08 NMR Imaging

10 - NMR Porosity
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Physics

CMR , CMR Plus , MRX
NMR Applications:
Porosity / Permeability
Schlumberger Private
Bound Fluid Evaluation
Grain Size Distribution
Gas effect
Hydrocarbon Viscosity Evaluation
Cap Pressure Ahmed Elsherif
Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved
Modern MRI Images

1
10 - NMR Porosity
Physics of Measurement
NMR Imaging: Principle
NMR refers to a physical For most elements the

principle- response of signal is small.
nuclei to a magnetic Field
Hydrogen has a relatively

Many nuclei have a large magnetic moment
magnetic moment By tuning the NMR signal
The nuclei behave like a to the resonance
spinning bar magnet frequency of hydrogen,
These spinning magnetic the signal is maximised
nuclei can interact with and can be measured.
externally applied
magnetic fields producing
measurable signals.
2
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Imaging: Analogy
Analogy with a
child’s spinning top
Hydrogen nuclei (protons) behave like a spinning bar magnet.
Once disturbed from equilibrium, they presses around the static
magnetic field
Example to right: Analogy with a child’s spinning top around the
Earth’s gravitational field.
Step-1
Proton Alignments
Bo Polarization
Protons can be
viewed as small
magnets with a
N-S poles
The build-up of
polarizations
proceeds with a
time constant T1-
defined as the
longitudinal
relaxation time.
3
10 - NMR Porosity
2nd Step
Proton Spin Tipping
Logging Procedure
Aligned protons are
tipped 90o by a
magnetic pulse (B1)
oscillating at the
resonance , or Larmor
frequency of hydrogen.
Initially the protons
recess in harmony in the
x-y plan perpendicular
to Bo.
4
10 - NMR Porosity
3rd Step
Dephasing in the
Transverse plane
The protons initially
recess in harmony.
Gradually they lose
synchronisation.
This causes the
magnetic field in the
transverse (x-y)
plane to decay.
Dephasing
Slowly the aligned protons in the transverse plane will
dephase. T2 is the transverse relaxation time.
5
10 - NMR Porosity
4th Step-
Refocusing
CPMG-
Sequence
Practically, this is
what happens in
real life
4th Step- Refocusing
CPMG-Sequence
Decay Spin Echo

Typical decaying spin

echo plot for a rock.
Each dot represents the
amplitude of a spin
echo.
In this example,
recorded time is less
than 0.3 sec.
6
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Imaging: Measurements

The quantities measured by the NMR are:
Signal Amplitude- This is Small pores shorten relaxation

proportional to number of time T2
hydrogen nuclei present and
can be calibrated to give
Large pores lengthen the value
of T2.
porosity free of radioactive
sources and lithology.
T2 distribution can have the
Signal Decay-Called the following applications:
Relaxation Time ( T2 ) this is Permeability
a function of the pore size. Producibility
Capillary Pressure
Irreducible Water Saturations
Hydrocarbon type
Grain Surface Relaxation

Recessing protons move about
the pore colliding with other
protons and grain surfaces (a)
Every collision with a grain
surface a relaxation interaction

occurs.
Grain surface relaxation is the
most important process affecting
T2 relaxation times
Experiments have shown that
when probability of colliding with
a grain wall is high -small pores-
(b) , relaxation is rapid.
Conversely, when the probability
of collision with a grain wall are
low -large pores- (c) , Relaxation
is slower.
7
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Measurement
Bulk Relaxation
Surface Relaxation
Relaxation Curves: Water in a test tube and water in pore space:
T2 in test tube (100% porosity) is long 3700 msec at 40o C
In pore: T2 range of 10 msec for small pores to 500 msec for large pores
Initial signal amplitude (y-axis at Time=0 ) = f ( φ )
NMR Measurement
8
10 - NMR Porosity
Fourier Transform
NMR Imaging: Measurements
Signal Amplitude processed to

Signal Amplitude
(a) give T2 distribution

NMR measures decaying NMR
signal amplitude (a).
This is the sum of all decaying

hydrogen protons in the
measurement volumes.
Time, msec T2 ranges are separated by
Signal Distribution
mathematical inversion.
This produces the image of the
(b) bottom figure (b)
This figure represents the
distribution of pore size.
Area under the curve is the total
porosity.
T2, msec
9
10 - NMR Porosity
Good Water / Bad Water

NMR measured amplitude is:
Directly proportional to porosity ( φ ).

