1.

Thesearenoexam questi
onsbutjustaguidetowhatt
oexpect
.Theexam i
snot
rest
ri
ctedt
oquesti
onslist
edbelow,pleasetakenot
e

2.Thevari
abl
escontroll
ingthemot ionofafloati
ngv esselt
hroughthesurr
oundi
ngfluid
aret
hedragforceF,thev essel
’sspeedv,i
tsl
engthl ,
thedensit
yρanddy namicvi
scosi
ty
µofthefluidandtheaccel erat
ionduetograv
ityg.Deriv
eanexpr essi
onforFby
di
mensionalanal
ysisusingtheBuckingham method.

3.Usingthemethodofdimensionalanaly
sisobt
ainanexpr
essionfort
hedischargeQover
arectangul
arwei
r.Thedi
schar gedependsontheheadHov ertheweir
,accel
erati
ondue
togravit
yg,l
engt
hofweircrestL,heightoft
heweircr
estoverthechannelbot
tom Zand
thekinemati
cvi
scosit
yvofthel i
quid.

4.Thepressurediff
erence∆pi napipeofdi ameterDandlengthLduet ovi
scousfl
ow
dependsont heveloci
tyV,viscosi
tyµanddensi tyρ.Usi
ngBuckingham’st
heorem,
obtai
nanexpr essi
onf or∆p.[Hint:ChooseD, Vandµasr epeati
ngvari
abl
es,µhasbeen
chosenrepeati
ngv ari
able(
insteadofρ)si ncet
hef l
owisviscous.
]

5.Fort
hev
ent
uri
met
ershownbel
ow,
showt
hat
:
 Q=
[( ) ][ ( )]
2
m-
1
A1
1/
2
ρ
2gh man-
ρ
1

A1
wher
em =
A2

6.Av entur
i met erhavi
ngathroatdi amet erd2of100mm i sfit t
edi ntoapipeli
newhichhas
adiamet erd1of250mm t hr oughwhi choilofspecificgravi
ty0.9i sflowing.The
pressuredifferencebetweent heentryandt hroattappi
ng’si
smeasur edbyaU- t
ube
manomet er,contai
ningmer curyofspeci ficgravi
ty13.6,
andt heconnect i
onsarefill
ed
withtheoi l
flowi nginthepipeline.I
fthedi ff
erenceofleveli
ndicatedbythemer cur
yin
theU-tubeis0. 63m, cal
culatet het
heor eti
calvolumerateofflowt hr
ought hemeter
.Ans
3
(Q=0. 105m / s

7.Av entur
imet erwi t
hat hroatdi ameterof100mm i sfittedinav ert
icalpi
pelineof200
mm di ameterwi t
hoi lofspeci ficgravit
y0.88flowi ngupwar dsatar ateof0.06m3s−1.
Thev ent
urimet ercoefficientis0. 96.Twopr essuregaugescalibratedinkil
onewt onsper
squaremet r
ear efittedatt appingpoints,
oneatt hethroatandt heot heri
nthei nletpipe
320mm bel ow thethr oat.Thedi ff
erencebet weenthet wo-gaugepr essur
er eadi ngsis
28kNm−2.Wor ki
ngf r om Ber noul
li
’sequationdeterminethedi ffer
enceinl eveli nthe
twol i
mbsofamer cur ymanomet erifitisconnect edt othet appingpointsandt he
connecti
ngpi pesarefil ledwi t
ht hesameoi l
.Ans=202mm)

8.Anorificeplat
eistobeusedt omeasurether ateofai
rflowt hr
ougha2m di amet
erduct
.
Themeanv el
oci
tyintheductwi l
lnotexceed15m s−1andawat ertubemanometer
,
havi
ngamaxi mum diff
erencebetweenwat erlevel
sof150mm, ist
obeused.Assuming
thecoeffici
entofdi
schargetobe0.64,determineasuitabl
eorificediametert
omakeful
l
useofthemanomet errange.Taket
hedensi t
yofairas1.2kgm−3.Ans=1. 31m

9.Wat erflowsf rom areser

voi
rt hrougharectangul
aropeni
ng2m hi ghand1.2m widein
thev er
ti
calfaceofadam.Cal culat
ethedischar
geincubicmetrespersecondwhenthe
freesurfaceinthereser
voi
ris0. 5m abovethetopoftheopeni
ngassumingacoeffici
ent
ofdischargeof0.64.Ans=8. 16m3/ s

10.Aver
ti
caltr
iangularor
ificei
nthewal
lofareser
voi
rhasabase0.
9m long,0.
6m below
i
tsver
texand1. 2m below t
hewatersurf
ace.Det
ermi
nethetheor
eti
caldischar
ge.
3
Ans=1.19m / sec
11.Ar ectangularorif
ice1.5m wideand1.2m deepi
sfi
tt
edinonesi
deofalargetank.The
wat erlevelononesi deoftheori
fi
ceis2m abovet
hetopedgeoft
heor i
fi
ce,whil
eon
theot hersi deoft heori
fi
ce,thewaterl
eveli
s0.
4m below i
tst
opedge.Calcul
atethe
discharget hrought het
heorif
icei
fCd=0.62.

12.A f
low fr
om achanneli scont
rol
l
edbyat r
apezoidalnot
chsot hatt
hef ul
lsupply
3
di geof2m /
schar sflowsov
erthenot
chataheadof1. 2m measuredoverthecrest
.At
3
hal
fthi
shead,adi schar
geof0.6m / spassesov erthenotch.AssumingCd=0. 62,
cal
cul
atet
hebasewi
thandsi
desl
opesoft 70,
ch.Ans=θ=14.
henot L=0.
5792m

13.Atr
apezoidalnotchhasabasewidthof0.75m andasidesl
opeof1horizont
al:2
v
ert
ical
s.Calcul
atethedi
schar
geov
erthenotchf
oraheadof0.
5m,byassumingCd=
0. 625m3/
63.Ans=0. s