nino kiRuraZe, revaz gaCeCilaZe, giorgi sanikiZe

istoria moswavlis wigni

12
grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012).
nino kiRuraZe
revaz gaCeCilaZe
giorgi sanikiZe

nino kiRuraZis saerTo redaqciiT

istoria 12

istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTormeteklaselTATvis

redaqtori: nino ilaSvili
dizaini: TinaTin berberaSvili
ydis dizaini: naTia kvaracxelia
dakabadoneba: TinaTin berberaSvili

pirveli gamocema, 2012

© bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2019

Cveni mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda zogi fotosa da rukis saavtoro uflebis
mflobelis vinaobis dadgena an masTan dakavSireba. gamoxmaurebis SemTxvevaSi
gamomcemloba mzad aris, daicvas saavtoro uflebebi.

bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba

misamarTi: daviT aRmaSeneblis 150, Tbilisi 0112
tel.: 2 91 09 54, 2 91 11 65
elfosta: info@sulakauri.ge

www.sulakauri.ge

ISBN 978-9941-15-627-4

N. Kighuradze
R. Gachechiladze
G. Sanikidze

HISTORY 12
Student’s Book

© Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, 2019

Tbilisi, Georgia
sarCevi

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

1.
2.
safrangeTi respublikidan imperiamde (1800-1804)
napoleonis omebi da venis kongresi
6
10
I
6 3. industrializacia da socialuri sakiTxi.
cvlilebebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi 18
4. revoluciebis xana evropaSi. monarqiis restav-
racia da 1830 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi 26
5. 1848-49 wlebis revoluciebi evropaSi 31
40 6. saqarTvelos samefoebis dapyroba ruseTis mier.
ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg 36
7. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi. 1832 wlis
SeTqmuleba 44
8. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ XIX saukuneSi 49
51 9. ruseT-sparseTis, ruseT-osmaleTis omebi da
saqarTvelo 52
10. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis
xasiaTi XIX saukunis msoflioSi. Tergdaleu-
57
59 lebis brZola mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg
11. italiis gaerTianeba 62
12. germaniis gaerTianeba 66
13. safrangeTis mesame respublika 72
14. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si 75
67 15. aleqsandre meoris reformebi ruseTis imperiaSi 80
16. axali politikuri ideebi da ideologiuri
brZola saqarTveloSi 85
17. imperializmi da koloniuri politika 90

80 msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

18.
19.
pirveli msoflio omis wanamZRvrebi
saomari moqmedebebi pirveli msoflio omis
96 II
97 periodSi 100
20. revoluciebi ruseTSi. brestis zavi da
saqarTvelos sakiTxi 106
21. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 113
22. didi saxelmwifoebis politika kavkasiaSi.
117 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
brZola saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis 120
23. brestis zavidan moskovisa da yarsis
xelSekrulebebamde 125
24. saqarTvelos aneqsiAa bolSevikuri ruseTis mier 130
126
3
 25. pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli. parizis
konferencia (saqarTvelos sakiTxi). omis Sedegebi.
msoflios axali politikuri ruka 135
26. sabWoTa totalitarizmi – stalinizmi 143
27. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi daZlevis
143
amerikuli gza 149
28. hitleris mmarTveloba germaniaSi 153
29. italiuri faSizmi 158
30. frankos reJimi 165
31. iaponia meore msoflio omis win 170 153
32. saerTaSoriso viTareba II msoflio omis win 173
33. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi – sabWoTa kavSiri
meore msoflio omSi, qarTvelebi meore msoflio
omSi 177
34. meore msoflio omis msvleloba da Sedegebi.
158
niurnbergis procesi 184
35. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis
safuZvlebi 192
166

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

III 36. `civi omis~ dasawyisi. msoflios or banakad

dayofa. nato da varSavis paqti 194
204
37. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX s-is 50-iani
wlebis meore naxevarsa da 60-ian wlebSi. karibis
krizisi. omi vietnamSi 202
38. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 70-ian wlebSi 208 215
39. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 80-ian wlebSi.
`Zalismieri politikidan~ ganiaraRebisken 214
40. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia – gaero 220
41. evropis integracia 224
42. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSla.
221
dekolonizacia 230
43. mesame samyaro 236

234

236
4
 saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSirSi. sabWoTa sistemis
daSla. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

246
44.
45.
saqarTvelo XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi
politikuri represiebis xana saqarTveloSi
240
246
IV
46. saqarTvelos politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTareba sabWoTa periodSi 249
47. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba da kultura XX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi 255
257 48. erovnuli kultura da erovnuli moZraoba XX
s-is 50-ian-80-ian wlebSi 260
49. perestroika. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla 264
50. socialisturi banakis daSla 270
262 51. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da
samoqalaqo omi 275
52. saSinao viTareba da sagareo urTierTobebi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi.
`vardebis revolucia~ 280
265

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

275 53.
54.
azerbaijani da somxeTi
Tanamedrove TurqeTis Seqmna
284
292
V
55. iranis islamuri respublika 299

280
sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

292
56. dasavluri sazogadoeba da kultura
XX saukuneSi 304
VI
57. sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi dasavleTis
qveynebSi XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi 310

303

312
5
 I msoflio XIX saukuneSi

1. safrangeTi respublikidan imperiamde (1800-1804)

18 briumeris gadatrialebis (1799 wlis

9 noemberi) Semdeg miRebulma axalma
konstituciam pirveli konsuli, napoleon
bonaparti, TiTqmis SeuzRudavi Zalaufle- napoleon
biT aRWurva. xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvli- bonaparti

sas, yofilma iakobinelma, revolucionerma da

respublikelma pirvelma konsulma ganacxada:
`moqalaqeno, revolucia dasrulda!~. sakanon-
mdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia mTavrobis ka-
nonproeqtebis damtkicebiT Semoifargla. TviT
warmomadgenlobiTi organos Semadgenlobasac
praqtikulad napoleoni adgenda (axali saarCevno
wesis Tanaxmad, xalxis mier arCeul amomrCevlebs
mxolod deputatobis kandidatebis wardgenis
ufleba hqondaT. wardgenili kandidatebidan
Tavi pirveli

deputatebs senati irCevda. senati, Tavis mxriv,

samudamod daniSnuli pirebisagan Sedgeboda).
mosamarTleebs, moxeleebsa da oficrebs aseve
piradad pirveli konsuli niSnavda. magram napo-
leonisTvis, rogorc yofili iakobinelis-
Tvis, mainc mniSvnelovani iyo xalxis uSua-
lo mxardaWera. amitom SenarCunda plebis-
citis instituti. swored am saxalxo referendumma 1802 wels TiTqmis erTxmad
dauWira mxari napoleonis `samudamo pirvel konsulad~ daniSvnas, ori wlis
Semdeg ki – `frangebis imperatorad~ kurTxevas.
napoleonisadmi xalxis mxardaWera ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc misi `didi
armiis~ warmatebebiT, rac frangebSi maTi `did erad~ Camoyalibebis gancdas
aRZravda, ise misi mmarTvelobis periodSi miRweuli SedarebiTi Sinapoli-
tikuri stabilizaciiT.
napoleonis mmarTvelobis dros gatarebulma fulis reformam da `safran-
geTis bankis~ daarsebam gaamyara finansuri mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi puris fasi
dabali iyo. amitom xalxi egueboda maTi uflebebis SezRudvasa Tu presis
mkacr cenzuras.
1801 wels vatikanTan gaformebuli konkordatiT (SeTanxmebiT) moxda ka-
Tolikur eklesiasTan Serigeba. kaTolicizmi `frangebis umravlesobis re-
ligiad~ gamocxadda. emigrant Tavadaznaurebs samSobloSi dabrunebis neba
darTes konstituciaze ficis dadebis pirobiT. maT SeeZloT gamoesyidaT
CamorTmeuli samflobeloebi.
napoleonis mTavari dasayrdeni mis mier Seqmnili axali elita iyo, romelic
ZiriTadad samxedro da maRali samoxeleo wreebidan gamosuli dawinaurebuli
6
 wyaro 1

napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1804)

a
napoleonis kodeqsi Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: samo­
qalaqo kodeqsi Sesulia pirvel wignSi `pirebis Sesa­
xeb~. meore da mesame wignebSi `sagnebis Sesaxeb~, anu
sakuTrebis Sesaxeb gansazRvrulia sakuTrebis ufleba.

wigni I.

muxli 213: `coli valdebulia daemorCilos Tavis

qmars.~ napoleonis samoqalaqo
muxli 215: `cols ar aqvs ufleba wardges sasamarTlos kodeqsi
winaSe Tavisi qmris nebarTvis gareSe.~
muxli 258: `moRalate coli patimrobiT isjeba [qmari ki ara].~

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

wigni II da III.

muxli 544: `sakuTrebis ufleba gulisxmobs raime sagnis SeuzRudav flobasa da am

sagniT sargeblobas im pirobiT, rom es sagani ar iqneba gamoyenebuli kanonebiTa da
brZanebulebebiT akrZaluli mizniT.
muxli 545: `dauSvebelia aiZulo vinme, daTmos sakuTreba, Tu ara sazogadoebrivi
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da isic mxolod winaswar saTanado kompensaciis gaRe­
bis Semdeg.~
b

wminda elenes kunZulze gadasaxlebuli bonapartis gancxadeba

`CemTvis WeSmaritad saxelisa da didebis momtani 40 mogebuli brZola ki ara...

Cemi samoqalaqo kodeqsia.~

wyaro 2

dekretebi presis Sesaxeb (1800-03):

a
`akrZalvas eqvemdebareba yvela gazeTi da Jurnali, romlebic mimarTulia sax­
alxo suverenitetis, armiis didebisa da sazogadoebrivi simSvidis winaaRmdeg an
romlebic Tavs esxmian Cvens megobar da mokavSire mTavrobebsa da xalxebs.~
b

`presis Tavisuflebis dacvis mizniT, wigniT movaWreebs ekrZalebaT nebismieri

wigniT vaWroba, specialuri komisiis mier misi winaswari Semowmebis gareSe. Tuki
wignSi ar aRmoCndeba raime iseTi, rac cenzuras eqvemdebareba, wigni daubrundeba
movaWres.~

7
 pirebisagan Sedgeboda. 1805 wels `neapolis samefo dinastiis mmarTvelobis
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~ ediqtis gamocemiT, romliTac napoleonis Zma Jozefi `ori-
ve siciliis mefed~ gamocxadda (sinamdvileSi Jozefis Zalaufleba mxolod ne-
apolze vrceldeboda, radgan sicilias, sadac neapolis mmarTveli burbonebi
gaiqcnen, inglisis floti icavda), imperatorma daiwyo misi uaxloesi naTes-
avebisa da garemocvis, e.w. `napoleonidebis~ gamefeba dapyrobil regionebSi.
magram, amave dros, 1804 wels SemoRebuli `samoqalaqo kodeqsi~ ganamtkicebda
revoluciis monapovars, kerZod, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobasa da kerZo saku-
Trebis xelSeuxeblobas.
Tavi pirveli

1815 w. germanuli graviura – napoleonis aRzeveba da dacema. warwerebi safexurebze

(saaTis isris mimarTulebiT): korsikeli biWi; brienis skolis mowafe; leitenanti tulonSi;
moqalaqe da generali arkolSi; respublikis pirveli konsuli; safrangeTis imperatori;
espaneTTan gamomSvidobeba; ruseTidan Sin dabruneba; gaqceva germaniidan.

wyaro 3

napoleoni religiis Sesaxeb:

`ar arsebobs sazogadoeba qonebrivi uTanasworobis gareSe. amdenad, sazogadoeba

ver iarsebebs religiis gareSe, radgan SeuZlebelia daarwmuno adamiani, romelic
SimSiliT kvdeba, maSin, roca sxva mis gverdiT fufunebaSi cxovrobs, Seeguos am
usamarTlobas, Tu ar iarsebebs avtoriteti, romelic etyvis mas: `RmerTma ineba
ase, rom amqveynad mdidrebi da Raribebi arsebobdnen, samagierod, imqveynad geliT
cxoneba... me religiaSi RvTiuri gansaxierebis saidumlos ki ara, sazogadoebrivi
wyobis saidumlos vxedav~.

8
wyaro 4

napoleoni respublikisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb:

`iqneb fiqrobT, rom me respublikis dafuZneba minda…... es frangebis akviatebuli

azria, magram es avadmyofobac gaivlis...

rac maT [frangebs] sWirdebaT, dideba da pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebaa, magram

Tavisuflebis araferi gaegebaT...

erebs winamZRoli sWirdebaT, didebiT mosili winamZRoli da ara Teoriebi mmar­

Tvelobis Sesaxeb, ara maRalfardovani sityvebi, ara ideologebis saubrebi, rasac
frangebi ver igeben. maT saTamaSo cxenebi unda misce, amasac ikmareben, gaerTobian da
gahyvebian winamZRols, Tuki is moxerxebulad SeuniRbavs mizans, romliskenac surs
gaiyolos.~

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. imsjeleT qalis revoluciuri kanonmdeblobiTa da

samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvrul uflebriv mdgomareobaze.
2. wyaro 1-is (a, b) ganxilvis Semdeg SeafaseT napoleonis kodeqsis demokra-
tiulobis xarisxi. kodeqsis romeli muxlebi ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis winaSe
yvela adamianis Tanasworuflebianobis princips?
3. teqstidan da wyaroebidan (1, 2, 3) gamoyaviT is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic,
Tqveni azriT, saSualebas gaZlevT isaubroT napoleonis dros Sinapoli-
tikur stabilizaciaze. daasabuTeT Tqveni arCevani.
4. wyaroebze (1, 2, 3, 4) dayrdnobiT SeecadeT gansazRvroT napoleonis mmar-
Tvelobis tipi. wyaro 4-is Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Tqveni azriT, ratom ar
Tqva napoleonma uari konstituciaze? SedarebisTvis ix. agreTve, wyaro 1b,
wyaro 2b da Sesabamisi adgilebi teqstSi. wyaroebis ganxilvisas yuradReba
gaamaxvileT winaaRmdegobriv debulebebze.

9
 2. napoleonis omebi da venis kongresi

napoleonis omebi
napoleonis `did armias~ araerT mtrul koaliciasTan mouxda brZola (sul
Svidi aseTi koalicia Seikra). gancdili marcxis Semdeg calkeuli wevrebi eTi-
Sebodnen koalicias, zogierTi droebiT safrangeTis mokavSirec ki xdeboda,
Semdeg ki iqmneboda axali koalicia.
1800 wels marengosTan avstriisa da 1805 wels austerlicTan avstria-ru-
seTis gaerTianebuli jaris damarcxebiT avstria safrangeTze damokidebuli
gaxda. 1806 wels ienasTan da aurStedtTan prusiaze, 1807 wels fridlandTan
mis mokavSire ruseTze `didi armiis~ mier mopovebuli gamarjvebebis Sedegad,
antifrangul koalicias kidev ori wevri gamoeTiSa. 1807 wlis 24 ivniss til-
zitSi dadebuli zaviT prusiam dakarga teritoriebi, mas daekisra kontribu-
cia da franguli armiis cocxali ZaliT momaragebis valdebuleba, ruseTi ki
safrangeTis mokavSired iqca.
evropis kontinentur nawilSi yvela ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdege damorCilebu-
li iyo. magram napoleonisTvis problemad rCeboda inglisi. Tavdapirvelad,
Tavi pirveli

bonaparti kunZulze jarebis gadasxmas apirebda, magram am gegmaze sabolood

uari Tqva mas Semdeg, rac1805 wels trafalgaris sazRvao brZolaSi inglisis
flotma admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT safrangeTisa da im dros misi mokav-
Sire espaneTis gaerTianebuli floti gaanadgura.
inglisze gamarjvebis mopovebis axali gegma mis `kontinentur blokadaSi~
moqcevas iTvaliswinebda. evropis yvela damorCilebul Tu samokavSireo pi-

brZola vagramTan, 1809

10
 trafalgaris
brZola, 1805

robiT Sekrul saxelmwifos aekrZala inglisTan savaWro urTierToba. konti-

nenturi blokadis ideam napoleons portugaliasa da espaneTSi jarebis Seyvana

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

gadaawyvetina, maTi portebis inglisuri saqonlisaTvis Caketvis mizniT. 1807
wels frangulma jarma portugalia, 1808 wels ki espaneTi daikava. imave mizniT
1810 wels aneqsirebul iqna holandia da Crdilo-dasavleTi germania (hanzas
qalaqebis – bremenis, hamburgisa da liubekis CaTvliT).
napoleonis jars espaneTSi didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. qveyanaSi daiwyo gan-
maTavisuflebeli moZraoba. espaneTSi Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla avstriam
da 1808 wels scada safrangeTis gavlenisgan Tavis daRweva. 1809 wels napo-
leonma vagramTan kidev erTxel daamarcxa avstrielebi. avstriaze mopovebu-
li samxedro gamarjveba man e.w. `avstriuli qorwinebiT~ ganamtkica: avstriis
sabolood dasamorCileblad napoleonma imperatoris qaliSvilze iqorwina.
kontinenturi blokadis SenarCunebis pirobebis dacva ekonomikuri Tval-
sazrisiT bevri qveynisTvis autaneli xdeboda. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgoma-
reobaSi aRmoCnda ruseTi, romlis eqsportis (puris, selis, tilos da sxv.)
80-90% swored inglisSi gadioda, iqidan ki samrewvelo saqoneli Semodioda.
amitom ruseTis mefe aleqsandre I-ma (1801-1825) uari Tqva tilzitSi micemul
samokavSireo pirobis Sesrulebaze.
napoleonma gadawyvita eiZulebina ruseTis imperatori, dabruneboda kon-
tinenturi blokadis reJims. 1812 wels 600 aTasiani `didi armia~, romelic
sanaxevrod ucxoeli jariskacebisagan Sedgeboda (damorCilebuli qveynebi

wyaro 1

napoleonis werilidan policiis ministr fuSes (1811):

`me mWirdeba 800 aTasi kaci da myavs kidec amdeni. mTel evropas gaviyoleb... jer
Cemi mowodeba ar aRmisrulebia. Cven saerTo evropuli kanoni gvWirdeba, evropuli
sasamarTlo, erTiani moneta, erTiani zoma­wonis erTeulebi... evropis xalxebisgan
erT ers Sevqmni da parizs msoflio dedaqalaqad vaqcev~.

11
 `didi armiis~ ukan daxeva ruseTidan, 1812

valdebuli iyvnen didi armia cocxali ZaliT moemaragebinaT), ruseTisaken

daiZra. seqtembris dasawyisSi sof. borodinosTAan gamarTuli brZolis Sem-
deg napoleoni mosaxleobisgan mitovebul moskovSi Sevida. Tumca uCveulod
civi zamTrisa da farTod gaSlili partizanuli brZolis pirobebSi mas male
Tavi pirveli

mouxda ruseTis datoveba. napoleonis ruseTis kampania marcxiT dasrulda.

imperatorma miatova Tavisi armia md. berezinasTan da parizs miaSura.
ruseTma da prusiam kidev erTi aliansi Sekres da 1813 wlis oqtomberSi
gadamwyveti dartyma miayenes napoleons laifcigTan gamarTul `xalxTa br-
ZolaSi~, romelSic erTmaneTs daupirispirda erTi mxriv, 450 aTasi frangi
da safrangeTis mokavSire germanuli saxelmwifoebis e.w. `rainis kavSiris~
jariskaci (`rainis kavSiris~ jari Semdeg mowinaaRmdegis mxareze gadavida) da
meore mxriv, 500 aTasiani ruseTis, prusiis, inglisis, SvedeTisa da avstriis
gaerTianebuli jari. `xalxTa brZolaSi~ napoleoni
damarcxda. mokavSireTa jarebi 1814 wlis martSi
parizSi Sevidnen. napoleoni aiZules gadamdgari-
yo da gadaasaxles kunZul elbaze. safrangeTSi
burbonebis mmarTveloba aRadgines. taxtze lui
XVI-is umcrosi Zma lui XVIII avida. magram pirve-
li restavracia xanmokle aRmoCnda. napoleoni
gamoiqca elbadan, SeZlo xelisuflebis dabru-
neba da misi asi dRiT SenarCuneba.
1815 wlis ivnisSi vaterloosTan napoleoni
damarcxda Tavis ukanasknel brZolaSi inglisisa
da prusiis gaerTianebuli jarebis winaaRmdeg. 22
ivniss napoleonma uari Tqva taxtze da inglise-
lebs Cabarda. amjerad is Soreul wminda elenes
kunZulze gadaasaxles. lui XVIII parizs, safran-
karikatura asaxavs napoleonis
geTi ki mmarTvelobis konstituciuri monarqiis marcxs `xalxTa brZolaSi~, (1813)
formas daubrunda. warwera kakalze: `laifcigi~
12
 wyaro 2

k. wminda
wminda elenes kunZulze
elene gadasaxlebuli napoleonis
Canawerebidan:

`vinc me omis gansakuTrebul

siyvarulSi damdebs brals,
mas momavali istoriuli
mwerloba ganumartavs, rom me
mudmivad Tavdasxmis msxverpli
viyavi.~

napoleonis gza wminda elenes

kunZulisaken. (1815)

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

venis kongresi
jer kidev napoleonis pirveli ga-
dadgomis Semdeg, parizis 1814 wlis 30
maisis xelSekrulebiT, gadawyda kon-
gresis mowveva venaSi napoleonis mier
Seqmnili imperiis teritoriebis gadasa-
nawileblad. kongresi noemberSi daiwyo,
grZeldeboda `asi dRis~ ganmavlobaSic
da dasrulda napoleonis meore gadadgo-
mamde cxra dRiT adre, 1815 wlis 9 ivniss.
venis kongresze Seikribnen safran-
geTTan omebSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwi-
foebis warmomadgenlebi – xelmwifeebi,
samefo ojaxebis wevrebi, diplomatebi.
kongress Tavmjdomareobda avstriis kan-
cleri grafi fon meternixi.
venis kongresi gaxda diplomatiuri
`brZolis veli~, sadac erTmaneTs dau-
leqsikoni
r restavracia – aRdgena
r nominaluri – aq: rasac an
visac mxolod saxeli hqvia
da ver asrulebs Tavis daniS-
nulebas.
r eqspansionizmi – axali te-
ritoriebis dapyrobisaken
miswrafeba
r poloneTis dayofa – po-
loneTi oTxjer daiyo: 1772,
1793, 1795 da 1815 wlebSi.
r pentarqia (laT.) – xuTis
mmarTveloba
r koncerti – aq: urTierT-

pirispirda napoleonTan omebSi yofili Tanxmoba

mokavSireebis interesebi. gamoikveTa da-
pirispirebul saxelmwifoTa ori jgufi: erTis mxriv, ruseTi da didi bri-
taneTi da, meore mxriv, avstria da prusia. amgvar viTarebaSi damarcxebuli
safrangeTi (mas warmoadgenda lui XVIII-is ministri taleirani. is gamocdili
diplomati iyo; Tavis droze emsaxureboda napoleons da imperiaSi yvelaze
maRali Tanamdebobebi ekava) cdilobda gamoeyenebina gamarjvebulTa winaaR-
mdegobebi da SeZlebisdagvarad Seemcirebina danakargebi.
ruseTi da prusia cdilobdnen teritoriul gafarToebas aRmosavleT evro-
pis nawilis (maT Soris poloneTis) SemoerTebiT. ruseTis mizani iyo agreTve
13
 osmaleTis imperiis daSla, raTa bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebiT mieRo
gasasvleli xmelTaSua zRvaze. es ki aq uZlieresi flotis saSualebiT gabato-
nebuli britaneTis interesebs Selaxavda. did britaneTs surda SeenarCunebina
sazRvao pirveloba da misi mizani iyo arsebuli mdgomareobis (status kvos)
SenarCuneba evropaSi, rac rusebis pretenziebis Sekavebis saSualebad esaxe-
boda. didi britaneTi aseve mxars uWerda prusiis gaZlierebas germaniaSi, rac
Sesabamisad winaRoba gaxdeboda ruseTis zegavlenis gazrdisaTvis evropaSi.
rusebi da britanelebi aseve konkurentebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi da cen-
tralur aziaSi ruseTis – kaspiis zRvisaken, xolo britaneTis – avRaneTisaken
winsvlis pirobebSi.
prusia da avstria erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen germanul miwebze pirvelobisT-
vis. avstrias awyobda danawevrebuli germaniis arseboba, romlis gaerTianebis
mosurnec iyo prusia sakuTari winamZRolobiT. avstria aseve upirispirdeboda
ruseTis interesebs balkaneTze (ruseTma Tavi osmaleTis imperiis slavuri
warmoSobis umciresobebis damcvelad gamoacxada) – aq is xedavda ruseTis ga-
farToebis safrTxes misi teritoriebis xarjze, romlebic osmaleTis imperias
emijneboda. avstriis am pozicias mxars uWerda didi britaneTi, radgan balka-
neTze poziciebis gamyarebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, ruseTi xmelTaSua
zRvis regions daemuqreboda.
taleiranma rTuli politikuri TamaSi wamoiwyo. 1815 wlis 3 ianvars man
Tavi pirveli

avstriisa da didi britaneTis warmomadgenlebTan saidumlo xelSekrulebas

evropa venis kongresis Semdeg

prusia 1=parma
fineTi
avstriis imperia 2=modena SvedeTi da
norvegia
safrangeTi 3=luka sankt­peterburgi

piemonti­sardinia 4=toskana

ruseTi 5=sanmarino

germ. saxelmwifoebi
dania moskovi
germanuli konfede­
raciis sazRvrebi
amsterdami
didi ruseTi
hamburgi
britaneTi prusia
londoni
niderlandi varSava

germanuli poloneTis
konfederacia samefo
parizi

safrangeTi vena

Sveicaria
avstriis imperia
savoia
lombardia
1 2
5
nica 3 4
portugalia

lisaboni korsika romi papis

madridi olqi os konstantinopoli
piemonti ma
neapoli l
sardinia eT
is
espaneTi ori im
pe
siciliis ri
a
samefo

14 0 200 400 km
moawera xeli, romelic prusiisa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. sabo-
lood, didi teritoriuli danakargis miuxedavad, damarcxebulma safrangeTma
miaRwia sakuTari sazRvrebis dakanonebas 1792 wlisaTvis arsebul farglebSi.
venis kongresze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis Sedegad, Seiqmna germanuli kon-
federacia (iarseba 1866 wlamde), romelic dayofili iyo 39 `saxelmwifod~
(1792 wlisaTvis 350 `saxelmwifo~ arsebobda). prusiis samefos teritoriuli
SenaZeni didi ar iyo. amjerad masSi Sedioda aRmosavleT prusia, saqsoniis Cr-
dilo nawili, rainlandisa da vestfaliis didi nawili. konfederacia prusiisa
da avstriis imperiis nawilebsac moicavda (Tumca, es teritorebi rCeboda am
saxelmwifoebis SemadgenlobaSi). konfederacia ukiduresad susti da realur
saxelmwifoebriv safuZvlebs moklebuli iyo. germanul saxelmwifoTa amgvari
susti gaerTianeba sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis, upirvelesad didi brita-
neTis, interesebSi Sedioda.
avstriam TiTqmis mTlianad daibruna napoleonTan omebis dros dakarguli
teritoriebi. belgiis dakargvis sanacvlod ki miiRo germanuli miwebisa da
italiis nawili (lombardia da venecia).

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

SvedeTma (axali Sveduri dinastia daafuZna napoleonis marSalma bernadot-
ma) SeierTa norvegia, adre daniis samflobelo, im pirobiT, rom norvegias
mieniWeboda farTo avtonomia.
poloneTi kidev erTxel, amjerad meoTxed gaiyo da yvelaze metad moge-
buli am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi darCa. centralurma poloneTma, romlis deda-
qalaqic varSava iyo, ruseTTan erTad Seqmna samefo, romelsac saTaveSi edga
vice-mefe – ruseTis imperatoris Zma konstantine. amasTan erTad, poloneTi
TviTmmarTvelobis farTo uflebebiT sargeblobda.
did britaneTs araferi mouTxovia evropaSi arc TavisTvis da arc Tavisi

wyaro 3

avstriis kancler meternixisa da germaniis misiis meTauris, karl fon harden-

bergis mier termin `mokavSire saxelmwifoebis~ gamoyenebis sapasuxod talei-
ranis 1814 wlis 30 seqtembris gancxadeba:

`mokavSireebi... da vis winaaRmdeg? es aRar aris napoleonis winaaRmdeg... is kunZul

elbazea. es aRar aris safrangeTis winaaRmdeg. mSvidoba ukve damyarebulia. es nam­
dvilad ar aris safrangeTis mefis winaaRmdeg. is am mSvidobis simtkicis garantia.
batonebo, visaubroT gulwrfelad. Tuki aq arian mokavSire saxelmwifoebi, maSin
Cemi adgili aq ar aris... amasTan, aq rom ar viyo, didad dagakldebodiT. batonebo, me
albaT erTaderTi var, vinc arafers iTxovs. safrangeTi sakmarisad mdidaria Tavisi
resursebiTa da teritoriiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da gonierebiT, provincie­
bis myari kavSiriTa da erTiani mmarTvelobiT... Tuki zogierTi privilegirebuli
saxelmwifo moindomebs kongresze sakuTari, erTpirovnuli diqtatis gatarebas,
maSin unda vTqva... me ver mivcem amgvar mokavSireobas raime uzenaes uflebamosile­
bas im sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, rac mTlianad kongresis kompetencias warmoadgens
da ver gaviziareb misgan wamosul SemoTavazebas~.

taleiranis memuarebi
15
 mokavSireebis – espaneTisa da portugaliisaTvis (am qveynebSi mefeebma dai-
brunes xelisufleba), magram man SeZlo niderlandis samefos Seqmna (masSi
Sevida Tanamedrove belgiaca da luqsemburgic), rac safrangeTis interesebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda. amasTan erTad, inglisma miiRo axali koloniebi da ganimt-
kica zRvebze batonoba.
sabolood, venis kongresis `gamarjvebulebad~ SeiZleba didi britaneTi da
avstria CaiTvalos. maT moaxerxes xuT did saxelmwifos Soris (didi britane-
Ti, safrangeTi, avstria, ruseTi, prusia) evropaSi napoleonis hegemoniamde
arsebuli `ZalTa wonasworobis~ aRdgena.
venis kongress gansakuTrebiT mniSvneloba hqonda im TvalsazrisiT, rom aq
Seiqmna e.w. evropis koncertis sistema (am saerTaSoriso sistemas kongresis
sistemis saxeliTac moixsenieben), rac imas niSnavs, rom evropis didi saxel-
mwifoebis politika pirvelad warimarTa urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.
imdroindeli msoflios xuTi wamyvani saxelmwifo (pentarqia) pirvelad iwyebs
SeTanxmebul moqmedebas. `koncertSi~ moqmedeba, upirveles yovlisa, gamovlin-
da napoleonis Semdgom evropaSi Zveli, venis kongresis gadawyvetilebebSi `le-
gitimurad~ wodebuli, monarqiebis restavraciaSi. amasTanave, SeTanxmebulad
moqmedi evropeli monarqebi ugulvebelyofdnen sakuTari da sxva evropeli
xalxebis miswrafebebs. es Seexeboda rogorc damoukideblobis mopovebis
survils (belgia, poloneTi, balkaneTis qristianebi), ise saxelmwifoebrivi
Tavi pirveli

gaerTianebis survils (italia, nawilobriv germania). amdenad, venis kongres-

ma 1848 wlis liberaluri revoluciebisTvis (romelic `xalxTa gazafxulis~
saxeliTacaa cnobili) moamzada niadagi.
evropis koncertiT Seiqmna saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali realoba, romlis
Tanaxmadac sazRvrebis Secvla ar SeiZleboda kongresis saboloo aqtis xel-
momweri saxelmwifoebis Tanxmobis gareSe.

wyaro 4

`mas Semdeg, rac habsburgebma warumatebloba ganicades centralur evropaSi hege­

moniis damyarebis mcdelobisas ocdaaTwliani omis dros, avstriam Tavi daaneba
mTeli germaniis damorCilebaze fiqrs. 1806 wels mxolod nominalurad arsebuli
saRvTo romis imperia gauqmda. magram avstria kvlavac miiCnevda sakuTar Tavs
pirvelad TanasworTa Soris da mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili arc erTi germanuli
saxelmwifosaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, prusiisaTvis, ar mieca avstriisaTvis isto­
riuli rolis warTmevis saSualeba.

urTierTobebi am or yvelaze did germanul saxelmwifos Soris da maTi urTierTo­

bebi sxvebTan umniSvnelovanesi iyo evropuli stabilurobisaTvis. marTlac, ger­
maniis Sina mowyoba evropas ayenebda dilemis winaSe: is Tu susti da danawevrebuli
iqneboda, maSin ubiZgebda Tavis mezoblebs, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTs, eqspansion­
izmisaken. imavdroulad ki misi gaerTianebis perspeqtiva aSinebda mis mezoblebs.

henri kisinjeri, diplomatia

16
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebis (1, 2) ganxilvisa da Sedarebis gziT daadgineT napoleonis dapyro-

bebis miznebi. ra winaaRmdegobas xedavT am wyaroebis Sejerebisas? SeEadareT
aseve paragrafis teqsts.
2. teqstisa da wyaro 3-is mixedviT SeafaseT taleiranis moqmedeba. ratom amax-
vilebs is gansakuTrebul yuradReEbas germaniisa da avstriis `mokavSireoba-
ze~? ra argumentebi mohyavs safrangeTis interesebis dasacavad? ramdenad
warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos taleiranis moqmedebis Sedegebi venis
kongresze safrangeTisTvis?
3. teqstisa da wyaro 4-is mixedviT imsjeleT germaniisa da avstriis dapirispi-
rebis mizezebze. ra uSlida xels germanuli miwebis erT saxelmwifoSi gaer-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

Tianebas? romeli saxelmwifo SeiZleboda yofiliyo germaniis gaerTianebis
sulisCamdgmeli?

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1807 – fridlandis brZola 1813-1814 – gamaTavisufle­

beli omi napoleonis
austerlicis – 1805 winaaRmdeg
brZola
1807 – portugaliis dapyro­
ba safrangeTis mier 1813-1814 – napoleonis ga­
trafalgaris – 1805 dasaxleba
brZola

1808 – espaneTis
1800 – marengos dapyroba safran­ 1814-1815 – venis
brZola geTis mier kongresi

1800 1805 1810 1815 1820

1815 – vaterloos
napoleonis – 1804 vagramis – 1809 brZola
`frangebis impe­ brZola
ratorad~ TviT­ 1813 – laifcigis
kurTxeva. brZola
holandiisa – 1810
da Crdilo­da­
savleT germaniis 1812 – `didi armiis~
samoqalaqo – 1804 aneqsia safrangeTis marcxi ruseTSi
kodeqsi mier
17
 3. industrializacia da socialuri sakiTxi.
cvlilebebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi

industriulma revoluciam (indus-

leqsikoni
trializaciis dawyebis simbolur Ta-
riRad 1760 welia miCneuli) inglisi sx- r pauperizacia – laT. pauper –
vebisaTvis misabaZ `msoflio saamqrod~ Raribi, gaRaribeba
aqcia. XIX saukunis II naxevridan industri-
alizaciis procesi kontinentur evro-
paSic iwyeba da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli intensivobiT viTardeba.
gansakuTrebiT germania dawinaurda, sadac industrializacias gza prusiam
gaukvala. erTiani germanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis droisaTvis (1871) germania
ukve ganviTarebuli industriuli qveyana iyo, XIX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleu-
lebSi ki msoflio bazarze inglisis mTavar konkurentad iqca.

socialuri sakiTxi
Tavi pirveli

industrializaciis Tanmxlebi procesi iyo urbanizacia anu qalaqebis zrda.

soflis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis – glexobis pauperizaciis Sedegad, ga-
Ratakebuli masa saarsebo saSualebis ZiebaSi industriul centrebs, qalaqebs
moawyda (XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi inglisSi glexoba, rogorc socialuri
fena, saerTod qreba; ufro sworad, rogorc Tanamedroveebi ambobdnen, `meo-
Txe wodebad~ – industriul muSaTa klasad gardaiqmneba). qalaqebis gareub-
nebSi Cndeba muSaTa dasaxlebebi ubadruki, pirquSi sacxovrebeli SenobebiT
(`SenTi Taunebi~ inglisSi, `bidonvilebi~ safrangeTSi da a.S.).
industrializaciis sawyis stadiaze ukiduresad mZime iyo muSebis rogorc
sacxovrebeli, ise Sromis pirobebi. samuSao dro ar iyo reglamentirebuli.
dRiuri samuSao vada 14 saaTs aRwevda. ar arsebobda socialuri dacvis raime
meqanizmi (pensiebi xandazmulTaTvis, Svebulebis anazRaureba, konpensaciebi
avadmyofobis, sawarmoo tramvebisa Tu sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi da sxv.).
am viTarebaSi muSebisaTvis erTaderTi gamosavali urTierTdaxmareba iyo.
isini erTiandebodnen profesiul kavSirebSi, qmnidnen urTierTdaxmarebis
salaroebs.
Tuki warmoebis meqanizaciis adreul etapze, rodesac manqanebma muSaxeli
sawarmodan gamodevna, usaxsrod darCenili muSebis protestis gamoxatvis Zi-
riTadi forma manqanebis msxvreva iyo, SemdgomSi muSaTa klasis socialuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis brZolis warmmarTvel Zalad profkavSirebi,
am brZolis mTavar iaraRad ki gaficva iqca. mas Semdeg, rac 1886 wels CikagoSi
muSebma sayovelTao gaficviT 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis dawesebas miaRwies, indus-
trializaciis procesSi myof sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gaficulTa erT-erT mTavar
moTxovnad samuSao drois Semcireba iqca.

18
 Tavdapirvelad xelisufleba muSaTa
saprotesto gamosvlebs represiebiT,
Semdeg ki, socialuri daZabulobis gan-
samuxtavad, socialuri kanonmdeblobiT
pasuxobda. am mxrivac pirveloba ingliss
ekuTvnis. aq XIX saukunis 30-40-ian wleb-
Si miiRes pirveli SromiTi sakanonmdeb-
lo aqtebi (`safabriko aqtebi~). aikrZa-
la fabrikebSi 9 wlamde bavSvebis Sromis
gamoyeneba; qalebisa da 13 wlamde asakis
bavSvebis Sromis gamoyeneba maRaroebSi;
dawesda 9-saaTiani, mogvianebiT 6-saaTiani
samuSao dRe 9-dan 13 wlamde asakis bavSve-
bambis nedleulis sawyobi axali
orleanis portSi
bisa da 12-saaTiani - qalebisaTvis; gatar-
da Sromis usafrTxoebis dacvis pirveli
RonisZiebebi.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

socialuri sakiTxis gadawyvetis gzebi.
socializmi. marqsizmi
pauperizaciiTa da industrializaciiT gamowveuli socialuri sakiTxis
mogvarebis gzebi mxolod droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoikveTa.
Tavdapirveli upovarTa daxmarebis saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebi aRar iyo
sakmarisi. saWiro iyo mewarmeebs, muSebsa da saxelmwifos Soris industriali-
zaciis procesSi Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis safuZvliani regulireba.

parizi – orleanis sarkinigzo monakveTis gaxsna. 1843

19
 problemis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva iniciativa momdinareobda eklesiis,
mewarmeTa, mecnierTa, xelosanTa da muSaTa mxridan, romlebic miznis misaRwe-
vad sazogadoebriv da politikur moZraobebs aYyalibebdnen. muSebis profe-
siul gaerTianebebTan erTad, iqmneboda muSaTa pirveli politikuri par-
tiebi. XIX saukunis II naxevridan muSaTa moZraobze evropaSi gavlena moaxdina
karl marqsisa (1818-83) da fridrix engelsis (1820-95) mier Seqmnilma axalma
politikurma ideologiam. evropis mTel rig qveynebSi (upirveles yovlisa,
germaniasa da safrangeTSi) muSaTa politikuri gaerTianebebi socialistur
partiebad gardaiqmna. Tumca, verc zogadad politikur praqtikaSi da verc
konkretulad, muSaTa socialisturi mimarTulebis partiebis saerTaSoriso
gaerTianebis e.w. I internacionalis (1864-76) doneze, marqsizmma fexi ver moi-
kida verc frangul da verc inglisur muSaTa moZraobebSi (tred-unionebSi).
marqsistuli ideologiis gavlena germaniis social-demokratiul partiazec
ki sakmaod zedapiruli iyo.
Tavi pirveli

msxvili germaneli mewarmis, krupis qarxanaSi damzadebuli zarbazani

parizis gamofenaze. 1867

20
wyaro 1
a

industriuli produqciis zrda 1780­1896 ww.

(gamoTvlilia mln girvanqa sterlingiT 1899)

1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1888 1896

didi britaneTi 177 230 290 387 577 820 876

safrangeTi 147 190 220 264 380 485 596
germania 50 60 85 150 310 583 690
avstria­ungreTi 30 50 80 142 200 253 328
ruseTi 10 15 20 40 155 363 380
aSS 15 25 55 96 392 1443 1980

saerTo erovnuli produqtis zrda erT sul mosaxleze (procentebSi)

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

1700­1820 ww. 1820­1913 ww. 1973­1990 ww.

didi britaneTi 0,3 1,1 1,8

belgia – 1,3 2,1
safrangeTi 0,2 1,0 1,9
germania _ 1,1 2,0
aSS _ 1,7 1,5
iaponia (1870 wlidan) _ 1,4 3,1
g

rkinis mrewveloba 1820­1910 ww. (mln. t.)

1820 1850 1870 1890

inglisi 0,4 2,3 6,0 8,3

germania _ 0,2 1,4 4,7
safrangeTi _ 0,4 1,2 2,0
ruseTi _ _ _ 0,5
aSS _ 0,6 1,7 9,4

rkinigzebi evropaSi (km)

1840 1850 1870 1890

germania 469 5856 18876 42869

safrangeTi 497 2915 15544 33280
didi britaneTi 2390 9797 21558 27827
avstria­ungreTi 144 1573 9589 26519
ruseTi 27 501 10731 30596

21
 wyaro 1

urbanizacia (mosaxleobis ricxvi aTasobiT)

1800 1850 1880 1910

londoni 959 2363 3830 4523

(gareubnebiT) (1117) (2685) (4770) (7256)
liverpuli 82 376 553 746
manCesteri 75 303 341 714
parizi 547 1053 2269 2888
vena 247 444 726 2030
berlini 172 419 1122 2071 (3730)

wyaro 2

industrializebuli manCesteri
Tavi pirveli

aleqsis de tokvilis inglisSi mogzaurobis Canawerebidan (1835):

grafi aleqsis de tokvili _ frangi konservatori publicisti, romelmac saxeli

gaiTqva safrangeTis revoluciisa da SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebis SesaniS­
navi istoriuli analiziT.

`borcvis mwvervalze... ocdaaTi Tu ormoci fabrikaa aRmarTuli... [es] industriis

centralizaciis mauwyebelia. maT [fabrikebis eqvssarTuliani Senobebis] garSemo...
muSebis sacxovrebelia... iq [Waobian adgilas] sruldeba viwro quCebi, maT gaswvriv
erTsarTuliani saxlebia, romelTa cudad Sekruli ficruli kedlebi da Camsxvreu­
li minebi mianiSnebs adamianis ukanasknel TavSesafarze siRatakesa da sikvdils So­
ris. am ubadruk dasaxlebaSi naxevradmiwuri sardafebis mTeli rigia. Tormetidan
TxuTmetamde adamiani iZulebulia gaiyos es nestiani da amazrzeni farTobi.

qalaqi sqeli Savi kvamliTaa moculi... romelSic mzis sxivebi ar aRwevs...

am myrali kloakis wiaRSi iRebs saTaves adamianis xeliT Seqmnili industriis didi
nakadi, aqedan anayofierebs is msoflios. am binZuri wyarodan moedineba wminda­
wylis oqro. es adamianis gonis srulyofilebisa da amave dros damcirebis gansax­
ierebaa. aq axdens civilizacia saswauls da civilizebuli adamiani TiTqmis velur
mdgomareobas ubrundeba.

22
wyaro 3

ingliseli Tanamedrove safeiqro industriis Sesaxeb (1835):

`100 cxenis Zalis mqone orTqlis manqanas, romelsac Sesabamisad, 880 kacis Zala
aqvs,... 50 aTasi sarTavi mohyavs moqmedebaSi... mTel am [warmoebas] 750 muSa emsaxu­
reba. am manqanebs SeuZliaT... imdeni Zafis darTva, ramdensac uwin 200 aTasi adami­
ani Tu SeZlebda. amdenad, erT kacs imdenis warmoeba SeuZlia, ramdenic adre 266­s…...
[1760] mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebiT 40 aTasi adamiani Tu irCenda Tavs, dRes 37­jer
meti Soulobs am saqmianobiT purs.~

bavSvebis Sroma

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

maRaroSi.
XIX saukunis pirveli
naxevari

wyaro 4

socialuri uzrunvelyofa germaneli mewarmis, Stumis (1836-1901) muSebisaTvis:

`Stumis muSebis BbavSvebi... skolaSi Ddadian... firma uzrunvelyofs samedicino da

sicocxlis dazRvevas, pensiebs invalidebisaTvis, qvrivebisa da oblebisaTvis. fir­
mas aqvs Tavisi saavadmyofoebi, moxucebulTa da obolTa TavSesafrebi...

sawarmoebis kuTvnili muSaTa sacxovreblebis binis qira dabalia... aqvs biblioTeka

muSebisaTvis... sasadilo iafi sakvebiT. SabaTobiT iq samxedro koncerti imarTeba.
vinc 900 markas dazogavs, mas sawarmosagan 2400 markis miReba SeuZlia sakuTari
sacxovreblis mSeneblobisaTvis. fasebis zrdis periodSi sawarmo muSebs xelfasze
10%­ian danamats aZlevs.

wyaro 5

pap leo XIII-is (1878-1903) kaTolokuri socialuri moZRvreba. nawyveti misi

`socialuri enciklikidan~ (1891):

`...upirveles yovlisa, sarwmunoebas, romlis damcvelic eklesiaa, SeuZlia Searigos

mqoneni da arasmqoneni, Tuki orive mxares maT urTierTvaldebulebebs ganumar­
tavs...

daqiravebulma muSebma sakuTari interesebis dasacavad... ar unda mimarTon Zala­

dobas... damqiraveblebi ar unda moeqcnen muSebs, rogorc ymebs, pativi unda scen maT
adamianur Rirsebas... radgan Sroma sircxvili ki ara, pativia adamianisaTvis... dam­
qiraveblis umniSvnelovanesi movaleoba Sromis samarTliani anazRaurebaa.~

23
 wyaro 6

karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis `komunisturi partiis manifestidan~ (1847):

`aqamde arsebuli sazogadoebis istoria klasobrivi brZolis istoriaa. sazoga­

doeba dayofilia or mtrul banakad... or urTierTdapirispirebul klasad: bur­
Juaziad da proletariatad...

burJuaziam moaxdina warmoebis saSualebebis centralizacia da sakuTrebis

erTeulebis xelSi koncentracia... muSebi, romlebic iZulebulni arian gayidon
[sakuTari samuSao Zala], saqonelia, ... muSa manqanis ubralo danamatad iqca...,
muSebi burJuaziis klasis ymebi arian... wvrili burJuazia... wvrili mewarmeebi,
vaWrebi... , xelosnebi da glexebi ... proletariatad iqcnen... burJuaziis klasis
arsebobisa da batonobis pirobaa simdidris dagroveba kerZo pirebis xelSi,
kapitalis Seqmna da zrda. kapitalis arsebobis pirobaa daqiravebuli Sroma.
industriis ganviTareba ... muSebis [dasaqmebisaTvis] konkurenciiT gamowveul
izolacias maTi revoluciuri gaerTianebiT cvlis. burJuaziis dacema da prole­
tariatis gamarjveba gardauvalia.~

b
Tavi pirveli

`muSaTa revoluciis pirveli nabiji proletariatis gabatonebul klasad

qcevaa... proletariati Tavis politikur batonobas gamoiyenebs burJuaziisa­
Tvis... mTeli kapitalis CamosarTmevad, sawarmoo saSualebebis saxelmwifos
xelSi centralizaciisaTvis [proletariatis diqtatura]... klasobrivi winaaRm­
degobiT aRsavse burJuaziuli sazogadoebis nacvlad... Cndeba asociacia [gaer­
Tianeba], romelSic [uzrunvelyofilia] individis Tavisufali ganviTareba [uk­
laso komunisturi sazogadoeba]. komunistebi yvelgan da yovelTvis mxars uWeren
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
revoluciis moZraobas. yvela am moZraobis mTavari sakiTxi sakuTrebis sakiTxia...
[komunistebi] Riad acxadeben, rom maTi mizani miRweuli iqneba mxolod arsebu­
li sazogadoebrivi wyobis ZaliT damxobis gziT...~

`komunistebi yvela qveynis muSaTa partiebis umniSvnelovanesi wamyvani Zalaa.

komunistebis mizania... proletariatis klasad qceva, burJuaziis batonobis
damxoba, proletariatis mier politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi aReba...

proletariats araferi aqvs dasakargi, sakuTari borkilebis garda... proletar­

iats ara aqvs samSoblo... proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!~

24
wyaro 7

`sruliad germaniis muSaTa kavSiris~ wesdebidan (1863):

`... im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom mxolod sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pir­

dapiri arCevnebis wesiT SeiZleba germanel muSaTa socialuri interesebis
damakmayofileblad gatareba da sazogadoebaSi socialuri winaaRmdegobebis
WeSmaritad daZleva, kavSiri miznad isaxavs mSvidobiani, legaluri gziT, sazoga­
doebis darwmunebas sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno wesis saWiroe­
baSi~.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT, 1a, 1b, 1g, 1d, 1e statistikuri monacemebis

SejerebiT gansazRvreT industrializaciiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da
socialuri (cxovrebis done, socialuri struqtura) cvlilebebi.