The relaxation (decay) rate is
related to pore sizes, and fluid type
and viscosity
Short T2 times indicate small pores
Long T2 times indicate large pores
with relatively higher permeability.
Measurements were made on 2
samples.
T2 signal amplitudes are
approximately the same (similar
porosity)
Large difference in relaxation times
This clearly identifies the bottom
sample with higher permeability.
Using NMR T2 Distribution
From the 2-figures:
Light blue : Free Water or Oil

(green)
Dark Blue: Capillary bound
Water held against the grain
surface by surface tension
forces and can’t be
produced
Bluish-Brow: Very short T2
from water bound in the clay.
10
10 - NMR Porosity
Porosity Definitions
T2 Distribution - Main output of CMR
T2 0.03ms 0.3ms 3.0ms 33ms 3000ms
Not Measured Small Pore Capillary Bound Free Fluid

Porosity Porosity Porosity (Producible Fluids)
Total Porosity ∝ Area under distribution
Three porosity measurements gives us an

indication of the types of porosity which
are present.
CMFF (%) LOG_T2CUTOFF
CMRP_3MS (%)
TCMR (%) T2 Distribution
Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved 30% Porosity 0.3ms 3000ms
T2 Distribution & T2LM

Signal Amplitude
50% Cumulative
T2LM
T2 Distribution are normally displayed as incremental porosity
distributions. Integrating from left to right gives cumulative porosity
distributions. T2LM is the value of T2 where we have 50%
cumulative porosity
11
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Tools
Combinable Magnetic Resonance CMR*
CMR Tool
Configuration
12
10 - NMR Porosity
CMR & CMR Plus Configurations

Pair of permanent magnets
creates a resonant field
sensitive zone in the
formation- shown in red in
(a) and (b).
The new CMR-Plus has a
longer magnet (30 inches
long as compared with the
previous design of 12
inches long (Figs. c and d).
This allows CMR-Plus tool
to log continuously and
faster.
CMR-Plus vs. CMR-200

13
10 - NMR Porosity
CMR Volume of Investigation
Blind zone
Operational Considerations
A Ditch magnet is a must

before running CMR.
It should be used during

final circulation and should be

cleaned several times
28
14
10 - NMR Porosity
And please make sure that the ditch magnets

are cleaned regularly
NMR Derived Permeability

15
10 - NMR Porosity
What does CMR calculated perm mean? Compared to what ?
Full Diameter Core Permeability

MDT Drawdown Mobility
Core Plug Permeability
MDT Buildup Mobility
MDT Pumpout Mobility

CMR Permeability
Comparison to Core / MDT / DST / Well Test permeability is a
matter of scale and vertical resolution
Permeability from NMR

We do not measure permeability, we measure a permeability profile
that can be calibrated to other measurements
The NMR data is used These are parameters
extensively to compute measured directly and

permeability indirectly by the NMR.
This is because there is a NMR permeability is
direct correlation between arguably, the best log-
permeability and the derived approach to
following Parameters: estimating permeability.
Surface Area/Pore volume Hydrogen recessing and
ratio (S/V)
surface collisions is the
Pore throat diameter and
hence pore size
nearest thing to a dynamic
Porosity
motion necessary to
evaluate K.
16
10 - NMR Porosity
Permeability Transforms: Timur-Coats
KTC = a . ϕ4 ( FFV / BFV )2
This contains:
Porosity ( φ )
Free Fluid Volume (FFV)
Bound Fluid Volume (BFV)
a is a constant that are obtained empirically from
cross-plots- ideally using core data.
Permeability Transforms- SDR
Ksdr = b . ϕ4 ( T2LM )2
This contains also:
Porosity ( φ )
T2LM = Logarithmic Mean T2 instead of
FFV and BFV
Similarly: b, is a constant that are
obtained empirically from cross-plots-
ideally using core data.
B can vary with local conditions
17
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Permeability (High Resolution)

