INVERTING MODE OF OP AMPLIFIER

Saurabh Pandey , Roll.no-C4911B35, section-C4911

Lovely Professional University,Phagwara(Punjab) India

Abstract -In this term paper of electrical engineering of

topic “inverting mode of op amplifier ”.I have studied
about the all inverting mode of op amplifier . Types of op
amplifier, its history how op amplifier are first formed ,
its concept of inverting mode of op amplifier where the
inverting mode of op amplifier are used .i have also
studied about limitation of inverting mode of op amplifier
The op amp is one of the basic building blocks of linear
design. In its classic form it consists of two input terminals,
one of which inverts the phase of the signal, the other
preserves the phase, and an output terminal.

I. INTRODUCTION I. Figure : Standard Op Amp Symbol

T
he op amp is one of the basic building
blocks of linear design. In its classic form
it consists of two input terminals, one of
which inverts the phase of the signal, the other
preserves the phase, and an output terminal. The
standard symbol for the op amp is given in Figure 1.
This ignores the power supply terminals, which are
obviously required for operation.
The name “op amp” is the standard abbreviation for
operational amplifier. This name comes from the
early days of amplifier design, when the op amp
was used in analog computers. (Yes, the first
computers were analog in nature, rather than
digital). When the basic amplifier was used with a
few external components, various mathematical
“operations” could be performed, such as addition,
integration, etc. One of the primary uses of analog
computers was during World War II, when they
were used for plotting ballistic trajectories.
 II. IDEAL VOLTAGE FEEDBACK II. 2. Zero Common Mode Gain

(VFB) MODEL III. 3. Zero Bias Current

IV. 4. Infinite Bandwidth
The classic model of the ideal voltage feedback
V. OP AMP INPUT ATTRIBUTES
(VFB) op amp has the following
I. Infinite Impedance
characteristics:
II. Zero Bias Current
I. Infinite input impedance
III. Respond to Differential Voltages
II. Infinite bandwidth
IV. Do Not Respond to Common Mode
III. Infinite voltage gain
Voltages
IV. Zero output impedance
OP AMP OUTPUT ATTRIBUTES
V. Zero power consumption
I. Zero Impedance
This is referred to as the voltage feedback
(VFB) model. This type of op amp comprises
nearly all op amps below 10 MHz bandwidth II. BASIC OPERATION
and on the order of 90% of those with higher The basic operation of the ideal op amp can be

bandwidths. easily summarized. First, we assume that there is a

I. The attributes of an ideal VFB op amp portion of the output that is fed back to the inverting

are summarized in Figure 2. terminal to establish the fixed gain for the amplifier.
This is negative feedback. Any differential voltage
across the input terminals of the op amp is
multiplied by the amplifier’s open loop gain which
is infinite for the ideal op amp. If the magnitude of
this differential voltage is more positive on the
inverting (–) terminal than on the non-inverting (+)
terminal, the output will swing negative. If the
magnitude of the differential voltage is more
positive on the non-inverting (+) terminal than on
the inverting (–) terminal, the output voltage will
swing positive. The infinite open loop gain of the
amplifier will attempt to force the differential input
voltage to zero. As long as the inputs and output
stays in the operational range of the amplifier, it
will keep the differential input voltage at zero, and
the output will be the input voltage multiplied by
IDEAL OP AMP ATTRIBUTES
the gain determined by the feedback network
I. Infinite Differential Gain
 the feedback network between output and input.
I. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very
high gain differential amplifier with
high input impedance and low output impedance.
Typical uses of the operational amplifier are to
provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude
and polarity), oscillators,
filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation
circuits. An op-amp contains a number
of differential amplifier stages to achieve a very
high voltage gain.
The earliest operational amplifier, or “op-amp,” was
invented in 1948 by George Philbrick. It was labeled
the “uA-709,” and was in vacuum tube form. The
original intent of the op-amp was to perform
mathematical operations in analog computers. The II. Equivalent circuit of operational
op-amp is one of the most powerful integrated amplifier
circuits devices on the market because its circuit
transfer function (Vout/Vin) is entirely controlled by
An Operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-
coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with
a differential input and, usually, a single-ended
output. An op-amp produces an output voltage that
is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than
the voltage difference between its input terminals.
Initially, the cost of an op-amp was considerably
high. Averaging nearly 110 dollars, but has
dropped drastically in price since then. Most of
today’s general-purpose op-amps cost only a few
dollars.