2. SeadareT wyaroebi (2, 3) wyaro 1-Si mocemul statistikur monacemebs.

gamokveTeT industrializaciis Tanmxlebi ZiriTadi socialuri
problemebi. imsjeleT TiToeul maTganze.

3. wyaroebze (4, 5, 6) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT socialuri sakiTxis gadaWris sxvadasxva

gzaze.

4. wyaroebze (6a, 6b, 6g) dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT marqsizmis ZiriTadi

principebi. `komunisturi partiis manifestis~ mixedviT gansazRvreT ra
aris burJuazia. ra aris proletariati? rogoraa warmodgenili muSaTa
mdgomareoba? rogoraa dayofili sazogadoeba? ra rols TamaSobs
am dayofaSi sakuTreba? ra gziT unda miaRwion komunistebma mizans?
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ra stadiebis monacvleobazea saubari? ra
aris bolo stadia? aris Tu ara es monacvleoba winaswargansazRvruli?

5. SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaro 6 (6a, 6b, 6g) da 7, aseve teqstis Sesabamisi

monakveTi da gansazRvreT ra gavlena moaxdina marqsizmma germaniis muSaTa
moZraobaze. ra principuli sxvaobaa socialuri sakiTxis gadaWris marqsis
mier dadgenil da `sruliad germaniis muSaTa kavSiris~ mier arCeul gzebs
Soris?

25
 4. revoluciebis xana evropaSi. monarqiis
restavracia da 1830 wlis revolucia
safrangeTSi
burbonebis restavracia
safrangeTSi
venis kongresze miRweuli SeTanxmebis
Sesabamisad, safrangeTSi aRdga `legiti-
muri~ samefo sagvareulos – burbonebis
mmarTveloba, magram amjerad konstitu-
ciuri monarqiis (konstituciiT SezRu-
duli monarqiis) saxiT. mefe lui XVIII-m
(1814-24) gamosca britanuli (saxelovani
revoluciisa da restavraciis) nimuSis
mixedviT Sedgenili konstitucia, e.w.
`qartia~, romelic ZalaSi 1848 wlamde rCe-
boda. `qartia~ iTvaliswinebda Zalaufle-
bis danawilebasa da warmomadgenlobiTi
Tavi pirveli
organos `orpalatian sistemas~. parla-
mentis zeda palata Sedgeboda mefis mier
daniSnuli aristokratiisgan, qveda pala-
ta (warmomadgenlobiTi palata) ki arCevi-
Ti iyo. amasTanave, saarCevno xmis ufleba
maRali qonebrivi cenziT izRudeboda. am
cenzis Sesabamisad, 28 milioniani qveynis
moqalaqeTagan xmis ufleba mxolod asi
aTas mdidar moqalaqes eniWeboda. amde-
nad, safrangeTis mosaxleobis udidesi
nawili moklebuli iyo sakanonmdeblo da
sxva sazogadoebriv-politikur proce-
sebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas. aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba (ministrebi)
mxolod mefis winaSe iyvnen angariSvalde-
bulni, mxolod maT hqondaT kanonproqe-
tebis SemuSavebisa da parlamentis winaSe
maTi wardgenis ufleba.
amave dros, `qartiaSi~ nawilobriv Se-
narCunda revoluciis monapovari da na-
poleonis `samoqalaqo kodeqsiT~ gaTva-
liswinebuli sazogadoebrivi cvlilebe-
bi: axali konstituciiT garantirebuli
iyo kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, yve-
26
leqsikoni
r lui adolf tieri (1797-
1877) – cnobili istorikosi,
politikosi da sazogado
moRvawe. frang istorikosTa
e.w. `20-iani wlebis pleadis~
TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli.
iseve, rogorc am Taobis is-
torikosTa sxva saxelovani
warmomadgenlebi (mag., fran-
sua gizo (1787-1874) – kons-
tituciuri monarqiis ingli-
suri modelis momxre, resta-
vraciis periodis mTavrobis
wevri. 1830 wlis revoluciis
Semdeg Sinagan saqmeTa da ga-
naTlebis ministri, 1840 wels
safrangeTis elCi londonSi,
1840-47 wlebSi ki safrange-
Tis sagareo saqmeTa minis-
tri da premier-ministri)
uSualod iyo CarTuli sa-
zogadoebriv da politikur
cxovrebaSi. tieri iyo libe-
raluri ideebis qomagi, kons-
tituciuri monarqiis ingli-
suri modelis momxre, adamia-
nis uflebaTa da pirovnebis
Tavisuflebis damcveli.
tiers ivlisis `burJuaziuli
monarqiis~ dros ekava maRali
Tanamdebobebi, iyo sagareo
saqmeTa ministri, orjer
(1836 da 1840) – mTavrobis me-
Tauri. 1848 wlis revoluciis
Semdeg gamodioda `demago-
gebis~ anu `memarcxeneebis~
winaaRmdeg da maT ideebs `mo-
ralur da socialur wesrigs~
upirispirebda.
las Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, pirovnebis Tavisufleba, rwmenis Tavisufle-
ba. magram burbonebis restavraciis sawyis etapze revoluciisa da napoleon
I-is momxreebi mainc idevnebodnen. daapatimres 70 aTasi adamiani, napoleonis
zogierTi generali daxvrites. 1820 wels kidev ufro gamkacrda saarCevno cen-
zi msxvili miwaTmflobeli Tavadaznaurobis sasargeblod. miuxedavad amisa,
1828 wlisTvis qveda palatis umravlesobas liberalebi Seadgendnen.
lui XVIII-s gardacvalebis Semdeg safrangeTis taxti misma Zmam, Sarl X-m
(1824-30) daikava. misi gamefebiT monarqiis restavraciis procesi ukiduresad
konservatuli mimarTulebiT warimarTa. Sarl X parizSi dabrunebis Semdeg
(1814) xelmZRvanelobda nacionalur gvardias. misi Zmis, lui XVIII-is mefobis
periodSi is e.w. `ultraTa~ (ukiduresi konservatorebis) partiis wamyvani
figura gaxda. `ultraTa~ kritikis mTavari samizne `qartia~ iyo. axali kons-
titucia maT zedmetad liberalurad eCvenebodaT. Sarl X taxtze avida im
ganzraxviT, rom ganexorcielebina Zveli reJimis `WeSmariti~ restavracia.
Sarl X-m, upirveles yovlisa, sagangebo kanoniT (e.w. `miliardi emigrantis~
kanoni, 1825) kompensaciis saxiT, erTi miliardi franki gaiRo emigraciidan

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

dabrunebuli aristokratiisTvis revoluciis dros CamorTmeuli qonebis
asanazRaureblad. man aRadgina, agreTve, eklesiis gavlena sazogadoebriv
sferoSi, magaliTad, iseT saero dawesebulebebze, rogoricaa universiteti
da skola. Sarl X-is mmarTvelobis perioDdSi parizis universiteti – arqie-
piskoposs, skolebi ki adgilobriv episkoposebs daeqvemdebara. saeklesio
simbolikis xelyofisaTvis sikvdiliT dasja dawesda.

1830 wlis ivlisis revolucia da `ivlisis monarqia~.

Sarl X-is ultrakonservatulma saSinao politikam revoluciuri libera-
luri faseulobebis erTguli sazogadoebrivi jfufebis protesti gamoiwvia.
1830 wlis martSi safrangeTis warmomadgenelTa palatam konservatuli mTav-
robis gadadgoma moiTxova. sapasuxod mefem daiTxova parlamentis qveda pala-
ta da axali arCevnebi gamoacxada. magram xelaxali arCevnebis Sedegad. abso-
luturi umravlesoba isev mTavrobis politikis mowinaaRmdegeebma moipoves.
amjerad mefem 1830 wlis 26 ivliss 4 brZanebuleba gamosca, romelTa ZaliTac
gauqmda presis Tavisufleba, kvlav daiSala qveda palata, ganisazRvra axali
arCevnebis TariRi da Seicvla saarCevno kanoni ise, rom amomrCevelTa isedac
SezRuduli raodenoba sami meoTxediT Semcirda.
mefis am oTx brZanebulebas mohyva sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis sapro-
testo gamosvla (muSebis, studentebisa da sxva), romlebic parizis quCebSi
barikadebis aRmarTviT gagrZelda, 28 ivliss ki quCis brZolebSi gadaizarda.
barikadebze afrialda akrZaluli samferovani revoluciuri droSa. revo-
luciis CasaxSobad gamoyvanili jari nawilobriv revolucionerTa mxareze
gadavida.
sami dRis Semdeg mefe iZulebuli gaxda ukan gaewvia Tavisi oTxi brZane-
buleba. warmomadgenelTa palatam ki safrangeTis mefis taxti sxva burbons,
orleanis hercog lui filips SesTavaza. Sarl X SotlandiaSi gaiqca.
gamarjvebulma liberalebma lui-filipis taxtze asvlamde Secvales kons-

27
 titucia. mefis tituli – `RvTis kurTxeviT safrangeTis mefe~ – Seicvala wo-
debiT `frangebis mefe~. samferovani revoluciuri droSa kvlav safrangeTis
saxelmwifo droSa gaxda. axali konstituciiT mTavroba mefis ki ara, parlamen-
tis winaSe unda yofiliyo angariSvaldebuli. taxtze asvlamde lui-filipma
(1830-1848) fici dado axal konstituciaze. amdenad, ivlisis monarqias safran-
geTSi `burJuaziul monarqias~, xolo lui-filips `mefe-burJuas~ uwodeben.
1831 wels Seicvala saarCevno kanoni. am cvlilebiT amomrCevelTa raodenoba
daaxloebiT 200 aTas kacamde gaizarda, ZiriTadad mdidari burJuaziis (banki-
rebis, msxvili miwaTmflobelebis, msxvili vaWrebisa da msxvili mewarmeebis)
xarjze. sul male msxvilma burJuaziam gamodevna aristokratia sazogadoebis
mmarTveli elitis poziciidan. magram ivlisis revoluciam ver Secvala viTa-
reba safrangeTis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masis sasargeblod. ar gaumjobesebu-
la glexebis, wvrili burJuaziisa da muSebis politikuri da sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareoba.
1831 wels safrangeTis qalaq lionSi saprotesto gamosvlebi moawyves abre-
Sumis qarxnis muSebma. protestis mizezi maTi isedac dabali xelfasis Sem-
cireba iyo, romlis mosapovebladac maT dRe-RameSi 18 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
uxdebodaT muSaoba. lionis muSaTa gamosvla xelisuflebam armiis Zalis ga-
moyenebiT CaaxSo.
1834 wels lionSi kvlav daiwyo muSebis gamosvlebi. amjerad maTi mxardam-
Tavi pirveli

Weri aqciebis talRam safrangeTis dedaqalaqi da sxva didi qalaqebi moicva.

TandaTanobBiT mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebi gamodiodnen saarCevno
sistemis radikaluri cvlilebis moTxovniT. maTTvis samagaliTo figurad
napoleon I iqca. frangebis did nawils napoleoni revoluciis saukeTeso me-
mkvidreobis – samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis damcvelad da damam-
kvidreblad esaxeboda. garda amisa, frangebis umravlesobisTvis swored na-
poleoni iyo is `didi kaci~, vinc safrangeTs evropaSi pirveloba moupova.
safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi `bonapartistuli~ ganwyobebis gaZlierebis
sapasuxod da xalxis gulis mosagebad, lui-filipma wminda elenes kunZulidan
napoleonis neStis gadmosveneba brZana. 1840 wels imperatoris kubo parizSi,
invalidebis taZarSi daasvenes. bonapar-
tistuli ganwyobilebis zrdiT isargebla
napoleon I-is ZmisSvilma lui-napoleon bo-
napartma da orjer scada saxelmwifo ga-
datrialebis gziT Zalauflebis mopoveba
(1836 da 1840 wlebSi). orive mcdeloba waru-
matebeli aRmoCnda. Tavad lui-napoleon
bonaparts ki samudamo patimroba miesaja.
es ganaCeni ver aRsrulda, radgan lui-na-
poleonma inglisSi gaqceva moaxerxa.

napoleonis neStis gadmosveneba wminda

elenes kunZulidan 1840w

28
wyaro 1

`saxelovani kvira~ (frangebi revoluciis dReebs 26-dan 31 ivlisis CaTvliT

`saxelovan kviras~ uwodeben, zogjer ki _ `saxelovan sam dRes~, uSualod amboxis
dReebs gamoarCeven).

nawyveti XIX saukunis istorikosis oskar iegeris wignidan `uaxlesi istoria~:

`...SuadRisas qalaqSi (parizSi) gavrcelda Tavzardamcemi cnoba – bazarze daeca

fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebuleba; ikribeboda brbo, aRelvebul adamianTa jgufebi;
Jurnalistebi, romelTa arsebobasac safrTxe daemuqra (Sarl X­is erT­erTi gankar­
gulebis gamo, romelic perioduli presis Tavisuflebas krZalavda: Jurnalis gamo­
cemisTvis aucilebeli iyo mefis sagangebo nebarTva, romelic sam TveSi erTxel ga­
naxlebas saWiroebda, am moTxovnaTa SeusruleblobisTvis gamocemul egzemplarebs
apatimrebdnen, gamosacems – luqavdnen), xels awerdnen saprotesto gancxadebebs,
Sedgenils maTgan yvelaze niWieris – adolf tieris mier...

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

RamiT mRelvareba gaZlierda, mxolod axla gaacnobieres mTeli sicxadiT Sarl
X­is dadgenilebaTa antikonstituciuri Zala. diliT waikiTxes JuranalistTa
saprotesto gancxadeba: `kanonieri mmarTveloba dasrulda, daiwyo Zaladoba, Seqm­
nil viTarebaSi kanonis morCileba aRaraa moqalaqeTa valdebuleba.~ Jurnalisteb­
ma gadawyvites magaliTi miecaT sxvebisTvis im xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis
gawevisa, romelmac TviTon Caiyena Tavi kanongareSe mdgomareobaSi... am dRes gazeT
`tanis~ Senobis win, sadac uamravi xalxi iyo Sekrebili, Setakebebi moxda, daiRvara
pirveli sisxli. mTavroba movlenaTa ganviTarebas eloda, mRelvarebaTa ganaxle­
bis SemTxvevaSi saalyo mdgomareobis gamocxadebas apirebda. oTxSabaTs dilidan
saqme garTulda. quCebSi gamosuli xalxis raodenobam sagrZnoblad imata, gamoC­
ndnen 1827 wlis aprilSi ganadgurebuli nacionaluri gvardiis mundirSi Cacmuli
adamianebi. 11 saaTze otel de vilis (parizis ratuSis) Tavze samferovani droSa
afrialda, rac imas niSnavda, rom Senoba xalxis xelSi gadavida... Semdegi dRe,
xuTSabaTi, 29 ivlisi, gadamwyveti iyo... jari, romlis moTxovnilebebzec mTavroba
naklebad zrunavda... xelisuflebisTvis ar iyo sando. xalxi luvrSi SeiWra... xalxs
ar hyavda lideri, procesebs verc mTavroba marTavda... umarTavi procesebis Sesa­
Cereblad liberalebma popularuli generlis, 1789 wlis moRvawis lafaietis saxe­
lis gamoyeneba gadawyvites. liberaluri burJuaziis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic
arCevnebis Sedegad dawinaurdnen, unda emoqmedaT... isini ganTavsdnen ratuSaSi, maT
win mouZRodaT moxucebuli generali lafaieti, Tan samferovani lentebic gamoayo­
les xels... moxuci lafaieti, romelsac TviTonac maincadamainc kargad ar esmoda,
ra undoda, Zlivs akavebda brbos liberaluri sityvebiT...~

29
 klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro. gamoyaviT adgilebi, romlebic Seicavs: 1) Sarl X-is reJi-

mis daxasiaTebas; 2) liberalebis daxasiaTebas. teqstsa da wyaroze dayrd-
nobiT imsjeleT 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciis mizezebsa da politikur
xasiaTze.
Tavi pirveli

1830 wlis ivlisis revolucia parizSi. barikadebi

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT SeadareT erTmaneTs lui XVIII-is, Sarl X-isa

da lui-filip orleanelis mmarTvelobis sistemebi. gamoyaviT ZiriTadi
ganmasxvavebeli principebi. SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad gamotanili
daskvnebi CamoayalibeT werilobiT.

ZiriTadi TariRebi
1830, 26 ivlisi – Sarl X­is
brZanebulebebi

1814-1824 – lui XVIII­is 1831, 1834 – lionis mu­

mefoba Sebis gamosvlebi

1810 1820 1830 1840 1850

1830-1848 – `ivlisis monarqia~ safrangeTSi

1824-1830 – Sarl
X­is mefoba
30
5. 1848-49 wlebis revoluciebi evropaSi

1848 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi

1848 wlisaTvis safrangeTSi damZimda mosaxleobis didi nawilis mdgomare-
oba. 1846 wlis mousavlianobas sursaTze fasebis zrda mohyva. saerTaSoriso
finansurma krizisma ki gavlena moaxdina umuSevrobis zrdaze. 1847 wels pari-
zel muSaTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi SimSilobda. `meoTxe wodebis~ (wvrili
burJuazia da mUuSebi) nawili moiTxovda umuSevarTa dasaqmebas saxelmwifo
sawarmoebSi, e.w. `nacionalur sawarmoebSi~ da kerZo sawarmoTa saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi gadacemas – maT nacionalizacias. es moTxovnebi efuZneboda
frangi socialistis, lui blanis (1811-82) programas, romelic saxelmwifosgan
moiTxovda muSebis dacvas kapitalistebis TviTnebobisagan.
1848 wlis 22 Tebervals mTavrobam akrZala demonstraciis Catareba, ro-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

melsac saarCevno kanonmdeblobis reforma unda moeTxova. erTi dRis Semdeg
parizelebma isev aTasobiT barikada aRmarTes quCebSi. mefis mier gamosvlebis
aRsakveTad gagzavnili nacionaluri gvardia ajanyebulTa mxareze gadavida.
sami dRis Semdeg lui-filipi inglisSi gaiqca.
1848 wlis 24 Tebervals safrangeTi respublikad gamocxadda (meore respu-
blika, 1848-52). axal, droebiT mTavrobaSi Sromis ministris Tanamdebobaze
lui blani dainiSna. droebiTma mTavrobam gamoacxada `Sromis sayovelTao
ufleba~ da Seqmna nacionaluri sawarmoebi. umuSevrebi, garkveuli anazRau-
rebis sanacvlod, miwis samuSaoebiT daasaqmes. ganisazRvra agreTve dausaq-
mebelTa daxmareba minimum erTi frankis odenobiT dReSi. am ukanaskneli ga-
dawyvetilebis gamo aTasobiT umuSevari qveynis sxva regionebidan parizs
moawyda. socialuri sakiTxebis mogvarebis garda, meore respublikis kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani monapovari iyo sayovelTao da Tanaswori xmis uflebis

1848 wlis revolucia parizSi

31
 miniWeba mamakacebisaTvis. aprilSi am axali saarCevno wesis safuZvelze gai-
marTa konstituciuri nacionaluri krebis arCevnebi. amjerad arCevnebSi cxra
milioni amomrCeveli iRebda monawileobas (manamde 0,2 milioni). miuxedavad
amisa, xmebis umravlesoba isev burJuaziam moipova. maTi mxridan gamZafrda
saxelmwifo sawarmoebis kritika, am ukanasknelTa ararentabelurobis (aramom-
gebianobis) gamo. roca nacionalurma krebam saxelmwifo sawarmoebi daxura, 23
ivniss parizeli muSebi isev quCaSi gamovidnen, amjerad SeiaraRebulebi (iaraRi
maT cota xniT adre, rogorc nacionalur gvardielebs, daurigdaT). naciona-
lurma krebam parizeli muSebis es ajanyeba, romelic evropaSi muSaTa pirvel
revoluciadaa Sefasebuli, samxedro ZaliT CaaxSo. jars samxedro ministri,
generali kaveniaki xelmZRvanelobda. brZolebSi 12 aTasi adamiani daiRupa.
1848 wlis dekemberSi Catarda safrangeTis respublikis prezidentis arCev-
nebi axali konstituciis safuZvelze. sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis (mxo-
lod mamakacebisTvis) pirobebSi, xmaTa 75%-iT respublikis prezidentad am
droisaTvis samSobloSi dabrunebuli lui-napoleoni airCies. lui-napoleoni
burJuazias wesrigsa da daculobas Sehpirda, wvril burJuaziasa da muSebs ki
siRaribisa da socialuri uTanasworobis daZlevas.

wyaro 1
Tavi pirveli

nawyveti meternixis mier ruseTis mefis, aleqsandre I-isTvis gagzavnili memo-

randumidan:

`[napoleonis mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli] areulobis Sedegad revoluciuri

suliskveTeba advilad Seimosa mamulis WeSmariti siyvarulis mantiiT. kerZod
ki germaniaSi, italiaSi, mogvianebiT espaneTSi... napoleonis qmedebebi, saziano
safrangeTisa da evropisTvis, da maTi Zlieri gavlena msoflioze... restavraciis
saqmes sruli ganadgurebiT emuqreba. safrTxe eqmneba agreTve mTavari monarqebis
kavSirs, romelsac analogi ar moeZebneba istoriaSi. es gavlena iZleva, agreTve,
SiSis safuZvels, rom sazogadoeba warmoudgeneli katastrofis winaSe aRmoCndeba.

es moraluri kibos avadmyofoba gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebis saSualo klasebsaa

modebuli da mxolod maT wreSi moiZebnebian WeSmariti partiuli liderebi. xal­
xis masa ki araa am seniT Sepyrobili. safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, iseve rogorc italia­
sa da espaneTSi, xalxs mSvidobisa da simSvidis garda, araferi unda. am oTx qveyanaSi
avadmyofobis gamavrcelebel klass miekuTvnebian saqmosnebi, moxeleebi, mwerlebi,
advokatebi, maswavleblebi. saSualo klasi presas daepatrona, marTavs mas, borotad
iyenebs mas uRmerTobis, religiisa da saxelmwifos kanonebisadmi daumorCileblo­
bis saqadageblad~.

revoluciuri movlenebi germaniasa da avstriis imperiaSi

ekonomikur krizissa da SezRudul saarCevno uflebasTan dakavSirebuli
politikuri dapirispireba ivlisis monarqiis damxobis mizezi gaxda. 1848 wels
safrangeTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma imoqmeda politikur procesebze
evropis sxva qveynebSic. kontinenturi evropis monarqiul saxelmwifoebs
revoluciebis talRam gadauara.
32
 1848 wlis TebervalSi samxreT germaniaSi liberalurad ganwyobilma demons-
trantebma moiTxoves presis Tavisufleba da demokratiuli uflebebi, nafic
msajulTa sasamarTlos Camoyalibeba, sasamarTlo procesebis sajarooba,
aseve erTiani germanuli parlamentis Seqmna.
1848 wlis martis barikaduli brZolebis Semdeg avstriasa da prusiaSic ki
dainiSnen liberali ministrebi da orive qveynis xelisufalni konstituciu-
ri krebis mowvevas dasTanxmdnen. venaSi revolucia 1848 wlis 13 marts, Zveli
monarqiuli reJimis saxed qceuli meternixis gadadgomiT daiwyo. berlinSi
barikadebze liberali revolucionerebis samferovani droSa afrialda (ger-
manuli droSa: Savi-wiTeli-yviTeli ferebiT, Tanamedrove germaniis federa-
ciuli respublikis saxelmwifo droSa).
Cexebma, italielebma da ungrelebma erovnuli Tanasworuflebianoba, aseve
damoukidebloba moiTxoves, riTac safrTxe Seuqmnes avstriis mravalerovani
imperiis arsebobas. industriul regionebSi ki (mag., qalaq kiolnSi) muSebi
gamodiodnen socialuri moTxovnebiT. isini iTxovdnen muSebis dacvas mewar-
meTa TviTnebobisgan, eqspluataciisgan, Sromis uflebas, warmoebis naciona-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

lizacias.
germanul saxelmwifoebsa da avstriaSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Semdeg,
1848 wlis maisSi muSaobas Seudga konstituciuri nacionaluri kreba mainis
frankfurtSi, revoluciuri samferovani droSebiT sazeimod morTul paul-
skirxeSi (mociqul pavles saxelobis eklesiaSi), prusiis nacionaluri kreba
berlinSi da sakonstitucio raixstagi venaSi. frankfurtis nacionaluri (ero-
vnuli) krebis (e.w. `frankfurtis parlamentis~) deputatebad airCies ganaT-
lebuli adamianebi - advokatebi, profesorebi, sajaro moxeleebi, burJuaziis
warmomadgenlebi. frankfurtSi droebiTi germanuli centraluri mTavrobac
ki Seiqmna, magram mas ar hqonda Zalauflebis aRsrulebis uflebamosileba
da is ar ucvniaT sxva saxelmwifoebs. prusiis
nacionalurma krebam da venaSi moqmedma raixs-
tagma ki miiRes metad mniSvnelovani gadawyve-
tilebebi glexobis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
1848 wlis dekemberSi frankfurtis nacio-
nalurma krebam Camoayaliba `germaneli xa-
lxis ZiriTadi uflebebi~, 1849 wlis martSi
ki daasrula konstituciis teqstze muSaoba.
es dokumenti iTvaliswinebda gaerTianebul
germanul saxelmwifoTa Seqmnas avstriis ga-
reSe (e.w. germaniis gaerTianebis `mciregerma-
nuli~ gegmis Sesabamisad. frankfurtis kre-
baze ganixileboda germanuli saxelmwifoebis
gaerTianebis `didgermanuli~ gegmac, romlis
mixedviTac gaerTianebul germanul saxelmwi-
foSi avstriac unda Sesuliyo). konstituciis
Tanaxmad, mTavroba angariSvaldebuli unda yo- `erTiani germania samferovani
filiyo parlamentis winaSe. amas garda, unda revoluciuri droSiT~. 1848
gauqmebuliyo SemorCenili feodaluri privi- wlis germanuli plakati

33
 legiebi yovelgvari kompensaciis gareSe.
yoveli moqalaqe piradad Tavisufali da
kanonis winaSe Tanaswori unda yofili-
yo, uqmdeboda wodebrivi uTanasworoba.
`frankfurtis parlamentis~ mier SemuSa-
vebuli konstituciis principebi warma-
tebiT gamoiyenes I msoflio omis Semdeg
warmoqmnili respublikuri germaniis (`vai-
maris respublikis~) konstituciaSi, xolo
II msoflio omis Semdeg – germaniis federa-
ciuli respublikis konstituciaSi. amave
dros frankfurtis nacionalur krebas ar
ganuxilavs muSebisa da xelosnebis socia-
luri moTxovnebi.
frankfurtis krebam gaerTianebuli
germanuli saxelmwifos meTaurad pru-
siis mefe fridrix vilhelm IV airCia. ma-
gram am ukanasknelma ar miiRo germaniis
imperatoris gvirgvini revolucionerTa
xelidan. piriqiT, man ZaliT daSala pru-
Tavi pirveli
siis nacionaluri kreba da gamoiwvia pru-
siis deputatebi frankfurtidanac. 1849
wlis seqtemberSi jaris daxmarebiT ga-
rekes frankfurtis nacionaluri krebis
danarCeni wevrebic. nacionaluri krebis
nacvlad aRadgines Zveli bundestagi, ro-
melmac gaauqma frankfurtis krebis mier
miRebuli kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
ZiriTadi uflebebi.
rogorc berlinSi, ise venaSi, revolu-
ciebi samxedro ZaliT CaaxSes (1849 wlis
Semodgomaze). aseve gauswordnen Cex da
italiel ajanyebulebsac. 1849 wlis agvis-
toSi, rusuli armiis daxmarebiT, daamar-
cxes revolucia ungreTASic. ajanyebulTa
meTaurebi sikvdiliT dasajes. amrigad,
habsburgebma ZalmomreobiT kidev er-
Txel moaxerxes imperiis xsna sxvadasxva
erovnul saxelmwifoebad daSlis safr-
Txisgan da kvlav ganimtkices batonoba
italiaze.
1848-49 wlebis revoluciebma, waruma-
teblobis miuxedavad, biZgi misca evropis
monarqiuli reJimebis liberalizaciisa
da parlamentarizaciis process.
34
wyaro 2
liberalizmis ZiriTadi
politikuri debulebebi:
(ganmarteba 1834 wels
gamocemuli enciklopediuri
leqsikonidan)
`dReisaTvis `liberaluri~
ewodeba yvela qveyanaSi gav­
rcelebul partias, romelic
eswrafvis xalxis Tavisuflebas,
icavs ra individualur Tavisu­
flebas, erTi mxriv, mTavrobis
SemzRudveli dawesebulebe­
bisagan, meore mxriv ki, masebis
Zaladobrivi qmedebebisgan.
liberaluri partiis umTavres
miznebSi Serwymulia kon­
stituciuri wesrigis Seqmnis
miswrafebebi da brZola yvela
im dabrkolebis asalagmavad,
romlebic TiToeuli adamianis
sulieri da materialuri Zaleb­
is ganviTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
es partia ar ugulebelyofs
istorias, is pativs scems arse­
buls, magram mas surs arsebulis
ganviTareba drois moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad. konstituciam unda
aRkveTos xelisuflis mxri­
dan individis samarTlebrivi
uflebebis xelyofa, kanonis
winaSe Tanasworobam unda
daicvas adamiani Cagvrisgan,
mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba
unda iyos sasamarTlos gadawy­
vetilebebis samarTlebrivobis
garantia, presis Tavisuflebam
unda uzrunvelyos sazogadoeb­
rivi azris Tavisufali
gamoxatva, tolerantobam xeli
unda Seuwyos Tavisufali azris
ganviTarebas.~
 klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1. ganmarteT, ras uwodebs meternixi `moralur kibos~.

ra safrTxis Semcvelia misTvis napoleonis evropaSi batonobis Sedegad
gavrcelebuli liberaluri ideebi. daaxasiaTeT agreTve sazogadoebis is
fena, romelic liberaluri ideebis matarebeli iyo.

2. paragrafis teqstSi moZebneT adgili, sadac saubaria meternixze, rogorc

Zveli reJimis saxeze. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT daasabuTeT es Sefaseba.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

saSinao davaleba

1. ganixileT wyaro 2. CamoayalibeT liberaluri partiebis ZiriTadi moTxovne-

bi. am da wina paragrafis teqstebsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT mokle
Txzuleba Temaze: `liberalizmi – XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris evropuli
revoluciebis ideuri safuZveli~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1848, marti – barikaduli brZolebi prusiasa da avstriaSi

1848, maisi – frankfurtis nacionaluri krebis, prusiis naciona­

luri krebisa da venis sakonstitucio raixstagis gaxsna

1848, dekemberi – `germaneli xalxis ZiriTadi uflebebi~

1848-1852 – II respublika safrangeTSi

1848 1849 1850 1851 1852

1849, marti – germanuli konstitucia

1849, Semodgoma – revoluciis CaxSoba avstriis

imperiasa da germanul saxelmwifoebSi
35
 6. saqarTvelos samefoebis dapyroba ruseTis mier.
ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg

XVIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis arc iransa da arc osmaleTs ar SeeZloT konku-

renciis gaweva ruseTisaTvis saqarTveloSi. Tavis mxriv, inglissa da safrangeTs
Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi ubiZgebda TiToeul maTgans ezruna ruseTis sakuTar
mxareze gadmosabireblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi evropuli imperia ar mie-
salmeboda ruseTis winsvlas samxreTisaken, maT ar SeeeZloT, politikuri mizezebidan
gamomdinare, Riad dapirispirebodnen ruseTis hegemonistur miswrafebebs am regionSi.
saqarTvelo interesTa gadakveTis centrSi iyo. Seqmnil viTarebaSi ruseTis poziciebi
sakmaod myari iyo. misi sazRvari ukve samxreT kavkasiasTan gadioda. qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos politikuri kavSiri hqonda damyarebuli ruseTTan da formalurad misi
proteqtoratis qveS iyo. am viTarebaSi inglissa da safrangeTs farulad Tu SeeZloT
ruseTis winsvlisaTvis xelis SeSla da osmaleTisa da iranis mxardaWera.

qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTeba ruseTTan

1800 wels, giorgi XII-is mZime avadmyofobis periodSi, ukve naTeli gaxda, rom
Tavi pirveli

ruseTi angariSs aRar gauwevda georgievskis traqtats, romelic iTvaliswineb-

da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis (Tundac SezRudulis) SenarCu-
nebas. qarTl-kaxeTis mizani am periodSi mxolod avtonomiurobis SenarCuneba
SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
erekles IG I-is sikvdilis Semdeg urTierToba samefo karze daiZaba. taxtze asuli
giorgi XII isev ruseTTan kavSirs aniWebda upiratesobas, samefo sagvareulos zo-
gierTi sxva warmomadgeneli ki ar iziarebda am politikur kurss. giorgi XII male,
1800 wlis miwuruls gardaicvala. misi mmarTvelobis ukanasknel periodSi, me-
fis mZimed avadmyofobis pirobebSi, realuri Zalaufleba ruseTis mTavrobis
warmomadgenlis, kovalenskisa da saqarTveloSi rusuli jarebis mxedarTmTa-
vris, lazarevis xelSi iyo.
imperator pavle I-is mTavroba, romelic kargad iyo informirebuli qarTl-
kaxeTSi Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb, mxolod Sesaferis moments eloda samefos
gasauqmeblad. giorgi XII-is gardacvalebam es saSualeba Seqmna. ruseTsa da sa-
qarTvelos Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT, taxtze unda asuliyo gior-
gis vaJi daviTi, magram ruseTs gadawyvetili hqonda aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
ruseTis imperiis periferiul provinciad eqcia. pirveli manifesti ruseTis
imperator pavle I-is xelmoweriT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sesaxeb
jer kidev giorgi XII-is sicocxlis ukanasknel dReebSi, 1800 wlis 18 dekembers
gamoqveynda. 1801 wlis 18 ianvars pavle I-is xelmoweriT sankt-peterburgsa
da moskovSi gamoqveynda manifesti, romliTac cxaddeboda qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos aneqsireba ruseTis mier. TebervalSi igive manifesti TbilisSic ga-
moqveynda. 1801 wlis 12 marts sasaxlis SeTqmulebis Sedegad pavle I mokles
da taxtze avida misi vaJi aleqsandre I. imperiis xelisuflebam kidev erTxel
ganixila saqarTvelos aneqsirebis sakiTxi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos same-
36
fos mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, rogorc ruseTis sayrdeni punqtisa axlo
aRmosavleTisaken eqspansiisaTvis, gadawyda qarTl-kaxeTis avtonomiuri
mmarTvelobis gauqmeba da aneqsirebul teritoriebze rusuli mmarTvelobis
damyareba. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers imperatoris axali manifesti gamoqveynda,
romelic imeorebda wina manifestebis Sinaarss. 1802 wlis aprilSi ki manifesti
gavrcelda Tbilissa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi.

wyaro 1

giorgi XII-is elCebis moTxovnebi ruseTis imperiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

Sesvlis notidan (1800 w. 23 noemberi):

1. mis umaRlesobas, Cvens xelmwifes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe giorgis,

didebulebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo
qveSevrdomoba. isini kisruloben SeZlebisdagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon
ruseTis qveSevrdomTa yvela movaleoba, kanoni da brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis
imperatori Tavis namdvil xelmwifed da TviTmpyroblad.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

2. mefe umorCilesad iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni
datovebul iqnan taxtze mefis tituliT. mefeebs, romlebmac mTeli samefo
ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomad gamoacxades, TavianT samefoSi mTavari mmar­
Tveloba SeunarCundes. isini qveyanas marTaven im kanonebis mixedviT, romlebsac
ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv, isini gansakuTrebuli nebar­
Tvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar miiReben.

3. …...misi udidebulesoba mefe saqarTvelos samefos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife

imperatoris gankargulebaSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis
Sesanaxad an sxva adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis, pirvel xanebSi ki, adgilobriv
miwaTmoqmedTa erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis misaniQWeblad...

15. qarTveli mefis yvela qveSevrdoms, Tavadaznaurobas, samRvdeloebas, vaWrebs

da sxvadasxva xelobis xalxs sxva qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da movaleobebi unda
hqondeT.~

wyaro 2

qarTveli elCebis, WavWavaZis, avaliSvilisa da falavandiSvilis saprotesto

werilidan ruseTis mTavrobisadmi:

`axla Cven vxedavT, rom saqarTvelos miReba gamoqveynebulia, manifesti amis Sesaxeb
Sedgenili da damtkicebulia, Cven ki araferi da aravisgan ar vicodiT amis Sesaxeb,
arc saqarTvelos mierTebis da arc manifestis Sedgenis Taobaze…... Cven am mizeziT
nawyeni varT, da, garda amisa, ubedurad vTvliT Tavs, radgan Tqven sxvebze ukeT
uwyiT Tqvens moxsenebas, saqmianobas da Zalisxmevas _ amasTan, amgvari SeerTebis
gamoisobiT, Cven pativayrilebi da ndobaze uarmiRebulni aRmovCndiT~.

37
 manifesti saidumlod SemuSavda da ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli qarTuli
mxaris interesebi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SezRudul avtonomiazec ki uari eTqva da ruse-
Tis imperiis ubralo provinciad gadaiqca. qveynis saTaveSi `mTavarsardali~,
igive saqarTvelos mmarTveli anu mTavarmmarTebeli dainiSna. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo daiyo mazrebad, romelTac saTaveSi rusi oficrebi, `kapitan-
ispravnikebi~ edgnen.
1803-05 wlebSi bagrationTa samefo ojaxis wevrebi TiTqmis mTlianad gada-
saxles ruseTSi (maTi umravlesoba peterburgSi damkvidrda). ruseTis mTav-
robam maT pensiebic ki dauniSna. am pirobebSi taxtis mTavar pretendentad
iranSi gadaxvewili erekle II-is vaJi aleqsandre batoniSvili iqca.
rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas bunebrivad mohyva qarTl-kaxeTis saxel-
mwifos struqturis Secvla. rusifikaciis Sedegad qarTuli ena ganidevna sa-
jaro administraciidan. samarTalwarmoeba mosaxleobisaTvis gaugebar rusul
enaze mimdinareobda, nebismieri dokumentic rusul enaze unda Sevsebuliyo.
rusuli mmarTveloba TandaTanobiT erovnuli Cagvris iaraRad iqca, rac Seexo
uklebliv yvela socialur fenas.
ruseTidan gamogzavnili Cinovnikebis ganukiTxavi moqmedeba mosaxleobis
ukmayofilebas iwvevda. feodalTa didi nawilic aseve ukmayofilo iyo rusu-
li mmarTvelobiT. isini or dapirispirebul jgufad iyofodnen: prorusuli
Tavi pirveli

orientaciis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo da-

moukideblad arseboba da emxrobodnen ruseTTan kavSirs, Tumca moiTxovdnen,
rom saqarTvelos miniWeboda farTo avtonomia imperiis SigniT. am jgufis
SexedulebiT, avtonomiur administracias SeeZlo gaeZlierebina ruseTis
daxmarebiT gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo da mxolod aseT pirobebSi SeiZleboda
damoukideblobis aRdgenaze fiqri.
meore, nacionalisturi jgufi sxva miznebs isaxavda. isini ibrZodnen qveynis
gasaTavisufleblad da taxtze bagrationTa dinastiis aRsadgenad. amisaTvis
isini TurqeTisa da sparseTis daxmarebaze amyarebdnen imeds.

mefis ruseTis
moxeleebi
saqarTveloSi.
i. celiSevis
karikatura
38
 qarTveli erisTvis umZimesi dartyma gamodga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-
liis (damoukideblobis) gauqmeba ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier 1811 wels.
am droidan moyolebuli 1917 wlamde qarTuli eklesia saegzarqosos saxiT
ruseTis eklesias eqvemdebareboda.
mZime socialuri pirobebisa da erovnuli Cagvris gamo, 1804 wels ajanyd-
nen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi, xolo 1812 wels didi ajanyeba moxda
kaxeTSi. ajanyebebi sastikad CaaxSes.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi am xanebSi umniS-
vnelovanesi figura iyo aleqsandre batoniSvili. is 1790 wlidan, 20 wlis asakSi
ukve aqtiurad monawileobda politikur cxovrebaSi, gamoavlina samxedro
niWic. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebidan sul male aleqsandre iranSi ga-
daixvewa. magram ruseT-iranis omis dawyebis Semdeg dabrunda saqarTveloSi da
saTaveSi Caudga erovnul moZraobas. aleqsandre batoniSvili imeds amyarebda
iranis daxmarebaze. amasTan erTad, is upirvelesad 1783 wlis traqtatis dacvis
momxre iyo, magram ruseTis mxridan traqtatis sruli ignorirebis pirobebSi,
misi mizani saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena gaxda.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

amasTan erTad, qarTvel patriotTa nawili miuReblad miiCnevda iranis pozi-
ciebis aRdgenas qveyanaSi da rusul jarsac exmareboda. magaliTad, ruseT-ira-
nis omis dros 4500 qarTveli moxalise monawileobda War-belaqnis dapyrobaSi.
amgvari daZabulobis pirobebSi mefis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda ufro moq-
nili politikisaTvis miemarTa. saqarTveloSi mTavarmmarTeblad dainiSna pavle
cicianovi (ciciSvili), romelic gamosuli iyo garusebuli qarTuli feodalu-
ri ojaxidan. amiT rusuli mTavroba adgilobrivi feodalebis ukmayofilebis
CaxSobas cdilobda.

rusuli jaris Semosvla TbilisSi. 1799

39
 qarTulma warmomavlobam xeli Seuwyo cicianovs daaxloeboda zogierT
adgilobriv feodals. is Seecada rusuli mmarTvelobis sistemis adaptire-
bas qarTveli xalxis wes-CveulebebTan. man, upirveles yovlisa, aRkveTa rusi
Cinovnikebis TviTneboba. Tumca imavdroulad cicianovi ganuxrelad icavda
ruseTis imperiul interesebs aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

damatebiTi cnoba

petre bagrationi (1765­1812) iyo vaxtang VI­is Zmis, ieses

SvilTaSvili. is daibada CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, yi­
zlarSi. man samxedro kariera airCia da male dawinaurda
ruseTis armiaSi. bagrationma araerT brZolaSi miiRo
monawileoba: iyo rusi generlis, suvorovis italiuri
da Sveicariuli kampaniis monawile da Tavic isaxela
qalaq breSias aRebisas. 1805 wels, napoleonis armiasTan
austerlicTan marcxis miuxedavad, bagrationis sajariso
nawilebma maRali sabrZolo Tvisebebi gamoavlines; Sem­
deg is monawileobda napoleonis winaaRmdeg ailausa da
fridlandis brZolebSi; umniSvnelovanesi gamarjvebebi
petre bagrationi moapovebina rusul armias TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omSi. mis
Tavi pirveli

samxedro Rirsebebs maRal Sefasebebs aZlevda napoleoni

da rusuli armiis saukeTeso generlad miiCnevda. bagrationis ganayofebma umniS­
vnelovanesi roli Seasrules napoleonisa da rusul armiebs Soris gamarTul borod­
inos brZolaSi (1812 wlis agvisto). aRsaniSnavia, rom rusul armiaSi, bagrationis
garda, ibrZoda 12 qarTveli generali da araerTi oficeri Tu rigiTi jariskaci.
borodinos brZolaSi mZimed daWrili bagrationi ramdenime dReSi gardaicvala.

wyaro 3

ruseTis imperatoris moxele musin-puSkini qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTisa-

Tvis SemoerTebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb:

`1. SemovierTebT bunebiT mdidar da uxv qveyanas; 2. mTielebs avlagmavT da amiT

daculi iqneba kavkasiis xazi; 3. Seiqmneba farTo asparezi sparseTTan da TurqeTTan
vaWrobisaTvis; 4. TurqeTTan ganxeTqilebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTs saSualeba miecema
aRmosavleTidan daemuqros rogorc TurqeTs, ise irans; 5. qarTl­kaxeTis SemoerTe­
ba gamoiwvevs imereTisa da samegrelos SemoerTebas.

cicianovis sikvdilis Semdeg mis Semcvlelad general petre bagrationis

kandidatura ganixileboda. magram sabolood rusulma avtokratiam miuRe-
blad miiCnia rusuli administraciis saTaveSi bagrationTa sagvareulos
warmomadgenlis dayeneba.

40
 imereTis samefos gauqmeba
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan wyaro 4
SeerTebis Sedegad kavkasiaSi politiku- imperator nikoloz I-is
ri situacia radikalurad Seicvala. Canawerebidan `fiqrebi
male gamoCnda, rom saqarTvelos samefo- saqarTveloze~ (1826):
samTavroebs adre Tu gvian ruseTis Semad-
`amierkavkasia SeiZleba ru­
genlobaSi Sesvla mouwevdaT. igive iTq-
seTis umdidres koloniad
mis mTlianad kavkasiazec, romlis didi
iqces. kolonias imitom vam­
nawilic, XIX saukuneSi ruseT-osmaleTisa
bobT, rom igi ruseTis sxva
da ruseT-iranis omebis Sedegad, rusuli
provinciebis Tanabaruflebian
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda.
da valdebulebian provin­
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi isev mimdinare-
ciad jer kidev didxans ver
obda qiSpi dasavleT saqarTveloSi pirve-
gaxdeba. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
lobisaTvis imereTis samefosa da samTa-
rom am qveynis marTva saWiroa
vroebs Soris. solomon II-m am periodSi
gonivruli koloniuri sis­
daamyara diplomatiuri urTierTobebi

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

temis Sesabamisad warmoebdes.
ruseTTan, magram is Tavs acxadebda mTe-
amierkavkasias SeuZlia mogvces
li dasavleT saqarTvelos mefed, ruseTs
Cven didi raodenobiT sauke­
ki sulac ar surda dasavleT saqarTvelos
Teso xarisxis abreSumi, bamba,
gaerTianeba. es gamovlinda, rodesac ru-
brinji, indigo, gemTsaSenebe­
seTma samegrelos mTavris proteqtoroba
li xe­tye da sxv. igi unda iyos
ikisra, romelsac solomoni Tavis vasalad
Cveni fabrikuli nawarmis momx­
miiCnevda.
marebeli da ruseTis sparseT­
solomon II ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTl-
Tan vaWrobis Suamavali~.
kaxeTis samefos gauqmebas da giorgi XII-is
politikas, radgan xedavda imereTis same-
fos gauqmebis safrTxesac.
solomonis mizani Tundac nawilobrivi damoukideblobis SenarCuneba iyo.
solomoni Tanxmdeboda ruseTis damorCilebas mxolod sagareo politikis
sferoSi, magram cicianovi misgan srul morCilebas moiTxovda. 1804 wels ci-
cianovi rusuli jariT Sevida imereTSi da sakuTari pirobebi ukarnaxa solo-
mons, romlis Tanaxmadac imereTi rusuli proteqtoratis qveS Sedioda da
imereTis mefe ruseTis vasali xdeboda.
solomoni mfarvelobas iTxovda da uaris pirobebSi, TandaTanobiT ruse-
Tis mtrebisaken ixreboda da daumorCileblobisaken mouwodebda imereTis
mosaxleobas.

wyaro 5

solomon II-is werilidan ruseTis mefisadmi:

`icis ese umaRlesman karman udidebulesobisa Tqvenisman, rom saxli mefobisa saqar­
Tvelosa saxli ars Cemi, _ romlisaca dafarviT gancemasa mefesa giorgisagan da damxo­
basa samefosa saxlisasa da ganmwarebulsa mwuxarebasa maTsa Sevracx ubedurebad Cemda~.

