance in parallel with Y2(s)=s2
• Note that Y2(s) is a conductance 1/3 in series
with an inductor 3/2.
 Exercise
• Synthesize the following p.r. function. Use
continued fraction expansion

6s 3  3s 2  3s  1
Z ( s) 
6s 3  3s
 2.0 Synthesis of one port networks
with two kinds of elements
• In this section we will focus on the synthesis of networks with
only L-C, R-C or R-L .

• The deriving point impedance/admittance of these kinds of

networks have special properties that makes them easy to
synthesize.
 1. L-C Imittance Functions
• These networks have only inductors and capacitors.

• Hence, the average power consumed in these kind of

networks is zero. (Because an inductor and a
capacitor don’t dissipate energy.)

• If we have an L-C deriving point impedance Z(s)

M 1 ( s)  N1 ( s) M1 and M2 even parts

Z ( s) 
M 2 ( s)  N 2 ( s) N1 and N2 odd parts
 CONT…
• The average power dissipated by the network
is
AveragePower  ReZ ( jw) I ( jw)  0
1 2

2
 ReZ ( jw)   0
M (s)M 2 (s)  N1 (s) N 2 (s)
 1
M 2 ( s)  N 2 ( s)
2 2

 M1 (s) M 2 (s)  N1 (s) N 2 (s)  0

 M1 (s)  0  N 2 (s) or M 2 ( s)  0  N1 (s)
N ( s) M ( s)
 Z ( s)  1 or Z ( s)  1
M 2 ( s) N 2 ( s)
even odd
Z ( s)  or Z ( s) 
odd even
 Properties of L-C function

1. The driving point impedance/admittance of an L-C

network is even/odd or odd/even.
2. Both are Hurwitz, hence only simple imaginary zeros
and poles on the jw axis.
3. Poles and zeros interlace on the jw axis.
4. Highest power of the numerator and denominator
may only differ by 1.
5. Either a zero or a pole at origin or infinity.
Check if these functions are L-C or
Not…?
 Synthesis of L-C networks

• There are two kinds of network realization types for

two element networks. They are called canonical
Realization(Form)
 Foster Form and
 Cauer Form
 Foster Synthesis

• Uses partial fraction

• Uses decomposition of the given F(s) into simpler two
element impedances/admittances.
• For an L-C network with system function F(s), it can be
written as K0 2 Ki s
F ( s)   K s  2  ...
s  i
2
s

• This is because F(s) has poles on the jw axis only.

 CONT…
• Using the above decomposition, we can realize F(s) as

For a driving point

impedance

For a driving point

admittance
 Example 1
2s  1s  9
2 2
F ( s) 
• Synthesize ss  4
2
as driving point
impedance
Solution:
– Decompose F(s) into simpler forms
K0 2K1s
F ( s)   K s  2
s s 4
9 15
K   2, K 0  , K1 
2 2
 CONT…
• For driving point impedance
 Example 2
• Synthesize as driving point
• Admittance

• Solution
 Cauer Synthesis

• Uses continued fraction expansion method.

• It is based on removing pole at s=∞.

N1 ( s) M 1 ( s)
Z ( s)  or Z ( s) 
M 2 ( s) N 2 ( s)
• Since the degree of the numerator and denominator differ by
only 1, there is either a pole at s=∞ or a zero at s=∞.

– If a pole at s=∞, then we remove it.

– If a zero at s=∞, first we inverse it and remove the pole at

s=∞.
 CASE 1
• Case 1: pole at s=∞
– In this case, F(s) can be written as
N 3 ( s)
F ( s)  K  s  ,
M 2 ( s)
Order of M 2 ( s)  Order of N3 ( s)  1
Hence,
1
F ( s)  K  s 
M 2 ( s)
N 3 ( s)
1
 K s 
1
K1s 
K 2 s  ...
 Cont…
• This expansion can easily be realized as
 Case 2
• Case 2: zero at s=∞
1
– In this case G( s)  will have a pole at s=∞.
F ( s)

– We synthesize G(s) using the procedure in the

previous step.
– Remember that if F(s) is an impedance function,
G(s) will be an admittance function and vice versa.
 Example 1
• Using Cauer realization synthesize the
following system function 5
2s  12s 3  16s
Z ( s) 
s 4  4s 2  3

Solution:
– This is an impedance function.
– We have a pole at s=∞, hence, we should remove
it.
Cont…
 Cont…

• What If we were given Y(s) instead Z(S)?

 2. R-C driving point impedance/ R-L
admittance
• R-C impedance and R-L admittance driving point
functions have the same properties.