PERMEABILITY from NMR
Sum of Echoes
Top curves show a series of
hypothetical signals for
increasing porosity and
permeability- T2 decay kept
constant.
Bottom row shows a series of
hypothetical signals Whereby
the porosity remains constant
but the T2 decay changes.
The value of amplitude (f) and
the area under the curve (T2)
increase with increased
permeability
NMR Permeability (High Resolution)

K Sum of Echoes Kecho f ( Σed, Σea )
This is used to compute a

high resolution permeability

New Permeability transform:
Σea : Sum of all the echoes
amplitudes
Σed : Area of the echo
decay envelope
This is compared with 30 core
points as shown.
The linear correlations( R2 =
0.95 )
This compares very well with
other permeability transforms.
18
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Applications
NMR Applications
1:240 Ft Illite Density Porosity (Lime)
Quartz
Calcite
30.0 (PU)
Density Porosity (Dolomite)
-10.0
Lithology
Dolomite
Oil
30.0 (PU)
CMR Porosity
-10.0
Independent
Water 30.0 (PU) -10.0
Porosity
The CMR Porosity is

equal to the density
7900
porosity (limestone
Density-LS Scale matrix) when the
formation is 100%
CMR Limestone and
reads in between
when the formation
is a mixture of
Density-DOL Scale Limestone and
Dolomite.
8000
19
10 - NMR Porosity
Determining the Micro-pores / Macro-pores Cutoff

Free-fluid porosity is obtained by
applying a cutoff to the T2 curve.
Area underneath the curve above the
cutoff is free-fluid porosity.
Value of cutoff is determined from
experiments:
1st-step: T2 distribution is
determined for a water saturated
sample.
2nd-step: the cores are
centrifuged under 100psi
pressure to simulate draining
down a typical reservoir capillary
pressures.
Fluid drained equals free-fluid

porosity- this converted into equal
area on T2 distribution curve. This
determines T2 cutoff.
NMR Applications
Free Fluid Index
In Sandstone
Shaly-Sand formation
T2 distribution fall mainly

below 33 msec cutoff
Mainly capillary water
Interpretations without
NMR suggests mainly
water production.
Interpretations with NMR
shows most of the water
is irreducible.
Well produced oil with
only 33% water-cut.
20
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Applications
Irreducible
Water
Saturation
In this example,
although the Sw
is reading 75 %,
the well is
producing dry
gas since all the
water is bound
Grain Size Distribution

Pore/Grain Size Distribution
35
Fine Fine Coarse Coarse Fine Medium Medium Coarse
Silt Silt Silt Silt Sand Sand Sand Sand
Percent in Each Porosity Bin
30
25
21.3
18.9
20
16.6
15 12.7
10.5
9.1
10 8.0
5 2.8
0
Pore Size (um)0.03 0.05 0.15 0.59 1.80 5.09 14.55 46.25
Grain Size (um)5.01 7.37 15.70 40.30 87.89 182.15 380.25 854.29
T2 Log Mean (ms)
1.0 1.7 5.1 19.6 59.9 169.5 485.1 1541.7
21
10 - NMR Porosity
Bin Porosity Distribution
NMR comparison with core porosity & permeability

22
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Applications
Improving fluid sampling
Track-1: estimated
permeabilities from SDR
and Timur-Coates models.
Track-1 Also shows fluid
mobility from the MDT.
Track-2: Shows the FFV

and the two components
of the BFV: Clay band
capillary bound fluids.
This was used to pick the
MDT sampling points.
Track-3: Shows the T2

distributions
Thin Bed Evaluation

The CMR has an aperture of 6”
Under logging conditions, vertical resolutions as high as
8” can be achieved (6in. res. + time constant).
The standard log is averaged over 3 depth frames

yielding a vertical resolution of 18” - same as the standard
neutron - litho-density.
In thin, laminated sands (<6”), the CMR free and bound
fluid volumes are the respective averages over the 18 inch
volume of investigation.
46
23
10 - NMR Porosity
Thin Bed Evaluation
Some
sand
47
NMR Applications
NMR correlation with FMI
X100-x110: Shaly interval.