41
 1810 wels imereTis samefo gauqmda. os-
maleTSi gadaxvewili solomon II ki male
gardaicvala. ukanaskneli bagrationi me-
fis neSti 1990 wels gadmoasvenes Turqe-
Tidan da dakrZales gelaTSi.
dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSi
ruseTis proteqtorati damyarda adgi-
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis SenarCune-
biT. samTavroebis droebiT SenarCuneba
garkveuli politikuri miznebiT xor-
cieldeboda. erTi mxriv, politikuri er-
Teulebis gauqmeba aucileblad iwvevda
konfliqturi situaciis Seqmnas, meore
mxriv ki mmarTvelobis axali struqture-
bis Camoyalibeba did xarjebs moiTxovda.
TurqeTTan omis pirobebSi1804 wlis
oqtomberSi rusulma jarebma daikaves
yulevi da iq aages patara cixe-simagre
redut-kales saxeliT. am faqts udidesi
mniSvneloba hqonda, vinaidan Savi zRvis
Tavi pirveli
aRmosavleT sanapiroze sayrdeni punqtis
SeqmniT rusebi emzadebodnen momavalSi
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirodan Tur-
qebis gandevnisaTvis.
solomon II­is saflavi trapizonSi,
wm. grigolis eklesiis ezoSi. amJamad
ganadgurebulia
42
wyaro 6
solomon mefis werilidan
imereTis mosaxleobisadmi:
`amazed ficiT garwmunebT,
Tu imereTs Cemis dakargviT
bedniereba da Tavisufleba
miecemodes, rogorc Tqvenis
mouSoreblobisTvis Tavi gamo­
vimete, ise TqvenTvis dakargvas
sasixarulod miviRebdi; magram
vici da Tqvenc xedavT, rom
rogorc sxva Tqveni mezobelni
imaTs xelSi unugeSod kvnesian,
da dRe da dRe ojaxis pativi­
dam mdabldebian, saxlisa da
colSvilis upatiobisaTvis
sikvdils natruloben, Tu
imereTis damorCilebaze gul­
dasmulni Seiqnen, mere umwaresi
da yovel mezobelze uZnelesi
dRe imereTs moadgeba…...~
wyaro 7
saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTeb-
lis tormasovis moxsenebidan
ruseTis imperatorisadmi:
`am sakmaod vrceli mxaris
gayofiT oTx samflobelod,
rogorc magaliTad, imereTi,
guria, samegrelo da afxazeTi,
romelTagan sam ukanasknels
marTaven gansakuTrebuli
mflobelebi TavianTi ufle­
bebiT, advili iqneba misi
SenarCuneba…... im jarebis
raodenobiT, romlebic axla iq
imyofebian _ miT ufro maSin,
roca saSualeba gveqneba, auci­
lebel SemTxvevebSi, erTi mTav­
ris Zala meores davupirispi­
roT.~
wyaro 8

`samegrelos, imereTis da guriis provinciebSi ruseTis avtoriteti Zalze saeWvoa.

ruseTma kargad icis, rom sanam daRestnisa da CerqezeTis mosaxleobas ebrZvis,
odnavi ieriSis mitanac ar SeiZleba xalxis Tavisuflebaze, vinaidan imwamsve
ifeTqebs ajanyeba. amas ki mohyveba saqarTvelos (e.i. ruseTis am provinciis) dakarg­
va, romelic Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT danarCeni amierkavkasiis samflobeloebi­
saken erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens. amis gamo ruseTs DdRemde ver gaubedavs Tavisi
TviTpyrobeluri manqanis amuSaveba da saxazino da sapasporto sistemis danergva.
maT jerjerobiT ver SeZles am qveynisaTvis moxeleTa armiis miseva, rom Zalmomreo­
biT gaetarebinaT aq Tavisi dadgenilebebi da kanonebi. ruseTi xom Cveulebriv ase
iqceva Tavisi batonobis qveS myofi xalxebis mimarT.

eWvs gareSea, rom mmarTvelobis sul sxva sistemas SemoiReben, rogorc ki erTxel
bedi gauRimebT da SeZleben Cerqezebisa da daRestnelebis dauokebeli da daumor­
Cilebeli sulis damonebas~.

ingliseli mogzauri e.spenseri (1836-37)

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis (1, 2) mixedviT imsjeleT, Tu ramdenad realuri iyo

Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTuli mxaris moTxovnebi. Tqveni azriT, ratom ar
gaiTvaliswina ruseTis xelisuflebam es moTxovnebi da ar Caayena mani-
festis momzadebis saqmis kursSi qarTuli mxare? ra mizans emsaxureboda
qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba?
2. teqstisa da damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu ratom ar SeiZle-
boda misaRebi yofiliyo petre bagrationis kandidatura saqarTvelos mTa-
varmmarTeblis Tanamdebobaze ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis. imsjeleT im
RonisZiebebze, romlebiTac ruseTis mTavroba bagrationTa samefo dinasti-
is restavraciis Sansebs spobda.
3. wyaroebze (3, 4) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT ruseTisaTvis saqarTvelos bato-
nobis mniSvnelobaze; ruseTis politikis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.
wyaroebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tu ara miviCnioT ruseTis politikis
romelime aspeqti saqarTvelosaTvis momgebianad?
4. teqstsa da wyaroebze (5, 6) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, Tu ramdenad realis-
turi iyo solomon II-is moTxovnebi ruseTis mimarT da Seqmnil viTarebaSi
SeeZlo Tu ara imereTis samefos Tundac SezRuduli damoukideblobis Se-
narCuneba.
5. teqstisa da wyaroebis (7, 8) gamoyenebiT daaxasiaTeT ruseTis politika
dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebis mimarT. CamoTvaleT is ZiriTadi mi-
zezebi, romelTa gamoc am samTavroebs formalurad SeunarCundaT TviTm-
marTveloba.
43
 7. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi.
1832 wlis SeTqmuleba

ruseTis xelisuflebis politika xSir leqsikoni

SemTxvevaSi ar iTvaliswinebda imperi-
r dekabristTa amboxi – ruse-
aSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis, maT Soris
Tis Tavadaznaurobis mier
saqarTvelos interesebs. amasTan erTad, 1825 wlis 14 (26) dekembers
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos is dadebiTi mowyobili saxelmwifo
faqtorebic, romlebic saqarTvelos ru- gadatrialebis uSedego
seTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlam mcdeloba. amboxebulebs de-
moutana. upirveles yovlisa, XIX sauku- kabristebi Tvis saxelidan
neSi ruseTis mier osmaleTTan da iranTan gamomdinare ewodaT.
warmoebuli omebis Sedegad moxda isto-
riuli qarTuli miwebis mniSvnelovani na-
wilis SemoerTeba. amis Sedegad aRdga da
gamyarda kavSirebi rogorc yofil qarTul samefo-samTavroebs, ise manamde
osmaleTis imperiaSi Semaval qarTul mxareebs Soris. sabolood moispo sam-
xreTidan muslimur saxelmwifoTa mier qveynis dapyrobis safrTxe. ruseTis
Tavi pirveli

imperiaSi gaerTianebis Sedegad qarTul sazogadoebas mieca ruseTis evro-

pul kulturas naziareb wreebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebis saSualeba.
dainerga ganaTlebis axali sistema. Seiqmna sasurveli pirobebi kulturis
ganviTarebisaTvis. ruseTis gziT saqarTvelos mieca evropasTan mWidro kav-
Siris damyarebis, evropuli kulturisa Tu politikuri naazrevis gacnobis
da aTvisebis saSualeba.

1832 wlis SeTqmuleba

1825 wels ruseTSi warumateblad dasrulda e.w. `dekabristTa~ amboxi,
romlis mizansac monarqiis gauqmeba da respublikis dafuZneba warmoadgenda
(dekabristTa ajanyebaSi qarTvelebic monawileobdnen – a. gangebiZe, m. bara-
TaSvili).
dekabristTa nawili samxreT kavkasiaSi (im dros regions `Tbil cimbirad~
moixseniebdnen) gadaasaxles. TbilisSi maT aqtiuri urTierToba hqondaT
qarTul ganaTlebul sazogadoebasTan (a. WavWavaZesTan, g. erisTavTan, s. do-
daSvilTan da sxv.). dekabristTa ajanyebis garda, qarTvel patriotebze didi
gavlena moaxdina safrangeTis 1830 wlis revoluciam da 1830-31 wlebis polo-
neTis ajanyebam.
qarTulad iTargmneboda da kargad iyo cnobili mowinave evropeli da rusi
moazrovneebis Txzulebebi. evropuli ganmanaTleblobis ideologia didwilad
safuZvlad daedo qarTul erovnul da socialur moZraobas.
amgvar viTarebaSi qarTul inteleqtualur wreebSi TandaTanobiT gamoikve-
Ta azri rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mowyobis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb.
44
 wyaro 1

aleqsandre bagrationis Cvenebidan SeTQQqmulTa (Tamar batoniSvilis winadadeb-

iT) evropis qveynebTan dakavSirebis gegmis Sesaxeb:

`... me Cemi col­SviliT, elizbar da giorgi daviTis Ze erisTavebi da Cemi Zma vax­
tangi ... unda wavsuliyaviT ierusalimis saxelze, xelmwife imperatoris nebiT...
osmalos samZRvarSi ... CvenTagani erT­erTi romelime aleqsandre batoniSvilTan
unda wasuliyo, is CvenTan moeyvana da... swored ierusalims unda wavsuliyaviT, iq
qristes saflavisTvis Tayvani unda gveca da iqidan francias, parizSi mivsuli­
yaviT. iqidan gvsurda da ganzraxva gvqonda, rom angliaSi gagvegzavna vinme da
Cveni misvla parizSi gvecnobebina. Semdeg, jer parizSi undodaT gveCivla, rom
usamarTlod aris warTmeuli samefo taxti saqarTvelos bagrationTagan. Semdeg
angliaSi unda gadavsuliyaviT da iqac ase unda gveCivla, mas ukan avstriaSi unda
gadmovsuliyaviT da iqac agreTve unda gveCivla da yvelgan Semweoba unda gveTxova,
rom TavianTi mamuli isev dahbrunebodaT, ese igi saqarTvelo gaenTavisuflebinaT

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

rusebidgan~.

20-iani wlebis miwuruls qarTul TavadaznaurobaSi sami dajgufeba gamoiyo:

erTni naadrevad miiCnevdnen ruseTisagan gamoyofas da damoukidebeli qar-
Tuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas, ramdenadac fiqrobdnen, rom kvlavac arsebobda
safrTxe TurqeTisa da iranis mxridan. amdenad, jer kidev didi dro iyo saWi-
ro saqarTvelos momzadebisaTvis damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. am jgufSi
Sediodnen i. afxazi, a. WavWavaZe da sxvani. meore jgufis (s. dodaSvili, gr.
orbeliani da sxvebi) SexedulebiT ukve arsebobda yvela piroba saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRsadgenad da qveyanas unda daewyo brZola ganTavisufle-
bisaTvis. mesame jgufis azriT ki, saWiro iyo1783 wlis traqtatis pirobebis
aRdgena.
erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli figura am jgufebSi iyo solomon dodaSvili.
mas ganaTleba sankt-peterburgis universitetSi hqonda miRebuli. universi-
tetSi yofnis dros man gamosca `filosofiis kursis~ pirveli nawili, `logika~,
romelsac farTo gamoZaxili hqonda rusul ganaTlebul wreebSi.

wyaro 2

novgorodSi gadasaxlebuli gr. orbelianis dRiuridan:

`fiqrman novgorodisaTvis ar damaZina didxans. gunebaSi warmomidga respublikuri

uwindeli amaTi mmarTveloba, simdidre, vaWroba da mxneoba amis moqalaqeTa. veCes
(saxalxo krebis) zari (anu buki), romliTac Seikribeboda xalxi mZimis saqmis gada­
sawyvetad... vidre iyo respublika, novgorodi yvavilovnobda vaWrobiTa, mxneobiT,
simdidriTa.~

45
 samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg solo-
mon dodaSvili eweoda pedagogiur saqmia-
nobas, iyo gazeT `Tbilisis uwyebanis~ qar-
Tulenovani nawilis redaqtori, daaarsa
`saliteraturoni nawilni Tbilisis uwye-
baTani~, romelSic ibeWdeboda statiebi
qarTuli enisa da literaturis, kul-
turis, saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad umkacresi cenzurisa, gazeTis
saSualebiT mainc xdeboda patriotuli
ideebis propaganda. aRsaniSnavia, rom s.
dodaSvili, TanamoazreebTan (gr. orbe-
lianTan da sxvebTan) erTad saWirod miiC-
nevda respublikis Seqmnas.
qarTveli ufliswulebi, oqropiri
da dimitri, romlebic im xanebSi sankt-
peterburgSi cxovrobdnen, fiqrobdnen
saqarTveloSi konstituciuri monarqiis
solomon dodaSvili aRdgenas. isini aseve cdilobdnen zemoaR-
niSnuli jgufebis gaerTianebas.
Tavi pirveli

1829-30 wlebSi SeTqmulebis centrma sankt-peterburgidan TbilisSi gad-

moinacvla, SeTqmulebma ki mosamzadebeli muSaoba daiwyes. isini imedovnebd-
nen, rom ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg samxreT kavkasiis mTeli mosaxleoba
aRdgeboda.
1831 wlis seqtemberSi poloneTis ajanyebis CaxSobam SeTqmulTa nawili
daarwmuna ajanyebis mowyobis amaoebaSi. meore nawilma ki gadawyvita gaegr-
Zelebina brZola. sabolood, SeTqmuleba gasces da 38 SeTqmuli daapatimres.
mravali maTgani ruseTis Soreul provinciebSi gadaasaxles. solomon do-
daSvili viatkaSi gadaasaxles da cxovrebis bolomde aukrZales samSobloSi
dabruneba.
SeTqmulebs arc erTiani programa, arc Camoyalibebuli samoqmedo gegma da arc
farTo socialuri dasayrdeni ar hqondaT. amdenad, maTi gamarjveba Tavidanve
saTuo iyo.
1832 wlis SeTqmulebam, warumateblobis miuxedavad, didwilad misca mi-
marTuleba Semdgom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas saqarTveloSi.

ruseTis politika saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi

caristuli reJimis gegmiT, saqarTvelo unda gamxdariyo sayrdeni punqti
ruseTis eqspansiisaTvis axlo aRmosavleTSi. am miznis ganxorcielebas ruseTis
mTavroba imedovnebda regionis rusifikaciiT. am politikis erT-erTi Semadge-
neli nawili iyo araadgilobrivi mosaxleobis Casaxleba qveyanaSi. XIX saukunis
pirveli mesamedis omebis Sedegad saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTi sasazR-
vro zoli daicala mosaxleobisagan. 1817-19 wlebSi ZiriTadad saqarTvelos
teritoriaze daasaxles 500 germanuli ojaxi. mogvianebiT, ruseT-osmaleTis
46
1828-29 wlebis oms saqarTvelodan muslimuri mosaxleobis nawilis osmaleTSi
gadasaxleba, xolo iqidan somxebisa da berZnebis Camosaxleba mohyva.
1837 wlidan mkveTrad gaizarda rus emigrantTa ricxvi. pensiaze gasuli
samxedroebis garda, aq saxldebodnen rusuli eklesiis mier devnili seqtebis
warmomadgenlebi – duxoborebi, malaknebi.
20-30-ian wlebSi mefis mTavrobam samxreT kavkasiis mimarT sakuTari ekono-
mikuri politika Camoayaliba. saqarTvelo da mTlianad samxreT kavkasia unda
gadaqceuliyo rusuli samrewvelo produqciis gasaRebis bazrad. am mizeziT
ar xdeboda industrializaciis xelSewyoba. nebadarTuli iyo mxolod soflis
meurneobis im dargebis ganviTareba, romlebic nedleuliT moamaragebda ru-
sul mrewvelobas.
1840 wels moxda teritoriis axali administraciuli dayofa. regioni or
nawilad gaiyo. saqarTvelo-imereTis guberniaSi, saqarTvelos garda, Sedioda
somxeTi da azerbaijanis teritoriis nawili. kaspiis provincia azerbaijanis
danarCen teritorias moicavda. reformis Sedegad Camoyalibda rusuli pro-
vinciebis msgavsi administraciuli mowyoba.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

40-ian wlebSi administraciuli reformis mTavari mizani iyo adgilobrivi
elementis gamodevna mmarTvelobidan da misi Secvla rusuliT.
1845 wels mefis mTavrobam mefisnacvlis Tanamdeboba SemoiRo kavkasiaSi.
mefisnacvali uSualod mefes emorCileobda da saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
mmarTvelobaSi TiTqmis SeuzRudavi uflebebiT sargeblobda. ruseTis mier
daniSnuli samoqalaqo da samxedro administraciis ufrosi gaxda `saqarTve-
los mefisnacvali~.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis mefisnacvali mixeil voron-
covi (1844-54) sakmaod moqnil politikas atarebda. misi mmarTvelobis dros
aRdga qarTuli Teatri, gaixsna sajaro biblioTeka, daarsda gazeTi da a.SD.
qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis Svilebi, rusulis aTvisebis mizniT, igzavnebod-
nen saswavleblad moskovsa da peterburgSi. daaxl. 30 aTas pirs daumtkicda
Tavadaznauruli wodeba da miiRo Sesabamisi privilegiebi, rac didad uwyobda
xels maTi loialobis ganmtkicebas rusuli saxelmwifosadmi.

wyaro 3

senator baron ganis moxsenebidan ruseTis mTavrobisadmi (1837):

`nawarmis mravalferovneba da simdidre amierkavkasiaSi sul mcire Sromisa da umniS­

vnelo kapitalis dabandebiT Zalian did mogebas gvpirdeba; amitom uTuod sakmarisi
iqneba, rom mTavroba dakmayofildes martooden miwismoqmedebis waqezebiT, yvela misi
dargiTurT da moaSenos is nedli masala, rac Seesatyviseba aqaur niadagasa da klimats.
rac Seexeba fabrikebisa da manufaqturebis SemoRebas, es wagvarTmevda did ZalRones, rac
esoden aucilebelia miwaTmoqmedebisa da adgilobrivi mxarisaTvis, yovelgvari sargeb­
lobis gareSe xels SeuSlida ruseTis mrewvelobasa da vaWrobas, radgan Cveni fabrikebi
mTavrobis brZnuli winaswarxedvis wyalobiT ise momravldnen da iseT srulqmnilebas
miaRwies, rom produqtebis damuSaveba Zviri ar jdeba da marto maT SeuZliaT moixmaron
abreSumi, bamba, zeTovani mcenareulobani, saReEbavi nivTierebani da amierkavkasiis sxva
mdidari nawarmi~.

47
Tavi pirveli

l. lagorio. Tbilisis xedi XIX saukunis

Sua xanebSi

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis (1, 2) mixedviT imsjeleT ideur gansxvavebebze SeT-

qmulebis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris. daasabuTeT, iyo Tu ara realuri maTi
programebi. wyaro 1-ze msjelobisas SedarebisaTvis gamoiyeneT vaxtang
VI-isa da sulxan-saba orbelianis evropasTan dakavSirebis gegma.
2. wyaro 3-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeT ruseTis ekonomikuri politika kavkasiaSi
da isaubreT am politikis ganmapirobebel mizezebze.

48
8. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ XIX saukuneSi

`aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ ewoda evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris qiSps dasus-

tebuli osmaleTis imperiaze zegavlenis mosapoveblad da misi calkeuli nawi-
lebis xelSi Casagdebad, aseve evropuli saxelmwifoebis omebs osmaleTTan.
osmaleTis dapirispirebas evropasa da ruseTTan xangrZlivi istoria hqon-
da. Tumca, Cveulebriv, `aRmosavluri sakiTxis~ aTvlis wertilad miiCneven
1768-74 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis oms, romelic dasrulda quCuk-kainarjis
zaviT. gamarjvebulma ruseTma Tavi Savi zRvis baton-patronad, aseve osma-
leTis marTlmadidebeli aRmsareblobis xalxebis damcvelad miiCnia. Tumca,
evropul saxelmwifoebs sulac ar awyobdaT ruseTis zedmeti gaZliereba
osmaleTis imperiis xarjze. amdenad, isini cdilobdnen osmaleTis, Tundac
dasustebulis, erTianobis SenarCunebas. XVIII saukunis miwuruls (1787-92)
osmaleT-ruseTis kidev erTi omi mimdinareobda. amjerad ruseTis mxareze

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

avstriac dadga. ori imperia SeTanxmda osmaluri samflobeloebis danawile-
baze, magram am SemTxvevaSi didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da prusia gamovidnen
avstriis winaaRmdeg da aiZules is omidan gamosuliyo. omi ruseTisaTvis mainc
warmatebuli gamodga da axali, iasis zaviT, faqtobrivad, ganmeorda quCuk-
kainarjis xelSekrulebis debulebebi.
1806-12 wlebSi osmaleT-ruseTis kidev erTi omi mimdinareobda. Tavdapir-
velad didi britaneTi masSi CaerTo, rogorc ruseTis mokavSire napoleonis
winaaRmdeg; 1807 wlis TebervalSi inglisurma eskadram SeZlo SeWriliyo dar-
danelis sruteSi da damuqreboda stambols (es saxeli ewoda konstantino-
pols). swored am dros situacia Seicvala. maSin, roca sulTani dausrulebel
molaparakebebs awarmoebda ingliselebTan, misma Zalebma safrangeTis elCis,
sebastianis winamZRolobiT imdenad efeqturad aRadgines da gaaZlieres qa-
laqis zRude, rom britanuli floti iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo.
amasTan erTad, imave wlis ivlisSi, napoleonma, Tavisufali moqmedebis sa-
Sualeba rom miscemoda da gaegrZelebina brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg, ruse-
Tis mefesTan SeTanxmebas moawera xeli
tilzitSi; is mzad iyo msxverplad
Seewira TurqeTi Tavisi axali poli-
tikisaTvis. ori imperatoris mier mom-
zadebuli osmaleTis evropuli samf-
lobeloebis gadanawilebis proeqti
iTvaliswinebda balkaneTis aRmo-
savleTi provinciebis ruseTisaTvis,
dasavleT balkaneTis – safrangeTi-
saTvis da bosniisa da serbiis nawile-
bis avstriisaTvis gadacemas. samxedro
kampaniisas, romelic am SeTanxmebas
mohyva, rusebma gadalaxes dunai da
ruseT­osmaleTis 1828­29 wlebis omi
49
 Semdeg, 1812 wlis buqarestis sazavo xel-
Sekrulebis Sesabamisad, moaxdines besa- wyaro 1
rabiis aneqsireba, rasac dRes moldova
buqarestis zavi ruseTis
ewodeba da aseve moipoves farTo ufle-
diplomatiis didi gamarjveba
bebi dunaispireTis regionebSi.
iyo. dazavebis Sedegad, ru­
ruseTis miznebi osmaleTis imperias-
seTs saSualeba eZleoda mTeli
Tan mimarTebiT XIX saukunis manZilze ar
Zalebi gadaesrola napole­
Secvlila. ruseTi isev da isev cdilob-
onis winaaRmdeg, romelic ukve
da balkanuri provinciebis dauflebas
karze iyo momdgari. napo­
da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis
leoni, rodesac Seityo ruseT­
xelSi Cagdebas.
osmaleTis dazavebis ambavi,
britaneTi da safrangeTi gansakuTre-
Zalze ganrisxda da man porta
bul interess iCendnen osmaleTis impe-
(ase moixseniebdnen evropelebi
riisadmi. safrangeTi dainteresebuli iyo
osmaleTis xelisuflebas)
eqspansiiT CrdiloeT afrikasa da xmelTa-
`Zvirfasi~ epiTetebiT Seamko.
Sua zRvis auzSi. frangebma 1830 wels daip-
yres osmaleTis imperiis Crdiloafriku- mixeil svaniZe,
li samflobelo alJiri. 1839 wels brita- TurqeTis istoria
neTma moaxdina aseve osmaleTis kuTvnil
iemenSi mniSvnelovani savaWro centris,
Tavi pirveli

adenis aneqsia, ris Sedegadac indoeTisken

sazRvao gzebis ukeT kontrolis saSuale-
ba miecaT. amasTan erTad, britanelebs ganzraxuli hqondaT mxari daeWiraT
dasustebuli osmaleTis imperiis erTianobisaTvis da amgvarad moexdinaT
rusebis Sesvlis blokireba xmelTaSua zRvaSi.
osmaleTis imperiasTan dakavSirebiT evropuli saxelmwifoebisa da ruseTis
qiSpi gadaizarda 1853-56 e.w. yirimis omSi. adre dadebuli xelSekrulebebiT
ruseTi aRiarebuli iyo osmaleTis imperiis marTlmadidebeli umciresobe-
bis damcvelad, magram amjerad ruseTma osmaleTis xelisuflebas mosTxova
dasTanxmeboda, rom ruseTisaTvis mieniWebina ufleba uSualod Careuliyo
osmaleTis saSinao saqmeebSi, Tu is miiCnevda, rom xsenebuli umciresobebis
uflebebi irRveoda. es osmaleTis damoukideblobis mniSvnelovan SezRudvas
moaswavebda. sulTanma, romelsac mxars uWerdnen evropuli saxelmwifoebi,
uari ganacxada am moTxovnis Sesrulebaze. daiwyo omi, romelSic osmaleTi
meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobda da ruseTis mTavar mowinaaRmdegeebad didi
britaneTi da safrangeTi iqcnen. omSi ruseTi damarcxda da osmaleTma Seinar-
Cuna samflobeloebi. Tumca Semdgom, XIX saukunis ruseT-osmaleTis ukanask-
nel omSi (1877-78), osmaleTi kidev erTxel damarcxda da dakarga teritoriebi
rogorc balkaneTze, ise kavkasiaSi.
`aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~, anu osmaleTis imperiis teritoriebis gadanawile-
bis problema, aqtualuri iyo I msoflio omis dros da mis Semdegac, TurqeTis
respublikis Seqmnamde (1923).

50
wyaro 2

nikoloz I osmaleTis imperiis Sesaxeb:

XIX s­is 50­iani wlebidan, gadaulaxavi finansuri problemebisa da omebSi terito­

riebis mudmivi dakargvis gamo, evropelebi osmaleTis imperias `sneul adamianad~
moixseniebdnen. ruseTis imperator nikoloz I­s miewereba yirimis omis win war­
moTqmuli sityvebi: `sneuli adamiani kvdeba da droa misi memkvidreobis gayofaze
vizrunoT~.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

yirimis omi. rusuli portis dabombva britanuli gemis mier

klasSi samuSao

1. axseniT, ratom Seicvala napoleonma damokidebuleba osmaleTis mimarT.

2. teqstisa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT imsjeleT ruseT-osmaleTis
urTierTobebze da am urTierTobebis kavSirze evropaSi mimdinare movle-
nebTan XIX saukunis dasawyisSi.
3. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. ratom uwodebdnen osmaleTis imperias `sneuls~?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema `ruseT-didi britaneTis qiSpi osmaleTis imperiaSi~.

51
 9. ruseT-sparseTis, ruseT-osmaleTis1 omebi da
saqarTvelo

zogadad, samxreT kavkasiisa da kerZod, saqarTvelos mflobelobis sakiTxi

XIX saukuneSi erTi mxriv, ruseTisa da iranis, xolo meore mxriv ruseTisa da
osmaleTis mZafri dapirispirebis wyarod iqca, rasac araerTi omic mohyva.
jer kidev ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsiamde cdilobda irani
rogorme aRedgina Tavisi poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. swored es iyo
1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqrobis mizezi da mis mier Tbilisis aoxreba.
Semdgom wlebSi irani ukve molaparakebis gziT (rogorc qarTvelebTan, ise
rusebTan) cdilobda adrindeli poziciebis aRdgenas. Tumca, am mcdelobebs
Sdegi ar mohyolia.
iran-ruseTis omi mimdinareobda 1804-1813 wlebSi. omis samizne aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo iyo. garda amisa, 1807 wels, e.w. finkenStainis xelSekrulebiT na-
poleoni dapirda irans aRmosavleT saqarTvelos `dabrunebas~. magram male
viTareba Seicvala da safrangeTma uari Tqva iranis mxardaWeraze. Sedegad,
iranma veRar gauwia saTanado winaaRmdegoba ruseTs da 1813 wlis zaviT daTmo
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.
Tavi pirveli

rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebidan sul male aleqsandre batoniSvili

iranSi gadaixvewa, magram ruseT-iranis omis dawyebis Semdeg dabrunda sa-
qarTveloSi da saTaveSi Caudga erovnul moZraobas. aleqsandre batoniSvili
imeds amyarebda iranis daxmarebaze. amasTan erTad, is upirvelesad 1783 wlis
traqtatis dacvis momxre iyo, magram ruseTis mxridan traqtatis sruli igno-
rirebis pirobebSi, misi mizani saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena
gaxda.
ruseT-TurqeTis omis (1806-1812) erT-erT mTavar mizans dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi batonoba warmoadgenda. rogorc wina paragrafebidan iciT, saqarTvelos
Savi zRvis sanapiroze rusebma, romelTa mizanic aRmosavleT SavizRvispire-
Tidan Turqebis gandevna iyo, 1804 wels aages cixesimagre redut-kale.
rusebma 1809 wels foTidanac gandevnes Turqebi, Semdeg axalqalaqidanac,
magram 1812 wlis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, napoleonTan omis pirobebSi, amjo-
bines maTi droebiT ukan dabruneba.
1820-iani wlebis miwuruls ruseTi axal omebSi Caeba iranTan (1826-28) da
TurqeTTan (1828-29). orive omi ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1828 wlis
TurqmenCais zaviT iranma sabolood Tqva uari aRmosavleT saqarTveloze da
mTlianad samxreT kavkasiis `iranul~ nawilze. am omis Sedegad, ruseTis impe-
riis SemadgenlobaSi moxvda kavkasiis azerbaijanic, romlis centric – baqo
XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi navTobis mopovebis udides centrad iqca. iranma
dakarga aseve erevnis da naxiWevanis saxanoebi. 1829 wlis adrianopolis zaviT

1
TurqeTs 1923 wlamde osmaleTi, xolo irans 1935 wlamde sparseTi ewodeboda, Tumca miRebulia
am qveynebis ufro adrindel xanaSi TurqeTad da iranad moxseniebac.
52
ki TurqeTma ruseTis kuTvnilebad cno istoriuli samcxis teritoriis erTi
nawili. es, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo saqarTvelosaTvis, magram
meore mxriv, gzas uxsnida kolonizaciisa da rusifikaciis politikas.
am omebSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi. amasTan erTad, omebSi mo-
nawile jarebis momarageba mZime tvirTad daawva saqarTvelos mosaxleobas.
istoriuli samcxis SemoerTebul teritoriaze mmarTvelobis Secvlas
mesxeTSi muslimi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis emigracia mohyva, maT
adgilas ki dasaxldnen TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebuli somxebi da berZnebi (1829-
30 wlebSi somexTa da berZenTa 6 aTas ojaxze meti daasaxles axalcixis, axal-
qalaqisa da walkis regionSi).
XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan ruseTis mizani gaxda osmaleTis saboloo ganad-
gureba da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis daufleba. Tavdapirvelad
ruseTi imedovnebda, rom evropis saxelmwifoebi mas mxarSi amoudgebonen.
magram inglisma da safrangeTma dauSveblad miiCnies ruseTis aseTi gaZliere-
bis perspeqtiva da osmaleTis mxareze Caebnen omSi, romelmac `yirimis omis~
(1853-56) saxelwodeba miiRo da romelic sabolood, ruseTisaTvis warumate-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

blad dasrulda. Tumca, am oms arc osmaleTisaTvis moutania gansakuTrebuli
sasikeTo Sedegebi.
yirimis omSi ruseTi kavkasiis fronts meorexarisxovnad miiCnevda da mis
gamagrebaze didad ar uzrunia. Tumca qarTvelebma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies
dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemoWril Turqul armias da sabolood, Turqebma
datoves regioni. zavis Sedegad, ruseTma yarsis sanacvlod daibruna yirimSi
dakarguli qalaqebi, samegrelos nawili (yulevis midamoebi) da afxazeTi. ru-
seTma saqarTvelo SeinarCuna.

baTumis porti XIX s­is miwuruls

53
 miuxedavad imisa, rom Turqebma dasavleT saqarTvelo datoves, es mxare
omis Sedegad ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. upirveles yovlisa,
es Seexeba samegrelos.
amis Semdgom ruseTma TandaTanobiT gaauqma dasavleT saqarTvelos samTa-
vroebi (1828 wels gauqmda guriis samTavro, 1857 wels – samegrelos, 1858 wels –
svaneTis, 1864 wels – afxazeTis).

wyaro 1

iranis Sahis pirveli veziris, haji ibrahimis 1799 wlis werilidan saqarTvelo-
Si ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis kovalenskisadmi:

`saqarTvelo arasodes yofila ruseTis samflobelo. saqarTvelo, kaxeTi da Tbi­

lisi uZvelesi droidan irans ekuTvnoda. mxolod ereklem CamoaSora igi irans da
TqvenTvis kargad aris cnobili, Tu rogor daisaja igi amisaTvis; ra ubedureba
daatyda Tavs saqarTvelos aRa mohamad xanis risxvis Sedegad... erekles mier ruseT­
Tan dadebul SeTanxmebas araviTari Zala ar aqvs. magaliTad, erTma romelimem, ru­
seTis farglebSi Semavalma xalxma, Tavisi neba­surviliT rom iranis mbrZanebels
mxari dauWiros da masTan dasdos traqtati, eqneba mas raime Zala? igi arasdros
iqneba iranis samflobelo... amJamad iranis taxti ganmtkicebulia, mas hyavs
Tavi pirveli

mbrZanebeli, romelic ar apirebs mis mflobelobaSi myofi qveynebi sxvas gadasces.~

ruseT-TurqeTis Semdegi omi – 1877-78

wlebSi ukve ruseTis upirobo gamarjve- wyaro 2
biT dasrulda. zavis Sedegad TurqeTma
`gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba
dakarga ara mxolod balkanuri samflobe-
iTqvas, rom 1826 wlidan
loebi, aramed teritoriebi kavkasiaSic,
dRemde (1828 wlis seqtem­
saxeldobr, aWara Sevida ruseTis imperiis
beri), saqarTvelom saerTo
SemadgenlobaSi. 1878 wlis san-stefanos
jamSi, xorblis, gamwevi da muSa
sazavo xelSekrulebiT gadawyda, xolo
saqonlis, megzurebis saxiT
1879 wels berlinis kongresze dadas-
gaiRo ufro meti, vidre amas
turda, rom aWara amieridan ruseTis im-
SeZlebdnen yvelaze ayvavebuli
periis SemadgenlobaSi iyo, xolo baTumi
rusuli provinciebi, maSin,
gamocxadda Tavisufal savaWro qalaqad.
roca farTobiT da mosaxleo­
aWaris SemoerTebas didi gamoxmaureba
bis raodenobiT is didi ru­
mohyva qarTul sazogadoebaSi, Tumca
seTis sam provincias Tu gau­
Semdgom rusuli administraciis araTan-
toldeba~.
mimdevrulma politikam mniSvnelovani
problemebi Seuqmna aWaris adgilobriv rusi mwerali da diplomati
qarTvel muslim mosaxleobas da misi nawi- a. griboedovi
li TurqeTSi gadasaxlda.

54
wyaro 3

`ar gvaSinebs…... Cven is garemoeba, rom Cvens Zmebs, osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa
dRes mahmadianis sarwmunoeba uWiravT. oRond movides kvlav is bednieri DdRe, rom
Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT... da Tu saWiroa, rom siyvarulis cremlis uwin­
ares jer Cveni sisxli daiRvaros, nuTu qarTveli ukudgeba da Tavs ar Seswiravs mas,
risTvisac ori aTasi weliwadi Tavi uwiravT CvenTa didebulTa mamapapaTa.~

ilia WavWavaZe

wyaro 4

`Cveni azri es aris, rome jarebiTa da sazogadod ZaldatanebiT mxolod erTi

Sedegis miRweva SeiZleba: mTeli aWaris xalxi gadasaxldeba osmaleTSi, da ara
mgonia, rom amisTana Sedegi vinmesTvis sanatreli da sasiamovno Seiqmnes. erTi
xeiriani ufrosi, xalxis zne­Cveulebis mcodne Wkviani kaci ufro mometebul sargeb­
lobas moitans amgvar SemTxvevaSi da ufro ukeT mouvlis da daawynarebs xalxs,

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

vidre ramdenime batalioni jari.~

gazeTi `droeba~

guruli gamyolebi
1877­78 ww. omSi

55
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT imsjeleT, Tu rogor afasebdnen irani da

ruseTi dapyrobil xalxebs.
2. ra cvlilebebi mohyva istoriuli samcxis ruseTis imperiis Semadgenloba-
Si gaerTianebas?
3. ra Sedegi mohyva ruseT-iranis 1826-28 wlebis oms?
4. romeli omi iyo ukanasknel ruseT-osmaleTis omTagan XIX saukuneSi da ra
mniSvneloba hqonda mas saqarTvelosaTvis?
5. teqstisa da wyaroebis (4, 5) mixedviT gansazRvreT qarTuli sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba aWaris SemoerTebisadmi. isaubreT rusuli mmarTvelobis
Secdomebis Sesaxeb.
Tavi pirveli

saSinao davaleba

1. SeadgineT ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-osmaleTis omebis qronologiuri

cxrili

wlebi omis Sedegebi

56
10. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis
xasiaTi XIX saukunis msoflioSi. Tergdaleulebis
brZola mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi XIX saukuneSi

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan mTel msoflioSi farTod gaiSala brZola erovnu-
li damoukideblobisaTvis. am moZraobebze didi gavlena moaxdina safrangeTis
didi revoluciis Tavisuflebisa da patriotizmis suliskveTebam, romelic
TandaTanobiT vrceldeboda evropaSi napoleonis dapyrobiTi omebis dros.
franguli magaliTi misabaZi aRmoCnda evropis sxva erebisTvisac. maTSi iRvi-
Zebs nacionalizmi, erovnuli TviTSegneba, anu erTiani erovnuli damoukide-
beli saxelmwifos Seqmnis survili. nacionalizmis dedaarsi iyo is, rom eri anu
nacia sazogadoebis erTianobis umaRlesi formaa da mas pirveladi mniSvneloba
aqvs saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvis. naciisadmi erTguleba sazogadoebis nebis-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

mieri jgufisa Tu individis interesebze maRla unda idges.
evropaSi erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZola, upirveles yovlisa,
daiwyo osmaleTis imperiis evropul samflobeloebSi – balkaneTis naxevarkun-
Zulze. osmaleTis imperiis qristian qveSevrdomebs, muslimebisagan gansxvave-
biT, hqondaT mogzaurobis, enebis Seswavlis, dasavleTSi ganaTlebis miRebis
da, amgvarad, axali ideebis gacnobisa da gaTavisebis saSualeba.
pirvelebi osmaleTis batonobis winaaRmdeg serbebi ajanydnen. serbeTis
revoluciam (1804-15) safuZveli Cauyara balkaneTis xalxebis gamoRviZebas.
1829 wels serbeTi suverenul samefod iqca.
ufro didi gamoZaxili hqonda evropaSi berZnebis brZolis dawyebas Turqe-
bis batonobis winaaRmdeg. XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, evropeli liberalebi
aRtacebas ar malavdnen ZvelberZnuli kulturiT, upirvelesad politikuriT.
swored aqedan gamomdinare gacxovelda berZenTa da dasavleT evropelTa kon-
taqtebi. evropuli saxelmwifoebi Tavdapirvelad did yuradReEbas ar iCendnen
berZnuli amboxisadmi, magram male inglissa da safrangeTSi Seiqmna berZnebis
mxardamWeri organizaciebi, romlebmac aiZules sakuTari mTavrobebi ufro
meti yuradReba mieqciaT saberZneTis problemebisaTvis. evropeli moxali-
seebi romantikuli ganwyobiT uerTdebodnen ajanyebul berZenTa rigebs. maT
Soris iyo cnobili ingliseli poeti jorj gordon baironi. 1829 wels berZen-
Ta brZola sabolood warmatebiT dasrulda da saberZneTi damoukidebeli
samefo gaxda.
mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, balkaneTis qristiani
xalxebi erTimeoris miyolebiT Tavisufldebodnen osmaluri batonobisagan.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi evropaSi mimdinareobda ara mxo-
lod erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis moTxovniT, aramed sxvadasxva saxel-
mwifoSi mcxovrebi erTi xalxis gaerTianebis lozungiTac. upirvelesad saqme
exeboda germaniasa da italias. germaneli patriotebi germaneli eris erTian
saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebas moiTxovdnen. venis kongresze miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebebi, germaneli, aseve italieli nacionalistebisaTvis arasasurveli
57
 gamodga. italia da germania gacilebiT
gvian gaerTianda.
damoukideblobisaTvis brZola mxolod
evropaSi ar mimdinareobda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisidan is farTod gaiSala samxreT
amerikaSic. samxreT (igive laTinuri) ame-
rikis XIX saukunis dasawyisamde espaneTi-
sa da portugaliis koloniur samflobe-
loebs warmoadgendnen. laTinuri amerikis
revoluciebi garkveulwilad evropasa da
CrdiloeT amerikaSi momxdari revolu-
ciuri Zvrebis gamoZaxili iyo. regionSi
vrceldeboda ganmanaTleblobis ideebi,
TavisuflebisTvis brZolis magaliTi gax-
da safrangeTisa da aSS-is revoluciebi.
samxreT amerikis qveynebis umravleso-
bam damoukidebloba XIX saukunis I meo-
TxedSi moipova. samxreT amerikis xalxebis
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolebSi udi-
desi roli iTamaSa simon bolivarma (1783-
Tavi pirveli
1830). bolivari warmoSobiT venesuelidan
iyo. is uniWieres mxedarmTavrad aris aRia-
rebuli da misi strategiuli gadawyveti-
leba dRemde specialistebis aRtacebas
iwvevs. rogorc politikosi, is ocneboda
erTiani samxreT amerikis Seqmnaze, rac
ganuxorcielebli ocneba gamodga. mcire
drois manZilze is iyo `didi kolumbiis~
prezidentic ( es saxelmwifo aerTianebda
dRevandel kolumbias, venesuelas, ekva-
dorsa da panamas, magram male daiSala).
berZenisa da Turqis brZola. e. delakruas naxati
58
wyaro 1
Tavis mecamete mimarTvaSi
`germaneli xalxisadmi~, 1806
wels, fixte werda:
germaneli filosofosi io­
han gotlib fixte germanuli
nacionalizmis erT­erT fuZem­
deblad miiCneva. misTvis ger­
maneli eris erTianoba napo­
leonis epoqis dros franguli
hegemonobisadmi winaaRmdego­
bis erTaderT Zalas warmoad­
genda.
`saxelmwifoTa pirveli,
gansakuTrebuli da bunebrivi
sazRvrebi ueEWvelad maTi Sina
sazRvrebia. isini, vinc la­
parakoben erTsa da imave enaze
mravali bunebrivi uxilavi
ZafiT gacilebiT ufro adre
gaerTiandnen, vidre kaco­
briobis xelovnebas Caeyreboda
safuZveli; maT erTmaneTis
esmodaT da hqondaT imis Zala,
rom TandaTanobiT kidev ufro
kargad gaegoT erTmaneTisa­
Tvis; maTi erTad yofna bune­
brivi da ganuyofelia...~
mxolod maSin, rodesac saku­
Tar beds mindobili Ti­
Toeuli xalxi ganviTardeba
da Camoyalibdeba sakuTari
niSan­Tvisebebis safuZvelze
da mxolod maSin, rodesac
TiToeul xalxSi konkretuli
individi sakuTar Tavs ga­
naviTarebs rogorc am saerTo
niSanTvisebebis, ise sakuTari
gansakuTrebuli Rirsebebis
safuZvelze, aisaxeba WeSmar­
itebis sarkeSi eris RvTaebrivi
arsi.~
 axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi ZiriTadad samxed-
roebi iyvnen, vinaidan manamde ar yofila Camoyalibebuli mmarTvelobis de-
mokratiuli struqturebi. amasTan erTad, didi xnis manZilze gagrZelda qiSpi
calkeul samxreTamerikul saxelmwifoebs Soris, vinaidan maT Soris arsebuli
sazRvrebi sakmaod bundovani iyo.
magram damoukideblobis mopovebam udidesi roli Seasrula samxreT ame-
rikis qveynebisaTvis. moixsna is SezRudvebi da winaRobebi, rac xels uSlida
samxreT amerikis politikur da ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

Tergdaleulebi
erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da kolo-
niuri reJimisagan ganTavisuflebaze fiqri qarTul
sazogadoebaSi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Semdegac ar
Semwydara.
axali evropuli ideebi da axali saxelmwifoebis
warmoqmna erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

Sedegad kargad iyo cnobili qarTuli sazoga-
doebisaTvis. es procesebi aisaxeboda qarTul pre-
saSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani roli qarTuli
presisa da publicistikis ganviTarebaSi Seasrula
Jurnalma `ciskarma~ (pirveli nomeri gamovida 1852
wels), romelsac jer giorgi erisTavi, xolo Semdeg
ivane kereseliZe xelmZRvanelobdnen. swored `cis-
kridan~ daiwyo qarTuli saliteraturo enis reforma,
raSic Semdgom gadamwyveti roli `Tergdaleulebma~ ilia WavWavaZe
Seasrules. saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTul mwerlobaSi
(upirvelesad rafiel erisTavis da daniel WonqaZis SemoqmedebaSi) mniSvne-
lovani adgili daikava socialurma problematikam.
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebis procesSi ki umTavresi roli `Tergda-
leulebma~ (maT umravlesobas ruseTSi hqonda umaRlesi ganaTleba miRebuli),
Seasrules ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT. ilia WavaWavaZe XIX saukunis qarTuli
erovnuli moZraobis WeSmarit liderad iqca. ar darCenila sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis arc erTi sfero, romelic ilias yuradRebis miRma darCenodes.
Tergadleulebi politikur da samwerlobo asparezze XIX saukunis 60-
iani wlebidan gamodian. Tavdapirvelad isini daupirispidnen ufros Taobas,
romlis warmomadgenlebsac umoqmedebasa da carizmis politikisadmi Semri-
geblur damokidebulebaSi dasdes brali (es dapirispireba cnobilia `mamaTa
da SvilTa brZolis~ saxeliT).
TergdaleulTa programa iTvaliswinebda qarTveli xalxis rogorc erov-
nul, ise socialur ganTavisuflebas. isini kargad icnobdnen ruseTisa da
evropis politikuri da sazogado moRvaweebis naazrevs; iyvnen msoflioSi
mimdinare politikuri procesebis kursSi. ilia WavWavaZe aRfrTovanebiT
miesalma italiis saxelmwifos Seqmnas. TergdaleulTa programiT, amocanas
warmoadgenda Tavdapirvelad ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis
mopoveba, xolo Semdeg damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmna.
59
 TergadleulTa mier gamocemul JurnalebSi (1863 wels daarsda `saqarTve-
los moambe~, xolo 1877 wels - `iveria~) ganixileboda saqarTvelos istoriasa
da kulturasTan, Tanadroul politikur, socialur da ekonomikur proble-
matikasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
TergdalaulTa moRvaweoba daemTxva rusifikaciis politikis gaZliere-
bas. rusulma xelisuflebam termin `saqarTvelos~ akrZalvac ki moindoma da
presaSi SeiZleboda mxolod Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis moxsenieba.
i. WavWavaZisa da misi momxreebma am rTul periodSic moaxerxes erovnu-
li saqmis gagrZeleba. maTi TaosnobiT Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis
saTavadaznauro bankebi daarsda. bankis mier gaRebuli Tanxis udidesi nawi-
li qarTuli skolebisa da Teatris dafinansebas moxmarda. 1879 wels Seiqmna
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ (sazogadoebis
pirveli Tavmjdomare cnobili sazogado moRvawe, Semdgom carizmis politi-
kis msxvepli dimitri yifiani iyo - swored mas uZRvna akaki wereTelma Tavisi
cnobili leqsi `ganTiadi~. d. yifianis adgili Semdeg i. WavWavaZem daikava).
sazogadoebis mecadineobiT gaixsna skolebi, gamoica saxelmZRvaneloebi da
sxva saxis naSromebi, Segrovda Zveli xelnawerebi da folkloruli masala,
daiwyo istoriul Zeglebze zrunva.
70-ian wlebSi Tergdaleulebi or jgufad gaiyvnen. i. WavWavaZisa da misi
momxreebis jgufs (a. wereTeli, i. goge-
Tavi pirveli

baSvili, vaJa-fSavela, a. yazbegi da sxvebi)

`pirveli dasi~ ewoda, xolo n. nikolaZis, wyaro 2

g. wereTlis, s. mesxis da sxvaTa jgufs, imperatoris moxele k. ia-

romlebic mTavar yuradRebas socialu-
ri da ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemebze
amaxvilebdnen - `meore dasi~. Semdgom niko
nikolaZe foTis qalaqis Tavad dainiSna da
udidesi samuSao gaswia am saporto qala-
qis aRmSeneblobisaTvis.
qarTvelTa Soris wera­kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba
60
novski qarTuli Jurnal-
gazeTebis Sesaxeb:
`ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno, rom
ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi
interesebisaTvis ufro sasar­
geblo iqneba, Tu kavkasiis
mkvidrTa enebze gamocemul
JurnalebSi nebadarTuli
ar iqneba iseTi ganyofile­
bebi, rogoricaa biografiebi,
narkvevebi da moTxrobebi
saqarTvelos istoriaze da
geografiaze, radgan aseTi
ganyofilebebi sul advilad
da sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba
erovnul iaraRad gadaiqces.
biografiebSi qarTveli xalxis
warmomadgenlebi gamoyvanil
iqnebian gmirebad, erovnuli
TviTarsebobisaTvis mebrZole­
bad da msgavs pirovnebebad.~
wyaro 3

`iveriis~ 1881 wlis maisis saSinao ambebis mimoxilvaSi warmodgenili Tergda-

leulTa Taobis moRvaweobis miznebi:

`Cveni dacemulis vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva yovlis mosalodnelis

faTerakisagan.

yvelam, visac ra SeuZlian, am mimarTulebis qveS unda moiyaros Tavi da erTad Zmu­
rad imoqmedos. yovelive saqme, yovelive sagani, rac Cvenis cxovrebis mimavlobaSi
TavisiT Tu sxvisiT aRmoCndeba, sul yovlisferi Cvens vinaobis saqmes unda SevurCi­
oT, qveS davuyenoT. skolaa, bankia Tu Teatri, yvelafers sul magisken unda mivibru­
noT Tavi. vayenebT sadme kacs marSlad, Tu bankis gamgeblad, Tu maswavleblad, Tu
radme sxvad – mag mimarTulebis sasworze unda avwonoT...

ymawvil­kacoba unda momzaddes bejiTis da zedmiwevnil codniTa, unda, ramde­

nadac SesaZloa, Zireulad Seiswavlos evropiuli mecniereba, win gaimZRvaros
evropis gamocdileba, da am Tof­iaraRiT Seudges Cvenis qveynis saqmes. uamisod im

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

moedanzed, romelic Cven zemoT vigulisxmeT, kaci erT bijsac rigianad da samkvid­
rod ver wardgams, da im sagans da gzas, romelic Cven aRvniSneT, verafers sabolood
ver daamCnevs. Cvenis mxriT, amazed ukeTess sagans, amazed ukeTes gzas, ukve sxvagan
gamocdils da gamoyenebuls, sxvas veras vuCvenebT Cvens saimedo ymawvil­kacobas~.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT imsjeleT nacionalizmis Sesaxeb. ra

siaxle moitana safrangeTis didma revoluciam? moawyveT diskusia erze
fixtes Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb.
2. daaxasiaTeTY XIX saukunis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi.
Tqveni azriT, riT gansxvavdeboda da ra hqonda saerTo evropaSi mimdinare
procesebTan laTinuri amerikis revoluciebs?
3. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT isaubreT rusifikaciis politikis
mizezebsa da miznebze.
4. gaecaniT wyaro 3-s. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT gamoyaviT
TergdaleulTa ZiriTadi miznebi. imsjeleT maT Sesaxeb. romeli mizani
geCvenebaT yvelaze mniSvnelovnad?