• By replacing the inductor in LC by a resistor an R-C

driving point impedance or R-L driving point
admittance, it can be written as
K0 K1
F ( s)   K   ...
s s i
• Where
1 1
, ,... Capaictors for R - C impedance and inductor for R - L admittance
K 0 Ki
K
K  , i ,... Represent resistors
i
 Properties of R-C impedance or R-L
admittance functions
1. Poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis.

2. The singularity nearest origin must be a pole and a

zero near infinity.

3. The residues of the poles must be positive and real.

4. Poles and zeros must alternate on the negative real

axis.
 Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L
admittance
• Foster

– In foster realization we decompose the function

into simple imittances according to the poles. That
is we write F(s) as
K0 K1
F ( s)   K   ...
s s i
– For R-C impedance
 Cont…
• For R-L admittance
 Example 1
3(s  2)(s  4)
F ( s) 
• Synthesize s(s  3) as R-C impedance and R-L
admittance in foster realization.

Solution:

– Note that the singularity near origin is a pole and a

zero near infinity.

– The poles and zeros alternate

8 1
F ( s)   3
– We can expand F(s) as s s 3
– R-C impedance
 Cont…
• R-L admittance
 Cont…
• Cauer realization

– Cauer realization uses continued fraction expansion.

– For R-C impedance and R-L admittance we remove a

resistor first.

– Then invert and remove a capacitor

– Then invert and remove a resistor . . .

 Example 1
3( s  2)(s  4)
• Synthesize F ( s)  using Cauer realization as R-C
s( s  3)
impedance and R-L admittance.
Solution:
– Note that the singularity near origin is a pole.
– The singularity near infinity is a zero.
– The zeros and the poles alternate.

F(s) is R-L impedance

or R-C admittance
– Note that the power of the numerator and denominator is
equal, hence, we remove the resistor first.
Cont…
 Cont…

For R-C impedance For R-L admittance

 R-L impedance/R-C admittance

• R-L impedance deriving point function and R-C

admittance deriving point function have the same
property.

• If F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance, it can be

written as
Ki s
F ( s)  K  s  K 0   ...
s i
1 1
, ,... Inductors for R - L impedance and Capacitors for R - C admittance
K  Ki
K
K 0 , i ,... Represent resistors
i
 Properties of R-L impedance/R-C
admittance
1. Poles and zeros are located on the negative real axis
and they alternate.

2. The nearest singularity near origin is zero. The

singularity near infinity is a pole.

3. The residues of the poles must be real and negative.

• Because the residues are negative, we can’t use

standard decomposition method to synthesize.
 Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C
admittance
• Foster
– If F(s) is R-L impedance d.p or R-C admittance d.p
function. We can write it as
Ki s
F ( s)  K  s  K 0 
 ...
s i
– Because of the third property of R-L impedance/R-C
admittance d.p. functions, we can’t decompose F(s) into
synthesizable components with the way we were using
till now.
– We have to find a new way where the residues wont be
negative.
 Cont…
• If we divide F(s) by s, we get
F ( s) K 0 Ki
  K   ...
s s s i
• Note that this is a standard R-C impedance d.p.
function, hence, the residues of the poles of
F(s)/s will be positive.
• Once we find Ki and σi we multiply by s and
draw the foster realization.
 Example 1
2(s  1)(s  3)
F ( s) 
• Synthesize (s  2)(s  6) as R-L impedance and R-
C admittance using Foster realization.

Solution:

– Note that the singularity near origin is a zero.

– The singularity near infinity is a pole.

– The zeros and the poles alternate.

F(s) is R-L impedance

or R-C admittance
 Cont…
• We divide F(s) by s.
F ( s) ( s  1)(s  3)

s s( s  2)(s  6)
1 1 5
 2 4  4
s s2 s6

Then multiplying by s
1 s 5 s
F ( s)  1 2  4  4
s2 s6
 Cont…
• R-L impedance

• R-C admittance
 cont/…
• Cauer realization

– Using continued fractional expansion

– We first remove R0. To do this we use fractional

expansion method by focusing on removing the
lowest s term first.

– We write N(s) and M(s) starting with the lowest

term first.
 Example
2(s  1)(s  3)
F ( s) 
• Synthesize (s  2)(s  6) as R-L impedance and
R-C admittance using Cauer realization.

• Solution:
P( s )
F ( s) 
Q( s )
– We write P(s) and M(s) as

P(s)  6  8s  2s 2
Q(s)  12  8s  s 2
Cont…
 Cont…
• R-L impedance

• R-C admittance