III. INVERTING AMPLIFIER

The most widely used constant-gain amplifier
circuit is the inverting amplifier.. The output is
obtained by multiplying the input by a fixed or
constant gain, set by the input resistor (R1) and
feedback resistor (Rf)—this output also being
inverted from the input.

IV. Inverting mode of op-amps in ideal mode

In an inverting amplifier, the output voltage

changes in an opposite direction to the input
voltage.

As for the non-inverting amplifier, we start

with the gain equation of the op-amp:

Plus input terminal is grounded whereas the

external input signal Vin is applied to the inverting
or minus input terminal through resistance R1. A This time, V– is a function of both Vout and Vin
feedback resistor Rf is connected from the output to due to the voltage divider formed by Rf and Rin.
the inverting input terminal of the op-amp.
Again, the op-amp input does not apply an
This arrangement provides a negative feedback appreciable load, so:
because any increase in output signal into the
inverting input, causing a decrease in the output
signal.

Substituting this into the gain equation and

solving for Vout:

If AOL is very large, this simplifies to

 Realistic transfer curve of inverting amplifier
.
Vout

A resistor is often inserted between the non-

inverting input and ground (so both inputs
"see" similar resistances), reducing the input
offset voltage due to different voltage drops A<0 Vin
due to bias current, and may reduce distortion
in some op-amps.

A DC-blocking capacitor may be inserted in

series with the input resistor when a frequency V. Voltage transfer curve of inverting
amplifier
response down to DC is not needed and any
DC voltage on the input is unwanted. That is,
Figure 3 shows what is known as the inverting
the capacitive component of the input
configuration. With this circuit,the output is out of
impedance inserts a DC zero and a low- phase with the input. The signal gain of this circuit
frequency pole that gives the circuit a band is determined by the ratio of the resistors used and
is given by
pass or high-pass characteristics.

A GRAPH OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER

V o ut
+V pow e r

A< 0 V in
VI. INVERTING OP AMP GAIN
DERIVATION
-V pow er
The case of an inverting amplifier in a little more
detail. Assuming a bipolar(positive and
negative)power supply. Since the op amp will force • differential amplifiers
the differential voltage across the inputs to zero, the
• differentiators and integrators
inverting input will also appear to be ground. In
fact, this node is often referred to as a “virtual • filters
ground”.
• precision rectifiers
• precision peak detectors
• voltage and current regulators
• analog calculators
• analog-to-digital converters
• digital-to-analog converter
• voltage clamps
• oscillators and waveform generators
• DC Millivoltmeter
• AC Millivoltmeter
If there is a voltage(VIN) applied to the input • Display Driver
resistor, It will set up a current(I1) through the
resistor (RG) so that

Since the input impedence of the ideal op amp is

infinite, no current will flow into the inverting
input. Therefore, this same current(I1) must flow
through the feedback resistor(RF). Since the
amplifier will force the inverting terminal to
ground, the output will assume a votage(VOUT) such
that:
All of the op-amp configurations have one
thing in common: there exists a path from the
output of the op-amp back to its inverting
Doing some simple arithmetic then come to the
conclusion that: input. When the output is not “railed” to a
supply voltage, negative feedback ensures
that the op-amp operates in the linear region
(as opposed to the saturation region, where
the output voltage is “saturated” at one of the
VII. APPLICATIONS
supply
• audio- and video-frequency pre-
voltages).Amplification,addition/subtraction,
amplifiers and buffers
and integration/differentiation are all linear
• voltage comparators
operations. Note that both AC signals and
 DC offsets are included in these operations,
unless we add a capacitor in series with the
input signal(s) to block the DC component
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this term paper I have described about
inverting mode of operational amplifier .We
IX. REFERENCES
Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits
By Anant Agarwal and Jefrey H. Lang
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits
By J.B.Gupta
2. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
have learned about the various types of
operational amplifier its uses its application
and its limitations .And many more
information regarding inverting mode of
operational amplifier
By Boylestad and Nashelsky
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applicat
ions
5. http://www.electronics-
radio.com/articles/analogue_circuits/operational-amplifier-
op-amp/inverting-amplifier.php