61
 11. italiis gaerTianeba

Sua saukuneebsa da adreul axal droSi italia daqucmacebuli iyo mra-

val samefo-samGTavrod da qalaq-respublikad. misi teritoriis nawili uSua-
lod romis paps emorCileboda (e.w. papis olqi). italiaSi batonobdnen ucxo
saxelmwifoebi. eseni iyvnen `saRvTo romis imperia~ germaneli imperatorebis
meTaurobiT, espaneTi, safrangeTi da avstria. maTi batonobis pirobebSic ar-
sebobda bevri momcro italiuri saxelmwifo, romelTa mmarTvelebs (mefeebs,
hercogebs, mTavrebs) sakuTari Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad dayofili
italia erCivnaT.
aRorZinebis xanis politikurma azrma (makiaveli, gviCardini), XVII s-is bo-
lodan liberalurma ideebma – inglisidan da, 1789 wlidan, safrangeTis revo-
luciis ideebma gavlena moaxdines italielebis saxelmwifoebriv-politikur
warmodgenebze. napoleon I-is epoqaSi mTeli italia safrangeTis imperators
emorCileboda. swored im dros italielebSi gaRrmavda idea, rom maT SeuZliaT
erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna.
magram 1815 wlis Semdeg `venis kongresma~ italiaSi aRadgina Zveli wesebi da
samTavroebi (toskana, modena, parma, luka da sxv.), sadac ZiriTadad avstriel
Tavi pirveli

habsburgTa naTesavebi mTavrobdnen. CrdiloeTi nawili – lombardia da veneciis

respublikis yofili teritoria uSualod avstriis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Se-
vida: misi represiuli reJimi did protests iwvevda italielebSi. aRdga `orive
siciliis~ (k. sicilia da samxreT italia) samefo dedaqalaqiT neapolSi, sadac
dabrunda frangi burbonebis dinastia. Sua italiaSi didi teritoria romis paps
eqvemdebareboda.
imave periodSi sardiniis samefom,
1. parmis sahercogo
2. modenas sahercogo
kunZul sardiniis garda, SeierTa Cr-
savoia da
3. toskanas didi dilo-dasavleT italia – piemonti
lombardia­ sahercogo
pi

nica (Se­ (centriT turinSi) da genuis res-

em

venecia
on

uerTda
publikis yofili teritoria; mis
ti

safran­ 1
geTs
2
SemadgenlobaSi agreTve Sedioda
1861)
savoia da nica. am samefos xandaxan
3 s bi
pi oe
pa el piemont-sardinias uwodeben. 1848
ob
m fl wels sardiniis samefo konstitu-
piemont- sa
sardinia ciur monarqiad gamocxadda da, ro-
gorc politikurad yvelaze dawin-
sardinia

aurebuli saxelmwifo, italiis gaer-

ori Tianebis centrad iqca.
siciliis
samefo italieli patriotebi, romelTa
Soris yvelaze gamorCeulebi iyvnen
sicilia
juzepe maZini (1805-1872) da juzepe
garibaldi (1807-1882), cdilobdnen
qveynis gaerTianebas: am process ic-
italiis teritoria 1859 wlisaTvis
62
noben italiuri terminiT `risorjimento~
(gamococxleba/aRorZineba). maZini erTia-
ni italiis respublikis momxre iyo. 1849
wels man xanmokle droiT SeZlo `romis
respublikis~ Seqmna. Tavidan respublikur
ideas emxroboda garibaldi, magram mogvia-
nebiT, arsebuli realobidan gamomdinare,
igi miemxro italiis gaerTianebas sardi-
niis samefos mier. garibaldis didma popu-
larobam uzrunvelyo italielebis mxar-
daWera sardiniis mefisaTvis, romelic
sabolood erTiani italiis mefe gaxda.
sagareo politikis sferoSi Zalian
aqtiurobda sardiniis samefos premier-
ministri 1852 wlidan grafi kamilo benso
di kavuri.
kavurma gadawyvita sardiniis samefos
interesebisTvis gamoeyenebina safrange-
Tis imperatoris, napoleon III-is ambiciebi,
romelic evropaSi hegemonobis mopovebas
cdilobda. napoleoni dapirda sardinias
samxedro daxmarebas avstriis imperiis
winaaRmdeg, magram sanacvlod moiTxova
safrangeTisaTvis alpebSi mdebare savoiis
provincia (sardiniis mefeebi savoiis di-
nastias ekuTvnodnen) da xmelTaSua zRvis
sanapiroze mdebare italiuri qalaqi nica
(iq daibada juzepe garibaldi).
moxerxebuli diplomatiiT kavurma
SeZlo avstriis provocireba, raTa swo-
red mas gamoecxadebina omi sardiniisaT-
vis da `agresorad~ gamosuliyo. safran-
geTi dauyovnebliv CaerTo konfliqtSi
da ori mZime damarcxeba miayena avstriis
armias (majentas da solferinos brZole-
bi 1859 wels). magram amis Semdeg napoleon
III-m sardiniis mefis, vitorio-emanuele II-
is daukiTxavad dado zavi avstriasTan da
Tavisi italieli mokavSire miatova. zavis
Tanaxmad, avstriam frangebs dauTmo lom-
bardia, romlis dedaqalaqia milani, xolo
venecia Tavis SemadgenlobaSi SeinarCuna.
napoleon III-m lombardia sardiniis mefes
`gaucvala~ savoiasa da nicaSi, ramac ita-
lieli patriotebis didi ukmayofileba
wyaro 1
italiis erovnul-ganmaTavi-
suflebeli moZraobis
lideris, juzepe maZinis mier
daarsebuli organizaciis -
`axalgazrda italiis~ prog-
ramidan (1831):
`1. `axalgazrda italia~
im italielTa saZmoa, visac
swams da sjera italiis mow­
odebisa iqces erTian erad.
maT aerTianebT diadi azri
da saqme aRadginon italia,
rogorc Tavisufali da Tanas­
msoflio XIX saukuneSi
wori moqalaqeebis eri, rogorc
damoukidebeli da suverenuli
xalxi.
2. italia moicavs... italiis
naxevarkunZuls samxreTiT
zRvidan zemo alpebamde [Crdi­
loeTiT]... kunZulebs, romelTa
mosaxleobis ena italiuria.
3. `axalgazrda italia~ res­
publikuria da [qveynis] erTia­
nobis momxre. respublikuri imis
gamo, rom eris Svilebi RvTisa da
kacobriobis kanonebiT mowode­
bulni arian iyvnen Tanasworni
da erTianni..., imis gamo, rom
italias ar hyavs iseTi dinas­
tia... , romelsac [odesme] yvela
[italiuri] saxelmwifos ndoba
da siyvaruli moepovebinos.
4. miznis miRwevis xerxi ajanye­
baa..., vinc ajanydeba... is ita­
liur enas moipovebs.
5. [samferovani] droSa [TeTri,
wiTeli, mwvane]... Tavisufle­
bas, Tanasworobas, humanuro­
bas... erTianobas, damoukide­
blobas ganasaxierebs.
63
 gamoiwvia. kavuri, romelic am gacvlas ar eTanxme-
boda, gadadga.
italielebs Tavad mouxdaT brZola gaerTiane-
bisaTvis. 1859-1860 wlebSi CrdiloeT italiis yvela
saxelmwifo (veneciis garda) SeuerTda sardiniis sa-
mefos. juzepe garibaldim aiRo k. sicilia da samxreT
italia.1860 wels garibaldi Sexvda sardiniis mefes
vitorio-emanuele II-s, mimarTa mas, rogorc `italiis
mefes~ da masTan erTad Sevida q. neapolSi.
safrangeTis imperatori sakmaod SeaSfoTa ita-
liis swrafma gafarToebam. mas ar undoda mezoblad
didi saxelmwifo hyoloda. franguli armiis nawi-
lebi icavdnen romis papis samflobelos, romelic
naxevarkunZulis centrSi mdebareobda. frangulma
garnizonma ar daaneba garibaldis q. romis aReba. vitorio­emanuele II
italiis samefos Seqmna oficialurad gamocxad-
da q. turinSi 1861 wels. italiis dedaqalaqad romi gamoacxades, Tumca kidev
aTi weli es qalaqi da mimdebare lacios provincia romis papis saxelmwifos
nawili iyo da mas imperatori napoleon III mfarvelobda. mxolod safrangeT-
prusiis omis Semdeg, romelSic safrangeTi mZimed damarcxda, 1870 wels, gaxda
Tavi pirveli

SesaZlebeli romis SeerTeba italiasTan da momdevno, 1871 wels iq dedaqalaqis

gadatana.
venecia SeuerTda italias 1866 wels. im wels italia prusiasTan kavSirSi eo-
meboda avstrias. Tumca italielebi damarcxdnen, maSin, roca prusiam gaimar-
jva, saboloo teritoriuli mowesrigebisas italias mainc xvda wilad venecia.
XIX saukuneSi pirvelad romis imperiis daSlis Semdeg mTeli italia gaer-
Tianda erT saxelmwifoSi.
politikurma gaerTianebam xeli Seuwyo italieli eris konsolidacias,
Tumca iq dRemde gamoiyeneba Zalian gansxvavebuli dialeqtebi da garkveuli
separatizmi bolomde daZleuli araa.
gaerTianebuli italia evropis erT-erT wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca. misi Cr-
diloeTi nawili industriulad ufro swrafad ganviTarda da qveynis ekono-
mikur lokomotivad iqca, maSin roca agraruli samxreTi CamorCenilad darCa.
1929 wels italiis samefosa da romis paps Soris daido lateranis SeTanxmeba
(konkordati) da oficialurad Seiqmna vatikanis saxelmwifo, romelic qalaq
romis centrSi mdebareobs da sul 44 heqtari teritoria uWiravs. vatikanis
saxelmwifos meTauria romis papi.

wyaro 2

`erTiani italiis saxelmwifosa da vitorio­emanueles mis mefed gamocxadeba ar

unda moxdes manamde, sanam brZolaSi CarTuli italiis xalxi siciliidan ar miaR­
wevs romamde, italiis momaval dedaqalaqamde... samxreTis miwebis dauyovneblivi
mierTeba ki [sardiniis samefosTan] gamoiwvevda italiis erTi nawilis meorisagan
gamoyofas... Cven gvsurs italia erTiani da mis mefed vitorio­emanuele vixiloT.~
juzepe garibaldi
64
 klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT italiis daqucmacebulobis mizezebze.

2. romeli saxelmwifo gaxda italiis gaerTianebis centri? imsjeleT amis mi-
zezebze.
3. teqstisa da wyaroebis mixedviT SeadareT erTmaneTs maZinisa da garibal-
dis Sexedulebebi. moawyveT klasSi diskusia. Tqveni azriT, ratom miemxro
garibaldi samefos Seqmnis ideas?
4. imsjeleT kavuris diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

juzepe garibaldi

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `italiis gaerTianeba da safrangeTi~.

65
 12. germaniis gaerTianeba

erTiani germanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideebi

XIX saukunemde germania daqucmacebuli iyo 300-ze met samefod da samTav-
rod, romelTac formalurad aerTianebda `germaneli eris saRvTo romis im-
peria~. realurad, `imperia~ ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi araviTar poli-
tikur Zalas ar warmoadgenda. yvela germanuli saxelmwifo damoukideblad
moqmedebda. Tumca adgilobrivi dialeqtebi Zalian gansxvavebuli iyo, yvela
samefo-samTavroSi iyenebdnen saerTo literaturul germanul enas, rome-
lic eyrdnoboda martin luTeris mier XVI saukunis dasawyisSi germanulad
Targmnil biblias. germanul saaxelmwifoebSi msgavsi iyo sasamarTlo sistema,
arsebobda erTnairi tradiciebi da iyo mWidro kulturuli kavSirebi. samefo-
samTavroebis mosaxleobas saerTo eTnikuri saxeli hqonda – `doiC~ (germaneli).
1806 wels praqtikulad umoqmedo `saRvTo romis imperia~ gauqmda. impera-
toris tituli SeinarCuna avstriis monarqma, romelic habsburgTa dinastias
ekuTvnoda da venaSi hqonda taxti.
Tavi pirveli

1815 wels `venis kongresze~ Seqmnil `germanul konfederacias~ ar hqonda Si-

nagani erToba, radgan misi uZlieresi wevrebi – avstria da prusia erTmaneTTan
metoqeobdnen da xSirad urTierTsapirispiro politikas atarebdnen. patara
germanuli saxelmwifoebi xan avstrias emxrobodnen, xan prusias. 1818 wlidan
arsebuli `prusiuli sabaJo kavSiri~ aerTianebda bevr saxelmwifos, romelTac
xels aZlevda erTian ekonomikur sivrceSi arseboba. prusia ekonomikuradac
ukeT viTardeboda, vidre avstria.
1848-1849 wlebis revoluciis dros germanul saxelmwifoebSi saxalxo ga-
mosvlebi absolutizmis winaaRmdeg da samoqalaqo uflebebis mxardasaWerad
gadaejaWva erovnul ideas – moTxovnas Seqmniliyo erTiani germania.
germaniis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb imsjela 1848 wels frankfurtSi gamarTulma
erovnulma krebam. ganixileboda sakiTxi, Tu ra teritoria unda moecva momaval
germanias – SeeqmnaT `didi germania~ (avstriasTan erTad) Tu `mcire germania~
(avstriis gareSe). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom avstria warmoadgenda imperias, sa-
dac germanuli warmoSobis mosaxleoba erT meoTxedze cota meti iyo, gamoiTqva
azri, rom `did germaniaSi~ Sesuliyo mxolod `germanuli avstria~. avstriis
imperatori amis winaaRmdeg wavida. misi davalebiT imave dReebSi venaSi gamoica
kanoni avstriis ganuyoflobis Sesaxeb. sabolood gaimarjva ideam `mcire ger-
maniis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

66
 germaniis gaerTianebis bismarkiseuli politika.
prusia-daniisa da prusia-avstriis omebi
germaniis gamaerTianeblad samarTlianad
iTvleba prusiis premier-ministri oto fon bis-
marki (1815-1898), romelmac moqnili politikiTa
da diplomatiuri xerxebiT, agreTve, saWiroebisas,
samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT, SeZlo prusiis samefos
irgvliv germaniis gaerTianeba. bismarki ganaTle-
buli adamiani iyo, flobda frangul, inglisur da
rusul enebs. is diplomatiuri xelovnebis didos-
tati da SorsmWvreteli politikosi iyo. prusiis
premier-ministrad daniSvnisTanave (1862) man sabo-
loo miznad germaniis erTianoba daisaxa da nabij-
nabij Seudga am miznis aRsrulebas.
bismarki kargad sargeblobda im winaaRmdego- oto fon bismarki
bebiT, romlebic arsebobda evropis did saxelmwi-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

foebs Soris. 1864 wels prusiam daamarcxa daniis samefo da aiZula misi mefe
uari eTqva Slezvig-holStainis hercogis titulze. sahercogoebi avstriisa
da prusiis saerTo mflobelobaSi gadavida. danias arcerTi didi evropuli
saxelmwifo ar daexmara. didi britaneTis xelisuflebas gaZlierebuli prusiis
samefo safrangeTis imperiis ambiciebis sapirwoned miaCnda. safrangeTi Caeflo
meqsikaSi wamowyebul sagareo politikul avanturaSi. ruseTis mefe madlobeli
iyo bismarkisa, rom prusia ar CaerTo ruseTis winaaRmdeg 1863 wels ajanyebuli
poloneTis mxares da ruseTs ajanyebis CaxSobis saSualeba mieca. amitom daniis
mefe iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda teritoriul danakargs.
amis Semdeg bismarkis miznad iqca avstriis imperiis gandevna `germanuli
konfederaciidan~. amisTvis mas esaWiroeboda avstriis samxedro damarcxeba,
ise, rom omSi ar Cabmuliyvnen ruseTi da safrangeTi. ruseTis imperatorTan
man male gamonaxa saerTo ena, xolo napoleon III daarwmuna, rom avstriasTan
omi xangrZlivi da mZime iqneba (rac napoleonma TavisTvis xelsayrelad miiCnia,
radgan imave periodSi is TviTon gegmavda belgiis aneqsias). prusias sWirdeboda
avstriis swrafi damarcxeba, rom evropel metoqeebs ver moeswroT daxmarebis
gaweva misTvis. amitom bismarkma samxedro xelSekruleba dado italiis same-
fosTan, romelic ukmayofilo iyo imiT, rom italiuri qalaqi venecia Tavis
mimdebare provinciiTurT 1859 wlis omis Semdeg avstrias darCa.
bismarkis azriT, italiis fronti daabandebda avstriul Zalebs samxreTSi.
es imedi mas, sabolood, ar gaumarTlda, radgan italielebi swrafad damar-
cxdnen avstriasTan omSi. samagierod, gaamarTla prusiis armiam, romelmac
general helmut fon moltkes meTaurobiT omis dawyebidan sam kviraSi 1866
wels sadovasTan, CexeTSi (germaniaSi amas kioniggracis brZolas uwodeben)
sastikad daamarcxa avstrielebi. gza venaze gaxsnili iyo. magram bismarkma ar
misca ufleba gamarjvebis eiforiaSi myof generlebs da maT ayolil prusiis
mefes gaegrZelebinaT omi. misi daJinebiT prusiam zavis SedarebiT rbili pi-
robebi SesTavaza avstrias, romelTaA Soris ZiriTAadi iyo am ukanasknelis mier
`germanuli konfederaciis~ datoveba: amiT prusias gza exsneboda germanul
67
 napoleon III da bismarki

saxelmwifoT a Soris hegemonobisken. avstriasTAn omis gaxangrZlivebas bismarki

Zalian gaurboda, radgan omSi SeiZleboda safrangeTis imperia CAabmuliyo. omi
damTavrda. napoleon III-m ver moaswro esargebla aRmosavleTis frontze pru-
siis dakavebulobiT da mis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebis dawyebis sababi ar
mieca. man verc belgiis aneqsiis sakiTxi moagvara.
avstria, mZime damarcxebis Semdeg, prusiisaTvis nakleb saSiSi gaxda. 1867 wels
imperias `avstria-ungreTi~ daerqva da ungrelebic, mosaxleobis 17 procenti,
Tavi pirveli

avstriis germanelebTan erTad imperiis mmarTvel erad iqcnen.

saerTaSoriso politika XIX s-is 60-iani wlebis bolos.

safrangeT-prusiis omi
bismarkis iniciativiT Seiqmna `Crdilo-germanuli kavSiri~, sadac ar Se-
dioda avstria da srulad dominirebda prusia. magram samxreT germaniis Zi-
riTadad kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebi – bavaria, viurtembergi, badeni da heseni
`Crdilo-germanul kavSirSi~ ar Sesulan. maTi aristokratia da burJuaziis
sakmao nawilic ki germaniis gaerTianebas ar emxroboda. amas kategoriulad
ewinaaRmdegeboda safrangeTic. amitomac bismarks esaWiroeboda safrangeTis
neitralizacia.
prusiisaTvis sasargeblo gamodga is, rom napoleon III da misi ministrebi
sworad ver afasebdnen Seqmnil saerTaSoriso viTarebas. safrangeTs sagareo
mokavSire ar hyavdaT. kraxiT damTavrda safrangeTis intervencia (armiis SeWra)
meqsikaSi iq monarqiis Seqmnisa da taxtze Tavisi marioneti maqsimilianis dasmis
mizniT: 1867 wels, rogorc ki franguli samxedro nawilebi meqsikidan gamovid-
nen, revolucionerebma Seipyres imperatori maqsimiliani da daxvrites. aman
uaryofiTad imoqmeda napoleon III-is reputaciaze qveynis SigniT da gareT. did
britaneTSi did ukmayofilebasa da eWvebs iwvevda frangebis saqmianoba suecis
arxis mSeneblobaSi, romelic sazeimod gaixsna 1869 wels. londonSi SiSobdnen,
rom amis Semdeg safrangeTis imperia dagegmavda britanuli interesebis xel-
yofas indoeTSi. garda amisa, britaneTis SeSfoTebas iwvevda napoleon III-is
ganzraxva - moexdina belgiisa da luqsemburgis aneqsia. venaSi (avstria-ungreTi)
axsovdaT mZime damarcxeba sadovasTan da ar gaaformes samxedro xelSekruleba
68
safrangeTTan, romelic mas avtomaturad CarTavda omSi prusiis winaaRmdeg.
ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre II bismarkma daarwmuna, rom mxars dauWers mis
mier `parizis kongresis~ moTxovnis gadasinjvas, romelic ruseTs Sav zRvaSi
samxedro-sazRvao flotis yolas ukrZalavda (es piroba bismarkma marTlac
Seasrula). garda amisa, peterburgSi ar daiviwyes arc frangebis monawileoba
`yirimis omSi~ da didi simpaTia maT mimarT ar hqondaT. iq arc avstriis `Rala-
ti~ daiviwyes imave omis dros da sulac ar undodaT misi gaZliereba, radgan
balkaneTSi swored vena iyo peterburgis mTavari metoqe. aseTi saerTaSoriso
viTareba xelsayreli iyo prusiisaTvis da araxelsayreli – safrangeTisaTvis.
safrangeTSi arsebobda usafuZvlo miTi misi armiis uZlevelobis Sesaxeb.
sinamdvileSi safrangeTi omisaTvis mzad ar iyo: urapatriotul eiforias abu-
qebdnen ministrebi, parlamentis wevrebi da parizis gazeTebi. SedarebiT um-
niSvnelo diplomatiuri problema, romelic, rogorc bevrad gvian gairkva,
Segnebulad Seqmna bismarkma, safrangeTis imperatorma sababad gamoiyena, rom
1870 wlis 15 ivliss prusiisaTvis omi gamoecxadebina. aman safrangeTi agresorad
aqcia da samxreT germaniis saxelmwifoebic ki SeuerTdnen prusiasa da `Crdilo-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

germanul kavSirs~ safrangeTTan omSi.
omi safrangeTis teritoriaze warimarTa da napoleon III-isaTvis ukiduresad
warumatebeli gamodga. 1870 wlis 1-2 seqtembers frangulma armiam mZime marcxi
ganicada sedanTan brZolaSi. 2 seqtembers imperatori napoleon III tyved Ca-
barda prusielebs. 4 seqtembers safrangeTi respublikad gamocxadda, romel-
mac gaagrZela prusiasTan omi. 19 seqtembers prusiis armiam ukve parizis alya
daiwyo. 1871 wlis 28 ianvars mxareebma cecxli Sewyvites. 26 Tebervals versalSi
xelmoweril iqna winaswari dazaveba, xolo saboloo xelSekruleba daido 1871
wlis 10 maiss, frankfurtSi, romlis Tanaxmadac germaniis xelSi gadadioda
elzasi da lotaringiis aRmosavleTi nawili (frangulad alzasi da loreni),
sadac ZiriTadad germanulenovani mosaxleoba cxovrobda; safrangeTs unda
gadaexada kontribucia 5 miliardi frankis odenobiT.
magram iqamde, 1871 wlis 18 ianvars versalSi gamocxadda germaniis imperiis
Seqmna. prusiis mefe vilhelm I germaniis imperatori (`kaizeri~) gaxda. yvela

germaniis imperiis
Seqmnis gamocxadeba
versalSi

69
 germanulenovani qveyana (avstriis, luqsemburgis, lixtenStainis da Sveicariis
germanuli kantonebis gareSe) erT saxelmwifoSi erTiandeboda. bismarkis mizani
miRweuli iqna.
germania evropis erT-erT udides da Zalian male, ekonomikurad yvelaze
ganviTarebul qveynad iqca. geopolitikuri balansi evropaSi Seicvala.
iqamde, sanam germaniis imperiis mTavrobas saTaveSi edga oto fon bismar-
ki (1890 wlamde), germania cdilobda mSvidobiani urTierToba hqonoda yvela
mezobelTan da arc zRvisgadaRma koloniebis dapyrobas lamobda. viTareba
Seicvala XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulidan: germaniis sagareo politika ufro
agresiuli gaxda. aman wamyvani saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebuli samxedro kav-
Sirebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli, ramac kacobrioba sabolood miiyvana pirvel msof-
lio omamde.

wyaro 1

`Cven unda vibrZoloT, Tuki ar gvsurs ubrZolvelad damarcxebulis rolTan

Segueba. magram warmateba didwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra STabeWdilebas
moaxdens Cvenze da sxvebze omis safuZveli. mniSvnelovania, rom Cven viyoT is mxare,
visac Tavs daesxnen: galuri [e.i. franguli] qedmaRloba da fxukianoba ki dagvex­
mareba amaSi.~
Tavi pirveli

oto fon bismarki

wyaro 2

germanuli `studenturi saZmoebis~ (nacionalizmis suliskveTebis matarebeli

pirveli organizaciebi) ZiriTadi principebi da gadawyvetilebebi (1818):

2. germaniis erTianobisaTvis, mamulisTvis brZolas Seewira yvela... vinc 1813 wels

ganmaTavisuflebel omSi [napoleonis winaaRmdeg] daeca.

3. germanuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis ufleba da movaleobaa samagiero

miuzRos sxva erebs imisaTvis, rac maT germanel ers avnes.

10. erovnuli zizRi gamarTlebulia manam, vidre mimdinareobs brZola Tanasworu­

flebianobisaTvis.

16. TavadTa neba ki araa xalxisaTvis kanoni, aramed xalxis neba unda iyos Tavad­
TaTvis kanoni.

20. … ...yvela kanonis arsi pirovnebis Tavisufleba da sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis

uzrunvelyofaa.

31. sazogadoebriv saqmeebze sakuTari azris zepirad an werilobiT gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba yoveli moqalaqis xelSeuxebeli uflebaa.

35. yvela keTilSobili da patiosani kacisa da ymawvilis movaleobaa daicvas

germanuli enis siwminde, SeinarCunos germanuli adaT­wesebi... da zogadad xeli
Seuwyos imas, rac germanias ganadidebs da gaaZlierebs, germanel ers pativiscemis
Rirsad gaxdis.~

70
 klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1. SeadareT XIX saukunis dasawyisis liberalur-nacio-

nalisturi ideebi germaniis erTianobis Sesaxeb germaniis gaerTianebis
sakiTxis bismarkiseul `realur politikur~ – `sisxliTa da maxviliT~ ga-
dawyvetas.

2. ganixileT wyaro 2. imsjeleT rogor erwymis erTmaneTs nacionaluri da

liberaluri ideebi.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis mixedviT dawereT Tema: `germaniis gaerTianeba

`zemodan~ – prusiis egidiT~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1870-1871 – safrangeT­
prusiis omi

1815-1898 – oto fon bismarki

1871, 18 ianvari – germaniis
imperiis Seqmna

1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900

1864
prusia­daniis omi. Slezvig­holStainis mierTeba

1866
avstria­prusiis omi
71
 13. safrangeTis mesame respublika

safrangeTis meore respublikis prezidentad arCevis Semdeg lui-napoleon-

ma daiviwya frangebisTvis micemuli dapirebebi da sul male erTpirovnul,
avtoritarul mmarTvelad Camoyalibda. meore respublikis e.w. `sakanondeblo
organom~ TiTqmis mTlianad dakarga saxelisuflebo funqcia. 1852 wels, isev
saxalxo referendumis Sedegad, lui-napoleoni (xmebis 97%-iT) safrangeTis
imperatori gaxda. amieridan is napoleon III-d – `RvTis kurTxeviTa da eris
nebiT frangebis imperatorad~ – iwodeboda.
1852 wlis 2 dekembers safrangeTSi gauqmda meore respublika da gamocxadda
meore imperiis Seqmna. daiwyo reJimis mowinaaRmdegeebis sastiki devna. bevri
maTgani (mag., mwerali viqtor hiugo) iZulebuli gaxda qveynidan gadaxvewiliyo.
napoleon III-is mmarTvelobis pirvel periodSi meore imperiam mniSvnelovan
warmatebebs miaRwia saerTaSoriso asparezze. yirimis omSi mokavSireebTan
erTad gamarjvebam safrangeTi kontinentur evropaSi hegemonad aqcia. avs-
triasTan omis Sedegad safrangeTma nica da savoia SemoierTa. warmatebuli
iyo napoleon III-is samxedro eqspediciebi CineTisa da iaponiis winaaRmdeg,
aseve siriaSi.
1860-iani wlebidan reJimma SedarebiT liberaluri saxe miiRo (e.w. `libe-
Tavi pirveli

raluri imperia~), daCqarda qveynis samrewvelo ganviTarebac. Tumca, sagareo

politikaSi imperatorma savalalo Secdomebi dauSva, rasac sabolood, meo-
re imperiis dacema mohyva. napoleon III-m, romelic cdilobda toli ar daedo
didi winaprisaTvis, sruliad gaumarTlebeli samxedro kampania wamoiwyo me-
qsikaSi (msgavsad napoleonis egviptis kampaniisa). es avantiura sruli kraxiT
dasrulda. napoleonma araferi iRona prusiis momZlavrebis winaaRmdeg, bo-
los ki, 1870 wels,s TviTonve gaxda iZulebuli omi gamoecxadebina ambiciuri
mezoblisaTvis. es omi, sabolood, safrangeTis sruli marcxiT dasrulda.
omis dawyebidan Svidi kviris Semdeg sedanis brZolaSi germanelebma upirobo
gamarjvebas miaRwies, safrangeTis meore armia tyved Cabarda gamarjvebulebs.
TviTon napoleonic germanelTa tyved iqca.
rodesac omSi safrangeTis armiis damarcxebisa da napoleoni III-is danebebis
ambavma parizs miaRwia, respublikelTa nawilma 1870 wlis 4 seqtembers sazei-

safrangeT­prusiis omi brZolebi parizSi komunarebsa da jarebs Soris

72
mod gamoacxada axali respublikis dafuZneba. amgvarad
dasrulda meore imperiis arseboba da daiwyo mesame res-
publikis xana. miuxedavad imisa, rom respublikis gamo-
cxadeba moxda sajarod, aRfrTovanebuli demonstantebis
winaSe, mas win ar uZRoda arc saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva
da arc sakanonmdeblo krebis Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.
axalma mTavrobam Tavisi ramdenime wevri gaagzavna qalaq
turSi iqidan germanelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis organize-
bisaTvis, magram am viTarebaSiac ki `zomieri~ da `radika-
li~ respublikelebi ver Tanxmdebodnen. `radikalebis~
liderma, mgznebare oratorma leon gambetam didi muSaoba eifelis koSki –
gaswia turSi qveynis dasacavad mosaxleobis dasarazmavad. parizis simbolo,
erovnuli gvardiis wevrebi da gamoucdeli Wabukebi ewe- aSenda swored III
respublikis dros
rebodnen axal frangul jarSi. frangebis dasaxmareblad
(1889)
Camovida italiis erovnuli gmiri juzepe garibaldi. am
enTuziazmis talRaze frangebma moaxerxes qalaq orleanis dabruneba, magram

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

germaniis regularuli jaris winaaRmdeg omSi maT gamarjvebis aranairi Sansi ar
hqondaT. germanelebi isev gadmovidnen Setevaze da male parizic aiRes. safran-
geTis droebiTma mTavrobam 1871 wlis TebervalSi kapitulacia gamoacxada.
magram danebebamde safrangeTi kidev erTi gansacdelis winaSe aRmoCnda: ajan-
ydnen parizelebi. isini fiqrobdnen, rom erovnuli kreba, romelic ZiriTadad
roialistebisagan Sedgeboda, isev aRadgenda monarqias. ajanyebulma parize-
lebma Seqmnes qalaqis mTavroba – parizis komuna da moemzadnen xelisuflebis
erTguli jarebisagan Tavdasacavad. daiwyo uSeRavaTo brZolebi. rogorc ko-
munarebi (maT, magaliTad, mokles parizis arqiepiskoposi), ise jari ukiduresi
sisastikiT gamoirCeodnen. ori Tvis areulobisa da brZolebis Semdeg parizis
komunam arseboba Sewyvita. Tumca brZolebs, adamianuri msxverplis garda,
parizis nawilis nangrevebad qcevac mohyva. damarcxebisaTvis ganwirulma ko-
munarebma dawves tiuilrisa da qalaqis mmarTvelobis sasaxleebi.
safrangeTis axali respublika iSva germanuli okupaciisa da qaosis pirobeb-
Si, Tumca TandaTanobiT moxerxda viTarebis stabilizacia. zavis pirobebis
mixedviT, safrangeTs germaniisaTvis 5 mlrd franki unda gadaexada sami wlis
manZilze. zavis pirobebis simZimis miuxedavad, safrangeTma TandaTanobiT
moaxerxa omiT gamowveuli Wrilobebis moSuSeba. male daiwyo armiis reogra-
nizebac. SemoRebul iqna xuTwliani savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri.
xelisuflebis uzenaesi organo gaxda erovnuli kreba, romelmac `safrange-
Tis respublikis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurad~ airCia lui adolf
tieri. male es tituli prezidentis tituliT Seicvala. 1873 wels tieri ga-
dadga da erovnulma krebam safrangeTis respublikis axal prezidentad airCia
marSali makmahoni. is monarqisti da konservatori iyo. makmahoni upirispirde-
boda respublikelebs, Tumca swored misi prezidentobis dros, 1875 wels mii-
Res mesame respublikis konstitucia. Sesabamisad, konstitucia konservatuli
xasiaTis iyo da masSi sityva `respublika~ mxolod erTxel iyo naxsenebi. am
konstituciiT mixedviT, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnoda parlaments
(erovnul krebas), romelic Sedgeboda deputatTa palatisa da senatisgan. de-
73
 putatTa palata airCeoda pirdapiri gziT sayovelTao, Tanaswori da faruli
arCevnebis safuZvelze. xmis micemis ufleba ar eZleodaT qalebs, samxedro
mosamsaxureebs, koloniebis mosaxleobas da 21 wlamde mamakacebs. senatis ar-
Cevnebi ki arapirdapir da mravalsafexurian xasiaTs atarebda. 300 senatoridan
75 samudamo senatorad (sicocxlis bolomde) airCeoda. prezidenti, romelsac
irCevda erovnuli kreba 3 wlis vadiT, iTvleboda aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
bis meTaurad. is aseve iyo respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali.
XIX s-is 80-iani wlebidan TandaTanobiT gaizarda respublikelebis roli
safrangeTis politikur cxovrebaSi. maT mier gatarebuli reformebis
Sedegad, skola ufaso, savaldebulo da saero gaxda 1881-82 wlebidan; 1881
wels dakanonda presisa da Sekrebebis Tavisufleba; 1884 wels dauSves gan-
qorwineba da moqalaqeebs mieniWaT profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba; 1905
wels eklesia gamoeyo saxelmwifos (sekularizacia). calkeuli politikuri
krizisis miuxedavad, XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis safrangeTis respublika
uzarmazar koloniur imperias warmoadgenda da sididiT mxolod britaneTis
imperias Camouvardeboda.
mesame respublikam, II msoflio omis dros safrangeTis okupaciis periodis
gamoklebiT, formalurad 1946 wlamde iarseba. II msoflio omis Semdeg, 1946
wels miRebulma axalma konstituciam safuZveli Cauyara safrangeTis meoTxe
respublikas.
Tavi pirveli

damatebiTi cnoba

parizis komuna

istorikosebs uWirT parizis komunis miznebSi socialisturi Tu marqsistuli ele­

mentebis gamokveTa, SemdgomSi komunis Sesaxeb amgvari `miTis~ Seqmnis miuxedavad.
magram ueWvelia, rom parizis movlenebi warmoadgenda klasobriv konfliqts da
mxareebs Soris socialuri dapirispireba gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre
maTi programebi. 1871 wlis Semdeg komunisturi revolucia ukve realur SesaZleb­
lobad aRiqmeboda rogorc radikalebis, ise konservatorebis mxridan. muSaTa kla­
sis saprotesto moZraobebSi ki komunarebma `mowameebis~ adgili daikaves, rogorc
burJuaziis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg Tavganwirulma mebrZolebma.

klasSi samuSao
1. isaubreT napoleon III-is politikur Secdomebze.
2. ra viTarebaSi moxda mesame respublikis gamocxadeba?
3. ra saxis reformebi gatarda da visi iniciativiT 1880-iani wlebis safrangeTSi?
4. teqstisa da damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT gansazRvreT, ra socialur fenas
warmoadgendnen parizis komunis wevrebi. ra gavlena moaxdines maT muSaTa mo-
Zraobaze?
74
14. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si

1861-1865 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mimdinareobda samoqalaqo

omi, romelsac Seewira sul cota 620 aTasi jariskaci (maTi ori mesamedi da-
avadebebs gadahyva) da daudgeneli, magram didi raodenobis samoqalaqo piri.
aseTi danakargi aSS-s ar hqonia Tavis yvela sxva saomar konfliqtSi jamurad,
ori msoflio omis CaTvliT. omma mZime daRi daaCnia mosaxleobis fsiqologias,
rac saukunis Semdegac ki igrZnoboda, gansakuTrebiT samxreT Statebsa da
qveynis samxreT nawilis ekonomikaSi.

agraruli, monaTmflobeluri `samxreTi~ da industriuli

`CrdiloeTi~
aseTi mZime Sedegebis mqone omi amerikaSi, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri
xasiaTis mizezebma gamoiwvia. samxreT StatebSi arsebobda plantaciuri meurne-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

oba, kerZod mebambeoba, romelic orientirebuli iyo eqsportze. industriulma
revoluciam did britaneTSi, manqanuri warmoebis danergvam q. manCesterisa da
misi midamoebis safeiqro (bambeulis) mrewvelobaSi mkveTrad gazarda moTxovni-
leba amerikul bambaze. aman ubiZga samxreTis Statebis plantatorebs gaezardaT
warmoeba, rac moiTxovda met muSaxels, kerZod, afrikidan Semoyvanil monebs.
monaTmflobeloba im dros normalur movlenad miiCneoda, amerikis `da-
maarsebel mamebs~, magaliTad vaSingtons, jefersons, medisons, TviTon hyav-
daT mravalricxovani mona.
amave dros, CrdiloeTiT ganlagebul StatebSi, sadac ar iyo plantaciuri
meurneobisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi, swrafad viTardeboda mrewveloba.
evropidan Semosuli imigrantebis 80-90 procenti CrdiloeTis StatebSi saxl-
deboda. iq monuri Sroma ar sWirdebodaT. 1804 wlamde Crdilo-aRmosavleT
StatebSi monoba aikrZala, xolo 1807 wels aSS kongresma akrZala saerTaSoriso
monaTvaWroba. urbanizebul raionebSi monoba gaqra, magram `Rrma samxreTis~
bambis momyvan StatebSi is farTovdeboda kidec: 1860 wlisaTvis TeTrkanianTa
ojaxebis 43 procents monebi hyavdaT. im dros samxreTis Statebis 9 milioni
mcxovrebidan 3,5 milioni Savkaniani (zangi) mona iyo.
1850-ian wlebSi politikuri debatebi amerikaSi monaTmflobelobis irgvliv
trialebda. is dakavSirebuli iyo aSS-is eqspansiasTan dasavleTisaken, sadac
federalur (e.i. sruliad aSS-is) mTavrobas undoda Tavisufali fermeruli
meurneobebis daarseba – houmstedebis, miwis didi nakveTebis, ufasod an SeRAva-
Tian fasad darigebis gziT. samxreTis Statebi amas mxars ar uWerdnen: mxolod
1862 wels moxerxda `houmstedebis aqtis~ miReba, romelsac iqamde samxreTeli
senatorebi blokavdnen.
abolicionistebi (monobis gauqmebis momxreebi) TavianT pozicias amarTlebd-
nen rogorc moraluri poziciidan, demokratiis miznebiTa da saerTaSoriso
magaliTiT (evropis qveynebSi monoba uqmdeboda, magaliTad, 1834 wels didma
britaneTma is akrZala sakuTar koloniebSic ki), ise Tavisufali Sromis eko-
75
 nomikuri upiratesobiT. monamflobelobis momxree-
bi ki kulturuli tradiciebis prioritetze lapa-
rakobdnen. maTTvis Savi rasa, ubralod, umdablesi
iyo, romelic Tavisuflebas ar imsaxurebda. monobis
gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi plantatorebi ekonomikuradac
bevrs kargavdnen. maTi ukmayofilebis mizezi agreTve
iyo CrdiloeTis industriuli Statebis mier wamowye-
buli sabaJo tarifebis zrda importul samrewvelo
saqonelze, rasac unda daecva amerikuli mrewveloba:
samxreTis sasoflo-sameurneo Statebs ki erCivnaT
iafi importi, radgan mas aF dvilad faravda maTi Semo-
savali bambis eqsportisagan. magram mxolod sabaJo ta-
rifebis zrda ver gaxdeboda samoqalaqo omis mizezi.
garozgili monis
politikuri dapirispireba `CrdiloeTsa~ naWrilobevebi. 1863 wels
da `samxreTs~ Soris gadaRebuli es foto
abolicionistebma farTod
politikurma dapirispirebam warmoqmna axali par- gaavrceles samxreTis
tiebi, maT Soris axali respublikuri partia 1854 Statebis barbarosobis
wels, romelic gamoxatavda CrdiloeTis Statebis sailustraciod.
TeTrkaniani protestantebis, biznesmenebis, mdida-
Tavi pirveli

ri fermerebis, agreTve inteleqtualebis, qarxnis

muSebisa da Tavisufali Savkanianebis interesebs.
respublikuri partiis erT-erTi gamoCenili wevri iyo abraham linkolni.
Tumca is monobis zomieri mowinaaRmdege iyo, samxreTis Statebis plantato-
rebi mas mTavar mtrad miiCnevdnen.
1860 wels linkolnis arCevam aSS-is me-16 prezidentad samxreTis StatebSi
saprotesto moZraoba gamoiwvia. iq mixvdnen, rom veRarasodes ganaxorcie-
lebdnen kontrols federalur mTavrobaze, romelic aRar daicavda maT inte-
resebs. 1861 wlis 4 marts `Rrma samxreTis~ Svidma Statma (samxreT karolina, mi-

Statebis statusi
1861 wlisaTvis
konfederaciis Statebi
kavSiris wevri Statebi, sadac
daSvebuli iyo monoba
kavSiris wevri Statebi, sadac akrZaluli iyo monoba
Tavisufali teritoriebi

76
sisipi, florida, alabama, jorjia, luiziana da
texasi) Seqmna amerikis konfederaciuli State-
bi da gamoacxada aSS-sagan gamoyofa. konfede-
raciis prezidentad airCies jeferson devisi.
ori Tvis Semdeg konfederacias SeuerTdnen
Statebi virjinia, arkansa (arkanzasi), Crdilo
karolina da tenesi. konfederaciis dedaqala-
qad virjiniaSi mdebare q. riCmondi gamocxadda.
CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT mdebare 23
Stati amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erTgu-
li darCa: maT kavSirs (Union) uwodebdnen. omis
dros kavSiris mxares kidev oTxi Stati dadga.
erTad maT teritoriaze 21 milioni adamiani abraham linkolni
cxovrobda. iq iyo Tavmoyrili mrewvelobis
udidesi nawili, romelic samxedro saWurvels,
maT Soris im droisaTvis yvelaze Tanamedrove samxedro gemebs amzadebda. iq

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

ganviTarebuli iyo sarkinigzo transporti, rac aadvilebda ekonomikur kavSirs
da samxedro mobilizicias.

samxedro dapirispireba `CrdiloeTsa~ da `samxreTs~ Soris.

samoqalaqo omis Sedegebi
konfederatebis pirvelive samxedro operacias – SeerTebuli Statebis fort
samteris samxedro bazaze Tavdasxmas 1861 wlis12 aprils – linkolnma upasuxa
moxaliseTa armiis Seqmnis mowodebiT. daiwyo samoqalaqo omi, romlis drosac
sxvadasxva masStabis aTi aTasamde brZola da Setakeba moxda, ZiriTadad samxre-
Tis Statebis teritoriaze.
moxaliseebis raodenoba sakmarisi ar iyo da orive mxares male dasWirda
savaldebulo gawvevis dawyeba, rac bevr winaaRmdegobas awydeboda, gansakuT-
rebiT CrdiloeTSi. Crdiloel moxaliseTa ZiriTadi motivacia iyo piradi
Rirseba, monobis winaaRmdeg brZola da patriotizmi – saxelmwifos erTia-
nobis SenarCuneba. magram axalawveulTa nawils ar undoda sisxlis daRvra
Savkanianebis gasaTavisufleblad. amitom xSiri iyo dezertirobis faqtebi.
samxreTelebis motivacia ufro erTgvarovani iyo – monobis SenarCuneba, Tun-
dac Tanamedrove poziciidan es amoraluri gveCvenebodes.
Zlieri motivacia garkveulad ganmartavs konfederatebis, anu konfede-
raciis momxreebis, sakmaod xSir, Tumca aragadamwyvet, warmatebas ricxobri-
vad upirates da bevrad ukeTesad SeiaraRebul CrdiloelebTan brZolebSi.
omis dros asobiT aTasi Savkaniani mona gaiqca CrdiloeTis StatebSi. kavSi-
ris armiaSi Savkanianebsac iRebdnen: 190 aTasma Savkanianma mamacurad ibrZola
mis mxares. konfederatebs, bunebrivia, SavkanianebisaTvis iaraRis micema ar
undodaT, radgan es uazrobad aqcevda maT brZolas monobis SesanarCuneblad:
Tu Savkaniani meorexarisxovani adamiani iyo da is monad unda darCeniliyo,
rogor unda ebrZola mas am miznisaTvis?
saxelmwifo mdivnis, Uuiliam siuardis rCeviT, monobis oficialuri gauq-
77
 meba linkolnma mniSvnelovan samxedro ga-
marjvebamde gadado da mxolod 1863 wlis 1
ianvars gamoacxada es.
samoqalaqo omi oTx wels gagrZelda. is
industriuli epoqis pirveli omi iyo: far-
Tod gamoiyeneboda rkinigza, telegrafi,
wyaro 1
nawyveti linkolnis erT-er-
Ti sajaro gamosvlidan:
`am brZolaSi Cemi uzenaesi mi­

orTqlis gemebi, masobrivad warmoebuli zania kavSiris gadarCena da ara

iaraRi. iqamde brZolis taqtikad gamo- monobis SenarCuneba Tu mospoba.

yenebuli mowinaaRmdege armiebis fron- Tuki me gadavarCendi kavSirs

taluri (pirispir) Sexla uazrobad aqcia erTi monis ganTavisulebis

naxevradavtomaturma iaraRma, saWiro gaxda gareSec, me vizamdi amas, Tu me

sangrebis gaTxra. SevZlebdi kavSiris gadarCenas

CrdiloeTis Zalebma moaxdines samxre- zogierTis ganTavisuflebiTa

Tis Statebis Zalian efeqtiani blokireba da sxvebis [monobaSi] datove­

zRvidan, Seuwyvites mas sagareo vaWrobis biT, amasac vizamdi. rasac mono­

SesaZlebloba da male ekonomikurad gamo- basTan da feradkanian rasasTan

fites is. generali uiliam Sermani eweoda dakavSirebiT vakeTeb, imis

`totalur oms~ – konfederaciis Statebis gamoa, rom mjera, es xels uwyobs

meurneobisa da infrastruqturis ganadgu- kavSiris gadarCenas~.

rebas. samxreTis StatebSi meurneoba saer- wyaro 2

Tavi pirveli

Tod moiSala. iq SimSilma daisadgura.