Low T2 and hence small
pores.
X110-x120: mainly clean

sandstone with small shale
as shown by small T2 values.
X120-x140: FMI shows thin
shale streaks. NMR shows
more low values of T2
confirming the presence of
shale. This is also confirmed
by the high resolution NMR
spikes on the FFV and BFV.
X140-TD: Tight formation with
with low T2 and small pores.
24
10 - NMR Porosity
GAS
To See Or Not To See...
Using DMR Technique
Introduction to DMR Technique

Density-derived porosity read too high in gas-bearing
zones.
Total NMR porosity read too low in gas-bearing

zones.
Gas-bearing zones are identified when total NMR

porosity read much less than density-derived porosity.
A technique called Density Magnetic Resonance

(DMR) is used to correct for the gas effect.
25
10 - NMR Porosity
DMR Answer Products
Identification of gas-bearing zones.
Gas-corrected total porosity (DMRP).
Flushed zone gas saturation.
Permeability-corrected in gas-bearing sands.
DMR Processing Example

26
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Pseudo Capillary Pressure
NMR Pseudo Cap Pressure

Alternative to resistivity-based saturation evaluation
Capillary pressure-based
approach, utilising CMR data:
Scaling relationship
between T2 and Pc
Based on dependence of
both properties on pore
network geometry
Allows computation of
capillary pressure curve
from each T2 distribution
(pseudo cap pressure  1 
P c = f  
curves)  T2 
27
10 - NMR Porosity
Amplitude
0.3 3000
T2
55
Saturation of gas
(Sgas)
0.3
Capillary Pressure
T2
3000
56
Cumulative Amplitude
28
10 - NMR Porosity
Calibration of NMR to MICP
Global optimisation of
relationship between
T2 and Pc based on
comparison of core
MICP and CMR T2
distributions
1   A   D
C
Pc = 
⋅ 1 +   ⋅
T2   B ⋅ T2 + 1   k
 
Viscosity and Hydrocarbon Effects

29
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Applications, Heavy Oil
1000
Heavy Oil Identification
As fluid viscosity
increases, T2 decreases.
100
T2,log (msec)
Once viscosity > 1000 cp, 33 msec
CMR will see heavy oil as
10
matrix.
1
40 -50 cp
1 10 100 1000 10000
viscosity (cp)
NMR Applications, Heavy Oil
Example of
Tar Sands
When the
CMR Porosity
is less than
Density
Porosity, then
this is Tar
30
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Applications, Oil Viscosity Estimation
Brine T2 Distributions
pore size
clay- capillary- free
bound bound water
water water
a(k)
T2(k)
NMR Applications, Oil Viscosity Estimation
Oil T2 Distributions
Constituent viscosity
tar heavy oil intermediate oil light

oil
a(k)
T2(k)
31
10 - NMR Porosity
Oil or Water ?
Standard (short TE) T2 distribution does

not distinguish water from hydrocarbon
NMR is sensitive to molecular diffusion, f(TE)
Oil, water, and gas diffuse at different rates, (D)
Use diffusivity contrast to identify water
from hydrocarbon
Molecular Diffusion in Field Gradient

TE1
TE2
TE3
Oil Water
1 D(γγG)2TE2
=
T2D 12
32
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Fluid Characterization (MRF)
Answer Product:
Fluid saturations and volumes
Total NMR porosities
Bulk volumes irreducible water
Crude oil viscosities
Hydrocarbon corrected Timur-Coates
Permeability
Visualization of Multi-dimensional Data

