MATTER

THE STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
▪ Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space
▪ All matters consist of tiny particles called atom
▪ Atom is made up of three subatomic particles
1. proton
2. neutron
3. electron
▪ • Atom can be represented as :

• Nucleon number = proton + neutron

• No of neutrons = A – Z
• To determine no. of electrons
i. neutral atom : e- = no. of protons (P)
ii. –ve ion (anion) : e- = P + no. of charge
anion is obtained by _______________________________________
iii. +ve ion (cation) : e- = P – no. of charge
cation is obtained by ________________________________________
EXERCISE
1. Deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in the following atom and
ion.
a. N3-
b. Ca
c. Zn2+
 ISOTOPES
▪ Def : atoms of the same element having same proton number (Z) but different in nucleon
number (A)
▪ Eg : three isotopes of hydrogen

Species Protium Deutrium Tritium

Proton 1 1 1

Neutron 0 1 2

Electron

∙ Isotopes can be recognized from their identical element symbol and proton number.
∙ Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties.
EXERCISE
1. A sample of carbon consist of the isotopes C-12 and C-13. A sample of oxygen consists of
the isotopes O-16 and O-17. Write the formulae of all different carbon dioxide molecules
that can be formed from this sample. Which molecule has the largest mass?
 MASS SPECTROMETER AND
ATOMIC MASS
▪ Mass spectrometer is used to determine
i. relative atomic mass of an element
ii. relative molecular mass of compound
iii. identify the structure of an unknown compound
▪ Mass spectrometer provide an information about mass and percentage abundance of the isotopes –
calculation of atomic mass

Average atomic mass = Ʃ fm / f

f = relative abundance m = mass of isotope

MASS SPECTRUM OF
CHLORINE
Average atomic mass = Ʃ fm / f
EXERCISE
1. An element X consists of three isotopes with masses 120.9. 121.2 and 122.9 with percentage
abundances 57%, 0.9% and 42.1% respectively. Construct the mass spectrum and
calculate the relative atomic mass of the element X.
2. (a) List the isotopes present in zirconium
(b) Use the percentage abundance of each isotope to calculate the relative atomic mass of
zirconium
EXERCISE
3. Two naturally occurring isotopes of copper are Cu-63 and Cu-65. Given that the relative
atomic mass of copper is 63.5. what is the percentage abundance of each isotope?
4. Gallium is a mixture of two isotopes of mass number 69 and 71. What is the % abundance
of each isotope. (Atomic mass = 69.7)
 THE MOLE CONCEPT
▪
 EXERCISE
1. Calculate the number of Br atoms in 32 g Br2
2. What is the number of moles for 32 g S
3. The no. of Cl atoms in CH2Cl2 is 3.67 x 1024, calculate the no of moles.
4. Calculate the moles of 67 g NaOH
 CONCENTRATION
▪ Is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solutions
▪ Measurement of concentration – Molarity (M), Molality (m)
 EXERCISE
1. How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare a 250 mL
solution whose concentration is 2.16 M?
2. What is the molality of a solution containing 100 g of NaCl in 500 g of water.
3. What is the molarity of a solution which contains 30 g of sodium hydroxide pellets in 500
mL of solution.
4. Calculate the amount in moles of nitric acid in 25 mL of 0.1 M solution.
 STATES OF MATTER
▪ Matter exist in three physical state : solid, liquid and gas
▪ These three states of matter are convertible

solid Liquid

Gas
 GAS
▪ The SI unit for pressure is Nm-2 or Pascal, Pa or kilopascals (KPa). Others unit are atm,
mmHg or Torr
▪ These units are related as follows :

1 atm = 101325 Pa = 101325 Nm-2 = 760 Torr = 760 mmHg

Exercise
1. Convert each of the following into atmosphere
a) 77 mmHg
b) 800 torr
c) 23 KPa
 GAS LAWS
▪ Gas Laws
▪ a) Boyle's Law ( the pressure – volume relationship)
▪ b) Charle's Law ( the temperature – volume relationship )
▪ c) Avogadro's Law ( the volume – mole relationship)
▪ d) Ideal gas equation – P, V, n and T
 BOYLE’S LAW
▪ States that “ the volume of sample of gas is inversely proportional with the pressure of the gas
at constant temperature and no. of moles.
▪ V = 1/P @ V = k/P where k is constant
▪ Boyle's law is often used to calculate the volume resulting from the pressure change – initial
and final condition
P1V1 = P2V2

Eg : an ideal gas occupies a volume of 250 mL at 0.593 atm. Calculate the new volume if the
pressure reduced to 0.25 atm.
 CHARLE’S LAW
▪ States that “ the volume of a gas varies directly with the temperature (in kelvin) if pressure and
no. of moles are constant”
▪V=T @ V = kT
▪ Charle's law is often used to calculate the volume resulting from a temperature change – initial
and final condition
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

Eg : an ideal gas occupies a volume of 200 mL at 20oC. Calculate the new temperature if the
volume reduced to 150 mL.
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
▪ States that “ equal volume of any ideal gas contain the same number of moles if measured
under the same temperature and pressure “
V=n @ V = kn
▪ Avogadro's law is used to calculate the molar volume of gas
▪ Molar volume of gas is the volume occupied by 1 mol of gas
▪ At standard temperature and pressure (STP), the molar volume of any gas is 22.4L
▪ At room temperature and pressure (RTP), the molar volume of any gas is 24L

Volume at STP = n x 22.4 Volume at RTP = n x 24

 IDEAL GAS LAW
▪
 IDEAL GAS EQUATION
PV = nRT
CONDITION 1 CONDITION 2
Pressure Pa or Nm-2 atm
Volume M3 dm3
Temperature K K
Gas constant 8.314 0.0821

Eg : calculate the volume occupied by 80 g of NH3 gas at 75oC and 800 mmHg. Assume that NH3 as an
ideal gas.
 EXERCISE
1. Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure
exerted (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at 69.5C
2. Calculate the volume occupied by 60 g of chlorine gas at 50C and 750 mmHg. Assume
that chlorine behave as an ideal gas.
3. What is the pressure of a 1.5 mol gas if its volume is 25 L at 30C.
4. What is the molar mass of a sample of 1.37 g gas which occupies a volume of 2.04 L at
27.6 C and 0.95 atm
 REAL GAS & IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS REAL GAS
gaseous particles are very small and they have
negligible volume
there are no forces between the particles
 REAL GAS & IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS REAL GAS
gaseous particles are very small and they have The volume of gas is significant – stp / rtp
negligible volume
there are no forces between the particles Forces are present between particles
Forces between non-polar gas = VDW forces
Forces between polar gas = H bond forces
 REAL GAS = IDEAL GAS REAL GAS ≠ IDEAL GAS
PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE
Reason : at low pressure, the volume Reason :
occupied by the particles are bigger,
the particles are very far apart from
each other, no contact between
particles – no forces

TEMPERATURE HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW TEMPERATURE

Reason : at high temperature, the Reason :
kinetic energy of particles are
relatively high, particles move
violently and will bounce back after
collision – no forces
 EXERCISE
▪