1863 wlis 1-3 ivnisis geTisbergis brZo- `me vfiqrob, rom CrdiloeTi
la samoqalaqo omis dros yvelaze sisxliani omobda calxeliT Sekruli...
gamodga – orive mxarem jamSi 50 aTasze meti samxreTelebs meti gamarjveba
mokluli jariskaci dakarga. iqamde uZleve- rom moepovebinaT, CrdiloeTi
li konfederatebis generali robert li da- ubralod meore xels moiSve­
amarcxa CrdiloelTa generalma jorj gor- liebda. ara mgonia, samxreTs
don miidma. geTisbergi omis Semobrunebis odesme hqonda Sansi moego es
momentad iqca. amis Semdeg konfederaciis omi~.
damarcxeba mxolod drois ambavi iyo.
samoqalaqo omis istorikosi
1864 wels ulises granti dainiSna kavSi-
Selbi futi
ris armiebis mxedarTmTavrad.1864 wlis 2
seqtembers Sermanma aiRo mniSvnelovani qa-
laqi atlanta da blokadaSi moaqcia konfederatebis dedaqalaqi riCmondi. 1865
wlis 1 aprils riCmondi daeca. simboluria, rom is aiRes kavSiris im samxedro
nawilebma, romlebic Savkaniani jariskacebisagan Sedgebodnen.
1865 wlis 9 aprils generali li danebda general grants. keTili nebis Jestis
saxiT grantma dautova danebebul generals xmali da cxeni, imis molodiniT,
rom `konfederaciuli~ Statebi mSvidobianad daubrundebodnen kavSirs.
samoqalaqo omi damTavrda.
sul xuTi dRis Semdeg, 14 aprils, konfederatebis momxre teroristma mokla
prezidenti linkolni. mis nacvlad meore dResve prezidenti gaxda endriu
jonsoni.
omis drosve daiwyo amerikis konstituciis me-13 damatebis miRebis proce-
dura: is iTvaliswinebda mTel qveyanaSi monobis gauqmebas. senatma is miiRo
78
1864 wlis 8 aprils, warmomadgenelTa palatam – 1865 wlis 31 ianvars. Statebis
mier misi damtkicebis Semdeg me-13 damateba ZalaSi Sevida 1865 wlis 6 dekem-
bers. 4 milionamde mona Tavisufali gaxda.
Savkaniani mosaxleobis sagrZnobma nawilma gadainacvla CrdiloeTis did
qalaqebSi, sadac isini yvelaze Rarib fenad iqcnen. rasobrivi segregacia (anu
rasobrivi niSniT adamianebis gamijvna) amerikaSi TiTqmis saukunes gagrZel-
da. samxreTis StatebSi, romlebic dabrundnen kavSirSi, ekonomikuri krizisi
gaxangrZlivda da iqaur TeTrkanianTa (maTi metsaxeli iyo `diqsi~) saxalxo
grZnoba kidev didxans iyo uaryofiTad ganwyobili CrdiloelTa mimarT.

klasSi samuSao

1. ra ganasxvavebda CrDdiloeTis da samxreTis Statebs?

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

2. rogor amarTlebdnen TavianT pozicias abolicionistebi?

3. isaubreT omSi dapirispirebuli mxareebis miznebze. ratom SeiZleba

CavTvaloT, rom samxreTelebs ufro meti motivacia hqondaT?

4. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT daasabuTeT, Tu ratom ar hqonda am omSi

samxreTs gamarjvebis Sansi.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebis ganviTarebis Tavisebu-

rebebze da dapirispirebis mizezebze.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1863, 1 ianvari – monobis

1861-1865 – samoqalaqo omi aSS­Si gauqmebis deklaracia

1863, 1-3 ivnisi – geTisbergis brZola

1861 1862 1863 1864 1865

1865, 14 aprili
prezident linkolnis mkvleloba

1865, 6 dekemberi
ZalaSi Sevida aSS konstituciis me­13 Sesworeba monobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb
79
 15. aleqsandre II-is reformebi ruseTis imperiaSi

batonymobis gauqmeba
ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre II
taxtze avida 1855 wlis maisSi, yirimis
omis miwuruls, rodesac ruseTis marcxi
ukve eWvs aRar iwvevda. axalma imperator-
ma gadawyvita mieRo omSi gamarjvebuli
saxelmwifoebis, safrangeTisa da didi
britaneTis, 1856 wels parizis kongresze
wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi da amis Semdeg
Seudga qveyanaSi farTomasStabiani re-
formebis ganxorcielebas.
leqsikoni
r koncesia – saxelmwifos
mier kerZo organizaciis
an pirisaTvis sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis damuSavebis,
infrastruqturis mowyobis
(mag., rkinigzis) da a.S. ufle-
bis miniWeba.
r favoriti – adamiani, rome-

axalgazrda imperatori miiCnevda, rom lic sargeblobs mmarTvelo-

qveyanaSi simSvidis dasamyareblad (xSiri lis an romelime gavleniani
piris keTilganwyobiT da
iyo glexTa ajanyebebi), stabilurobis
iRebs misgan sxvadasxva pri-
misaRwevad da ruseTis gasaZliereblad
Tavi pirveli

vilegiebs.
aucilebeli iyo batonymobis gauqmeba –
glexebis gaTavisufleba Tavadaznauro- r narodnikebi – (rus.-dan

baze sruli damokidebulebisagan. mefis `narod~ – xalxi). amitom am

ganzraxvam didgvarovanTa wreSi didi vne- sazogadoebriv-politiku-
ri gaerTianebis wevrebs
baTaRelva gamoiwvia da am sakiTxze dava
`xalxosnebsac~ uwodeben.
mTeli eqvsi wlis manZilze gagrZelda.
sabolood, 1861 wlis 19 Tebervals aleq-
sandre II-m gamosca brZaneba batonymobis
gauqmebisa da glexTa gaTavisuflebis Se-
saxeb.
brZanebiT, upirveles yovlisa, gani-
sazRvreboda glexTa iuridiuli mdgoma-
reoba. isini iqcnen `soflis Tavisufal
mkvidrebad~. aRar SeiZleboda maTi yidva-
gayidva Tu gacvla. maT mieniWaT Tavisu-
fleba pirad cxovrebaSiac (miecaT pro-
fesiis dauflebis, sakuTrebis flobis,
survilis mixedviT qorwinebis ufleba),
magram brZanebis gamosvlidan ori wlis
manZilze, glexebi kvlavac memamuleTa
sakuTrebaSi unda darCeniliyvnen da Sees-
rulebinaT maTi neba-survili.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo miwis saku-
Trebis sakiTxi. glexi ar xdeboda im miwis
aleqsandre II
80
mflobeli, romelsac is amuSavebda. TiToeuli glexi iRebda 3,5 desiatina (4 ha)
miwas, magram ara ufasod. mas 49 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda exada miwis safasuri
saxelmwifosaTvis. saxelmwifom ki, Tavis mxriv, winaswar gamoisyida es miwa
memamuleebisagan. amasTan erTad, miwa gadaecemoda ara pirdapir glexs, aramed
saglexo Tems (`mir~), romelic Semdeg anawilebda mas glexebs Soris. am viTare-
bidan gamomdinare reformebis mravali Tanamedrove da istorikosTa nawili
miiCnevda, rom glexTa ganTavisufleba realurad ar ganxorcielebula – Sei-
qmna mxolod am ganTavisuflebis meqanizmi, Tanac arasamarTliani.

reformebi sajaro da samxedro sferoebSi. sasamarTlo da

ganaTlebis reformebi
1864 wels provinciebsa da guberniebSi Seiqmna sakrebuloebi (`zemstvo~).
misi wevrebi arapirdapiri gziT airCeodnen da isini pasuxismgebeli iyvnen ad-
gilobriv biujetze, sajaro ganaTlebaze, gzebisa da xidebis keTilmowyobaze.
1870 wels daaxloebiT igive principebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda saqalaqo
dumebi. es axali uwyebebi demokratiulobis TvalsazrisiT arasrulyofili

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

iyo, magram ruseTisaTvis mainc wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda, vinaidan
mosaxleobis angariSgasawev nawils saSualeba eZleoda adgilobrivi sakiTxebis
gadawyvetaSi mieRo monawileoba.
1864 wels gatarda sasamarTlo reforma – bevrad ufro dagvianebiT, vidre
evropul qveynebSi. amieridan sasamarTlo xelisufleba gancalkevebuli iyo
mmarTvelobisagan. sasamarTloebSi ukve advokatebi icavdnen braldebulebs.
ganaTlebis sferoSi gatarebuli reformis Sedegad, dawyebiTi ganaTle-
ba gamovida eklesiis daqvemdebarebidan da masze pasuxismgebloba sakrebu-
loebs daekisra. Seiqmna aTi aTasze meti axali skola. gimnaziebi, Teoriulad,
yvelasaTvis Ria iyo – warmomavlobisa Tu religiis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
oTxwliani dawyebiTi ganaTlebis kolejebi emsaxureboda yvelaze Raribi fe-
nebidan gamosul bavSvebs.
1863 wels universitetebs mieniWa SedarebiT farTo avtonomia. amieridan
profesorebs, dekanebs, reqtorebs irCevdnen maTi kolegebi da aRar niSnavda
saministro. universitetebSi Cabareba nebismieri socialuri fenis warmomad-
genels SeeZlo, Tumca ar daiSvebodnen qalebi.
ruseTisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro reformis Catarebas. 1870-
71 ww. safrangeT-prusiis omSi am ukanasknelis gamarjvebis Semdeg, samxedro
reformebis modelad swored prusiis armiis organizacia SeirCa. yvelaze didi
cvlileba ganxorcielda samxedro samsaxuris sferoSi. amieridan axalwveule-
bi SeirCeodnen latariis principiT, samxedro samsaxuris vada ki 25 wlidan 6
wlamde Semcirda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdebi Tavisufldebo-
dnen jarSi samsaxurisagan. momaval oficrebs ki amzadebdnen am miznisaTvis
specialurad gaxsnil samxedro saswavleblebSi.
am reformebis miuxedavad, aleqsandre II uZluri aRmoCnda mTlianad
gardaeqmna qveyana. is rusuli imperiuli struqturis erTguli rCeboda. misi
mefobis xanaSi arc erTi nabiji ar gadadgmula konstitucionalizmisa da
parlamentarizmis mimarTulebiT. am dros ki evropuli monarqiebi sul ufro

81
 metad iziarebdnen didi britaneTis, kontinentis uZlieresi saxelmwifos
mmarTvelobis saparlamento sistemis gamocdilebas. rusuli `revolucia
zemodan~ araTanmimdevruli iyo da is bunebrivad ver mividoda logikur da-
sasrulamde – konstituciis miRebamde. aleqsandre II-s mtkiced swamda, rom
mefis TviTmpyrobeloba yvelaze metad Seefereboda ruseTis mmarTvelobas.
am araTanmimdevruli politikis gamo, xelisufleba sul ufro arapopularu-
li xdeboda. aleqsandre II teroristTa samizned iqca (masze eqvsi Tavdasxma
ganxorcielda). am viTarebaSi ki xelisufleba aZlierebda policiur aparats
da axSobda Tavisufali azris nebismier gamovlinebas.

axali sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobebi. `narodnikebi~

miuxedavad amisa, aleqsandre II-is mmarTvelobis xanaSi safuZveli Caeyara
axal politikur da sazogadoebriv moZraobebsac, romelTac praqtikulad
iatakqveSeTSi uxdebodaT moRvaweoba. bevri maTgani radikalizmiT gamoirCeo-
da da miznad isaxavda xelisuflebis Secvlas revoluciuri gziT. maT Soris
gamoirCeodnen `narodnikebi~. maTi moZraoba Tavdapirvelad glexTa mdgoma-
reobis gaumjobesebasa da maTi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas isaxavda miznad,
vinaidan ruseTis mosaxleobis did umravlesobas swored glexebi Seadgend-
nen. narodnikebis erTma nawilma 1876 wels Camoayaliba organizacia `zemlia
i volia~ (`miwa da TAvisufleba~), romlis mizanic gaxda mefis xelisuflebis
Tavi pirveli

damxoba. 1879 wels am jgufis yvelaze radikalurma wevrebma Camoayalibes

organizacia `narodnaia volia~ (sityvasityviT `xalxis neba~), romlis miza-
nic gaxda reJimis warmomadgenelTa ganadgureba. sabolood, swored maT mier
mowyobili Tavdasxmis Sedegad daiRupa aleqsandre II peterburgSi 1881 wels.

`ruseTis soflis sakrebulos Sesveneba~ (g. miasoedovis naxati)

82
 batonymobis gauqmeba saqarTveloSi
1864 wels batonyoba saqarTveloSic gauqmda. reforma iTvaliswinebda
glexobisaTvis miwis mcire nakveTis, `nadelis~ gadacemas, magram am miwis nakve-
Tis mesakuTred droebiT kvlav memamule rCeboda, sanam mas glexi ar gamoisyi-
dida. glexi iTvleboda e.w droebiTvaldebulad. miwis gamosyidvamde ki glexs
yofili batonisaTvis adre arsebuli begara da gadasaxadebi unda exada. re-
forma memamuleebisaTvis, ruseTTan SedarebiT sakmaod SeRavaTian pirobebSi
gatarda. amasTan erTad, ramdenadac saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis
dasavleT nawilSi, Tavadaznauroba ZiriTadad `mciremiwianTa~ kategorias
ganekuTvneboda, mas ufleba hqonda ar mieca glexisaTvis `nadeli~. amgvarad,
glexobis nawili umiwod darCa.TAanac yovel memamules ufleba hqonda miwebis
naxevari Tavis gankargulebaSi daetovebina.
XUIX saukunis 60-iani wlebSi, rusuli revoluciur-narodnikuli moZraobis
msgavsad, saqarTveloSic iqmneba revoluciur-xalxosnuri moZraoba, romlis
mizansac Seadgenda revoluciis gziT caristuli reJimis damxoba da misi
Secvla e.w. `glexuri socializmiT~. xalxosnebis aralegalur jgufebs mTav-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

roba daundoblad uswordeboda. saqarTveloSi daapatimres 83 kaci, maT Soris
qarTveli xalxosnebis liderebi – egnate ioseliani da mixeil yifiani.
90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan `narodnikuli~ moZraoba liberalur mimdina-
reobad gardaiqmna, Tumca calkeuli iatakqveSa revoluciuri ujredebi isev
agrZelebdnen arsebobas.

wyaro 1

aleqsandre II-is Sefasebebi TanamedroveTa da istorikosTa mier:

`aleqsandre II ganmaTavisuflebeli reformebis gzas daadga ara sakuTari rwmenis

safuZvelze, aramed rogorc samxedro piri, romelmac gaacnobiera yirimis omis­
gan miRebuli mware gakveTilebi; rogorc imperatori da TviTmpyrobeli, rom­
lisTvisac yvelaferze maRla idga saxelmwifos prestiJi da dideba. didi roli
iTamaSa misma saxasiaTo Tvisebebma – sikeTem, gulisxmierebam, humanisturi ideebiT
gatacebam... ar iyo ra mowodebiT reformatori, aleqsandre II aseTad gardaiqmna
drois moTxovnebis sapasuxod, rogorc naTeli gonebisa da keTili nebis adamiani~.

istorikosi l. g. zaxarova

`xelmwifes ar hqonda, Tumca arc SeiZleboda hqonoda mkafio warmodgena imis Sesa­
xeb, Tu ra iyo misi drois `reformebi~.
p.a. valuevi, aleqsandre II­is mTavrobis meTauri

`metad uRimRamo pirovneba iyo... is xSirad iviwyebda im qveynis erovnul intere­

sebs, romelsac marTavda... aleqsandres ar esmoda am reformebis sasicocxlo mniS­
vneloba ruseTis momavlisaTvis... istoriis calkeul periodebSi ise xdeba, rom
movlenaTa warmmarTvelebi iqcevian arafrismaqnisi, viTarebis WeSmariti arsis
armcodne adamianebi... amgvari iyo aleqsandre~.
istorikosi p. a. zaionCkovski

83
 wyaro 1

`susti xasiaTis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris armqone, mSiSara, SezRuduli;

gamoirCeoda mflangvelobiTa da uzneobiT~
istorikosi n.a. roJkovi

`kidev ufro SezRuduli, vidre mamamisi (nikoloz I)~

istorikosi n. eidelmani

`sakvirvelia, rogor SeiZleba 80 milioni adamianis TviTmpyrobeli xelmwifisa­

Tvis esoden ucxo iyos wesiereba da patiosneba. erTi mxriv, is zrunavs TiToeuli ka­
pikis daxarjvaze umkacresi kontrolis damyarebiT, rodesac aRSfoTebuli moiTx­
ovs mavani sawyali Cinovnikis dasjas, romelsac bralad edeba ramdenime aseuli
saxelmwifo an sxvisi rublis miTviseba, meore mxriv ki, uzenaes xelisufalTa nebiT
rkinigzis koncesiebi urigdebaT favoritebs uSualod maTi finansuri mdgomare­
obis gamosasworeblad da imisaTvis, rom ramdenime milioni ZRvnad Sexvdes ama Tu
im pirs.~

d. a. miliutini, aleqsandre II­is samxedro ministri

Tavi pirveli

klasSi samuSao

1. ra gaxda reformebis wamowyebis uSualo mizezi?

2. imsjeleT batonymobis gauqmebis reformis Sesaxeb.
3. rogor gesmiT gamoTqma `revolucia zemodan~?
4. imsjeleT, ramdenad revoluciuri iyo aleqsandre II-is reformebi
ruseTisaTvis.

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstisa da wyaroSi motanili masalis mixedviT werilobiT SeajameT

aleqsandre II-is reformebis mniSvneloba ruseTis sazogadoebriv-
politikuri ganviTarebisTvis.

84
16. axali politikuri ideebi da ideologiuri
brZola saqarTveloSi

XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi kargad iyo cnobili imdroindel msoflioSi

arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis ideuri mimdinareobebi. evropuli enebidan qar-
Tulad iTargmna araerTi mniSvnelovani Txzuleba da qarTvel mkiTxvels Se-
saZlebloba hqonda Tvali edevnebina msoflioSi mimdinare procesebisaTvis.
axali ideebis, romlebic erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebis safuZvels
qmnida, upirvelesi mqadageblebi `Tergdaleulebi~ iyvnen. ilia WavWavaZe da
misi Tanamoazreebi `pirveli dasidan~ swored erovnul sakiTxs aqcevdnen
upirvelesad yuradRebas, maTi mowinaaRmdege `meoredaselebi~ ki socialur
sakiTxebs wamowevdnen win.
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi farTod gaiSala muSaTa sapro-

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

testo moZraoba. moZraobas ganapirobebda rogorc mZime ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri pirobebi, ise politikuri uufleboba. moZraoba ruseTis imperiis
sxva mxareebSi mimdinare procesebis analogiurad mimdinareobda. muSaTa ga-
ficvebma organizebuli xasiaTi 80-ian wlebSi miiRo.

wyaro 1

1905 wlis aprilSi Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniaTa Tavadaznaurobebis kre-

bebma imperators gaugzavnes sagangebo werili saqarTvelos erovnuli avtonomi-
is moTxovniT:

`qarTveli xalxis kulturuli ganviTareba iqneba SesaZlebeli mxolod maSin, Tu

saqarTvelos, romelmac nebayoflobiT SeuerTa Tavisi bedi ruseTis beds, mieniWeba
ufleba iqonios sakuTari marTva­gamgeoba da kanonebi~.

gazeTi `iveria~, 1905, 43

`Cvenc momxre varT kavkasiis avtonomiuri TviTmmarTvelobisa. Cvenc aucileblad

migvaCnia erTa Soris kavSiri... magram amave dros Cven gvinda gansazRvruli teri­
toriis fargalSi erovnuli arseboba da mTlianobis SenarCuneba. kavkasiis TviT­
mmarTvelobis centraluri organo ar unda exebodes iseT saqmes, romelic TiToeu­
li eris da kerZod qarTveli eris Sinauri cxovrebis mowesrigebas Seexeba da iq
gadasawyvetad mxolod iseTi sakiTxebi unda gadadiodes, romelic mTeli kavkasiis
xalxTa social­politikuri damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis momwesrigebelia~

gazeTi `iveria~, 1905, 44

1907 wels am werilebis safuZvelze Sedgenili peticia qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam

gaugzavna haagis saerTaSoriso konferencias da ruseT­saqarTvelos 1783 wlis
traqtatis aRdgena moiTxova.

85
 `mesame dasi~
masobrivi moZraobis dawyebam ki xelsayreli niadagi moamzada marqsistuli
ideebis gavrcelebisaTvis. saqarTveloSi marqsizmis gavrceleba dakavSire-
bulia mweral egnate ninoSvilisa da misi Tanamoazreebis moRvaweobasTan. maT
mier dafuZnebulma jgufma `mesame dasis~ saxelwodeba miiRo.
pirveli xanebidanve `mesame dasSi~ ori jgufi gamoiyo. revoluciuri jgu-
fis warmomadgenlebi (mixa cxakaia, lado kecxoveli, ioseb juRaSvili (stali-
ni) da sxv.) iatakqveSa moRvaweobas da xelisuflebasTan totalur dapirispi-
rebas aniWebdnen upiratesobas. meore jgufi ki, noe Jordanias meTaurobiT,
misaRebad miiCnevda saparlamento brZolis meTodebs. es dapirispireba XX
saukunis dasawyisSi gamoixata ruseTis socialur demokratiuli partiis
bolSevikebad da menSevikebad daSliT.
XX saukunis dasawyisidan saqarTveloSi mZafri polemika daiwyo qveynis
momavlis Sesaxeb.
Zveli Taoba aqtiurad uWerda mxars avtonomiis moTxovnas. ilia WavWavaZis
iniciativiT iyo erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis partiis Seqmnis mcde-
lobac, romlis mTavari mizanic saqarTvelos avtonomiis miRweva iqneboda.

socialist-federalistebi. erovnul-demokratebi
Tavi pirveli

1904 wels Jenevis konferenciaze dafuZnda `qarTvel socialist-federa-

listTa sarevolucio partia~, romelic Tavdapirvelad sxvadasxva mcire po-
litikuri jgufis erT blokSi gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. am jgufebis saerTo
mizani iyo saqarTveloSi erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomiis Seqmna.
am partiul gaerTianebaSi Sedioda da mis marjvena frTas warmoadgenda
erovnul-demokratiuli komiteti, SemdgomSi partia. erovnul-demokratebi
kidev ufro Sors midiodnen da, moklevadian perspeqtivaSi avtonomiis mopo-
vebasTan erTad, momavalSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas gegmavdnen.
socialist-federalistebis lideri iyo arCil jorjaZe. misi da mis Tanamoaz-
reTa SexedulebiT, ruseTis mravalerovan federaciul saxelmwifoSi Semava-
li avtonomiuri saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safuZveli miwis saTemo sakuTreba
da mrewvelobis sindikatur-amxanaguri forma
unda yofiliyo, xolo politikuri safuZveli
– erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, na-
fic msajulTa instituti da saqarTvelos saero
kreba (parlamenti). parlaments unda gamoeca ka-
nonebi, daemtkicebina biujeti, SemoeRo qarTu-
li ena saqarTvelos yvela saganmanaTleblo da
saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi da erovnuli eko-
nomikis mfarvelobiTi sistema saxalxo meurne-
obaSi, uzrunveleyo `erovnebis Tavisufleba da
xalxis ekonomikuri aRorZineba~ mrewvelobis,
soflis meurneobis, vaWrobis, mecnierebis, ga-
qarTveli socialist­federalistebi
naTlebis, mTeli erovnuli kulturis ganviTa-
rebis gziT. avtonomiur saqarTvelos warmomad-
86
genlebi unda hyoloda ruseTis centralur parlamentSi,
romelsac daekisreboda federaciaSi gaerTianebuli yvela
avtonomiuri erTeulis, maT Soris saqarTvelos dacva da
saerTo-sagareo politikis warmarTva. zogi federalisti
moiTxovda avtonomiuri saqarTvelos Sesvlas kavkasiis
federaciaSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ruseTis federaciul
saxelmwifoSi gaerTiandeboda.

social-demokratebi
gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT social-demokratebs.
saukuneTa mijnaze qarTvel social-demokratTa mTavar
samizned ilia WavWavaZe iqca. noe Jordaniam, filipe maxa-
noe Jordania
raZem da sxvebma mZafri Seteva ganaxorcieles ilias `ive-
riis~ winaaRmdeg. gazeTs feodaluri warsulis mexotbed
da `reaqciis~ mxardamWerad moixseniebdnen.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom noe Jordania interess iCenda erovnuli sakiTxis

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

mimarT, magram XIX s-is 90-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli adreuli warumatebeli
mcdelobebis Semdeg, ris mizanic iyo daeinteresebina social-demokratebi
avtonomiis sakiTxiT, man xangrZlivi droiT daiviwya es problema. 1908 wels
is daubrunda am sakiTxs da win wamoswia erovnuli kulturis dacvis sakiTxi.
Tumca, 1912 wlamde mxars uWerda partiis pozicias mTeli kavkasiis erTiani
regionuli TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. Semdeg, avstrieli marqsistebis, upir-
velesad oto baueris gavleniT, man amas daamata kulturul-nacionaluri
avtonomiis koncefcia.
Jordanias mTavari oponenti iyo stalini. maT Soris umTavresi gansxvaveba iyo
ara imdenad uTanxmoeba saxelmwifos organizaciis principebze (Tumca Jordania
daufaravad uWerda mxars decentralizebul saxelmwifo struqturas), aramed

wyaro 2

`... Cveni moTxovna avtonomiisa, avtonomiur­demokratiuli mmarTvelobisa,

romelic, dRevandeli pirobebis mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis Sinaar­
sad CaiTvleba. Cveni avtonomia arc gafarToebuli erobaa, arc olqobrivi TviTm­
marTveloba, aramed politikuri TviTmmarTvelobiT aRWurvili teritoriul­
erovnuli erTeulia. saqarTvelos parlamenti iqneba gamomsaxveli da gamtarebeli
am politikuri uflebebisa da es ki unda moxdes ruseTis politikuri Zalauflebis
decentralizaciis niadagze. am Zalauflebis erT nawils, konstituciiT gan­
sazRvruls, ruseTis parlamenti dauTmobs saqarTvelos parlaments da am uka­
nasknels mieniWeba avtonomiuri saxelmwifos Zalaufleba~.
arCil jorjaZe

`imaT [qarTvelebs] undaT 1783 wlis xelSekrulebas daubrundnen, romlis ZaliTac

saqarTvelo saSinao saqmeebSi samudamod ruseTisagan damoukidebeli unda darCe­
niliyo~.
pier kiaro, `carizmi da saqarTvelo~, gaz. `eropen~

87
 Jordanias mier gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
gamaxvileba erovnuli kulturis dacvaze, wyaro 3
maSin, roca stalini angariSs ar uwevda erTa
`am programis (igulisxmeba
kulturul mravalgvarobas da mxars uWerda
avstrieli socialistebis,
mcire eTnikuri jgufebis gaTqvefas `ufro
bauerisa da reneris saxelTan
maRal (e.i. rusul) kulturaSi~.
dakavSirebuli kulturul­na­
I msoflio omis win menSevikebi isev do-
cionaluri avtonomia) ZiriTa­
minirebdnen saqarTveloSi, bolSevikebi ki,
di, principuli nakli is aris,
romlebmac 1912 wlis praRis konferencia-
rom igi miiswrafvis ganaxor­
ze calke partia Camoayalibes, ar sargeb-
cielos yvelaze daxvewili da
lobdnen mosaxleobaSi didi popularobiT.
absoluturi, bolomde miyvani­
1911 wels praqtikulad Sewyda profkavSi-
li nacionalizmi. am programis
ruli moZraoba da social-demokratebis
dedaarsi Semdegia: TiToeuli
aqtivoba limitirebul iqna naxevradlega-
moqalaqe ewereba ama Tu im erSi,
luri gazeTebis gamocemiTa da saarCevno
da TiToeuli eri warmoad­
aqtivobiT. Tumca omis win xSiri iyo muSaTa
gens iuridiul mTels, Tavisi
gaficvebi.
wevrebis iZulebiTi dabegvris
menSevikebi omis winaaRmdegi iyvnen, Tum-
uflebiT, nacionaluri parla­
ca farTod ar gauCaRebiaT antisaomari
mentebiT (seimebiT), naciona­
propaganda da neitralitetis safasurad
luri ministrebiT~.
Tavi pirveli

xelisuflebam kavkasiaSi Tavisufali moq-

medebis saSualeba misca. ucxoeTSi mcxo- v. i. lenini, 1914
vrebi qarTveli politikosebis nawilma
germanuli orientacia airCia. maTi lideri wyaro 4
mixako wereTeli saidumlod Camovida Tbi- `me im azrs vicav, rom erTi
lisSi noe JordaniasTan Sesaxvedrad, rom eris proletariats SeiZleba
is gadmoebirebina, magram Jordanias Rrma kavSiri hqondes sxva eris pro­
rwmeniT, rusuli orientaciis uaryofa po- letarebTan, magram TiToeuli
litikur TviTmkvlelobas warmoadgenda. eris swored proletariats
mxolod 1917 wlis dasawyisSi, ruseTis sao- TviT mowinaaRmdege klasebTan
mari warumateblobebisa da SinaaSlilobis aqvs aTasi sxva social­organu­
periodSi social-demokratTa saidumlo li kavSiri, romelsac igi ver
Sexvedraze, romelic Jordanias mSobliur moscilebia, radgan eri or­
lanCxuTSi gaimarTa, man aRiara, rom ruse- ganizmia miuxedavad klasTa
Tis kavkasiidan gandevnis SemTxvevaSi sa- usastikesi brZolisa.~
qarTvelos damoukidebloba unda gamoecxa-
debina. m. wereTeli, eri da
pirveli msoflio omis dros popularu- kacobrioba, 1910
li gaxda erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis
sakiTxi. qarTvelma social-demokratebma (menSevikebma) am periodSi Seicvales
pozicia da mxari dauWires avtonomiis moTxovnas, Tumca, maTi azriT, unda Seq-
mniliyo ara saqarTvelos, aramed amierkavkasiis qveynebis avtonomia ruseTis
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. gansxvavebuli iyo sxva qarTuli partiebis poziciebi
da bevri maTgani, axali saerTaSoriso viTarebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos
srul damoukideblobas moiTxovda.
88
wyaro 5

`Cveni interesia ruseTis imperialisturi politikis Semusvra saqarTveloSi da

damoukideblobis aRdgena. amave dros osmaleTis mSvidobiani ganviTareba moiT­
xovs ruseTis mosazRvreobisagan Tavis daRwevas. mxolod am pirobebSi SeeZleba mas
Sinaur reformaTa ganxorcieleba da Tavisi damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa impe­
rialistTa Tavdasxmisagan. am niadagze inaskveba momavalSi osmaleTsa da Tavisuf­
lebis motrfiale kavkasiis erTa Soris interesTa Tanxmoba da ai am safrTxis Tavi­
dan asaSoreblad da saqarTvelos okupaciis gasaxangrZliveblad ruseTis wiTeli
da Savi imperialistebi, agrTve maTi adgilobrivi agentebi cdiloben qarTvel
ers Tvalebi auxvion da is osmalTa Semosevis aCrdiliT daafrTxon. fuWi ocnebaa.
qarTveli eri sakmaod gaTviTcnobierebulia da aSkarad xedavs, rom saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgena pirvel yovlisa kavkasionis qeds gadaRma rusuli imperi­
alizmis alagmvas moiTxovs.~

noe ramiSvili, `ruseTi da saqarTvelo~

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

klasSi samuSao

1. SeajereT wyaroebis (1, 2, 3, 4) monacemebi erTmaneTs. am wyaroebsa da

teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, Tu ra ganapirobebda sxvadasxva partiisa
da pirovnebebis Sexedulebebs saqarTvelos momavali politikuri
mowyobis Sesaxeb.
2. wyaro 5-sa da teqstze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, Tu ra pirobebma Seuwyo
xeli saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis ideis winwamowevas.

89
 17. imperializmi da koloniuri politika

imperializmis epoqa qronologiurad moicavs periods daaxloebiT XIX s-is

70-iani wlebidan I msoflio omamde. arsebiTad ki imperializmis epoqa, Taname-
drove gagebiT, gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul xanas msoflio istoriaSi, rodesac
evropis saxelmwifoebi sxvadasxva SeTanxmebisa Tu samxedro eqspediciebis
meSveobiT euflebian afrikis kontinentsa da vrcel teritoriebs aziaSi, maTi
nedleulis wyarod, gasaRebis bazrad, samxedro-sazRvao Tu savaWro sayrden
punqtad qcevis mizniT. `imperializmis~ es cneba Sinaarsobrivad ZiriTadad
Semoifargleba evropis Zlieri saxelmwifoebis koloniuri samflobeloebis
mqone imperiebad – koloniur imperiebad qceviTa da imperiuli politikiT
da mkafiod emijneba tradiciuli imperiebis eqspansiis gagebas (magaliTad,
aleqsandre makedonelis, Cingiz yaenis imperiebis).
imperializmis epoqisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia Semdegi faqtorebi: evropis
saxelmwifoebis swrafva msoflio-politikuri Zalauflebisa da ekonomikuri
upiratesobisaken. gamalebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri konkurenciis pi-
robebSi koloniebis floba saxelmwifoebrivi prestiJis saqmed iqca. evropis
saxelmwifoebis imperialistur miswrafebebs zurgs umagrebda da `amarTleb-
da~ sxvadasxva ideologiuri mosazreba.
Tavi pirveli

ekonomikuri motivebi
kolonializmis motivebad jer kidev merkantilizmis xanaSi iafi nedleu-
lisa da keTilSobili liTonebis mopoveba saxeldeboda. industrializaciis
epoqaSi am da sxva tradiciul motivebs kapitalis momgebianad dabandebis
(koloniebSi rkinigzebis mSeneblobaSi, samTamadno industriasa Tu planta-
ciebSi) survili daemata.
imperializmis epoqaSi koloniuri politikis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamar-
Tul Tanamedrove sajaro diskusiebSi am politikis sasargeblod gamoTqmuli
ori argumenti dominirebda: koloniebi aucilebelia, erTi mxriv, rogorc
gansaxlebis damatebiTi sivrce metropoliis mosaxleobis zrdis pirobebSi da
meore mxriv, rogorc samomavlo ekonomikuri bazari. am ekonomikuri mosazre-
bebiT koloniuri politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi, industrializaciis
progresulad ganviTarebis pirobebSi, msoflios yvela mxare TandaTanobiT
erTveboda erTian msoflio ekonomikaSi.

ideologiuri motivebi
ideologiurad imperializmis amosavali wertili gamZafrebuli naciona-
lizmi – sakuTari eris rCeulobis gancda da masze dakisrebuli gansakuTre-
buli istoriuli misiis SegrZneba iyo.
koloniebis feradkanian mosaxleobaze `TeTrebis~ batonoba rasobrivi
upiratesobiT (e.w. `socialuri darvinizmi~) iyo `dasabuTebuli~. evropelebs
naklebad ganviTarebul xalxebSi qristianobis gavrceleba da maT yofaSi
90
civilizaciis Setana TavianT keTilSobilur misiad da Sesabamisad, sakuTari
koloniuri batonobis gamarTlebad esaxebodaT. amgvari civilizatoruli
misia miewereboda, magaliTad, frangul imperializms.
rusuli imperializmi ideologiurad `gamarTlebuli~ iyo rusi eris upir-
velesi mowodebiT – exsna `sruliad slavebi~ da daecva marTlmadidebloba.
es ideologia, romelsac `panslavizmi~ ewodeba, gamiznuli iyo yvela slavis
ruseTis egidis qveS gasaerTianeblad. swored panslavizmiT iyo nakarnaxevi

wyaro 1

imperializmis ideologiebi
a

nawyveti nikolai danilevskis wignidan `ruseTi da evropa~ (1871):

`ruseTis amocanaa ucxouri uRlisgan yvela slavis gaTavisufleba da didi sla­

vuri saxelmwifos Seqmna. brZolis mTavari mizani konstantinopolis dakavebaa.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

brZola TurqeTisa da habsburgebis imperiis winaaRmdeg unda warimarTos maT
saboloo ganadgurebamde.
b

nawyveti sesil rodsis wignidan `ideebis monaxazi~ (1877):

almasebis mopovebiT gamdidrebuli rodsi 1890-91 wlebSi iyo kapis kolo-

niis premier-ministri (1884 wels iyo britaneTis finansTa ministri). mis
mier aneqsirebul erT-erT mxares afrikaSi mis pativsacemad rodezia ewoda
(dRevandeli zimbabve).

`me vamtkiceb, rom Cven msoflioSi umaRlesi rasa varT da rac ufro meti miwa
iqneba Cveni rasiT dasaxlebuli dedamiwaze, miT ukeTesia adamianTa modgmisTvis.

…...amas garda, msoflios udidesi nawilis Cvens xelSi gadmosvla bolos mouRebda
omebs... SeerTebuli Statebis dabruneba msoflioSi erTaderTi anglosaqsuri
imperiis Seqmnis mizniT... SesaZlebelia, radgan aSkaraa [RvTis neba] aqcios in­
glisurenovani rasa rCeul iaraRad samarTlianobaze, mSvidobasa da Tavisufle­
baze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad.

...amdenad, vfiqrob, rasac RmerTi Cemgan inebebda, afrikis rukis rac SeiZleba
srulad wiTlad SeRebvaa...~

(imxanad miRebuli iyo msoflio rukaze britaneTis imperiis samflobeloebis

wiTeli feriT aRniSvna).
g

safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris, gabriel anotos (1895-98), ganmarteba:

`roca saqme safrangeTis eqspansias exeba, saubaria ara dampyroblur da Zalismier

politikaze, aramed okeaneebis gaRma mdebare barbarosul qveynebSi civiliza­
ciis principebis gavrcelebaze. vfiqrob, msoflioSi erT­erT uZveles ers sruli
ufleba aqvs iamayos amiT. safrangeTis eqspansias yovelTvis civilizatoruli da
religiuri misiis xasiaTi hqonda~.

91
 balkaneTis slavi xalxebis (serbebi, bul-
garelebi da sxv.) gasaTavisufleblad
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omis dawyeba (ru-
seT-TurqeTis omi 1877-1878).
gansxvavebuli iyo inglisis imperia-
lizmis motivacia. mas, upirveles yovli-
sa, koloniebidan maqsimaluri mogebis
miRebis survili amoZravebda da nakle-
bad iyo dainteresebuli maTi kulturu-
li asimilaciiT. inglisSi radikaluri
imperializmi, e.w `jingoizmis~ saxiT,
mosaxleobis qveda fenebSic gamovlin-
da (`jingo~ radikaluri imperialiste-
wyaro 2
fon biulovi, germaniis saga-
reo saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdi-
vani (1897):
`wavida is dro, roca germaneli
erT mezobels miwas uTmobda,
meores – zRvas, TavisTvis ki
mxolod zecaSi adgils ibeveb­
da. dRes Cveni upirvelesi
amocanaa aRmosavleT aziaSi
Cveni sazRvao mimosvlis, vaW­

bis inglisuri ironiuli metsaxelia), robis, industriis dacva da

romlebic ukve nebivrobdnen koloniuri xelSewyoba. Cven unda moviT­

xovoT, rom germanel mision­
produqtiT (magaliTad, Cai) da imperiis
ersa da germanel mewarmes,
simdidridan kidev ufro meti sargeblis
germanul saqonels, germanul
miRebas eswrafvodnen.
droSasa da germanul xomal­
debs CineTSi iseve scen pativi,
politikuri motivebi rogorc sxvisas...
Tavi pirveli

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, konkuren- erTi sityviT: Cven aravis

cia koloniebis mosapoveblad evropis CrdilSi moqceva ar gvsurs,
kontinentur politikaSi ZalTa dapiris- magram moviTxovT Cvens adgils

pirebis gagrZeleba iyo, romelmac amjerad mzis qveS.~

msoflio masStabi miiRo. politikurad

Zlier da gavlenian saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebul qveynebs (upirveles yo-
vlisa, ingliss) Zalisa da gavlenis dakargvis eSinodaT, e.w. `nagvianebi saxelmwi-
foebi~ (germania, italia, ix. Sesabamisi paragrafebi) ki maT mopovebas, germaneli
politikosis, fon biulovis TqmiT, `mzis qveS adgilis dakavebas~ eswrafvodnen.
evropis saxelmwifoebis imperialisturi Sejibreba, msoflio-politikuri
motivebis garda, Sinapolitikuri faqtorebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. mTel rig
evropul saxelmwifoebSi mTavrobebi socialuri daZabulobis (industriali-
zaciis pirobebSi muSaTa ukmayofilebis zrda da maTi moZraobis gaaqtiureba)
ganmuxtvas koloniuri politikis warmatebebze yuradRebis gadataniT cdi-
lobdnen (e.w. `socialuri imperializmi~).

wyaro 3

ingliseli konservatori politikosi benjamin dizraeli (1804-81):

`Cemi azriT, verc erTi ministris movaleoba ver CaiTvleba aRsrulebulad, Tuki is
xelidan gauSvebs Cveni koloniuri msoflio imperiis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas.
sakiTxi ase dgas: gsurT dakmayofildeT imiT, rom inglisi mxolod erTi myudro
qveyana iyos, Tu gsurT gqondeT didi qveyana – imperiuli saxelmwifo, qveyana, sadac
Tqveni Svilebi, roca daizrdebian, didebis mwvervalze aRmoCndebian da ara mxolod
Tanamemamuleebis maRal Sefasebas, aramed mTeli msoflios pativiscemas moipoveben.~
92
 moskovi

18
ruseTi

90
w-
m
de
samara
Celiabinski -1
1908 916
tr krasnoiarski xabarovski
ans omski
cim
bir
is ma 1891-1904 Cita
gistrali
irkutski

190
xarbini

0-1
906

1901-1
aRmosavleT
vladivostoki
CineTis rkinigza

903
krasnovodski
i
T
e

18

port
l

buxara
91

arturi
a

904
-1

CineTi
m
s
o

sparseTi

i
eT
an brit.
R
av indoeTi

transcimbiris magistrali (1890­1914) _ msoflios ugrZesi rkinigzis magistrali

(10 000 km)

wyaro 4

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

ruseTis trasnportisa da finansTa ministri vite (1900):

`Tu Cven energiul da gadamWrel zomebs ar mivmarTeT da ver movaxerxeT, rom

momaval aTwleulebSi Cvenma mrewvelobam ruseTisa da misi gavlenis qveS myofi azi­
is saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebebi daakmayofilos, maSin swrafad mzardi ucxouri
industria gaarRvevs Cvens sabaJo barierebs da damkvidrdeba Cvens qveyanaSi da e.w.
`aziatur~ saxelmwifoebSi. SesaZloa, Cveni mrewvelobis zrdis nelma tempebma
xeli SeuSalos Cveni monarqiis didi amocanebis ganxorcielebas.~

koloniuri mmarTveloba
koloniuri mmarTvelobis formebi ar iyo erTgvarovani. magaliTad, tunisSi
frangebis mier misi kolonizaciis (1881) Semdeg `TeTri~ kolonizatorebis uSua-
lo mmarTvelobis wesi damkvidrda. bevri koloniuri samflobelo (upirveles
yovlisa, inglisis) arapirdapiri wesiT imarTeboda: SenarCunebuli iyo adgi-
lobrivi saxelisuflebo struqturebi an iqmneboda
axali biurokratiuli elita, romelTac SezRuduli
avtonomia eniWebodaT.
koloniebis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba farTod iyo
Cabmuli, zogan iZulebiTac, sameurneo procesSi,
romlis produqtic kolonizatorebis gamdidrebas
xmardeboda.
koloniebis mkvidrni axladgaxsnil skolebSi izr-
debodnen, sAAadac maT evropel xelisufalTa mimarT
mokrZalebasa da morCilebas aCvevdnen.
evropelebis koloniuri politika, rogorc wesi,
ugulebelyofda adgilobriv tradiciebsa da adaT- karikatura: msoflio
wesebs. inglisis klanWebSi

93
 koloniuri eqspansia
evropis saxelmwifoebis imperialistu-
ri konkurencia gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
gamovlinda afrikis kontinentis koloni-
zaciis procesSi, romelsac `afrikisaTvis
rbolas~ uwodeben. afrikaSi teritoriebis
dakavebaSi erTmaneTs ZiriTadad inglisi,
safrangeTi da germania ejibrebodnen.
safrangeTma moipova Crdilo-dasavleT
afrikis udidesi nawili. inglisi Seecada
Seeqmna erTi didi kolonia afrikis uki-
duresi samxreTidan (kapis provincia) uki-
dures CrdiloeTamde (egvipte). germaniam
daikava aRmosavleTi afrika, samxreT-
dasavleTi afrika, kameruni da togo. ne-
dleuliT mdidari kongos auzis vrceli
teritoriebi belgiis mefe leopoldis
pirad mflobelobaSi gadavida.
aziaSi inglisma da safrangeTma in-
doCineTi dainawiles. CineTi saTanadod
Tavi pirveli
wyaro 5
britaneTis koloniebis
ministri jozef Cemberleni
(1903):
`Cveni eris arseboba Cvens sam­
rewvelo SesaZleblobebsa da
produqcias efuZneba. inglisi
araa samiwaTmoqmedo qveyana.
miwaTmoqmedeba ver iqneba Cveni
keTildReobis mTavari wyaro.
inglisi udidesi industriuli
qveyanaa. aqedan gamomdinareobs
erTi daskvna: dRes vaWroba
Cveni imperiis sazRvrebSi
aucilebelia Cveni ganviTare­
bisaTvis. Tuki es vaWroba
daknindeba an Sewydeba, qveynis
mosaxleobis raodenobidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,

ver ewinaaRmdegeboda qveynis evropuli rom meorexarisxovan saxelmwi­

vaWrobisa da qristianuli misiebisaTvis fod viqceviT.~
`gaxsnis~ politikas. aziis es giganturi
saxelmwifo mxolod evropis saxelmwi-
foebs Soris arsebul uTanxmoebaTa wya-
lobiT gadaurCa danawilebas. evropele-
bi CineTTan mimarTebiT mxolod maTTvis
xelsayreli savaWro xelSekrulebebis
dadebiTa (e.w. `araTanaswori xelSekru-
lebebi~) da CineTis sanapiroze sayrdeni
punqtebis mopovebiT Semoifarglnen.
ruseTis imperialisturi eqspansia,
evropulisgan gansxvavebiT, kontinen-
turi xasiaTisa iyo da ramdenime mimar-
TulebiT warimarTa. erT-erTi maTganis
– samxreTiT gafarToebis – msxverpli aR-
moCnda saqarTvelo. panslavizmiT nakar-
naxev dasavleTiT eqspansiaze ruseTs ua-
ri aTqmevina (droebiT) ruseT-TurqeTis
dapirispirebaSi evropis saxelmwifoebis
Carevam. kerZod, ruseT-TurqeTis omis
Semdeg gamarTul berlinis konferencia-
ze (1878 w). evropis didi saxelmwifoebis
zewoliT, ruseTs balkaneTis naxevarkun- `rodsis kolosi~
(inglisuri karikatura)
94
Zulze misi gavlenis qveS myofi saxelmwifos – `didi bulgareTis~ Seqmnis
proeqtze uaris Tqma mouxda.
ruseTis interesi mimarTuli iyo agreTve aziisken. 1868-1881 wlebSi man
daikava kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoriebi centralur aziaSi.
ukve 1858 wels ruseTma aiZula CineTi daeTmo misTvis mdinare amuris Crdi-
loeTiT mdebare teritoriebi da iaponiis zRvis sanapiro zoli. mogvianebiT
(1894-1895 ww CineT-iaponiis omis Semdeg), ruseTma moipova gavlena CineTis
CrdiloeT teritoriebsa da manjuriaze. Soreul aRmosavleTSi gafarToebiT
ruseTi aziaSi axladaRmocenebuli imperiuli Zalis – iaponiis interesebs
Seejaxa, rac mogvianebiT, XX saukunis dasawyisSi (1904-1905) ruseT-iaponiis
omis mizezi gaxda.

msoflio XIX saukuneSi

koloniuri
samflobeloebi da
maTi dapyrobis wlebi

britanuli
franguli
portugaliuri
espanuri
germanuli
belgiuri
italiuri

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-Si mocemul masalas. SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaroebi 1a, 1b,
1g. imsjeleT imperializmis ideologiis tipebze.
2. ra miznebi hqonda rusul imperializms Soreul aRmosavleTSi? ra faqto-
rebi ganapirobebda am interesebs? ramdenad ukavSirdeba transcimbiruli
magistralis aSeneba am miznebs?
3. ganixileT da SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaroebi (2, 3, 4, 5). gansazRvreT evropis
sxvadasxva saxelmwifos imperializmis politikuri da ekonomikuri motivebi.