D-T2-ζ 3D-Map D-T2-T1 3D-Map
T2-T1 map
D D
T2 ζ T2 T1
D-T2 map
D-T1 map
66
MRX
2004
2/9/2011
33
10 - NMR Porosity
Interpretation of Relaxation-Diffusion Maps
gas
gas
viscosity = a * T / T2LM(oil)
min D (gas)
T2LM(oil)
water
water
DD
DCLM(T2) oil water
oiloil
log[ DCLM(T2) / DOIL(T2) ]
T2
T2 SXO(T2) =
log[ DWAT(T2) / DOIL(T2) ]
67
MRX
2004
2/9/2011
NMR and Viscosity

tar heavy Oil Intermediate Oil Light Oil
0.5 cp
2 cp
10 cp
100 cp
1000 cp
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Transverse Relaxation Time T2 (ms)
DMR MRF + RX0 MRF DMR

100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1
68
Viscosity (cp) MRX
2004
2/9/2011
34
10 - NMR Porosity
Oil Viscosity Effects on NMR T2 Distribution
Brine Saturated
kTC
MRX Design
PERMANENT MAGNET
S
HIGH-RES
ANTENNAE
ANTENNA SAMPLE VOLUME
MRX: Eccentered Gradient design

MAIN
ANTENNA Sample volume in thin shells
Deeper and well defined DOI
Depth log MRF
Tuning is simple 70
High-end NMR applications MRX

2004
2/9/2011
35
10 - NMR Porosity
MRX Radial Profiling Gas Detection
Gas Upper Sand
Gas
or
water? Lower Sand

GAS GAS
(MRX) (D-N)
MRP DPHI
(2.7in.)
MD GR RES MRP NPHI T2DIST T2DIST
(1.5in.) (1.5in.) (2.7in.)
(ft) (gAPI) (ohmm) (v/v) (v/v) (ms) (ms)
0 150 0.2 20 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.3 3000 0.3 3000
x400
x450
x500
x550
x600
x650
x700
36
10 - NMR Porosity
GAS GAS
(MRX) (D-N)
MRP DPHI
(2.7in.)
MD GR RES MRP NPHI T2DIST T2DIST
(1.5in.) (1.5in.) (2.7in.)
(ft) (gAPI) (ohmm) (v/v) (v/v) (ms) (ms)
0 150 0.2 20 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.3 3000 0.3 3000
y450
y500
y550
Formation Damage Identification

74
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10 - NMR Porosity

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Physics

Modern MRI Images

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

NMR Imaging: Principle

NMR refers to a physical For most elements the

Hydrogen has a relatively

NMR Imaging: Analogy

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Decay Spin Echo

Typical decaying spin

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

NMR Imaging: Measurements

Signal Amplitude- This is Small pores shorten relaxation

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Grain Surface Relaxation

surface a relaxation interaction

Relaxation Curves: Water in a test tube and water in pore space:

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

NMR Imaging: Measurements

Signal Amplitude processed to

(a) give T2 distribution

This is the sum of all decaying

Good Water / Bad Water

Directly proportional to porosity ( φ ).

Using NMR T2 Distribution

From the 2-figures:

Light blue : Free Water or Oil

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

Not Measured Small Pore Capillary Bound Free Fluid

Three porosity measurements gives us an

T2 Distribution & T2LM

Combinable Magnetic Resonance CMR*

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

CMR & CMR Plus Configurations

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

CMR-Plus vs. CMR-200

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

CMR Volume of Investigation

A Ditch magnet is a must

It should be used during

final circulation and should be

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

And please make sure that the ditch magnets

NMR Derived Permeability

Copyright 2006, NExT, All rights reserved

What does CMR calculated perm mean? Compared to what ?

Full Diameter Core Permeability

MDT Pumpout Mobility

Permeability from NMR

extensively to compute measured directly and

Permeability Transforms: Timur-Coats

KTC = a . ϕ4 ( FFV / BFV )2