95
 II msoflio XX saukunis I naxevarSi

18. pirveli msoflio omis wanamZRvrebi

I msoflio omis realuri mizezi koloniebis flobisaTvis Zlieri saxelmwi-

foebis metoqeoba da msoflio hegemonobisaTvis brZolaSi sxvisi `wingaSvebis~
SiSi iyo.
rogorc ukve iciT, XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis evropis ekonomikurad
mZlavrma saxelmwifoebma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma sakuTari gavlena
afrikasa da aziaze gaavrceles da did koloniur imperiebad Camoyalibdnen.
koloniebi maTi simdidrisa da keTildReobis mTavari wyaro iyo. magram XIX
saukunis bolo dekadebSi evropaSi ekonomikurad maTze bevrad swrafad ganvi-
Tarda 1871 wels prusiis egidiT Seqmnili germaniis imperia. misma mrewvelobam
swrafad aiTvisa iqamde ZiriTadad did britaneTSi mimdinare industriuli
revoluciis miRwevebi, rasac daemata germanel mecnierTa da inJinerTa mier
Seqmnili teqnologiuri siaxleebi. germanuli disciplina qveynis ekonomikur
potencials lamis aormagebda. XIX saukunis bolos germanias gauCnda interesi
zRvisgadaRma koloniebis mimarT da man Seqmna kidec inglisTan da safrangeT-
Tan SedarebiT mcire koloniuri imperia. amave dros, germanuli produqcia
konkurencias uwevda `Zvel imperialistebs~ maTsave koloniebSi. germania
cdilobda sakuTari Zalisa da msoflioSi gavlenis gazrdas.
Tavi meore

germania swrafad aZlierebda gavlenas axlo aRmosavleTSi, ZiriTadad osma-

leTis imperiaSi, romelic germanias miiCnevda sapirwoned Tavisi gamokveTili
mtris – ruseTis imperiisaTvis da arasando mokavSiris – didi britaneTisaT-
vis.
didi britaneTis mmarTvelma wreebma naTlad dainaxes msoflio bazarze
germaniis mzardi ekonomikuri Zalis metoqeobis safrTxe. londonisaTvis
aqtiur moqmedebaze gadasvlis `ukanaskneli zari~ aRmoCnda germaniis mier
samxedro-sazRvao flotis mSeneblobis dawyeba1898 wels. amitom didi britane-
Ti wavida kavSirze iqamde Tavis mudmiv
dapirispirebul saxelmwifoTa gaerTia­
metoqe safrangeTTAan, romelsac, Tavis
nebebi I msoflio omis dros
mxriv, surda Suri eZia 1870-71 wlebSi
`centraluri `antanta~
prusiasTan wagebuli omis gamo: im omis saxelmwifoebi~
Sedegad safrangeTma dakarga alzasi
germania da safrangeTi, didi
da loreni (maTi germanuli saxelwode-
avstria-ungreTi britaneTi da ruseTi
baa elzasi da loTaringia), romelTac
mokavSireebi: mokavSireebi:
didi mniSvneloba hqondaT safrangeTis
TurqeTi iaponia
ekonomikaSi, ZiriTadad samTamadno da (1914 wlidan) (1914 wlidan)
metalurgiul mrewvelobaSi. bulgareTi italia
evropis samive didi saxelmwifo (1915 wlidan) (1915 wlidan)
mzad iyo, iaraRis ZaliT moeSorebina aSS
Tavidan konkurentebi. germaniis mier (1917 wlidan)
`xmlebis galesvis~ politikam did bri- britanuli dominio­
nebi da bevri
taneTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTis impe-
sxva saxelmwifo
rias urTierTdaaxloebisken ubiZga.
96
 1904 wels didma britaneTma da safrangeTma
gaaformes samxedro xelSekruleba, romelsac
`antanta~ ewoda (franguli saxelwodebidan `En-
tente cordiale~, rac qarTulad `guliTad SeTanx-
mebas~ niSnavs). safrangeTi ukve 1893 wlidan iyo
antigermanul samxedro kavSirSi ruseTTan.
ruseTi, evropis sxva didi saxelmwifoebis
msgavsad, msoflioSi sakuTari Zalis gazrdasa
da gavlenis gafarToebas eswrafvoda. ruseTis-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

Tvis mniSvnelovani iyo `Tbil zRvaze~ (xmelTa-
Sua zRvaze) gasasvlelis mopoveba, rac bosfo-
risa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi Cagdebas
gulisxmobda. ruseTi bosforidan osmaleTis
gamodevnas balkaneTis saxelmwifoebis, upirve-
les yovlisa, `moZme slavi xalxebis~ daxmarebiT
britanuli plakati jarSi
cdilobda. amiT ruseTma ori mteri – osmaleTi-
moxalised CaAweris mowodebiT
sa da avstria-ungreTis imperiebi – SeiZina.
iaponiasTan 1904-1905 wlebis omSi damarcxebam aiZula ruseTi, mokavSireebi
eZebna. amitomac is daTanxmda bolo moeRo did britaneTTTan Tavisi metoqe-
obisaTvis centralur aziaSi, sparseTsa da tibetSi.
1907 wels ruseTma da britaneTma xelSekrulebiT, romelsac `anglo-rusuli
antantas~ uwodebdnen, gavlenis zonebad gaiyves sparseTi da SuaSi `neitralu-
ri zona~ datoves. imave xelSekruliT gamoacxades avRaneTi buferul qveynad,
tibetze ufleba ki CineTs gadasces.
sami qveynis – safrangeTis, ruseTisa da didi britaneTis – alianss `sami
qveynis antanta~ daerqva.
avstria-ungreTic miiCnevda balkaneTs Tavisi gavlenis sferod. ruseTis
mxridan momdinare safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad adre mkveTrad dapirispi-
rebul imperiebs – avstria-ungreTsa da osmaleTs – saerTo Zlieri mokavSire
sWirdebodaT. ase aRmoCnda orive maTgani aliansSi g G ermaniasTan, romelic Tvi-
Tonac eZebda mokavSireebs metismetad momravlebuli mtrebis winaaRmdeg. am qve-
ynebis alianss `centraluri saxelmwifoebi~ ewoda. mogvianebiT maT SeuerTda
bulgareTis samefo, romelic osmaleTis balkanuri memkvidreobis gayofisas
serbeTisa da saberZneTisagan daCagrulad miiCnevda Tavs. italia, romelic
germaniasa da avstria-ungreTTan 1882 wlidan iyo samxedro kavSirSi, I msoflio
omis dasawyisSive CamoSorda maT da sabolood maT winaaRmdeg ioma.
balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli TandaTanobiT emsgavseboda denTis kasrs. evro-
paSi omis dasawyebad naperwkaliRa iyo saWiro.
aseT naperwklad iqca saraevoSi 1914 wlis 28 ivniss teroristis sabediswero
gasrola. im dRes saidumlo organizacia `Savi xelis~ wevrma, bosnielma serbma
studentma, gavrilo principma saraevoSi vizitad myofi avstria-ungreTis tax-
tis memkvidre franc ferdinandi da misi meuRle daxoca. princis mkvleloba
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis sababi gaxda.
sazareli mkvlelobidan TiTqmis oTxkviriani dumilis Semdeg avstria-un-
greTma serbeTis mTavrobas mkacri ultimatumi warudgina, romlis zogierTi
97
97
 punqtis Sesrulebaze am ukanasknelma uari ganacxada. amis Semdeg dapirispire-
bulma saxelmwifoebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT daiwyes mowinaaRmdegeebisTvis
omis gamocxadeba. amoqmedda uzarmazari adamianuri da samxedro resursebi.
mTel msoflioSi daaxloebiT 70 milionma kacma aisxa iaraRi. centraluri
saxelmwifoebisa da maTi mokavSireebis armiebSi gawveuli 25 milioni adamiani
daupirispirda `antantisa~ da misi mokavSireebis 45 milion jariskacs.

fineTi
norvegia

i
atlantikis

eT
st. peterburgi
okeane

ed
neTi

Sv
irlandia dania
a
didi
brit

memeli

n di dancigi
la berlini
londoni er
evropa omSi nid
belgia germania ruseTi
centraluri
saxelmwifoebi luqsemburgi
mokavSireebi (antanta) parizi vena
avstria-
neitraluri qveynebi
Ti ungreTi
n ge Sveicaria
ra
saf
italia rumineTi
ia

ser
al

monte-
beT

espaneTi bulgareTi
ug

negro
al
rt

ban
i

os

eT
im

i
po

mal a
per

espan xmelTaSua zRva

eTis saberZneTi
Tavi meore

i
eT

maro
ko
i

evropa omis win

s

CrdiloeT afrika

damatebiTi cnoba

organizacia `Savi xeli~ da gasrola saraevoSi

saraevo bosnia­hercegovinis mTavari qalaqia. 1908 wels avstria­ungreTis imperiam

bosnia­hercegovinis aneqsia moaxdina, riTac didad gaanawyena serbeTi. am provin­
ciis mosaxleoba muslimebis, marTlmadideblebisa da kaTolikeebisgan Sedgeboda,
magram salaparako ena saerTo iyo – serbuli. amitomac am provincias serbeTis
nacionalisturi wreebi Tavisad miiCnevdnen.

avstria­ungreTis imperiaSi Semaval slav xalxTa Sorisac Zlierdeboda swrafva

damoukideblobisaken. ruseTi am ganwyobilebas Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda: `slavi
Zmebis~ daxmarebis sanacvlod igi maTgan iTxovda daxmarebas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg.
ruseTi gansakuTrebiT exmareboda serbeTs.

serbeTis dedaqalaq belgradSi serbma nacionalistebma Seqmnes saidumlo organi­

zacia `Savi xeli~, romlis mizani iyo didi serbuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. am organi­
zaciaSi gawevrianebuli axalgazrdebi samxedro wvrTnas gadiodnen, swavlobdnen
cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebas, xelyumbaris tyorcnas. Tanamedrove gagebiT,
es iyo teroristuli organizacia. maT sjerodaT, rom teroristuli aqtebiT
SeZlebdnen saboloo miznis miRwevas.

98
 omis gamocxadebis qronika

1914 wlis germania srul mxardaWeras ucxadebs avstria­ ungreTs serbeTTan omis dawyebis SemTx­
6 ivlisi vevaSi.

1914 wlis avstria­ungreTis ultimatumi serbeTs: avstria­ungreTi moiTxovs taxtis memkvidris

23 ivlisi mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebaSi uSualo monawileobas.

1914 wlis avstria­ungreTi oms ucxadebs serbeTs 23 ivlisis ultimatumis zogierTi pirobis
28 ivlisi Seusruleblobis sababiT. es msoflio omis pirvel dRed miiCneva. momdevno dRes misi
armia iwyebs belgradis dabombvas: ruseTis imperatori acxadebs srul mobilizacias
serbeTis mxardaWeris sababiT.
1914 wlis safrangeTi iwyebs srul samxedro mobilizacias.

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

1 agvisto,
15 sT 55 wT
1914 wlis germania oms ucxadebs ruseTs misi ultimatumis ignorirebis sababiT: germanuli ul­
1 agvisto, timatumi moiTxovda ruseTis samxedro mobilizaciis Sewyvetas.
19 sT
1914 wlis germania oms ucxadebs safrangeTs mis mier mobilizaciis Seuwyvetlobis sababiT.
3 agvisto momdevno diliT germania arRvevs belgiis neitralitets da iwyeba germanuli armiis
gadaadgileba safrangeTisken. belgia seriozul samxedro winaaRmdegobas uwevs germa­
niis armiis ukanono SemoWras mis teritoriaze.
1914 wlis didi britaneTi, rogorc belgiis neitralitetis garanti, oms ucxadebs germanias.
4 agvisto londoni valdebulad miiCnevs Tavs, daicvas samokavSireo xelSekruleba safrangeT­
Tanac: did britaneTSi iwyeba moxaliseebis Cawera im armiaSi, romelic germanelebTan
saomrad safrangeTSi midis.
1914 wlis avstria­ungreTi oms ucxadebs ruseTs.
6 agvisto

klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT germaniis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb omis win.

2. isaubreT `antantis~ Camoyalibebis procesze.

3. ra mizezebma ganapiroba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gadauWreli

problemebis dagroveba?

4. ra miznebi amoZravebda ruseTs da ra gziT imedovnebda is am miznebis

ganxorcielebas?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `dapirispirebul mxareTa interesebi I msoflio omis win~.

99
 19. saomari moqmedebebi I msoflio omis periodSi

omis msvlelobis ZiriTadi etapebi da frontebi

I msoflio omis msvlelobaSi gamoyofen or ZiriTad etaps. pirvel, xanmokle
etapze germaniis jarebma SeZles belgiis gavliT, rac am qveynis neitralite-
tis uxeSi darRveva iyo, safrangeTis teritoriaze SeWra. germaniis armiis es
winsvla frangul-britanulma Zalebma mdinare marnasTan, parizis maxloblad,
1914 wlis Semodgomaze SeaCeres. imave wlis agvistoSi ruseTis ori armia SeiWra
germaniaSi, aRmosavleT prusiaSi, magram ukve agvistos bolos misi erTi armia
germanelebma mTlianad gaanadgures, meore ki gandevnes.
amis Semdeg omis `mobiluri~ stadia Seicvala xangrZlivi, gaWianurebu-
li `poziciuri~ omiT, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis frontze. es niSnavda, rom
mowinaaRmdegeebi magrdebodnen frontis xazze, Txridnen sangrebs da arti-
leriis meSveobiT cdilobdnen erTmaneTis gamodevnas dakavebuli pozicie-
bidan. periodulad jariskacebis did masas agzavnidnen Setevaze, romelsac
mowinaaRmdege tyviamfrqvevis cecxliT aCerebda da orive mxaris gadarCenili
jariskacebi Zvel sangrebs ubrundebodnen.
germanias evropaSi erTdroulad ori fronti hqonda – dasavleTiT, safran-
Tavi meore

geTis teritoriaze da aRmosavleTiT, ruseTTan, ZiriTadad poloneTis te-

ritoriaze. aRmosavleTiT germaniis armia warmatebiT ibrZoda, magram misi
mokavSire avstria-ungreTi ruseTTan brZolebSi ufro xSirad marcxdeboda.
germania dainteresebuli iyo, rom ruseTsac hqonoda damatebiTi fronti da
Zalian moiwadina, misTvis daepirispirebina omis dasawyisSi neitraluri, Tumca
progermanulad ganwyobili osmaleTi. germaniis generaluri Stabis gaTvliT,
ruseT-osmaleTis (kavkasiis) fronti daabandebda ruseTis im Zalebs, romlebic
mas evropis frontebze SeeZlo gamoeyenebina; osmaleTis xelSi myofi Savi zR-

tanki I msoflio omSi germaneli tyveebi tyveTa frangul

banakSi

100
vis sruteebis – bosforisa da dardanelis – Caketva ruseTisaTvis ekonomikuri
blokadis tolfasi iqneboda. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom sazRvao gziT warmoebu-
li ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis 60 procenti da xorblis mTeli eqsporti 1914
wlamde Savi zRvis sruteebis gavliT xorcieldeboda. garda amisa, osmaleTis
omSi CarTva axlo aRmosavleTSi britaneTis damatebiTi Zalebis gadasrolas
moiTxovda, rac Seasustebda britanul dawolas dasavleTis frontze.
marTlac, Sav zRvaSi osmaleTis flotis (realurad es iyo germanuli javS-
nosnebi germaneli admiralis meTaurobiT) gamomwvev samxedro provokacias –
odesisa da sxva rusuli navsadgurebis moulodnel dabombvas – mohyva ruseTis

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

mier 1914 wlis 2 noembers osmaleTisaTvis omis gamocxadeba.
sapasuxod osmaleTma Cauketa bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi ruseTs
da is samxreTidan blokirebuli aRmoCnda. magram osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sax-
meleTo operaciebSi rusebma warmatebas miaRwies: ukve 1914 wlis dekemberSi
maT sariyamiSTan daamarcxes samxreT kavkasiisken Setevaze gadmosuli osmale-
Tis armia ( rac osmaleTSi udides tragediad aRiqves), xolo 1915-1916 wlebSi
daikaves aRmosavleT anatoliis sakmao nawili, qalaqebi erzurumi, vani da
trapizoni. 1917 wels ruseTis genStabi amzadebda Setevas stambolze: es gegma
CaSala petrogradSi momxdarma revoluciebma. 1917 wlis bolodan ruseTis
armiam gamosvla daiwyo osmaleTis okupirebuli teritoriebidan, 1918 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ki kavkasiac datova.
1915 wlis TebervalSi inglisurma sazRvao eskadram warumateblad sca-
da dardanelis sruteSi samxreTidan SeWra. amis Semdeg dardanelis srutis
dasavleTiT mdebare galipolis naxevarkunZulze antantis jarebis (brita-
nelebi, frangebi, avstralielebi, axalzelandielebi) didi desanti gadasx-
da imis imediT, rom warmatebuli saxmeleTo operacia gaxsnida dardanelis
srutes. magram osmalebma, romelTac germaneli generali liman fon sandersi
sardlobda, Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegoba gaswies. orive mxares 130 aTasze
meti adamiani daiRupa (maT Soris 80 aTasze meti osmalo), daiWra 260 aTasze
meti. TiTqmis erT wels gaWianurebuli `galipolis operacia~ antantisaTvis
usaxelod dasrulda: man brZolis velidan gaiyvana Tavisi Zalebi. amdenad, es

omisdroindeli aviacia jariskacebi airwinaRebiT

101
 osmaleTis gamarjvebad iqna aRqmuli. am brZolis dros gmiruli meTaurobiT
gamoiCina Tavi axalgazrda Turqma oficerma mustafa qemalma, romelic mog-
vianebiT, 1923 wels, TurqeTis prezidenti gaxda da `aTaTurqi~ dairqva.
axlo aRmosavleTis frontebze didi britaneTi isev gaaqtiurda 1916 wels:
im wels man aujanya arabebi osmaleTs, 1917 wels aiRo baRdadi da ierusalimi,
1918 wels ki – damasko da beiruTi.
I msoflio omis dros gamoyenebuli iyo iqamde arnaxuli sabrZolo saSua-
lebebi da samxedro teqnika, aseve qimiuri iaraRi (momwamlavi gazis erT-erT
saxeobas ipriti imitom ewoda, rom masobrivi ganadgurebis es saSualeba pir-
velad belgiis qalaq iprTan brZolis dros gamoiyenes), tanki (es sityva `avzs~
niSnavs: aseTi warweriT niRbavdnen ingliselebi muxluxebian mZime javSan-
teqnikas, romelsac es saxeli daumkvidrda kidec), aviacia, wyalqveSa navebi.
tankebma mxolod I msoflio omis bolo periodSi moaxerxes gavlenis moxdena
sabrZolo taqtikis Secvlaze. II msoflio omSi ki tankebma da aviaciam mxareebis
warmatebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa.
omma moiTxova uzarmazari materialuri saxsrebi, didZali bunebrivi re-
sursebi, gansakuTrebiT navTobproduqtebi, radgan meqanizebuli samxedro
teqnika (borbliani javSAanmanqanebi, tankebi, aviacia) benzinze muSaobda, ro-
melic centralur saxelmwifoebs ar hyofnidaT. amitomac 1917 wlis bolos
germanelebma xelSi Caigdes rumineTis ploeStis navTobsarewebi.
I msoflio omma cxadyo, rom Tanamedrove didi omis mogeba SeuZlebelia
Tavi meore

`materialur brZolaSi~ gamarjvebis gareSe. didi adamianuri resursebi ga-

damwyveti aRar iyo: didi armiis mqone ruseTis marcxs germaniasTan brZolaSi
teqnikuri CamorCeniloba da cudi satransporto infrastruqtura ganapiro-
bebda.
Tavis mxriv, omSi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis marcxi ganapiroba ara
imdenad or frontze brZolebis simZimem, ramdenadac didi britaneTis mxridan
germaniis ekonomikurma blokadam. aucilebel resursebs moklebuli germaniis
samxedro industria TandaTan Cerdeboda. antantis qveynebi ki did materia-
lur daxmarebas (dafinansebas, SeiaraRebas, sursaTs, tansacmels) iRebdnen
amerikidan da britanuli dominionebidan, upirvelesad kanadidan.

germaniis ekonomikuri blokada da sazRvao brZolebi

I msoflio omis dros didi britaneTi da germania erTmaneTs zRvazec dau-
pirispirdnen. britanulma samxedro-sazRvao flotma gadaWra germaniis nav-
sadgurebisaken mimavali yvela savaWro gza. sapasuxod, germania Seecada bri-
tanuli blokadis garRvevas sakuTari wyalqveSa navebis meSveobiT, romlebic,
samxedro gemebis garda, savaWro da samgzavro gemebsac Ziravdnen. 1915 wlis
7 maiss maT CaZires amerikidan inglisSi mimavali britanuli samgzavro gemi
`luzitania~, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 1200-mde samoqalaqo piri, maT Soris im
dros neitraluri aSS-is 128 moqalaqe. Tumca vaSingtonSi germaniis saelCo
winaswar afrTxilebda sazRvao mogzaurobis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb iq, sadac
wyalqveSa omi mimdinareobda, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma mkacri protes-
ti gamoTqva germaniis misamarTiT. sapasuxod germaniis mTavrobam droebiT

102
SezRuda wyalqveSa omi, magram aranakleb gaamZafra amerikelebis anti-ger-
manuli ganwyoba `cimermanis depeSam~, presaSi gamoqveynebulma cnobam, rom
germaniis mTAavroba cdilobda meqsikis CaArTvas amerikis winaaRmdeg omSi, Tuki
es ukanaskneli antantis winaaRmdeg gamovidoda: aSS dazvervam gaSifra ger-
maniis sagareo saqmeTaA ministris mexikoSi TaAvis saelCoSi gagzavnili depeSAa.
1917 wlis Tebervlidan, mas Semdeg, rac didma britaneTma sakuTari savaWro
xomaldebi qvemexebiTa da wyalqveSa WurvebiT aRWurva, germaniam SeuzRudavi
wyalqveSa omi gamoacxada. germanuli wyalqveSa navebi ukve mowinaaRmdegis ne-
bismieri tipis xomaldis torpedirebas axdendnen. es amerikisaTvis msoflio

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

omSi antantis mxares Cabmis sababi gaxda.
didi britaneTisa da germaniis flotebis udidesi sazRvao brZola gaimarTa
skagerakis sruteSi iutlandis naxevarkunZulTan (brZola iutlandis an ska-
gerakis saxeliTaa cnobili) 1916 wlis 31 maiss-1 ivniss. erTmaneTs daupiris-
pirda 150-ze meti britanuli (maTgan 28 drednouti anu mZime javSnosani gemi)
da 100-mde (16 drednoutis klasis) germanuli samxedro xomaldi. marTalia,
am brZolaSi britaneTs gacilebiT meti danakargi hqonda germanelebTan Se-
darebiT (CaiZira sul 117 aTasi tona wyalwyvis britanuli xomaldi, germanul
63 aTas tonasTan SedarebiT; daiRupa 6 aTasi britaneli da 2,5 aTasi germaneli
mezRvauri), magram brZolis Semdeg britanelebi CrdiloeTis zRvis baton-
patronebad darCnen, maSin, roca germanuli wyalzeda floti Caiketa Tavis
navsadgurebSi da Ria zRvaSi veRar uwevda metoqeobas britanul flots.

wyaro 1

rigiTi jariskacis mier aRqmuli I msoflio omi

a

nawyveti jariskacis dRiuridan

`verdeni 1916 w. `...wamamde sizustiT agugunda 1200 tyviamfrqvevi. ...ase saaTobiT

grZeldeba... Cven visvriT da visvriT ... ganuwyvetliv. SuadRisas iwyeben naRmsat­
yorcnebi... guguni Zlierdeba... naSuadRevs, 4 da 5 saaTs Soris Cveni artileriis
gruxuni... Cveni batarea (samxedro qvedanayofi) wuTSi 200­jer isvris. miRebulia
brZaneba: 4 sT­sa da 40 wuTidan 5 saaTamde uwyveti cecxli. jojoxeTi iwyeba...~

nawyveti rigiTi jariskacis meuRlisadmi miwerili werilidan

`sami dRea mowinaaRmdege ganuwyvetliv gvesvris. xuTi dRea ar gviWamia. ram­

denime kviraa wesierad ar miZinia. tilebi dagvesia... wyals vsvamT gubeebidan an
moklulebis savele boTlebidan~.

103
 verdenis brZola. saomari viTareba 1917-1918. aSS-is Cabma omSi
gansakuTrebiT sisxlismRvreli iyo brZolebi dasavleTis frontze. 1916
wels verdenis (safrangeTi) brZolaSi orive mxridan daiRupa, sxvadasxva Se-
fasebiT, naxevari milionidan erT milionamde adamiani. am brZolas `verde-
nis xorcsakepi~ ewoda. gamTangvelma poziciurma brZolebma, omis sisastikem
meomar saxelmwifoebSi `omiT daRliloba~ gamoiwvia. frontze sangrebSi myofi
milionobiT adamiani veRar xedavda kacTakvlis gagrZelebis azrs. gaWianure-
buli omi iwvevda armiebis demoralizacias. gaxSirda mowinaaRmdege armiebis
jariskacebis `daZmobilebis~ SemTxvevebi.
1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ukiduresad daqveiTda ruseTis
armiis brZolisunarianoba. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi momxdari revoluciis Semdeg
ki, 1917 wlis 15 dekembris dazavebiT, ruseTi msoflio oms sabolood gamoeTi-
Sa. 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi daido separatuli sazavo xelSekruleba
germaniasa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris.
aRmosavleTis frontze mowinaaRmdegis dasusteba xels aZlevda germa-
niasa da mis mokavSireebs. magram maTi mdgomareoba sul male isev damZimda.
1917 wlis 6 aprilidan centraluri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg omSi amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi Caeba. 1918 wlis oqtombrisaTvis, SeerTebulma Statebma
evropis kontinentze gadmoiyvana 1,5 milioni jariskaci. antantis mxareze axa-
li Zalis gamoCenam gazarda misi gamarjvebis Sansi. antantis gamarjvebisTvis
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda is, rom ekonomikuri blokadiT dasuste-
Tavi meore

bul germanias saSinao problemebi Seeqmna. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan gaZlierda

germanuli sazogadoebis didi jgufebis ukmayofileba qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis, maT Soris sursaTis naklebobis gamo. zo-
gadi protesti male miimarTa arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. gaRvivda
omis sawinaaRmdego ganwyobileba.
miuxedavad aseTi sirTuleebisa, germaniam, mokavSireebTan erTad, kidev
erTxel scada gadamwyveti ieriSi mietana dasavleTis frontze: mas aRmosavle-
Tis frontze gamoTavisuflebuli Zalebis imedic hqonda. magram ukanaskneli
`sagazafxulo ieriSi~ (1918 wlis marti-ivlisi) `centraluri saxelmwifoebis~
sruli marcxiT dasrulda.
1918 wlis oqtomberSi germaniis mokavSireebi bulgareTi, osmaleTi da avs-
tria-ungreTi zedized danebdnen `antantas~.
molaparakebis Semdeg germaniamac moa-
wera xeli dazavebas antantis saxelmwi-
foebTan: sinamdvileSi es misi kapitula-
cia iyo. zavi daido parizis axlos, kom-
pienis tyeSi safrangeTis marSal foSis
saStabo matareblis vagonSi. 1918 wlis
11 noembers 11 saaTze cecxli Sewyda. omi
damTAavrda.

jariskacebi sangarSi sahaero dabombvis dros

104
wyaro 2

pirveli msoflio omis adamianuri msxverpli cifrebSi

(daiRupa 9 milionamde adamiani, daiWra an dasaxiCrda 20 milioni)

ZiriTadi meomari saxelmwifoebis adamianuri msxverpli (milionebSi):

omSi daRupuli daWrili tyved Cavardnili

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

germania 1,8 4,2 0,6
avstria­ungreTi 1,2 3,6 2,2
safrangeTi 1,4 3,0 0,4
didi britaneTi 0,9 2,1 0,2
italia 0,5 0,9 0,5
ruseTi 1,7 5,0 2,5
aSS 0,1 0,2 _

klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT I msoflio omis Sedegebi. erTmaneTs gaacaniT Tqveni mosazre-

bebi TiToeuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb. klasSi moawyveT diskusia. diskusiis pro-
cesSi ganmarteT agreTve ras niSnavs `materialuri omi~. isaubreT omSi
gamoyenebuli axali samxedro teqnikis Sesaxeb. gamoTqviT Tqveni azri cen-
traluri saxelmwifoebis omSi damarcxebis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT. Tqve-
ni SefasebiT, ra gavlena moaxdina omis Sedegze britaneTis mier germaniis
sazRvao blokadaSi moqcevam?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `I msoflio omi, rogorc humanitaruli katastrofa~. gamoi-

yeneT gakveTilSi mocemuli masalebi da moiZieT damatebiTi informacia.
klasSi ganixileT Tqveni namuSevrebi.

105
 20. revoluciebi ruseTSi.
brestis zavi da saqarTvelos sakiTxi

1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia

ruseTis warumateblobebi I msoflio
omSi 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi gaxda. frontze
gancdil araerT marcxs Tan axlda sur-
saTis nakleboba, ruseTis ekonomika ki
mowyvetili iyo evropul bazrebs.sayo-
velTao saxalxo mRelvarebis dawyebamde
qveyanaSi araorganizebuli, spontanuri
gaficva mimdinareobda. 23 Tebervals pe-
trogradSi (omis dasawyisSi qalaqis germa-
nuli saxeli peterburgi Seicvala slavur
yaidaze – petrogradiT) moewyo masobrivi
demonstracia, romelic Semdgom dReebSic
gagrZelda da gadaizarda policiasTan Se-
Tavi meore
leqsikoni
r referendumi (laT. refe-
rendum – rac unda auwyon),
plebisciti (laT. plebiscitum
xalxis gadawyvetileba) – sa-
yovelTao saxalxo gamokiTx-
va kenWisyriT mniSvnelovani
saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis
gadasawyvetad.
r iunkeri – aq: samxedro
saswavleblebis studenti,
momavali oficeri.
r dekreti – umaRlesi xeli-
suflebis dadgenileba (ra-

takebebSi. demonstrantebi gamodiodnen ime calkeul sakiTxze), ro-

omis Sewyvetisa da mTavrobis gadadgomis melsac kanonis Zala aqvs.
moTxovnebiT. petrogradis garnizonis
jariskacebis nawilic SeuerTda amboxs.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi 3 marts (ax. stiliT 16 marts) mefe nikoloz II gadadga. 2
marts samefo taxtis dakaveba SesTavazes mis Zmas, romelmac am SemoTavazeba-
ze uari ganacxada. amgvarad dasrulda ruseTSi monarqiis mravalsaukunovani
arseboba. Tumca sakiTxis sabolood gadawyveta, Tu ra formis mmarTveloba
damyardeboda ruseTSi – monarqiuli Tu respublikuri, droebiT gadaido da
ruseTi respublikad mxolod 1917 wlis 1 seqtembers gamocxadda.
Tebervlis revolucias didi msxverpli ar mohyolia (daiRupa daaxl. 150
adamiani), magram reJimis swrafma da moulodnelma damxobam didi vnebaTaRelva
gamoiwvia qveyanaSi.
petrogradSi Seiqmna droebiTi mTavroba, romelic ZiriTadad liberali
politikosebisagan Sedgeboda, upirveles yovlisa, konstitucionalist-
demokratebis (maT SemoklebiT kadetebs uwodebdnen) partiis wevrebisagan.
paralelurad, gaimarTa petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWos pirveli
arCevnebi. sabWoebSi dominirebdnen ruseTis socialist-demokratiuli muSaTa
partiis (rsdmp) zomieri frTis – menSevikebis da socialist-revolucionerTa
partiebis warmomadgenlebi. sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda menSeviki karlo CxeiZe.
mTeli qveynis masStabiT TandaTanobiT daiwyo sabWoebis Camoyalibeba. rsdmp-
is radikaluri frTa – bolSevikebi Tavdapirvelad umciresobaSi iyvnen, magram
male isini petrogradis sabWoSi umravlesobad gadaiqcnen.
amgvarad, ruseTSi droebiTi mTavroba da sabWoebi erTmaneTis paralelu-
106
rad moRvaweobdnen. petrogradis sabWo gamoscemda Tavis kanonebsac. qveyanaSi
faqtobrivad damyarda orxelisuflebianoba.
droebiT mTavrobas muSaoba metad rTul pirobebSi uxdeboda. mefis ga-
dadgoma jerjerobiT mxolod simboluri aqti iyo da qveynis cxovrebaSi
sasikeTo cvlilebebis gatareba Seqmnil viTarebaSi ukidures sirTules war-
moadgenda. am pirobebSi izrdeboda mTavrobis moRvaweobiT ukmayofileba
da droebiTi mTavrobis Semadgenloba mcire drois manZilze ramdenjerme
Seicvala.
droebiT mTavrobas (aseve sabWoebisa da revoluciuri partiebis wevrTa

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

nawils) miaCnda, rom reformebi unda dawyebuliyo damfuZnebeli krebis sayo-
velTao Tavisufali arCevnebis Catarebis Semdeg, romlis Sedegadac gadawyde-
boda mmarTvelobis formisa da miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxi.
amasTan erTad, qveyanaSi sul ufro mZafrdeboda antisaomari ganwyobileba.
droebiTi mTavroba ki Seqmnil viTarebaSi ar apirebda ruseTis gamoyvanas omi-
dan. omSi ruseTis monawileobis mowinaaRmdegeTa da momxreTa manifestaciebs
SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba mohyva.
frontze mdgomareoba sul ufro mZimdeboda. samxedro ministris, kerenskis
mier dagegmili Seteva warumatebeli gamodga. miuxedavad brusilovis, ruse-
Tis armiis yvelaze niWieri generlis, calkeuli gamarjvebebisa, omSi ruseTis
saboloo marcxis gardauvaloba sul ufro TvalsaCino xdeboda. jariskacebi
ukve uars ambobdnen frontze gamgzavrebaze. droebiT mTavrobas ki ar hyof-
nida Zala radikaluri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. misi dReebi ukve daTvli-

1917 wlis 23 Tebervlis demonstracia petrogradSi

107
 li iyo. bolSevikebis zafxulSi jer ki-
dev miiCnevdnen, rom droebiTi mTavrobis wyaro 1
dasamxobad ajanyebis wamowyeba naadrevi
situacia ruseTSi 1917 wlis
iyo. Tumca male mdgomareoba Seicvala.
zafxulSi. ingliseli Jur-
seqtemberSi petrogradis muSaTa da
nalistis Canawerebidan:
jariskacTa sabWoSi bolSevikebma ukve
umravlesoba Seadgines. sabWos Tavmjdo- `moskovSi muSebi aiZulebdnen
mare gaxda bolSevikTa erT-erTi lideri qarxnis mepatroneebs Seeswav­
lev trocki (bronSteini). bolSevikebi laT maTi momavali samarTleb­
aseve umravlesoba gaxdnen moskovis sa- rivi uflebebis safuZvlebi;
bWoSic. maTi zegavlena da ricxvi matu- odesaSi studentebi karna­
lobda sxva sabWoebSi. xobdnen TavianT profesors
civilizaciaTa istoriis axal
1917 wlis oqtombris revolucia programas; petrogradSi msax­
iobebi Caenacvlnen Teatris di­
bolSEevikTa amboxi daiwyo 6- 7 noembers
reqtors da TviTon irCevdnen,
RamiT (Zveli stiliT 24-25 oqtomberi –
Tu romeli speqtakli unda war­
amitomac ewoda Semdgom am movlenebs
moedgina. armiaSi jariskacebi
oqtombris revolucia). bolSevikTa Seia-
epatiJebodnen mRvdels das­
raRebulma razmebma – wiTelgvardielebma
wreboda maT Sekrebebs, rom mis
– peterburgSi yovelgvari winaaRmdego-
cxovrebas azri miscemoda... es
bis gareSe daikaves xidebi, rkinigzis sad-
Tavi meore

iyo yiraze damdgari samyaro~.

gurebi, centraluri banki, centraluri
fosta da telegrafi, sanam saboloo da
warmatebul Setevas ganaxorcielebdnen
droebiTi mTavrobis Stab-binaze – za-
mTris sasaxleze.
sabWoTa oficialuri propagandis- damatebiTi cnoba

tuli filmebi Semdgom am movlenas `gmi-

bolSevikuri xelisuflebis
ruli~ kuTxiT warmoaCendnen, rogorc
pirveli dekretebi:
xalxis interesebisaTvis bolSevikTa Ta-
vganwiruli brZolis damagvirgvinebel • ruseTis yvela bankis nacio­
aqts; sakuTriv es movlena ki didi oqtom- nalizacia.
bris socialistur revoluciad moinaT- • piradi sabanko angariSebis
la. sinamdvileSi mxolod iunkerTa ram- konfiskacia.
denime batalionma gauwia winaaRmdegoba
• eklesiisaTvis sakuTrebis
wiTelgvardielebs, petrogradSi ganla-
(maT Soris sabanko angariSe­
gebuli sajariso nawilebis umravlesoba
bis) CamorTmeva.
an amboxebulebs miemxro, an neitraluri
darCa. daiRupa sul xuTi da daiWra ram- • yvela ucxouri valis gadax­
denime aTeuli adamiani. amboxebis dros daze uaris Tqma.
tramvai agrZelebda moZraobas, maRaziebi
• yvela qarxanaSi sabWoebis
Ria iyo, TeatrebSi speqtaklebi ar Sewyve-
kontrolis damyareba.
tila. XX saukunis erT-erTi umniSvnelo-
vanesi istoriuli movlenis mimdinareoba

108
gare samyarosaTvis saerTod ucnobi darCa.
noemberSi Catarda damfuZnebeli krebis
arCevnebi, romelic jer kidev oqtombris mov-
lenebamde iyo daniSnuli. es sakanonmdeblo
organo unda gamxdariyo ruseTis momavlis
mTavari ganmsazRvreli – mas unda moemzadebina
qveynis konstitucia. magram arCevnebi bolSe-
vikebisaTvis arasasurveli SedegiT dasrulda.
yvelaze meti adgili miiRo socialist-revo-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

lucionerTa (eserebis) partiam, meore adgilze
gavidnen bolSevikebi.
bolSevikebs arafris didebiT ar surdaT
xelisuflebis sadaveebis xelidan gaSveba. no-
emberSive petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa
sabWom aiRo sakanonmdeblo organos funqcia sabWoTa propagandistuli
da Seqmna saxalxo komisarTa sabWo (ministr- plakati. lenini dedamiwas
wmends `uwmindurebisgan~.
Ta sabWos ekvivalenti). am sabWos Tavmjdomare
gaxda vladimir lenini. 1918 wlis 6 ianvars (ax.
stiliT 19 ianvars) bolSevikebma samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT daSales damfuZ-
nebeli kreba. petrogradis sabWos Tavmjdomarem lev trockim ki oficialu-
rad gamoacxada, rom yvelgan ruseTSi xelisuflebis mTavari organo sabWoebi
xdeboda (aqedan momdinareobs terminebi `sabWoTa xelisufleba~, `sabWoTa
kavSiri~ da a.S.). amgvarad daamyares sakuTari mmarTveloba bolSevikebma (male
partiam saxeli Seicvala da mas ruseTis komunisturi partia ewoda).
bolSevikebs ruseTSi xelisuflebis xelSi aRebis Semdeg imedi hqondaT,
rom revoluciuri procesebi daiwyeboda mTel evropaSi, magram ase ar moxda.

wyaro 2

bolSevikebis mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobili rusuli presidan:

`bankebi Caigdes xelSi? es kargi iqneboda, bankebSi rom puri yofiliyo, romli­
Tac bavSvebs davapurebdiT. magram bankebSi puri araa, bavSvebi yoveldReE SimSi­
loben, izrdeba maTi sikvdilianoba~
b

proletariatis saxeliT Zveli sasamarTloebis ganadgurebiT, saxalxo komis­

rebma `quCis~ cnobierebaSi ganamtkices `samarTlis Tavad ganxorcielebis~
uflebis rwmena... quCis Zaladoba yoveldRiur yofiT movlenad iqca... sul ufro
izrdeba da farTovdeba brbos avadmyofuri, umizezo sisastike.~

gazeTi `novaia Jizn~, 1917 wlis 21 dekemberi

(ax. stiliT 1918 wlis 1 ianvari)

109
 brestis zavis xelmowera

mSvidoba, romlis damyarebasac isini mosaxleobas dahpirdnen, aucileblobas

warmoadgenda armiisa da glexobis dasaSoSmineblad. bolSevikebs xeli unda
moeweraT samSvidobo xelSekrulebisaTvis; gamoeyenebinaT molaparakebebi
Tavi meore

imisTvis, rom emxilaT `burJuaziuli mTavrobebi~ teritoriul eqspansio-

nizmSi, magram imavdroulad ar eCvenebinaT, rom iWerdnen centraluri saxel-
mwifoebis mxares.

brestis zavi da saqarTvelos sakiTxi

droebiT zavs germaniasTan xeli moewera 15 dekembers da daiwyo samSvidobo
molaparakebebi. germanelTa moTxovnebi sakmaod mZime iyo – poloneTi, litva
da belarusia germaniis jaris mier okupirebuli unda darCeniliyo, Sesabami-
sad, CamoSoreboda ruseTs. bolSevikebs gauWirdaT gadawyvetilebis miReba,
sabolod ki, gaimarjva trockis sakmaod bundovanma poziciam, romlis Tanax-
madac, ruseTi uars ambobda teritoriul daTmobebze, magram wyvetda oms. am
pirobebSi germanulma armiam axali Seteva wamoiwyo da swrafad waiwia win ukra-
inaSi. bolSevikebi ukve gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen da gaiziares le-
ninis (vladimer ulianovis) pozicia zavis dauyovnebliv, pirobebis wamoyenebis
gareSe, xelmoweris Sesaxeb. 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi (Semoklebulad
brests uwodeben) bolSevikebma xeli moaweres sazavo xelSekrulebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac bolSevikuri ruseTi kargavda mefis ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis
26%-s, kultivirebuli miwebis 27%-s, foladisa da Tujis warmoebis 75%-s.
Tumca, bolSevikebma SeinarCunes maTTvis mTavari – xelisufleba.
brest-litovskis molaparakebebSi monawileobda germaniis mokavSire Tur-
qeTic. xelmowerili xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, ruseTma itvirTa valdebu-

110
leba gamoeyvana Tavisi jarebi aRmosavleT anatoliidan da aseve baTumidan.
am regionebis bedi ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nebis safuZvelze, TurqeTisa
da mezobeli qveynebis SuamavlobiT unda gadawyvetiliyo. isic aRsaniSnavia,
rom germania ar iyo dainteresebuli osmaleTis yvela moTxovnis Sesrule-
biT (maT Soris iyo 1877-1878 wlebis ruseTTan omSi dakarguli teritoriebis
dabruneba), magram saboloo jamSi, miRebuli kompromisuli varianti swo-
red osmaleTis interesebs pasuxobda. sadavo regionebis mosaxleobisaTvis
`TviTgamorkvevis uflebis~ zemoTnaxsenebi formiT miniWeba praqtikulad am
teritoriebis TurqeTisaTvis daTmobas niSnavda. Turq istorikosebs miaCniaT,

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

rom TurqeTis delegaciam brest-litovskis konferenciaze diplomatiur
gamarjvebas miaRwia.
Ti
Svede

Ti ruseTi
o ne
e st
latvia
litva
a
ni
ma
r
ge

poloneTi

ukraina
ka
sp

avstro­
ii
sz

ungreTi
Rv
a

rumineTi
Savi zRva
se
rb

bulgareTi
eT
alban

a
ri
mpe
si
eTi

ZneTi

i germaniis da misi mokavSireebis mier dakavebuli teritoriebi

eT
al
eg

m molaparakebis CaSlis da axali xelSekrulebis xelmoweris

os
eo
saber

Semdeg.
si
s
z
R

frontis xazi droebiTi dazavebis dros (1917 w. dekemberi)

va

xmelTaSua zRva sazRvrebi sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg

ruka: brestis zavis Sedegad ruseTis mier dakarguli teritoriebi

111
 ramdenadac brest-litovskis zavis xelmoweris droisaTvis samxreT kavka-
siaSi ar arsebobda damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, Turqebis TvalTaxedviT,
is ruseTis nawils warmoadgenda. amdenad, Turqebi miiCnevdnen, rom samxreT
kavkasias ar hqonda brest-litovskis zavis araRiarebis legaluri safuZveli.

wyaro 3

`saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg Turqebma Caatares

`plebisciti~ baTumis olqSi da `miiRes~ maTTvis sasurveli Sedegebi. plebiscitis
Catarebas qarTuli mxaris mZafri protesti mohyva. germaniam gaiziara qarTuli
pozicia da TurqeTs mosTxova plebiscitis Sedegebis gauqmeba, ramdenadac baTumis
plebisciti Catarda brest­litovskis xelSekrulebis me­4 muxlis darRveviT, rom­
lis mixedviTac referendumi unda Catarebuliyo mezobel qveynebTan SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze.~

axlo aRmosavleTis istoria da misi urTierTobebi samxreT kavkasiasTan, 2011

Tavi meore

klasSi samuSao

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs ruseTis ori revolucia. moawyveT klasSi diskusia

Temaze: 1917 wlis oqtombris movlenebi ruseTSi – revolucia Tu saxelmwi-
fo gadatrialeba? moiZieT argumentebi Tqveni poziciis dasacavad.
2. ganixileT damatebiTi cnoba. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad kanonieri iyo bolSe-
vikuri xelisuflebis dekretebi?
3. damatebiTi cnobisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT isaubreT 1917 wels ruseTSi
arsebul situaciaze.
4. teqstisa da wyaro 3-is mixedviT imsjeleT ruseTisa da TurqeTis pozicie-
bis Sesaxeb samxreT kavkasiasTAan da kerZod, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `bolSevikebis gza xelisuflebisaken~.

112
21. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

damoukidebeli qarTuli leqsikoni

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba
r boni – dokumenti, romliTac
1917 wels petrogradSi momxdari ori
mis mflobels SeuZlia mii-
revoluciis Semdeg amierkavkasiidan gas-
Ros masze aRniSnuli Tanxa

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

vla daiwyes rusulma samxedro nawilebma. daTqmul vadaSi.
regionSi iqmneboda xelisuflebis vakuu-
r ritorika – mWevrmetyvele-
mi, anu ruseTis centridan marTuli admi-
ba; aq: yuradRebis gamaxvile-
nistracia uCinardeboda. aseT pirobebSi
ba, garkveuli sakiTxis win
Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes amierkavkasiaSi
wamoweva
moqmedma politikurma partiebma, romle-
bic gamoxatavdnen adgilobrivi didi ere- r stabilizacia – ganmtkiceba,

bis – qarTvelebis, somxebisa da azerbai- gamyareba

janelebis (maSin am ukanasknelT `muslime- r inflacia – fulis gaufasu-
bis~ saxeliT icnobdnen) interesebs. 1917 reba
wlis 19-24 noembers gaimarTa saqarTve-
los erovnuli yriloba da 22 noembers man
airCia sakanonmdeblo organo – erovnuli
sabWo, romelSic dominirebdnen ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
(rsdmp) memarjvene frTis, e.w. `menSevike-
bis~, qarTveli wevrebi.
1917 wels da 1918 wlis dasawyisSic ki
qarTvel menSevikTa liderebi ar gegma-
vdnen ruseTisagan CamoSorebas da damou-
kidebeli saqarTvelos Seqmnas: isini did-
xans moiazrebdnen Tavs erTiani rsdmp-is
wevrebad. mxolod mogvianebiT gamoeyo
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
mas `saqarTvelos socialur-demokratiu- respublikis gerbi
li muSaTa partia~.
1917 wlis noemberSi ruseTSi gaimarTa damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi. bol-
Sevikebma ver SeZles xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba da radgan Zalauflebis sxva
partiebTan gayofas ar gegmavdnen, 1918 wlis dasawyisSi garekes damfuZnebeli
kreba. naTeli gaxda, rom ruseTi Zveli saxiT veRar iarsebebda. imperiis peri-
feriebSi wina planze gamovida nacionalizmi.
1918 wlis 10 Tebervlidan 22 aprilamde samxreT kavkasias nominalurad mar-
Tavda amierkavkasiis seimi (parlamenti), romelSic Sevidnen 1917 wlis bolos
ruseTis damfuZnebel krebaSi samxreT kavkasiidan arCeuli deputatebi. maT
Soris dominirebdnen qarTveli social-demokratebi.
q. brest-litovskSi ruseTis mier centralur saxelmwifoebTan sazavo mo-
laparakebaze, romelic 1918 wlis 3 marts separatuli zaviT damTavrda, amier-
113
 kavkasiis seimis delegacia ar miuwveviaT, maSin roca
saqme exeboda teritoriul gadanawilebas am region-
Sic. amitomac seimma imave wlis 22 aprils TbilisSi
gamoacxada damoukidebeli saxelmwifos – amierka-
vkasiis federaciuli respublikis Seqmna, romelSic
Sevidnen saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi.
Teoriulad federacias erTaSorisi mSvidobis
ganmtkicebisaTvis unda ezruna, praqtikulad ki mas
ar gaaCnda Sinagani erTianobis safuZveli. eTno-
teritoriuli davebiT aRsavse mravalerovani sa-
xelmwifo sicocxlisunariani ar iyo. amas daerTo
osmaleTis imperiis swrafva, xelSi Caegdo samxreT
kavkasiis teritoriebi. saqarTvelos
amierkavkasiis federaciulma respublikamF sul damoukideblobis aqti
erT Tves iarseba da maisis bolos daiSala. federa-
ciidan pirveli gamovida saqarTvelo, romelmac damoukidebloba gamoacxada
1918 wlis 26 maiss; aseve TbilisSi 28 maiss damoukidebloba gamoacxada azer-
baijanma da somxeTma.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika gamoacxades social-demokratebma,
romlebic im droisaTvis saqarTvelos patriotebad gadaiqcnen.
Tavi meore

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTareba
menSevikuri mTavrobis socialuri da ekonomikuri politika miznad isaxav-
da kerZo, saxelmwifo da kooperatiuli seqtorebis Tanabar mdgomareobaSi
Cayenebas da harmoniul ganviTarebas. ar momxdara kerZo seqtoris SezRudva
an misTvis araxelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna. magram saxelmwifo ekonomikis sfe-
roSi Carevas cdilobda, magaliTad, Seiqmna `WiaTuris manganumis saeqsporto
sazogadoeba~, romelsac mogebis 35 procenti unda gadaeca saxelmwifosaTvis.
social-demokratiuli mTavroba saSinao politikis gatarebas socialisturi
idealebis poziciidan cdilobda. 1919 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos parlamentma
miiRo kanoni, romelic saxelmwifo saadgilmamulo miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi ga-
dacemas iTvaliswinebda. yofil Tavad-aznaurobas (titulebi gauqmda) CamoerTva
miwis nawili da daurigda glexobas. miwa unda gadascemoda im glexebs, romelTa
arsebobis mTavar wyarosac sasoflo-sameurneo SDroma warmoadgenda. am kanons
xeli unda Seewyo fermeruli meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
garkveuli warmatebebi iyo ganaTlebis sferoSi, sadac Zalian swrafad da-
mkvidrda qarTulenovani swavleba. TbilisSi ukve 1918 wlis dasawyisSi gaixsna
pirveli qarTuli universiteti.
Tumca omis mZime Sedegebis, tradiciuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis gawyvetisa
da mudmivi sagareo safrTxis pirobebSi qveyanaSi mZime ekonomikuri viTareba
Seiqmna. biujetis deficitis dafarvas mTavroba bonebis gamoSvebiT cdilobda,
romlebic swrafad ufasurdeboda. qveyanaSi inflaciam daisadgura. arasta-
bilur regionSi ucxoelebic eridebodnen kapitaldabandebas.
114
 msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
damfuZnebeli krebis sxdoma

saSinao politika
axalgazrda respublikas Tavidan mouxda saxelmwifo institutebis daar-
seba da Camoyalibeba. 1919 wlis TebervalSi qveyanaSi Catarda damfuZnebeli
krebis arCevnebi, romelSic umravlesoba (109 deputati 130-dan) social-de-
mokratebma Seadgines. damfuZnebelma krebam ar miiCnia saWirod gansakuTre-
buli uflebebiT aRWurvili prezidentis arCeva, magram gaafarToa mTavrobis
Tavmjdomaris uflebamosilebani. mTavrobis Tavmjdomared noe Jordania
airCies. mTavroba mTlianad menSevikebiT dakompleqtda.
parlamenti da mTavroba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda Sinagan saq-
meTa da iusticiis saministroTa aparatis gaZlierebas, administraciisa da
miliciis Camoyalibebas, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dakompleqtebas.
didi samuSao Catarda sasamarTlos reformirebisaTvis. parlamentma mii-
Ro kanoni nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos organizaciis Taobaze; damtkicda
agreTve `uzenaesi sakasacio da kanonmdamcveli dawesebulebis~ – senatis –
debuleba.
1921 wlis 21 Tebervals damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica saqarTvelos res-
publikis konstitucia, romelic im droisaTvis sakmaod progresuli iyo.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos ar mouxda am konstituciis Sesabamisad cxovreba,
radgan misi miRebidan sul oTxi dRis Semdeg ruseTis XI armiis daxmarebiT
Tbilisi aiRes bolSevikebma da iq sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxadda.
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas garkveuli winaaRmdegoba Sexvda saqarTve-
los teritoriaze mcxovrebi zogierTi eTnikuri jgufis mxridan. im jerze
axalgazrda qarTulma saxelmwifom SeZlo javaxeTis somxuri, mesxeTis `Ta-
Truli~, aseve afxazuri da osuri nacional-separatizmis moTokva imis wyalo-
biTac, rom separatistebis mxardamWeri Zalebi (ruseTi, TurqeTi, somxeTi) im
periodSi, gansakuTrebiT 1918 wlis bolodan 1920 wlis dasawyisamde, dasuste-
bulebi iyvnen da sruli ZaliT ver gamovidnen maT dasacavad.
115
 damoukidebel saqarTvelos ar mieca sakmarisi dro saxelmwifo mSeneb-
lobisaTvis. Tumca misi miRwevebi damoukideblobis xanmokle periodSi (or-
naxevari weli) sakmao iyo, saSinao politikaSi daSvebul iqna araerTi Secdoma.
kerZod, ver Seiqmna brZolisunariani armia; mTavrobam saTanadod ar gamoiyena
mravalricxovani qarTveli oficrebis gamocdileba da unari, radgan `ar en-
doboda Tavadaznaurobas~; erovnuli ideis irgvliv xalxis darazmvis nacvlad
socialistur-internacionaluri ritorika batonobda; amave dros ver moxer-
xda erTaSorisi mSvidobis miRweva; Zneli aRmoCnda finansuri stabilizacia,
ris gamoc qveyanaSi inflacia gabatonda.

wyaro 1

amonaridi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtidan:

`gamocxadebulia tfilisSi, sasaxlis TeTrs darbazSi 1918 wels, 26 maiss, kvi-

ras, naSuadRevis 5 saaTsa da 10 wuTs

mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo arsebobda, rogorc damoukidebeli da

Tavisufali saxelmwifo...
Tavi meore

... ruseTis didis revoluciis msvlelobam ruseTSi iseTi Sinagani wyobileba Sehqmna,
rom mTeli saomari fronti sruliad daiSala da rusis jarmac dauteva amierkavkasia.

darCnen ra Tvisi ZalRonis amarad, saqarTvelom da masTan erTad amierkavkasiam

TviT idves Tavs sakuTar saqmeebis gaZRola da patronoba da Sesaferisi organoebic
Sehqmnes; magram gareSe ZalTa zegavleniT amierkavkasiis erTa SemaerTebeli kavSiri
dairRva da amiT amierkavkasiis politikuri mTlianobac daiSala.

qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad moiTxovs, rom saqarTve­

lom sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia Sehqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe
Zalis mier dapyrobisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebel ganviTarebis mtkice
safuZveli aagos.

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo... acxadebs:

1) amieridgan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo

sruluflebovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa.
2) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma demokratiuli respublikaa.
3) saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitraluri saxelmwifoa.
5) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis sazRvrebSi Tanasworad uzrun­
velhyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs ganurCevlad
erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa.
7) damfuZnebel krebis Sekrebamde mTelis saqarTvelos marTva­gamgeobis saqmes
uZRveba erovnuli sabWo, romelic Sevsebuli iqneba erovnul umciresobaTa warmo­
madgenlebiT, da droebiTi mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sabWos winaSe.~

116
wyaro 2

`Tu droebiTi mTavrobis so­

cialisturi frTa imoqmedebs
demokratiis interesebSi, ma­
gram socialisturi msoflmxed­
velobis gareSe, maSin is arad
Caagdebs proletariatis sa­ qarTuli kavaleria

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

marTlian protests; Tu is imo­
qmedebs proletariatis inter­
esebiT, es moaxdens burJuaziis wyaro 3
daSorebas sazogadoebis sxva `qarTveli social­demokratebi xSirad
revoluciuri fenisagan da es adarebdnen TavianT mmarTvelobisa da
iqneba dasasrulis dasawyisi~. ekonomikisa zomier da demokratiul
evgeni gegeWkoris gamosvlidan sistemas sabWoTa ruseTis ufro central­
Tbilisis sabWos sxdomaze izebul da diqtatorul sistemasTan. im
rwmenis safuZvelze, rom socializmis
`gamarjvebuli proletari­
damyarebisaTvis ar arsebobda winapirobe­
atis pirveli nabiji unda iyos
bi, menSevikebi ar esxmodnen Tavs warmoebis
ara socialuri reformebi,
kapitalistur wess. 1919 wlis agvistoSi
aramed demokratiuli in­
dawesda evropaSi marganecis eqsportze
stitutebis Seqmna, partiis
saxelmwifo monopolia, rac ucxoeTTan
programa­minimumis Sesruleba,
vaWrobaSi saxelmwifos mTavar Semosavals
da mxolod Semdeg TandaTano­
warmoadgenda, magram saxelmwifos amgvari
biTi gadasvla socialistur
intervencia mxolod gamonaklisi iyo~.
programa­maqsimumze~.
Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi
noe Jordania
r. siuni, `qarTveli eris Camoyalibeba~

wyaro 4

nawyveti zurab avaliSvilis wignidan `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~. qarTve-

li menSevikebis saqmianobis Sefaseba:

`sulmokleobisa da umecrebis gamo ar undodaT guldasmiT moewyoT SesaZlebeli

TavdasxmisaTvis saWiro SeiaraRebuli Zala. agrarulma reformam zogi dasca da
boganod gaxada, zogi daasaCuqra mniSvnelovani finansuri da samxedro begaris
daukisreblad. aseTma pirobebma metad gaaZnela sul mcire jaris mowyoba im qveya­
naSi, romelic mdidari iyo mwyobri jaris oficrebiT... saqarTvelos demokratia
1918­21 wlebSi iyo diqtatura social­demokratiisa, e. i. marqsizmis memarjvene
frTisa da igi iyo saqarTveloSi sabWoTa diqtaturis momamzadebeli xana~.

117
 wyaro 5

erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebi saqarTvelos 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebuli

konstituciis mixedviT:

`muxli 129

ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis romelime erovnuli umciresobis

Tavisufali socialur­ekonomiuri da kulturuli ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT misi
deda­eniT swavla­aRzrda da erovnul­kulturul saqmeTa Sinauri marTva­gamgeoba.

yvelas aqvs ufleba weros, beWdos da ilaparakos deda enaze.

muxli 130

erovnuli umciresobisagan Semdgar adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis erTeulebs

(Temi, eroba, qalaqi) ufleba aqvT SeerTdnen da daaarson erovnuli kavSiri Tavis
kulturul­ganmanaTlebeli saqmeebis ukeT mosawyobad da gasaZRolad konstituciisa
da kanonis frglebSi.

muxli 131

ar SeiZleba SeizRudos visime politikuri da moqalaqobrivi ufleba erovnul kav­

SirSi monawileobisas.
Tavi meore

muxli 132

yovel erovnul kavSirs SeuZlia aRZras da daicvas sasamarTlos winaSe is saqme,

romelic exeba konstituciiTa da kanoniT miniWebul erovnul umciresobis uflebis
darRvevas.

muxli 134

erovnuli narevi adgilobrivi mmarTveloba valdebulia swavla­ganaTlebisaTvis

gadadebuli TanxiT daaarsos sakmao ricxvi skolebis da kulturul­ganmanaTlebel
dawesebulebisa moqalaqeTa erovnul Sedgenilobis proporciis mixedviT.

muxli 136

adgilobriv mmarTvelobis farglebSi, sadac erTi romelime erovnuli umciresoba

aRemateba yvela moqaleTa 20%­s, am erovnul umciresobis moTxovniT msjeloba da
saqmis warmoeba, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi SemoRebul unda iqnes
saxelmwifo enasTan erTad mis deda enazec.~

118
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT isaubreT saqarTvelos damoukideblo-

bis gamocxadebis mizezebze. daaxasiaTeT axladSeqmnili saxelmwifos mier
deklarirebuli politikuri miznebi.
2. axseniT, ratom daiSala esoden swrafad amierkavkasiis seimi.
3. teqstisa da wyaroebis (2,3) mixedviT imsjeleT qarTvel social-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

demokratTa ideologiisa da politikis saxecvlilebis mizezebze.
4. teqstisa da wyaro 4-is mixedviT CamoayalibeT Tqveni Sexeduleba
menSevikTa mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb.
5. wyaro 5-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT respublikis mTavrobis erovnuli
politikis Sesaxeb.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika: miRwevebi da

warumateblobebi.~

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1918, 26 ianvari – Tbilisis universitetis daarseba

1918, 26 maisi – saqarTvelos respublikis

damoukideblobis gamocxadeba

1919, Tebervali – damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi

1918 1919 1920 1921 1922

1921, 21 Tebervali –
konstituciis
miReba

119
 22. didi saxelmwifoebis politika kavkasiaSi.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis brZola
saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis

saqarTvelo germanuli
proteqtoratis qveS
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamo- leqsikoni
cxadebisas mas moulodnelad mieca Se-
saZlebloba, mieRo daxmareba msoflio r anomalia (berZn. anomalia,
omSi Cabmuli germaniis imperiisagan. im uswormasworoba) – kanon-
dros germania jer kidev ibrZoda da- zomierebis darRveva
savleTis frontze da gamarjvebis imedic r vilaieTi – administraciul-
ar hqonda dakarguli. kavkasiaSi germaniam teritoriuli erTeuli os-
gadawyvita dayrdnoboda axal qarTul maleTis imperiaSi
saxelmwifos, romelsac garkveul daxma-
rebas uwevda, amgvarad, SewinaaRmdegebo-
da Tavisi mokavSiris – osmaleTis imperiis Warb pretenziebs.
saqarTvelom gaaforma xelSekruleba germaniasTan da daTanxmda mis proteq-
toratze diplomatiuri aRiarebisa da TurqeTis teritoriuli pretenziebis
Tavi meore

Sekavebis sanacvlod. germanelebs eZleodaT saqarTvelos rkinigzisa da na-

vsadgurebis gamoyenebis ufleba, daiSveboda germanuli fulis Tavisufali
mimoqceva saqarTvelos teritoriaze, germanelebs eniWebodaT monopolia (erT-
pirovnuli ufleba) wiaRiseulisa da nedleulis eqsportze. 10 ivniss TbilisSi
germanuli jari Semovida.
saqarTvelo iZulebuli gaxda daedo xelSekruleba osmaleTTanac da uari
eTqva axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebze. osmaleTs aseve mieca saqarTvelos
rkinigzis gamoyenebis ufleba. sanacvlod, osmaleTma aRiara saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba.
magram germaniis mfarveloba Zalian xanmokle gamodga. 1918 wlis noemberSi
igi damarcxda msoflio omSi da misi mcirericxovani samxedro nawilebi kavka-
siidan gavidnen. am droisaTvis ruseTSi ukve iwyeboda samoqalaqo omi da erTi
xanoba ruseTs saqarTvelosaTvis ar ecala.
germaniasTan omisdroindeli megobruli damokidebuleba garkveulwilad
xels uSlida saqarTvelos mWidro urTierTobis CamoyalibebaSi germaniis
mtrebTan, gamarjvebul qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTTan.

didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis politika kavkasiaSi

`antantis~ (anu didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis) mTavrobebs ar hqondaT
mkafiod Camoyalibebuli pozicia kavkasiis mimarT, romelsac isini karga xans
miiCnevdnen ruseTis periferiad. maTi azriT, es teritoria raRac formiT
unda dabrunebuliyo im ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac Camoayalibebdnen
samoqalaqo omSi monawile antibolSevikuri Zalebi, e.w. `TeTrebi~. londonsa
120
da parizSi, sadac bolSevikur reJims anomaliad aRiqvamdnen, imeds amyarebdnen
mis mtrebze - admiral kolCakze, general denikinze da sxvebze. aseT pirobebSi
saqarTvelo da kavkasia `antantisaTvis~ arafers niSnavda.
rodesac naTeli gaxda, rom `TeTrebi~ ver gaimarjvebdnen, antantis qveyneb-
Si gadawyvites meti yuradReba mieqciaT kavkasiisaTvis da 1920 wlis 12 ianvars
de-faqto scnes jer saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis, xolo erTi kviris Semdeg –
somxeTis mTavroba. magram araviTari realuri daxmareba am qveynebisaTvis
antantas ar gauwevia. Tanac ukve gvian iyo: 1920 wlis 28 aprils bolSevikuri
armia, romelmac iqamde sastikad daamarcxa ruseTis samxreT nawilSi moqmedi

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

denikinis samxedro nawilebi, baqoSi Sevida da azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisuf-
leba daamyara.
didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri lordi kerzoni, romelmac am
postze Secvala lordi balfuri, samxreT kavkasiis, kerZod saqarTvelosa
da azerbaijanis, mxardasaWerad iyo ganwyobili. misi iniciativiT 1919 wels
TbilisSi britaneTis mTavar komisrad gamoigzavna jon oliver uordropi (`ve-
fxistyaosnis~ inglisurad mTargmnelis, merjori uordropis Zma), romelic
sakmaod proqarTulad iyo ganwyobili. amave dros, didi britaneTis samxedro
ministri uinston CerCili samxreT kavkasiis damoukideblobisaTvis mxardaWe-
ris saWiroebas ver xedavda. navTobis didi sabado anglo-sparsulma navTobis
kompaniam (momavalma `britiS petroliumma~) jer kidev msoflio omamde monaxa
samxreT sparseTSi. iqve, qalaq abadanSi, britanelebis mier agebul msoflio-
Si udides navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis produqciis suecis arxis gavliT
transportireba britaneTisaTvis ekonomikurad ufro xelsayreli iyo, vidre
baTumis meSveobiT baqos navTobis gamozidva. navTobis didi sabadoebi aRmoCnda
mosulis vilaieTSic, romelic didma britaneTma Tavis samandato teritorias,
erays SeuerTa. ase rom, londons baqo saerTod aRar sWirdeboda. kavkasiaSi ki
mas sxva araferi ainteresebda.
saqarTvelos mTavroba ar iqneboda winaaRmdegi, rom erTa ligas mandati
(uflebamosileba) mis marTvaze mieca evropis romelime didi saxelmwifosaT-

germanuli jarebi TbilisSi

121
 vis. erTxans aseTad miaCndaT italia. ma-
gram misma mGTavrobam sabolood uari Tqva wyaro 1
saqarTveloSi Semosvlaze. arc safran-
`Tuki maT surT TviTon gamoiW­
geTs gamouCenia interesi samxreT kavka-
ran yeli, xels nu SevuSliT...
siis mimarT.
me minda vTqva, rom mTeli Cveni
amerikis prezidenti vudro uilsoni
fuli da adamianuri resursebi
Zalian cdilobda, rom aSS-s mieRo manda-
ar unda davxarjoT im mcire
ti somxeTis marTvaze. magram senati amas
raodenobis xalxis civilize­
ar daeTanxma.
bisaTvis, romelTac ar surT
britanuli samxedro nawilebi, romle-
civilizebulni iyvnen. Cven
bic 1918 wlis bolodan iyvnen samxreT kav-
unda davicvaT baTumi, baqo da
kasiaSi, 1920 wlis 9 ivniss sabolood ga-
rkinigza maT Soris, aseve nav­
vidnen aqedan: yvelaze bolos maT baTumi
Tobsadeni~.
datoves, romelic saqarTvelos Semadgen-
lobaSi darCa. lordi balfuri, britaneTis
sagareo saqmeTa ministri,
1918
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba
ruseTTan da saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis warmatebad unda miviCnioT is,
rom 1920 wlis 7 maiss man ruseTis socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respu-
Tavi meore

blikasTan (rsfsr) xelSekruleba gaaforma.

xelSekrulebis dadebas ruseTis jer daumTavrebelma samoqalaqo omma da
saerTaSoriso politikurma viTarebam Seuwyo xeli. `TeTri~ generali vrange-
li jerac yirimSi iyo gamagrebuli. sabWoTa ruseTs omi hqonda poloneTTan:
8 maiss poloneTis momavalma prezidentma da marSalma iuzef pilsudskim
xanmokle droiT kievi aiRo. amitomac bolSevikebma gadades saqarTvelos wi-
naaRmdeg brZola da moskovSi gaaformes masTan xelSekruleba.
1920 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ruseTi cnobda
saqarTvelos srul damoukideblobas yofili tfilisisa da quTaisis guber-
niebis, baTumis olqis, zaqaTalisa da soxumis okrugebis farglebSi.
xelSekrulebis III muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo sazRvari saqarTvelosa
da ruseTs Soris mdinare fsouze gadioda, rac niSnavda, rom 1904 wlidan ru-
seTis imperiis Savi zRvis guberniaSi Semavali gagris raionic saqarTvelos
uerTdeboda.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobam dasavleTis qveynebsac
gauadvila amis gakeTeba. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlamde zemoaRniSnul sazRvrebSi
saqarTvelo de-iure cnes didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, germaniam, iaponiam,
italiam, belgiam, niderlandebma, Sveicariam, TurqeTma da zogma sxva saxel-
mwifom.
imave xelSekrulebis saidumlo danarTis TAnaxmad, saqarTvelo TAavis teri-
toriaze axdenda komunisturi partiis legalizacias. qarTvelma komunistebma
ar daayovnes iatakqveSeTidan gamosvla da kanonieri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg
ZirgamomTxreli muSaobis gaCaReba. swored es iyo moskovis mier saqarTvelos
122
damoukideblobis cnobis fasi, maT kargad icodnen, rom mterTan (qarTveli
social-demokratebi ki mtrebi iyvnen) dadebuli nebismieri xelSekruleba
arasavaldebulo `furclis nagleji~ iyo. sul male maT saqmiT daamtkices es.
1920 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos ewvia evropel socialistTa delegacia,
romlis wevrebmac (maT Soris iyvnen evropel social-demokratTa aRiarebuli
liderebi karl kaucki, remzi makdonaldi, emil vandervelde, pier renodeli
da sxvebi) mxari dauWires saqarTvelos xelisuflebis prodasavlur orien-
tacias da daxmareba aRuTqves saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso
aRiarebisaTvis brZolaSi. Tumca sinamdvileSi aseTi daxmareba saqarTvelos

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

ar miuRia.
1920 wlis miwuruls saqarTvelom ver moagrova aucilebeli xmebi erTa
ligis wevrobisaTvis: saWiro iyo sul cota 16 qveynis Tanxmoba, maSin roca sa-
qarTvelos miRebas erTa ligaSi mxolod aTma qveyanam dauWira mxari. evropis
uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis, upirvelesad didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis,
uaris Tqmis mizezi iyo erTa ligis wesdebis meaTe punqti, romlis Tanaxmadac
ligas unda ekisra axali wevrebis teritoriis dacva ucxo saxelmwifos Tav-
dasxmisagan da misi saerTaSoriso uflebebis garantiebi. sabWoTa ruseTis
kavkasiaSi mkveTri gaaqtiurebis pirobebSi saqarTvelos miReba erTa ligaSi
maTTvis ruseTTan samxedro konfliqts niSnavda. moskovSi sworad gaiges, rom
evropa Tanaxmaa saqarTvelos gasabWoebaze.
amdenad, miuxedavad mravali qveynis mxridan diplomatiuri aRiarebisa,
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ver gaxda saerTaSoriso Tanamegob-
robis sruluflebiani wevri.

wyaro 2

`omis wina wlebSi rom dasmuliyo sakiTxi, Tu sad, evropis romel qalaqSi Sedge­
boda pirveli socialisturi mTavroba, zogi daasaxelebda londons, sxvebi parizs,
berlins, stokholms an briusels, magram vin ifiqrebda saqarTvelos sataxto qalaq
Tbilisze? swored am qalaqSi aRimarTa socialisturi droSa da daiwyo namdvili
demokratiuli wyobilebis mSenebloba... es moxda ara ajanyebis gziT, ara sisxlis­
RvriT, aramed xalxis suverenuli uflebebis aRiarebiT, misi survilisa da nebisyo­
fis sruli gamovlinebiT. 1918 wlis socialuri da agraruli revolucia, romelic
moxda saqarTveloSi, aris ara socialisturi, aramed demokratiuli, moxdenili
socialistebis mier...

...mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika iZleva did dadebiT perspeqtivas... magram

miznis miRweva SeuZlebelia, Tu saqarTvelos ar eqna saerTaSoriso statusi, Tu igi
ar iqna cnobili yvela saxelmwifos mier.~

belgieli socialisti emil vandervelde, Jurn. `le pepl~

`Cveni mTavrobis pirvelSobili Secdoma is aris, rom socialisturi politikis da

ekonomikis mociqulebma ikisres arasocialisturi saxelmwifos mSenebloba~.

erovnul­demokrati grigol veSapeli

123
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstis mixedviT CamoTvaleT dasavleTis mier saqarTvelos mimarT

sasikeTo politikis gatarebisaTvis xelisSemSleli da xelSemwyobi
faqtorebi.
2. wyaro 1-is mixedviT imsjeleT inglisis damokidebulebaze saqarTvelos
mimarT da misi interesebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb kavkasiaSi.
3. CamoTvaleT faqtorebi, romelTa gamoc: a) germania iZulebuli gaxda,
gaeyvana jarebi saqarTvelodan; b) osmaleTma uari Tqva saqarTvelos
mimarT teritoriul pretenziebze; g) ruseTma droebiT gverdze gadado
imperialisturi zraxvebi da saqarTvelosTan xelSekrulebas moawera
xeli.
4. wyaro 2-ze dayrdnobiT daasabuTEeT, Tu ratom gansxvavdeboda evropeli
socialistisa da qarTveli erovnul-demokratis Sefasebebi menSevikTa
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb.
Tavi meore

evropel socialistTa
viziti saqarTveloSi

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masala da dawereT Tema: `dasavleTis didi

saxelmwifoebis politika saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mimarT~.

124
23. brestis zavidan moskovisa da yarsis
xelSekrulebebamde

1918 wlis 3 marts centralur saxel-

leqsikoni
mwifoebsa da ruseTs Soris gaformebul
xelSekrulebaSi (`brestis zavi~) samxreT

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

r demilitarizebuli zona –
kavkasiis damoukideblobaze laparaki ar teritoria, sadac akrZa-
yofila. nominalurad samxreT kavkasia lulia jarebis ganTavseba,
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda. simagreebis da samxedro-
brestis zavis Tanaxmad, ruseTi uars samrewvelo sawarmoebis
ambobda 1877-78 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis ageba.
omis Sedegad mis mier aneqsirebul teri-
toriaze samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod, ba-
Tumis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebze. es ki saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriu-
li teritoriebi iyo, sadac sxva xalxebTan erTad cxovrobda qarTuli, xolo
yarsis olqSi – somxuri mosaxleoba.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo da somxeTi iZulebulni gaxdnen es terito-
riebi gadaecaT osmaleTisaTvis, romelmac damatebiT moiTxova axalcixisa
da axalqalaqis mazrebi. magram sul male, 1918 wlis oqtomberSi, osmaleTi
damarcxda antantis ZalebTan brZolaSi da es teritoriebi daubrunda samxreT
kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs. baTumis olqi, romelSic Sedioda arTvinis okrugi,
saqarTvelos respublikam daikava. q. baTumi, mas Semdeg, rac 1920 wlis ivnisSi
is britanulma nawilebma datoves, aseve saqarTvelos daubrunda. saqarTvelos
pretenzia hqonda yarsis olqis artaanisa da olTisis okrugebzec, anu isto-
riul taoze, sadac ver moxerxda mkafio gamijvna somxeTis respublikasTan.
magram realuri konfliqti am saxelmwifoebs Soris TbilisTan ufro axlos
moxda. konfliqtis mizezi lores kuTvnilebis sakiTxi iyo. lores teritoria
Sua saukuneebidan Sedioda saqarTvelos samefos, Semdgom – qarTlis samefos
SemadgenlobaSi. XVIII saukuneSi md. debedas xeobaSi, sofel axtalaSi, mefe erek-
le II-m daasaxla berZnebi giumuShanedan, romelTac icodnen samTamadno saqme:
iq samefo zarafxanac ki gaixsna, sadac iWreboda qarTuli vercxlis fuli.
1801 wels ruseTis imperiam lore SeierTa, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis nawili da
is Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi Seiyvana. saqarTvelos respublikac
Tavis SemadgenlobaSi xedavda lores, Tumca demografiuli viTareba amas
xels ar uwyobda: Sereul mosaxleobaSi Warbobdnen somxebi, iq ar iyo arc erTi
qarTuli sofeli.
1918 wlis dekemberSi somxeTis respublikam scada ZaliT daekavebina lore.
amas samxedro konfliqti mohyva. somxeTis armia saqarTveloSi SeiWra da
miaRwia TeTriwyaromde, magram Semdeg ramdenime marcxi ganicada da saqarTve-
los jaris mier ukugdebul iqna sof. sadaxlomde, sadac mouswro antantis
qveynebis zewoliT miRebulma dazavebam. CrdiloeT lore, romlisTvisac

125
 gaCaRda es konfliqti, demilitarizebul zonad gamocxadda da iqidan orive
meomari qveynis jarebi gaiyvanes. 1921 wels, saqarTvelosa da mTeli kavkasiis
gasabWoebis Semdeg, kompartiis kavkasiis biuros dadgenilebiT lore somxeTis
respublikas gadaeca.
1920 wels sabWoTa ruseTma warmatebas miaRwia samoqalaqo omSi. 28 aprils
aRebul iqna baqo, 2 dekembers ki erevani da orive respublikaSi sabWoTa xeli-
sufleba damyarda. samxreT kavkasiaSi damoukidebeli mxolod saqarTvelo
rCeboda. magram mis garSemo ukve ikvreboda maryuJi. imave 1920 wels q. anka-
raSi ganlagebulma axali TurqeTis xelisuflebam, qemalistebma, romlebic
ebrZodnen TurqeTSi SemoWril saberZneTisa da safrangeTis armiebs (maSin
roca stambolSi myofi sulTani da misi mTavroba antantis qveynebis wnexs
ganicdidnen), gamonaxes saerTo ena bolSevikur ruseTTan.
saerTo, Tundac droebiTma, `sagareo mtris xatma~ – aseTad im dros antanta
aRiqmeboda, sababi misca bolSevikur ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs gaeer-
TianebinaT Zalisxmeva kavkasiuri politikis ganxorcielebisas. realurad
ki antanta (arsebiTad, didi britaneTi) sakmaod swrafad gadioda kavkasiis
regionidan.
Zveli imperiebis adgilze warmoqmnilma axalma saxelmwifoebma, bolSe-
vikurma ruseTma da qemalisturma TurqeTma, SeZles molaparakebis gziT gae-
mijnaT TavianTi interesebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.
1920 wlis Semodgomaze qemalistebma daamarcxes somxeTis armia da 2 dekem-
bers aleqsandropolSi (dRevandeli giumri) moawerines xeli kabalur xel-
Tavi meore

brestis zavis xelmowera

126
Sekrulebaze somxeTis mTavrobas. imave
dRes erevanSi gamocxadda sabWoTa xeli- wyaro 1
sufleba da somxeTis axalma mTavrobam
baTilad gamoacxada aleqsandropolis amonaweri ruseTis komunistu-

xelSekruleba. amitom TurqeTis (anka- ri partiis (rkp) centralu-

ris) mTavrobam gadawyvita sakiTxis mo- ri komitetis (ck) kavkasiis

gvareba somxeTis realur mflobelTan biuros (kavbiuros) plenumis

– bolSevikur ruseTTan. molaparakeba 1921 wlis 7 ivlisis sxdomis

moskovi didxans da mZimed mimdinareob- oqmi №13-dan:

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

da da xelSekruleba daido mxolod 1921 `eswrebodnen: rkp ck wevri sta­
wlis 16 marts, rodesac saqarTveloc ukve lini, kavbiuros wevrebi amxa­
gasabWoebuli iyo da mis nacvlad moskovi nagebi orjonikiZe, maxaraZe,
laparakobda. kirovi, narimanovi, miasnikovi,
`megobrobisa da Zmobis Sesaxeb~ mosko- nazareTiani, oraxelaSvili,
vis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa ru- figatneri, saqarTvelos ssr sa­
seTi Tanxmdeboda, ecno TurqeTis saku- gareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari
Trebad qemalistebis mier faqtobrivad amx. svaniZe, somxeTis ssr saga­
okupirebuli yarsis olqi (artaanTan er- reo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari
Tad) da baTumis olqis arTvinis okrugi. amx. mraviani.~
magram q. baTumsa da mis raions ruseTi
moismines: neitraluri zonis
iTxovda sabWoTa saqarTvelosaTvis, fa-
saqarTvelos Tu somxeTisaTvis
qtobrivad ki – TavisTvis, radgan baTumi
SeerTebis Sesaxeb.
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT napirze saukeTeso
navsadguri iyo da iq mTavrdeboda baqo- daadgines: mTeli neitraluri
dan momavali navTobis milsadeni. Turqe- zona Sedis somxeTis ssr­is Se­
Ti sabolood daTanxmda amaze im pirobiT, madgenlobaSi (mxari dauWira
rom baTumis olqs saqarTvelos fargle- 6­ma, Tavi Seikava 1­ma).
bSi miecemoda administraciuli avtono-
mia, xolo baTumis navsadgurSi Turqebs
SeeZlebodaT ubaJo tranzitis ganxor-
cieleba. TurqeTi daTanxmda imazec, rom
somxeTs daubrunebda 1920 wlis omis Sedegad CamorTmeuli teritoriis mcire
nawils.
xelSekrulebis sxva muxlebi exeboda somxeTis sazRvars, agreTve naxWevans,
romelic azerbaijans gadaeca.
moskovis xelSekrulebis pirobebiT ukmayofilo iyo saqarTvelo, magram
kidev ufro metad – somxeTi. momavalSi pretenziebis Tavidan asacileblad
ankaram daJinebiT moiTxova sazRvris dadastureba gasabWoebuli kavkasiu-
ri respublikebis mier. es gakeTda kidec 1921 wlis 13 noembers yarsSi, sadac
moskovis xelSekrulebidan ucvlelad gadmoitanes yvela muxli, romlebic
exeboda TurqeTis sazRvrebs samxreT kavkasiis respublikebTan. yarsis xelSe-
krulebas xels awerdnen sabWoTa saqarTvelos, sabWoTa somxeTisa da sabWoTa
azerbaijanis warmomadgenlebi. yarsis xelSekruleba dRemde ar gabaTilebula
da is moqmedebs.

127
 wyaro 2

TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis (mejlisis) Tavmjdomaris, mustafa qemal-faSas

1920 wlis 26 aprilis pirveli werilidan leninisadmi:

[TurqeTi mzadaa] `aiRos pasuxismgebloba mTeli Cveni muSaobis, yvela Cveni op­
eraciis ruseTis bolSevikebTan gasaerTianeblad... Tu sabWoTa Zalebi gegmaven
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebis dawyebas... kavkasiidan ingliselTa
gasaZeveblad... TurqeTis mTavroba Tavis Tavze aiRebs operaciebs imperialisturi
somxeTis winaaRmdeg da valdebulebas kisrulobs aiZulos azerbaijanis respub­
lika Sevides sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis wreSi~.

wyaro 3

sabWoTa ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs Soris 1921 wlis 16 marts

xelmowerili `megobrobisa da Zmobis xelSekrulebidan~:

`muxli II

TurqeTi Tanxmdeba dauTmos saqarTvelos suvereniteti navsadgur da qalaq ba­

Tumze da teritoriaze, romelic ganlagebulia im sazRvris CrdiloeTiT, romelic
miTiTebulia winamdebare xelSekrulebis I muxlSi da Seadgens baTumis okrugis
Tavi meore

nawils, im pirobiT, rom

1) mosaxleoba im adgilebisa, romelic miTiTebulia xelSekrulebis am muxlSi,

isargeblebs farTo adgilobrivi administraciuli avtonomiiT...

2) TurqeTs miecema ufleba ganaxorcielos Tavisufali tranziti yvelanairi saqon­

lisa, romelic igzavneba TurqeTSi an misgan baTumis navsadguris gavliT, ubaJod,
yvelanairi Seferxebisa da yvelanairi gadasaxdelebis gareSe...

muxli XV

ruseTi valdebulebas iRebs gadadgas iseTi nabijebi amierkavkasiis respublike­

bis mimarT, romlebic aucilebeli iqneba, raTa am respublikebma aucileblad cnon
xelSekrulebebSi, romlebsac isini dadeben TurqeTTan, winamdebare xelSekrule­
bis is muxlebi, romlebic uSualod exebaT maT~.

128
 klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT saqarTvelo-somxeTis konfliqtis mizezebsa da Sedegze.

yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. Tqveni azriT, ratom misces saqarTvelos
interesebis sawinaaRmdegod xma qarTvelma bolSevikebma?
2. ra mizeziT iCenda ruseTi gansakuTrebul dainteresebas baTumis mimarT?
3. gaixseneT ganvlili masala da axseniT, Tu ratom datoves britanulma

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

jarebma baTumi.
4. moawyveT diskusia moskovisa da yarsis xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb. imsjeleT,
Tu ratom ar pasuxobda moskovisa da yarsis xelSekrulebebi saqarTvelosa
da somxeTis interesebs.
5. wyaroebis ( 2, 3) safuZvelze imsjeleT osmaleTis damokidebulebaze
samxreT kavkasiis mimarT.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba: `samxreT kavkasiis sakiTxi ruseT-osmaleTis

urTierTobebSi~.

baTumis porti XX s­is

dasawyisSi

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1921, 16 marti
1918, 3 marti – brestis zavi moskovis xelSekruleba

1918 1919 1920 1921 1922

1921, 13 noemberi
yarsis xelSekruleba
129
 24. saqarTvelos aneqsiAa bolSevikuri ruseTis mier

ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis xelSekruleba

damoukideblobis xanmokle periodi samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebisaTvis
sakmaod rTuli iyo. daZabuli viTareba saomar konfliqtSic ki gadaizarda
saqarTvelo-somxeTsa da somxeT-azerbaijans Soris.
1920 wlis gazafxulidan sabWoTa ruseTi gaaqtiurda samxreT kavkasiaSi
regionis xelaxali SemoerTebis mizniT. am rTul pirobebSi moxerxda ruseT-
saqarTvelos Soris xelSekrulebis dadeba da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos da-
pyrobis sakiTxis droebiT gadadeba.
1920 w. 7 maiss sabWoTa ruseTis warmomadgenelma lev karaxanma da saqarTve-
los mTavrobis rwmunebulma grigol urataZem moskovSi xeli moaweres xelSek-
rulebas, romlis ZiriTadi muxlebi Semdegi saxis iyo: 1) erTa TviTgamorkvevis
principis safuZvelze sabWoTa ruseTi cnobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos da-
moukideblobas yofili tfilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis, baTumis olqis,
zaqaTalisa da soxumis okrugebis farglebSi da nebayoflobiT ambobs uars
qarTveli xalxis mimarT ruseTis yvela suverenul uflebaze; 2) ruseTi uars
ambobs saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevaze; 3) ruseTi valdebulebas kis-
rulobs Tavis teritoriaze ar dauSvas saqarTvelos mTavrobis damxobisaTvis
Tavi meore

mebrZoli pirebi da organizaciebi; 4) saqarTvelos mTavroba valdebulebas

iRebs ganaiaraRos da ruseTs gadasces sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan mebrZoli
yvela piri da jgufi da masve gadasces maT xelT myofi SeiaraReba da samxed-
ro qoneba; 5) saqarTvelos mTavroba valdebulia gaaTavisuflos sabWoTa
ruseTisa da misi kompartiis sasargeblo saqmianobisaTvis dasjili pirebi da
moaxdinos komunisturi partiis legalizacia; 6) iqmneba zaqaTalis okrugisa
da azerbaijanTan sxva sasazRvro sadavo teritoriebis momwesrigebeli komisia
rsfsr-is warmomadgenlis TavmjdomareobiT.
realurad, ruseTi itovebda saqarTvelos Sida da nawilobriv, sagareo
saqmeebSi Carevis uflebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom am xelSekrulebis xelmoweris
droisaTvis baqoSi ukve sabWoTa xelisufleba iyo (28 aprilidan) da azerbai-
janis interesebsac rsfsr icavda.
1920 wels dasrulda azerbaijanisa da
somxeTis damoukidebeli respublikebis arse-
boba da iq sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda. ko-
munisturi partiis wevrebi gaaqtiurdnen sa-
qarTveloSic. maT koordinacias uwevda ruse-
Tis saelCo, sruluflebiani warmomadgenlis,
(elCis) kirovis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1920 wlis
7 maisis xelSekrulebis darRveviT sabWoTa
ruseTma dagegma saqarTvelos gasabWoeba.

qarTuli saxalxo gvardia

130
 wiTeli armiis intervencia.
saqarTvelos okupacia wyaro 1

formalurad ruseTs saqarTvelosaT- noe Jordanias adiutantis,

vis omi ar gamoucxadebia, aramed inter- kote imnaZis Canawerebidan:
venciisaTvis sababad gamoiyena mis mierve
`1921 wlis 24 Tebervali. 8
provocirebuli `ajanyeba~ lores neitra-
saaTi. mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem
luri olqis rusul da somxur soflebSi,
(noe Jordaniam) polkovnik
sadac saqarTvelom somxeTis respublikis
gedevaniSvils frontis mdgo­
TanxmobiT 1920 wlis noemberSi Seiyvana mci-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

mareobis gaSuqeba mosTxova.
re samxedro kontingenti. sinamdvileSi,
Renerali kvinitaZe kedlis ru­
me-11 wiTeli armia sagangebod emzadeboda
kas miubrunda da Cailaparaka:
saqarTvelos okupaciisaTvis da mxolod
`vsio ravno – ia otstupaiu!~
kremlidan eloda signals.
(nebismier SemTxvevaSi me
16 Tebervals daba SulaverSi Seiqmna
ukan vixev). ase uryevi gada­
saqarTvelos `revoluciuri komiteti~
wyvetilebis aucilebloba
(revkomi), romelmac `saqarTvelos ajanye-
mTavarsardalma saTanadod
buli proletariatisaTvis dasaxmareblad
daasabuTa. Reneralma odiSe­
moiwvia~ sabWoTa ruseTi, romlis me-11 ar-
liZem winaaRmdegoba gauwia:
mia ukve 15 Tebervals somxeTis mxridan Se-
umjobesia Tbilisis win sas­
mosuli iyo saqarTveloSi. erTdroulad
axelod davixocoTo... noe Jor­
rusuli samxedro nawilebi Semovidnen
daniam damfuZnebeli krebis
azerbaijanidan, soWis mxridan – afxazeTSi,
prezidiums amcno gadawyve­
Crdilo kavkasiidan – mamisonis uReltexi-
tileba, rom jars ukan daexia~.
lis gavliT.
1921 wlis TebervalSi Tbilisis misadgo-
mebTan, kojor-tabaxmelasTan, wiTel ar-
mias sakmaod medgari samxedro winaaRmdegobis daZleva mouxda, sanam dedaqa-
laqs aiRebda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobas ZiriTadad moxalise kadetebi
da iunkrebi icavdnen. bevri maTgani gmirulad daeca brZolis velze.
menSevikurma mTavrobam ar gamoacxada sruli mobilizacia da sayovelTao
winaaRmdegobisaTvis xalxs ar mouwoda. gmiroba, romelic mterTan sisxlis
ukanasknel wveTamde brZolaSi vlindeba, da samSoblosaTvis Tavis gawirva
arc erT menSevik ministrs ar ucdia. ar ivarga arc ruseTis imperiis armiaSi
namsaxuri generalitetis didma nawilma.
24 Tebervlis Rames menSevikurma mTavrobam noe Jordanias meTaurobiT
datova Tbilisi da baTumSi gadavida. 17 marts is iqidan safrangeTSi gaiqca.

bolSevikTa xelisuflebis damyareba

25 Tebervals bolSevikuri armia ubrZolvelad Sevida TbilisSi da iq sa-
bWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba gamoacxada. saqarTvelos revkomSi Sediodnen
filipe maxaraZe (Tavmjdomare), mamia oraxelaSvili, Salva eliava, mixeil oku-
java, saSa gegeWkori da sxvebi.
formalurad axal mTavrobas isev qarTvelebi qmnidnen. saqarTvelos damou-

131
 kidebloba rusuli intervenciis pirvel
etapze ar gauqmebula. rusuli diplo-
matia saqmes ise warmoaCenda, TiTqos sa-
qarTveloSi ajanyebas adgilobrivi re-
voluciuri komiteti xelmZRvanelobda.
amis gamo, magaliTad, rigiT amerikels an
dasavleT evropels unda Seqmnoda STa-
beWdileba, rom Soreul patara qveyanaSi
samxedro gadatrialebis gziT saTaveSi
movida axali mTavroba, romelsac mezobe-
li qveynis jarma daxmareba aRmouCina.
Tanac yofili erTiani social-demokra-
tiuli partiis erTi, memarjvene, frTa
meorem – memarcxenem, Secvala.
es qarTvel xalxsac abnevda: pirdapiri
ucxouri agresia ar Canda. Tbilisis iqiT
wiTel armias keTilganwyoba ar ugrZnia,
magram arc SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdego-
ba Sexvedria. is ki ara, baTumis gasaTa-
visufleblad Turqebisagan, romlebic,
nominalurad mainc, bolSevikebis mokav-
Sireebi iyvnen, wiTeli armia da qarTuli
Tavi meore
jaris nawilebi SeTanxmebuladac ki moq-
medebdnen. ar dagvaviwydes, rom 1921 wlis
16 martis moskovSi gaformebuli ruEseT-
TurqeTis xelSekrulebiT baTums Turqe-
bi `saqarTvelos uTmobdnen~.
magram sinamdvileSi ucxo jaris inter-
venciam (SeWram) gamoiwvia saqarTvelos
okupacia (dakaveba) ucxo saxelmwifos
mier, rasac misi aneqsireba (ucxo saxel-
mwifosTan mierTeba) mohyva.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTav-
robam parizSi gaagrZela saqmianoba. man
araerTi Txovna daugzavna dasavleT
evropis qveynebs saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobis aRdgenis saqmeSi daxmarebis
TxovniT, magram amaod. arc erTi evro-
puli saxelmwifo ar wavidoda ruseTTan
konfliqtze saqarTvelos interesebis
dasacavad. 1924 wlisaTvis evropis TiTq-
mis yvela saxelmwifom scno komunisturi
mTavroba moskovSi da diplomatiuri ur-
TierToba daamyara masTan.
gasabWoebis Semdegac saqarTvelo for-
132
wyaro 2
galaqtion vaSaZis mogonebe-
bidan (gamoqveynebulia JHur-
nal `revoluciuri matianeSi~,
3, 1923):
`zedmeti ar iqneba Sevexo
saqarTvelosaTvis istoriul
1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis wina
Rames... CemTan Semovida Cumad
ori SeiaraRebuli piri... Cemi
ori saukeTeso amxanagi (mgosani
paolo iaSvili da metreveli)
da vkiTxe, raSia saqme­Tqo.
menSevikuri mTavroba gaiqca.
bolSevikebi Semodian, qalaqSi
araviTari xelisufleba araa,
gvTxoves miviRoT saTanado
zomebi wesrigisa da mSvidobi­
anobis dasacavad bolSevikebis
Semosvlamdeo~, ­ mipasuxes
maT... Cven samma gamovacxadeT
Tavi qalaqis damcvel droe­
biT revoluciur komitetaT.
gamovuSviT mowodeba mcxov­
reblebisadmi da SevudeqiT
SeiaraRebuli dacvis mowyo­
bas. magram xels gviSlida is
garemoeba, rom quCebi gaWedili
iyo ukan daxeuli menSevikebis
jarebiT, romlebic ise uwesri­
god modiodnen, rom ar icodnen
saiT unda wasuliyvnen. rode­
sac me vaCerebdi jariskacebs da
vekiTxebodi sad midixarT da
sadaa Tqveni xelmZRvaneloba­
Tqo, yvela erTi da imave pasuxs
maZlevda: xelmZRvanelebma
migvatoves da ar viciT, sad
mivdivarTo.~
malurad inarCunebda damoukidebeli saxelmwifos atributebs da nominalu-
rad `damoukidebel saxelmwifod~ rCeboda: 1921 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 25 Teber-
vlis Semdeg, grZeldeboda misi damoukideblobis cnoba, magaliTad meqsikis,
panamis, haitis, liberiis, tailandis mier. magram, realurad, saqarTvelo
okupirebuli iyo ucxo qveynis armiis mier da misi axali mTavroba, Tundac
eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dakompleqtebuli, eqvemdebareboda sxva qveynis de-
daqalaqSi, kerZod, moskovSi myof xelisuflebas.
iZulebiT gasabWoebul saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTel samxreT kavkasia-
Si realur xelisuflebas warmoadgenda ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bol-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

SevikTa) centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuro [kavbiuro] romelsac sergo
orjonikiZe Tavmjdomareobda. mas emorCileboda saqarTvelos revkomic. me-11
armias saxeli gamoecvala da mas `kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli armia~ ewoda. is
saqarTveloSi darCa da okupaciis ZiriTadi iaraRi gaxda.

xelisuflebis axali organoebis Seqmna

1921 wlis martSi revkomma miiRo gadawyvetileba daeSala saqarTvelos
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo – xalxis mier arCeuli damfuZnebeli kreba,
maSin roca TviT revkomi TviTneburad iyo Seqmnili, xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe.
aseve ukanono iyo revkomis brZanebiT aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, erovnuli armiis gauqmeba. magram
yvela am ukanonobas samxedro Zala – rusuli wiTeli armia – umagrebda zurgs.
sanacvlod ruseTis saokupacio xelisuflebam male Seqmna sakuTari
mmarTvelobiTi organoebi, yvela donis – respublikuri, saolqo, samazro,
saqalaqo da sasoflo muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis sabWoebi. Camoyalibda
sabWoTa sasamarTlo. okupaciis erTi wlisTavze TbilisSi Catarda saqarTve-
los sabWoebis pirveli yriloba, romelmac miiRo `saqarTvelos sabWoTa so-
cialisturi respublikis konstitucia~. umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo
gaxda saqarTvelos sabWoebis yriloba. yrilobidan yrilobamde ki kanonSemo-
qmedebas xelmZRvanelobda centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti (cak-i). aR-
masrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgenda yrilobis mier saxalxo komisarTa
[ministrTa] sabWo (saxkomsabWo), romelic dargobriv saxalxo komisariatebs
[saministroebs] xelmZRvanelobda.
male saqarTveloSi daSlilad ga-
mocxadda yvela politikuri partia,
garda saqarTvelos komunisturi
partiisa, romelic ruseTis kompar-
tiis regionul organizacias war-
moadgenda.
kavbiuros gadawyvetilebiT Seic-
vala sabWoTa saqarTvelos gare da
Sida sazRvrebi. azerbaijans gadae-
ca iqamde sadavo zaqaTalis okrugi
(saingilo), somxeTs – lores raioni.

wiTeli armia TbilisSi

133
 wyaro 3

`imTaviTve ramdenime Zalauflebis organo aRmoCnda: erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos cen­

traluri komiteti da revkomi, romlebic mxolod nominalurad iTvlebian uzenaes
organoebad, (meore mxriv) kavbiuro, rkp (ruseTis komunisturi partia) da me­11
armiis `revvoensoveti~ (revoluciuri samxedro sabWo), romlebic arian namdvili
uzenaesi organoebi Zalauflebisa. es ukanaskneli umetes nawilad wyvets saqarTve­
los Sesaxeb yovelgvar politikur sakiTxebs, rasakvirvelia, saqarTvelos ck­isa da
revkomis daukiTxavad~.
filipe maxaraZe

klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb.

ramdenad gulwrfeli iyo rusuli mxare am dokumentis xelmowerisas?
2. ratom ar gaauqma oficialurad okupaciis pirvel etapze ruseTma sa-
qarTvelos damoukidebloba?
3. moawyveT diskusia menSevikebis marcxis mizezebis Sesaxeb. teqstisa da wya-
Tavi meore

roebis (1, 2) mixedviT imsjeleT, SeeZlo Tu ara menSevikur xelisuflebas

winaaRmdegoba gaewia agresiisaTvis da ramdenad racionaluri iyo mis mier
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi (gaixseneT ganvlili masalac).
4. teqstisa da wyaro 3-is mixedviT isaubreT gasabWoebis Sedegad saqarFGTve-
loSi damyarebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxeb. imsjeleT, Tu ra for-
miT izRudeboda adgilobrivi mmmarTveloba da, Tqveni azriT, ra iyo am
SezRudvis mizani.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aRsasruli:

mizezebi da Sedegebi~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1920, 7 maisi – xelSekrulebis xelmowera saqarTvelosa da

sabWoTa ruseTs Soris

1919 1920 1921 1922 1923

1921, 25 Tebervali – me­11 armiis Semosvla

TbilisSi. saqarTvelos gasabWoeba
134
25. I msoflio omis dasasruli. parizis konferencia
(saqarTvelos sakiTxi). omis Sedegebi. msoflios
axali politikuri ruka

parizis konferencia. versalis zavi

I msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebi 1919 wlis 18 ianvars Seikribnen

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

parizSi sazavo konferenciaze da daiwyes molaparakeba msoflios samomavlo
mSvidobiani mowyobis Taobaze. marTalia, konferencias eswreboda antantis
mokavSire 27 qveynis warmomadgeneli, vinc omi gamoucxada germanias, magram
sinamdvileSi gadawyvetilebas iRebda sami saxelmwifo – safrangeTi, brita-
neTi da aSS.
damarcxebuli saxelmwifoebi parizis konferenciaze ar miiwvies. amdenad,
parizSi mimdinare forumi omis monawile mxareebs Soris samSvidobo molapa-
rakeba ki ar iyo, aramed gamarjvebulebis diqtati: samma gamarjvebulma saxel-
mwifom ukarnaxa Tavisi sazavo pirobebi danarCen msoflios.
samive gamarjvebuls sakuTari samSvidobo gegma hqonda.
safrangeTis premier-ministris, JorJ klemansos mTavari devizi iyo – `gad-
movubrunoT jibeebi boSebs~ (am salanZRavi sityviT – `boS~ – frangebi germa-
nelebs ixseniebdnen). safrangeTs Tavisi mTavari metoqis, germaniis maqsimalu-
rad dasusteba surda da omiT miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis mTel simZimes
swored germanias akisrebda.
britaneTis premier-ministri, devid loid jorji evropis kontinentze
`ZalTa wonasworobis~ SenarCunebis tradiciuli britanuli politikiT xel-
mZRvanelobda. mas esmoda, rom germaniis metismetad dasusteba da damcireba
evropas, mSvidobis nacvlad, axal omamde miiyvanda. germania, adre Tu gvian,
aucileblad moZebnida sakuTar TavSi Zalas SurisZiebisaTvis. magram safran-
geTis moqmedebas is didad ar ewinaaRmdegeboda.
msoflio wesrigis damyarebis sruliad axleburi gegma hqonda aSS-is prezi-
dent vudro uilsons. es gegma istoriaSi Sevida uilsonis `14 punqtis~ saxel-
wodebiT. uilsonis programa mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda tradiciuli, Zalaze
dafuZnebuli evropuli politikisagan. am programis Tanaxmad, msoflio ere-
bs (saxelmwifoebs) Soris axleburi urTierToba saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebis dacvasa da TanamSromlobaze unda agebuliyo. aqedan gamomdinare,
uilsonis gegmis umTavresi punqti saerTaSoriso organizaciis `erTa ligis~
Seqmnas moiTxovda. uilsonis CanafiqriT, am organizacias unda gaekontrole-
bina saxelmwifoTa mier urTierTSEeTanxmebuli qcevis wesebis dacva da uzrun-
veleyo mSvidoba da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba mTel msoflioSi.
uilsonis daJinebulma moTxovnam Sedegi gamoiRo. 1919 wlis 24 aprils pari-
zis sazavo konferenciis monawileebma miiRes erTa ligis wesdeba. am wesdebis
pirobebi Sevida versalis sazavo xelSekrulebaSi (SemoklebiT – `versalis
zavi~). erTa ligaSi wamyvan rols didi britaneTi da safrangeTi TamaSobdnen.

135
 amerika erTa ligaSi ar Sevida da saerTod ganerida evropul saqmeebs. man ara-
viTari teritoriuli SenaZeni ar isurva.
germaniasTan zavs xeli moaweres 1919 wlis 28 ivniss, `saraevos gasrolis~
(rodesac serbma teroristma mokla avstria-ungreTis taxtis memkvidre) xuTi
wlis Tavze, versalis sarkeebian darbazSi. es simboluri iyo: zavis dadebis
adgili ganzrax SeirCa, radgan swored iq, 1871 wlis 18 ianvars, safrangeTze
mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg, sazeimod gamocxadda erTiani germanuli
saxelmwifos (raixis, anu imperiis) Seqmna. aseve SemTxveviTi ar yofila parizis
sazavo konferenciis gaxsnis TariRad 18 ianvris arCeva.
mogvianebiT gaformda sazavo xelSekrulebebi centraluri saxelmwifoebis
kavSirSi Semaval sxva saxelmwifoebTanac.
versalis zavis pirobebi germaniisaTvis ukiduresad mZime iyo. germanias
CamoerTva yvela kolonia, aseve teritoriis nawili evropaSi. mas TiTqmis sru-
lad CamoarTves samxedro aRWurviloba, mZime sabrZolo teqnika, maT Soris
floti, da aukrZales saomari teqnikis warmoeba. germanias dautoves mxolod
asi aTas kaciani armiis yolis ufleba. amas garda, mas daakisres yofili mowi-
naaRmdegeebisaTvis omis dros miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba (reparaciebis
gadaxda) warmoebuli produqciiTa Tu mis xelT darCenili materialuri re-
sursebiT. sareparacio gadasaxadis zusti fuladi odenobis gansazRvra sabo-
lood ver moxerxda, magram is daaxloebiT 130 miliard raixsmarkas udrida.
germaniisaTvis, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo versalis
xelSekrulebis 231-e paragrafi, romelic omis gaCaRebaSi damnaSaved mxolod
Tavi meore

germaniasa da mis mokavSire saxelmwifoebs cnobda. istoriuli obieqturoba

moiTxovs iTqvas, rom es paragrafi simarTles ar Seesabameboda: omis gaCaRe-
baSi avstria-ungreTTan da germaniasTan erTad pirdapiri damnaSaveni iyvnen
serbeTi, ruseTi, safrangeTi da didi britaneTi.
versalis zavis zedmetad mZime da usamarTlo pirobebi SemdgomSi II msoflio
omis dawyebis mizezi gaxda.
germaniaSi versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi azri
orad gaiyo. politikuri Zalebisa da sazogadoebis erTi nawili zavis pirobe-
bis Sesrulebis momxre iyo. maTi azriT, swored `Semsrulebloba~ gaxdeboda
winapiroba gamarjvebul saxelmwifoebTan zavis pirobebis Serbilebis, an
sulac, gauqmebis Taobaze molaparakebis sawarmoeblad. meore nawili ki ver-
salis xelSekrulebas erovnuli Rirsebis Seuracxyofad miiCnevda. maTTvis
sruliad miuRebeli iyo zavis pirobebis Sesruleba. versalis xelSekrulebis
`arSemsrulebelTa~ Soris iyo hitleris partiac. sazogadoebis amgvarma ganw-
yobilebam mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba nacistebis mosvla xelisuflebis
saTaveSi 1933 wels.
manamde ki, 1920-ian wlebSi, germanias marTavdnen versalSi dawesebuli saer-
TaSoriso qcevis wesebis dacvis momxre politikuri Zalebi. amdenad, germa-
niis sagareo politika yofil mtrebTan TanamSromlobisaken iyo mimarTuli.
am politikis farglebSi mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga 1924 wlis lokarnos
(italia) xelSekrulebiT, romelic daido germanias, belgias, did britaneTs,
safrangeTs, italias, poloneTsa da Cexoslovakias Soris. am xelSekrulebis
Tanaxmad (`rainis sagarantio paqtiT~), germania cnobda Tavis axal dasavleTis
136
sazRvrebs da maT urRvevobas aRiarebda. amave dros, xelSekrulebaSi araferi
iyo naTqvami germaniis mxridan aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis (poloneTTan, Cexos-
lovakiasTan, litvasTan) xelSeuxeblobis garantiaze. miuxedavad lokarnoSi
daSvebuli am ormagi standartisa, iq dadebuli SeTanxmeba TanamedroveTa mier
mainc Sefasda, rogorc didi gardatexa evropul politikaSi.
lokarnos xelSekrulebis gaformebam xeli Seuwyo germaniis miRebas erTa
ligaSi (1926). amieridan germania saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi `evropis
cofiani ZaRli~ ki aRar iyo, aramed misi srulfasovani wevri.
zogadad, msoflio politikaSi 1920-ian wlebs `pacifisturs~ (laT. pax, pa-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

cis – mSvidoba, mSvidobisa) uwodeben imitom, rom am periodSi saxelmwifoebi
TanamSromlobis gziT mSvidobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. am aTwleulSi
msoflio politikaSi pacifisturi ganwyobilebis erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara
gamovlineba iyo 1928 wels gaformebuli brian-kelogis paqti (paqts ase ewo-
da SeTanxmebis iniciatorTa, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis frenk kelogisa da
safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris, aristid brianis gvarebis mixedviT).
paqts 15 saxelmwifo SeuerTda. dokumenti gmobda da uaryofda oms, rogorc
politikis warmarTvis saSualebas. cxovrebaSi am paqtis realuri gatareba ar
momxdara.

parizis konferencia DAda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

cnobis sakiTxi
parizis konferenciaze damarcxebuli imperiebis teritoriaze aRmoce-
nebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebic gamocxaddnen. maT Soris iyo sa-
qarTvelos delegaciac, romelic parizSi muSaobda 1919 wlis martidan 1920
wlis damlevamde.
miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, saqarTvelos delegacias warmateba ar hqonia:
dasavleTis qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTs, imedi hqondaT, rom aRorZinde-
boda ruseTi, romlis nawiladac isini miiCnevdnen mTel kavkasias; ar gamarTlda
imedi, rom somxeTze mandats aiRebda aSS (aseT SemTxvevaSi garkveuli yuradReba
saqarTvelosac mieqceoda): amerikelma senatorebma ar dauWires mxari prezi-
dent uilsonis am SeTavazebas; didi britaneTis mTavrobaSi ar iyo azrTa erTia-
noba, Tu ra politika unda ewarmoebinaT kavkasiaSi, sabolood ki londonma am
regionidan gasvla amjobina. marTalia, 1920 wlis 12 ianvars antantis qveynebma
de-faqto scnes saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebi, magram araviTari
realuri daxmareba am mTavrobebisaTvis ar aRmouCeniaT. amerikam ki aRiareba-
zec uari ganacxada. amrigad, saqarTvelo regionSi gaZlierebuli bolSevikuri
ruseTisa da qemalisturi TurqeTis winaSe marto darCa.

pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebi. msoflios axali

politikuri ruka
msoflio omSi damarcxebis Sedegad daiSala oTxi imperia – avstria-ungreTi,
germania, ruseTi da osmaleTi. monarqiebis adgilze ZiriTadad respublikebi
gaCndnen. 1918 welsve daiwyo msoflios Tanamedrove politikuri rukis Seqmna.
cvlilebebi ZiriGTadad evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTs Seexo.
137
 evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmna. centralur evropaSi aRor-
Zinda XVIII saukunis bolos danawilebuli poloneTi: is Seiqmna germaniis, ruse-
Tisa da avstria-ungreTis imperiebis mier XVIII saukunis bolos danawilebuli
poloneTis istoriuli teritoriebis xarjze. politikur rukaze dabrundnen
adre cal-calke arsebuli avstria da ungreTi. evropis SuagulSi aRmocenda
Cexoslovakia. serbebis hegemoniiT erT saxelmwifoSi – serbebis, xorvatebisa
da slovenebis samefoSi (1929 wlidan mas iugoslavia ewoda) gaerTianda balka-
neTis naxevarkunZulis yvela slavi xalxi, garda bulgarelebisa.
ruseTis imperiis nangrevebze samxreT kavkasiaSi Seiqmna sami respublika –
saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi, xolo aRmosavleT evropaSi – fineTi,
litva, latvia, estoneTi, ukraina da belarusi. sabWoTa ruseTma yvela maTgani
(fineTis garda) xelaxla daipyro: 1918-1919 wlebSi – ukraina da belarusi; 1920-
1921 wlebSi – kavkasiis respublikebi, 1940 wels – litva, latvia da estoneTi.
yvela maTganma `sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis~ statusi miiRo.
1922 wels didi britaneTisa da irlandiis SeerTebuli samefos nawilSi,
kunZul irlandiaze (CrdiloeTiT mdebare provincia olsteris gareSe), Seiq-
mna irlandiis Tavisufali saxelmwifo – eire, jer britanuli dominioni,
SemdgomSi – respublika.
osmaleTiis imperiis nangrevebze Seiqmna TurqeTis respublika, xolo ara-
bebiT dasaxlebuli imperiis teritoriebi dainawiles didma britaneTma da
safrangeTma, rogorc erTa ligis mier maTTvis samarTavad gadacemuli `sa-
Tavi meore

mandato teritoriebi~: siria da libani – safrangeTs xvda wilad, erayi, tran-

siordania (SemdegSi – iordania) da palestina – did britaneTs. omis dawyebis-
Tanave, 1914 wels, osmaleTis imperias gamoeyo egvipte, romelic britaneTis
mier okupirebuli darCa. omis dros faqtobrivad damoukidebeli gaxda iemeni,
rodesac is osmaleTis samxedro nawilebma datoves. 1916 wels arabeTis naxe-
varkunZulis dasavleT nawilSi damoukidebloba gamoacxada hijazma, sadac
mdebareobs muslimTa wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina. 1924 wels hijazi daipyro
arabeTis naxevarkunZulis centrSi mdebare nejdis mmarTvelma, saudianTa di-
nastiis damaarsebelma abdalaziz as-saudma, romelmac 1932 wels gamoacxada
saudis arabeTis Seqmna.

`erebis sasaxle~ _ erTa ligis

Senoba JenevaSi. organizaciis
rezidenciad neitraluri
Sveicaria SearCies. dRes
am SenobaSi ganTavsebulia
gaero­s qveorganizaciebi da
misi evropuli ganyofileba.

138
 wyaro 1

uilsonis 14 punqtiani samSvidobo programis ZiriTadi principebi:

1. `Ria diplomatiis~ principi. nebismieri saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba unda iyos

sajaro, cnobili msoflio sazogadoebisaTvis.

2. sazRvao mimosvlis Tavisufleba neitralur* wylebSi rogorc mSvidobian, ise

omis dros.

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

* (saerTaSoriso samarTali ganasxvavebs teritoriul da neitralur wylebs. teritoriu­
li wylebi ama Tu im saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaa da am sazRvao sivrceSi SeWra iseve dauSvebe­
lia, rogorc saxmeleTo sazRvrebis darRveva).

3. yovelgvari ekonomikuri barierebis mospoba (baJi da sxv.) da yvela mSvidobis­

moyvare saxelmwifosTvis vaWrobis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna.

4. saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebis SezRudva (arc erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebulma

Zalam ar unda miaRwios sxvebisTvis saxifaTo dones).

5. erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi. erebma damoukideblad (avtonomiurad) unda

gadawyviton sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxi (es punqti, upirveles
yovlisa, exeboda avstria­ungreTis imperiaSi Semaval erebs).

6. msoflio erebis sayovelTao gaerTianeba xelSEekrulebis safuZvelze. gaer­

Tianebam unda uzrunvelyos yvela saxelmwifos, rogorc didi, ise patara, poli­
tikuri damoukidebloba (suvereniteti da avtonomia) da teritoriis xelSe­
uxebloba (teritoriuli mTlianoba).

msoflio omis Sedegi iyo samecniero-teqnikuri progresis daCqareba. omis-

droindeli samxedro mrewvelobis miRwevebi omis Semdeg samoqalaqo sferosac
gadaedo. es gamoCnda, magaliTad, radios uswrafes gavrcelebaSi, sayofacxo-
vrebo eleqtroteqnikisa da qimiuri produqtebis, avtomobilebis, traqtore-
bis, samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebis warmoebaSi da a.S.
evropaSi Seicvala faseulobaTa sistema. daikarga mowiweba Zveli elitis mi-
marT, romlis upasuxismgeblobamac msoflio xocva-Jletis am morevSi Caagdo.
tradiciuli, patriarqaluri (`sulieri~) faseulobebi, romlebic iqamde nel-
nela icvlida saxes, TiTqos xelis erTi mosmiT gaqra. omis Semdeg zedapirze
amotivtivda dinamikuri, magram uxeSi da boroti Zala – komunizmi, faSizmi,
nacizmi.

139
 wyaro 2

versalis xelSekruleba britaneli oficris, arCibald ueivelis (SemdgomSi feld­

marSalisa da indoeTis vice­mefis) SefasebiT: `‘omebis damamTavrebeli omis’ Semdeg
parizSi sakmao warmatebiT daamyares ‘mSvidobis damamTavrebeli mSvidoba’~.

damatebiTi cnoba

erTa ligis qmediTunarianobis Sefasebebi

`erTa ligis xelT arsebuli saSualebebi Zalze mwiri iyo konfliqtebis saerTaSo­
riso samarTlis principebze dayrdnobiT mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis. ekonomikuri
sanqciebi misi erTaderTi instrumenti iyo. erTa ligas ar hqonda samxedro Zala. ama Tu
im konfliqturi viTarebis gadaWris gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli erTsu­
lovnebis miRweva ararealuri iyo.~

`erTa ligis wesdebis darRvevisaTvis SeiZleboda wevri qveynebis garicxva organi­

zaciidan. es moxda sam SemTxvevaSi: 1937 wels erTa ligidan garicxes italia eTio­
piaze Tavdasxmis gamo, 1939 wels – espaneTi, sadac samoqalaqo omis Sedegad Zala­
dobiT Secvales kanonieri xelisufleba da imave wlis bolos – sabWoTa kavSiri,
fineTze Tavdasxmis gamo...

erTa ligis qmediTunarianoba mniSvnelovnad daasusta im garemoebam, rom erTa

Tavi meore

ligis Seqmnis iniciatori qveyana, SeerTebuli Statebi, bedis ironiiT, am organi­

zaciis miRma darCa. amis mizezi iyo aSS­is tradiciuli izolacionizmis politika
(SeerTebuli Statebi sakuTar sagareopolitikur interesTa sferod mxolod dasav­
leT naxevarsferos aRiarebda da ar ereoda globalur anu msoflio politikaSi).
am politikis erTguli rCeboda rogorc aSS­is mosaxleobis, ise qveynis umaRlesi
sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa umravlesoba.~

wyaro 3

`[saqarTvelos] delegaciis formalur amocanas Seadgenda aSkarad moemzadebina

misi saerTaSoriso cnoba... saqarTvelos delegaciam jer kidev 1919 wlis martSi
warudgina konferencias memorandumi, romelSic formalurad iyo dasabuTebuli
Suamdgomloba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobis Sesaxeb da aRniSnuli iyo
Tu ra teritorias moiTxovda igi... fuqsavati imedi, rom parizis konferencia
yvelafers gaarCevs da yvelafers gadawyvets, da sxvaTa Soris, Tavs Seiwuxebs
amier­kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebis dasadebad – asustebda tfilisSiac
da erevanSic, agreTve, baqoSi, stimuls, sakuTari saSualebiT ecadaT daCqarebiT
gadaewyvitaT sazRvrebisa da sxva mizezebis gamo amtydari SfoTi... erTaderTi
oficialuri qaRaldi, romelic miiRo saqarTvelos delegaciam 1919 wlis ganmav­
lobaSi parizis konferenciis umaRlesi sabWosagan, klemansos xelmoweriT, Seexe­
boda saqarTveloze somxeTSi saqonlis gadatanis kiTxvas da igi gamowveuli iyo
saCivriT, viTomcda saqarTvelo xels uSlides am gadatanas~.

zurab avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

1918­1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi
140
 fineTi axali saxelmwifoebi
axali sazRvrebi

fineTi mTavari gamarjvebuli

qveynebi

norvegia yofili ruseTis imperia

SvedeTi estoneTi

germania
dania latvia
irlandia
Slezvigi litva
didi avstria­ungreTi
gdanski klaipeda sabWoTa
britaneTi kavSiri
germ.
osmaleTis imperia
niderlandi germania

belgia eipen­ poloneTi Tavisufali qalaqebi

malmedi silezia regionebi, romelTa kuTv­
Cex nilebac referendumis gziT
alzas­ zaarlandi os
lo
vak
bes
ara unda gadawyvetiliyo
loreni ia bia
sadavo teritoriebi
Sveicaria avstria

triesti klagenfurti
safrangeTi rumineTi
rieka

d iugoslavia
espaneTi italia
al
ma
ci bulgareTi
a

Trakia
TurqeTi

albaneTi
irani
izmiri
siria
(safrangeTis erayi
mandati) (britaneTis
mandati)

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

141
 klasSi samuSao

1. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT wyaro 1. gamoyaviT ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso samarT-

lebrivi principebi da imsjeleT TiToeul maTganze. Tanamedrove magali-
Tebis mixedviT klasSi ganixileT, ras niSnavs `erTa TviTgamorkveva~, avto-
nomia, suvereniteti, `teritoriuli mTlianoba~.
2. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu ram misca britanel ofi-
cers versalis xelSekrulebis amgvari Sefasebis safuZveli.
3. teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ratom ewoda XX s-is 20-ian wlebs msoflio
politikaSi `pacifisturi aTwleuli~.
4. yuradREebiT waikiTxeT damatebiTi cnoba. daiyaviT jgufebad. jgufSi ga-
nixileT da gamokveTeT erTa ligis sisustis mizezebi. SeadareT erTmaneTs
Tqveni jgufuri muSaobis Sedegebi. ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom
erTa liga Tanamedrove gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis winamorbedi
organizaciaa.
5. wyaro 3-is mixedviT SeafaseT evropuli saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba
saqarTvelos sakiTxisadmi. imsjeleT amgvari damokidebulebis ganmapiro-
bebel mizezebze.
Tavi meore

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da rukaze dayrdnobiT, aRwereT msoflios axali politikuri ruka.

gaixseneT ganvlili masala da imsjeleT TiToeuli imperiis danakargebze.
isaubreT omSi gamarjvebuli imperiebis monapovrebze. yuradReba gaamaxvi-
leT, Tu romelma imperiam SeZlo (saxeSecvlili formiT) nawilobriv aRed-
gina Zveli sazRvrebi.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1919, 18 ianvari – parizis

konferenciis gaxsna

1919 – erTa ligis Seqmna 1924 – lokarnos xelSekruleba

1919, 20 ivnisi – sazavo xelSekru­

lebis xelmowera germaniasTan

1919 1922 1925 1928 1931

1920, 12 ianvari – saqarTve­

los damoukideblobis
de­faqto cnoba antan­
1928
tis qveynebis mier
brian­kelogis paqti

142
26. sabWoTa totalitarizmi – stalinizmi

1917 wlis 7 noembers (Zveli stiliT 25 oqtom-

bers) petrogradSi Seicvala ruseTis respubli-
kis mTavroba: ruseTis social-demokratiuli
muSaTa partiis memarcxene, bolSevikuri, frTa
vladimir leninis (ulianovis) xelmZRvanelo-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

biT, Zaladobrivad daeufla xelisuflebas.
amas oqtombris revolucia daerqva. bolSe-
vikurma frTam male saxeli gamoicvala da ruse-
Tis komunisturi partia (bolSevikebi) dairqva. stalini da lenini

mTavari represiuli organo - `Ceka~

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad kompartiam
Tavidanve daundobeli Zalismieri meTodebis
gamoyeneba daiwyo. 1917 wlis bolos leninis
uSualo miTiTebiT misma TanamebrZolma fe-
liqs ZerJinskim Seqmna `Ceka~ anu `sagangebo
komisia~ (organizaciis rusuli saxelwodebis
abreviatura – misi sruli saxeli iyo `kontre-
voluciasTan, sabotaJTan da spekulaciasTan
belomorkanalis gayvana
brZolis sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia~),
romlis sisastikem yvela gaaogna. komunistur
partias mouxda uxeSi Zalis gamoyeneba, raTa `daerwmunebina~ xalxis masebi ko-
munizmis upiratesobaSi kapitalizmTan SedarebiT. yvelas, vinc ar eTanxmeboda
am Tvalsazriss, Ceka daxvretiT pasuxobda. 1918 wlis seqtembridan yvelanairi
winaaRmdegobis dasaTrgunavad leninis mTavrobam `wiTeli terori~ wamoiwyo,
romlis drosac xvretdnen uamrav udanaSaulo adamiansac.

sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna

1918-1920 wlebis sisxliani samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi didi msxverplis xarjze
moigo bolSevikurma wiTelma armiam, romlis saTavesTan idga leninis kidev
erTi TanamebrZoli lev trocki (bronSteini). samoqalaqo omis periodSi ru-
seTma garkveulad aRidgina Tavisi sazRvrebi dasavleTiT, ukrainisa da bela-
rusiis xarjze, romlebsac man brestis zaviT damoukidebloba mianiWa, magram
ver daibruna baltiis qveynebi, fineTi, besarabia (moldaveTis didi nawili).
samoqalaqo omis drosve ruseTma daiwyo dabruneba kavkasiaSi, rac daasrula
saqarTvelos dapyrobiT 1921 wels: aq aqtiurobda leninis kidev erTi Tanamebr-
Zoli – erovnebaTa saqmeebis saxalxo komisari ioseb stalini (juRaSvili). 1922
wlis bolos yvela am teritoriis xelaxali dabruneba moskovis gamgeblobaSi
gaformda samokavSireo xelSekrulebiT, rodesac Seiqmna sabWoTa socialis-
turi respublikebis kavSiri (ssrk).
143
 Tumca nominalurad saxelmwifos marTavdnen `saxalxo deputatTa sabWoebi~
(aqedan warmosdga saxeli `sabWoTa~, `sabWoeTi~), realurad saxelmwifos xel-
mZRvanelobda komunisturi partiis centraluri komiteti, romlis saTaveSic
sul ramdenime kacisagan Sedgenili politbiuro iyo. politbiuro akontro-
lebda qveyanaSi nominalurad arsebuli xelisuflebis samive Stos – sakanonm-
deblos, aRmasrulebelsa da sasamarTlos. is marTavda Cekasa da wiTel armias.
komunisturi partia uSualod leninis mier Seiqmna.
1922 wlidan, rodesac lenini avadmyofobis gamo xelmZRvanelobas CamoSorda
(is 1924 wlis dasawyisSi gardaicvala) igi Secvala ioseb stalinma. is ruseTis
(1925 wlidan – sruliad sakavSiro) komunisturi partiis centraluri komite-
tis generaluri mdivani iyo 1922 wlidan 1952 wlamde, xolo 1941-1953 wlebSi –
sabWoTa mTavrobis meTauric.
leninizmi gadaizarda stalinizmSi. zogierTi istorikosi cdilobs, leni-
ni daupirispiros stalins, rogorc sikeTe – borotebas. magram yvela faqti
gviCvenebs, rom lenini arafriT iyo stalinze `keTili~. lenini, iseve, rogorc
trocki, stalinze aranakleb sastik meTodebs mimarTavda mowinaaRmdegeebis
mimarT. maT erTi mizani hqondaT – msoflioSi komunizmis damyareba da am miz-
nis misaRwevad gamarTlebulad miaCndaT nebismieri saSualebis gamoyeneba,
yvelaze sisxlianisac ki.
leninis memkvidreobisaTvis, anu uzenaesi ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi sta-
linma Tavidan moiSora `leninuri gvardiis~ sxva wevrebi: pirveli politbiuros
Tavi meore

(politikuri biuro) 7 wevridan bunebrivi sikvdiliT mxolod lenini da stalini

gardaicvalnen: danarCeni Zaladobrivad daiRupa (daxvrites, mokles). 1920-iani
wlebis bolos stalini saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli lideri gaxda.

socialisturi ekonomikis stalinuri modeli.

industrializacia da koleqtivizacia
1930-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi Camoyalibda totalitaruli sistema anu
iseTi despoturi, represiuli reJimi, rodesac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yve-
la sferoze absolutur kontrols axorcielebs mtkice discipliniT Sekrul
adamianTa jgufi (partia) erTaderTi lideris xelmZRvanelobiT. es erTaderTi

wyaro 1

leninis miznebisa da muSaobis meTodebis Sefaseba rusi filosofosis, nikolai

berdiaevis, mier:

`lenini zneobrivad acxadebs yvelafers, rac proletarul revolucias uwyobs

xels. keTilisa da borotis sxva gansazRvreba man ar icis. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
rom mizani amarTlebs yvelanair saSualebas. zneobrivi momenti adamianis cxovre­
baSi kargavs yovelgvar damoukidebel mniSvnelobas. da es aris ueWveli dehuman­
izacia. mizani, romelic amarTlebs yvelanair saSualebas, aris ara adamiani, ara
axali adamiani, ara adamianis srulyofileba, aramed mxolod sazogadoebis axali
organizacia. adamiania saSualeba am sazogadoebis axali organizaciisaTvis da ara
sazogadoebis axali organizacia _ saSualeba adamianisaTvis~.

144
lideri stalini iyo. TandaTan saxelmwifoSi Camoya-
libda misi pirovnebis kulti: sabWoTa propaganda ga-
nadidebda mas da unergavda adamianebs rwmenas, rom is
aris Seucdomeli da Seucvleli xelmZRvaneli.
1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda warmoebis yve-
la saSualebis, agreTve qalaqis sabinao fondis didi
nawilis nacionalizacia. gaCnda resursebis centra-
lizebuli ganawileba, rac uciloblad gulisxmobda
sameurneo da moxmarebis sferoebSi mwvave deficitis

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

warmoqmnas. samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTarebis miz-
niT kursi aRebul iqna qveynis industrializaciaze.
industrializacia arsebiTad emsaxureboda sabWoTa
sabWoTa propagandistuli
kavSiris samxedro Zlierebis ganmtkicebas da ekono- plakati kulakebis
mikis meSveobiT misi regionebis mWidro urTierTga- kolmeurneobidan
daxlarTvas. gandevnis mowodebiT
socializmis stalinisturma modelma meurneobis
gaZRolis saxelmwifo-mbrZaneblobiTi (`gegmuri~) sistemiT sabWoTa kavSirSi,
garkveuli modifikaciebiT, 1990-iani wlebis damdegamde iarseba.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi sabWoTa propaganda arwmunebda xalxs, rom
sabWoTa kavSirSi samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis Seqmnis dawyeba gamoiwvia
germanuli faSizmis safrTxem. xalxs gamudmebiT axsenebdnen `genialuri sta-
linis SorsmWvretelobas~, romelmac igrZno, rom germaniis saTaveSi movidoda
agresori da droulad daiwyo qveynis momzadeba TavdacvisaTvis. sinamdvileSi,
samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze aqcenti ruseTSi gakeTda sul cota xuTi
wliT adre, sanam germanias meTaurad hitleri moevlineboda.
stalinuri industrializaciis erTaderTi logikuri axsnaa, rom sagareo
eqspansiisaTvis mosamzadeblad sabWoTa saxelmwifos upirvelesad esaWiroe-
boda mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba, rac samxedro Zlierebis sawindaria. is-
toriuli faqtebi utyuarad mowmobs, rom sabWoTa kavSirma Tavisi zemilita-
rizaciisa da axali SeiaraRebis wyalobiT teritoriuli gafarToeba germaniis
Tavdasxmamde daiwyo.
1929 wels naTeli Seiqna, rom sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacia male CixSi
moeqceoda, radgan qveyanas ar hqonda sakmarisi finansuri resursebi. amitom
stalini wavida sxva, kidev ufro radikalur, nabijze: man soflis meurneobis
koleqtivizaciis gegma dasaxa. realurad es niSnavda glexebis xelaxal daymeve-
bas da maTgan im resursebis amoqaCvas, rac unda moxmareboda mZime mrewvelobis
sawarmoebis mSeneblobas da maT aRWurvas uaxlesi ucxouri danadgarebiT.
SeZlebul, anu mSromel glexebs (romlebsac rusulad `kulakebs~ uwodebd-
nen) romlebic daqiravebul muSaxelsac iyenebdnen, agreTve saSualo SeZle-
bis glexebs arTmevdnen miwas, sasoflo-sameurneo inventars, pirutyvs da am
yvelafers kolmeurneobaSi aerTianebdnen, xolo `gakulakebulebs~ cimbirSi,
CrdiloeT ruseTSi an yazaxeTSi asaxlebdnen. aman ganuzomeli zarali miayena
soflis meurneobas. Semcirda produqciis warmoeba, ramdenadac aRar arsebob-
da materialuri daintereseba. ukrainaSi saSineli SimSili (`golodomori~) ga-
mefda. sxvadasxva SefasebiT, 1932-1933 wlebSi iq sami-oTxi milioni adamiani dai-
145
 Rupa. iyo kanibalizmis faqtebi. 2006 wels
ukrainis uzenaesma radam (parlamentma) wyaro 2
am faqts `ukraineli xalxis genocidis~
`Sobili mouTmeneli ideal­
(genocidi – Segnebuli politika mosax-
izmis mier, romelic uaryofda
leobis eTnikuri, erovnuli an rasobrivi
arsebul viTarebas, komunizmi
jgufis an misi nawilis gasanadgureblad)
miiswrafoda ukeTesi da ufro
kvalifikacia misca.
humanuri sazogadoebisaken,
koleqtivizaciis eqscesebis Sedegad
magram migviyvana masobriv
masobrivad iRupebodnen eTnikuri ruse-
Cagvramde. is gamoxatavda
bic donze, yubanispireTSi, qvemo volgis-
optimistur rwmenas gonebis
pireTSi, samxreT uralSi.
ZalaSi, romelsac ZaluZs Seqm­
mxolod represiebisa da iZulebis gziT
nas srulyofili sazogadoeba.
miiRo sabWoTa xelisuflebam kolmeur-
moralurad motivirebuli
neTa mravalmilioniani armia, romelic
socialuri inJineriis mizniT
met-naklebad garantirebulad amaragebda
[komunizmma] moaxdina yvelaze
qalaqsa da armias sasursaTo minimumiT.
Zlieri grZnobebis _ adami­
anTa modgmisadmi siyvarulisa
masobrivi represiebi
da Cagvrisadmi siZulvilis _
1934 wels sabWoTa kavSiris erT-erTi li- mobilizacia. amis meSveobiT
deris, sergei kirovis bolomde gauxsnelma man gaitaca uWkvianesi goneb­
mkvlelobam stalins sababi misca daewyo isa da yvelaze idealisturi
Tavi meore

masobrivi represiebi `imperializmis agen- sulis mqone adamianebi, magram

tebisa da kontrrevoluciuri elemente- migviyvana Cveni, da ara marto
bis winaaRmdeg~. 1936-37 wlebis e.w. `sajaro~ Cveni saukunis usaSinles dana­
(sinamdvileSi – dadgmul) procesebze gaa- Saulamde~.
samarTles da mere dauyovnebliv daxvri-
zbigniev bJezinski, 1989
tes leninis droindeli partiuli elitis
sagrZnobi nawili, stalinis Zveli kole-
gebi. represirebuli `yofili partiuli amxanagebis~ adgils swrafad ikavebda
axalgazrda Taoba, romelic aRzrdili iyo stalinis gaRmerTebis atmosferoSi.
1920-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 1950-iani wlebis Suamde sabWoTa kavSirSi gamo-
tanili iqna 52 milioni ganaCeni politikuri motiviT. maT Soris sul cota erTi
milioni ganaCeni daxvretas iTvaliswinebda, risi aRsrulebac dauyovnebliv
xdeboda. kidev 6 milioni adamiani (ZiriTadad `kulakebi~) ganaCenis gamotanis
gareSe gadaasaxles cimbirSi.
1930-iani wlebidan stalinis gardacvalebamde (1953) sabWoTa kavSirSi, Zi-
riTadad mis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT ukacriel regionebSi, Seiqmna SromiTi
banakebis 430 sammarTvelo, romelTagan TiToeuli ramdenime banaks moicavda.
milionobiT dapatimrebuli am banakebSi da maT irgvliv amzadebda xe-tyes,
Sromobda qarxnebis mSeneblobaze, moipovebda qvanaxSirs, oqros, almass, urans,
tyvias, vercxliswyals, rac qveynisa da misi armiis gaZlierebas esaWiroeboda.
patimrebi anazRaurebis gareSe Sromobdnen. es iyo industrializaciis `ga-
saocari warmatebis mizezi~. magaliTad, sabWoTa propagandis mier ybadaRe-
buli `pirveli xuTwledis miRweva~ – 1933 wels TeTri zRvidan onegis tbamde

146
miyvanili `stalinis saxelobis TeTri zRva-baltiis arxi~ (belomorkanali) 150
aTasi politikuri patimris xeliTaa gaTxrili, romelTa didi nawilis Zvlebi
arxis napirebze darCa.
gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT mimdinareobda masobrivi represiebi 1937-38
wlebSi, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi daapatimres sul cota 1,5 milioni adamiani,
romelTagan 700 aTass daxvreta miusajes.
sabWoTa kavSirSi mefobda kremlidan marTuli sayovelTao terori (es sityva
laTinurad `SiSs~, `Zrwolas~ niSnavs).
komunisturi reJimis gansamtkiceblad (romelic, Teoriulad, isev `xalxi-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

saTvis unda yofiliyo kargi~) da sruli disciplinisaTvis momaval omSi, rasac
msoflioSi komunizmis damyareba unda mohyoloda, totalitarul reJims sWir-
deboda usityvo morCileba. sazogadoebis srulad dasamorCileblad stalins
saWirod miaCnda qveyanaSi SiSis sindromis danergva.
SiSis sindromi rom yvela teritorias da yvela eTnikur jgufs Tanabrad
gadasdeboda, moskovidan raodenobrivi kvotebis gansazRvra xdeboda pro-
porciis dacviT: winaswar igegmeboda gamosavleni `antisabWoTa elementis~
raodenoba TiToeul mokavSire, avtonomiur respublikaSi, olqsa Tu adminis-
traciul raionSi.
represiebi mZimed iwvnia saqarTvelomac, sadac inteligenciis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebTan erTad daxvrites an gadaasaxles uamravi ubralo adamiani.
komunizmis miznebisaken swrafvam sinamdvileSi ulmobeli diqtatura Sva da
adamianebs Soris sruli undobloba gamoiwvia.
II msoflio omSi sabWoTa kavSiri mxolod 1941 wlis 22 ivniss Caeba, rodesac
mas germania daesxa Tavs. iqamde ki TiTqmis ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, sabWoTa ka-
vSiri, faqtobrivad nacisturi germaniis mokavSiris rangSi, adevnebda Tvals,
rogor ipyrobda da anadgurebda evropis qveynebs hitleri.

wyaro 3

ssrk-is centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos

dadgenileba

mokavSire respublikebis moqmed sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsebSi sabWoTa

xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg moRvawe teroristuli organizacie­
bisa da teroristuli aqtebis saqmeTa gamoZiebasa da ganxilvaSi Setanil iqnas
Semdegi cvlilebebi:

1. am saqmeebis gamoZieba dasruldes araumetes aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi.

2. sabraldebo daskvna gadaeceT braldebulebs sasamarTloze saqmis ganxilvamde
erTi dRiT adre.
3. saqme mosmenil unda iqnas mxareebis monawileobis gareSe.
4. ar daiSveba ganaCenebis sakasacio gasaCivreba, iseve rogorc Suamdgomloba
Sewyalebis Sesaxeb.
5. sasjelis umaRlesi zomis ganaCeni dauyovnebliv unda iqnas sisruleSi moyvanili.

ssr kavSiris centraluri aRmsarulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare, m. kalinini

ssr kavSiris centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis mdivani, a. enuqiZe
moskovi, kremli, 1934 wlis 1 dekemberi
147
 stalinis pirovnuli Tvisebebi, misi ulmobeli simtkice, marTlac xelsayre-
li gamodga omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebisaTvis. magram omis dros da misi
damTavrebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma kidev ufro gaamkacra reJimi. nebismieri
sxvagvari azrovneba isjeboda. stalinis pirovnebis kulti ganmtkicda kidec.
represiebi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSic iyo.
stalini 1953 wels gardaicvala, totalitaruli reJimi ki arsebobas agr-
Zelebda, oRond masobrivi represiebis gareSe. 1956 wels sabWoTa kavSiris ko-
munisturi partiis XX yrilobaze daigmo stalinis kulti. qveyanaSi daiwyo
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis odnavi liberalizaciis procesi, Tumca partiis
generaluri kursi – mTel msoflioSi komunizmis damyareba – ucvleli darCa.

kompartiis erT­erTi saolqo

komitetis moTxovna I kategoriis
(dasaxvretTa) ricxvis 300 kacamde,
da II kategoriis (8­10 wliT
patimroba) 1000 kacamde gazrdis
Sesaxeb, romelsac adevs stalinis
rezolucia: `gaizardos I kategoria
ara 300, aramed 500 kacamde, meore
kategoria ki – 800 kacamde~
Tavi meore

klasSi samuSao

1. ra meTodebs iyenebda sabWoTa xelisufleba komunizmis kapitalizmTan Se-

darebiT upiratesobaSi mosaxleobis `dasarwmuneblad~?
2. yuradRebiT gaecaniT da imsjeleT wyaro 1-is Sesaxeb. rogor gesmiT fraza
`mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~?
3. rogor SeiZleba aixsnas stalinis swrafva industrializaciisaken? ra iyo
`industrializaciis saocari warmatebis~ mizezi?
4. isaubreT sabWoTa kavSirSi koleqtivizaciis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. ra Sedegebi
moutana kulakebis ganadgurebam qveyanas?
5. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT SeecadeT daasabuToT, Tu ratom mohyva
komunisturi ideologiis damkvidrebas qveynisaTvis esoden mZime Sedegebi.

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstis, wyaro 3-is, suraTi 3-iss (dokumentis fotos) da damatebiTi

masalis mixedviT dawereT Tema `masobrivi represiebi sabWoTa kavSirSi.~

148
27. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi daZlevis
amerikuli gza

1929 wlis 25 oqtombers uol stritis birJaze, niu

iorkSi katastrofulad daeca aqciaTa kursi. bir-
Jam muSaoba Sewyvita. aTi aTasamde banki gakortda.

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

sabirJo katastrofas aSS- Si ekonomikuri krizisi
mohyva, romelic qveynis istoriaSi `didi depresiis~
saxeliTaa cnobili. male aSS-is ekonomikis `didi de-
presia~ msoflio ekonomikur krizisSi gadaizarda.
aTeulobiT milioni adamiani umuSevari da Sesaba-
misad, saarsebo saxsrebis gareSe darCa. umZimesma
ekonomikurma viTarebam evropis mTeEl rig qveynebSi
xeli Seuwyo ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis mos-
vlas xelisuflebis saTaveSi. SeerTebul StatebSi
ki prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (1933- deda SvilebiT didi
1945) SeZlo qveynis `didi depresiidan~ gamoyvana depresiis dros

ise, rom misi TqmiT, `SimSilisTvis demokratia ar

gadauyolebia~.

`intervenciuli saxelmwifo~ da `socialuri saxelmwifo~.

aSS-is magaliTi
1929 wlis 25 oqtombris (e.w. `Savi xuTSabaTi~ SeerTebuli StatebisTvis,
droSi gansxvavebis gamo, `Savi paraskevi~ evropisTvis) sabirJo katastrofis
Semdeg dawyebuli msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi seriozuli gamowveva iyo
industriuli saxelmwifosTvis. aucilebeli gaxda liberaluri sabazro eko-
nomikisaTvis tradiciul ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobis principis
gadasinjva. fiziokratebis Zvel `laissez-faire~-is principze damyarebuli es
saxelmwifo politika zustadaa gadmocemuli XIX s-is 20-ian wlebSi amerikis
ekonomikuri `ayvavebis xanis~ politikosTa cnobil aforizmebSi, rogori-
caa `qarxnis mSenebeli adamiani taZris mSenebelia, masSi momuSave adamiani
– RvTismsaxuri~ (prezidenti kuliji) an `naklebi mTavroba biznesSi da meti
biznesi mTavrobaSi~ (prezidenti hardingi).
intervenciuli da socialuri saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi ukavSirdeba prezident franklin delano ruzveltis saxelsa da mis
axal ekonomikur politikas (ruzveltis ekonomikuri politikis inglisuri
saxelwodeba `New Deal~ pokeris TamaSisas banqos xelmeored darigebas niS-
navs). ruzveltis `axali kursi~ ingliseli ekonomistis j.m. keinsis moZRvrebas
efuZneboda, romlis Tanaxmadac bazris mier TviTregulirebis unaris dakarg-
vis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia saxelmwifos Careva (intervencia) da procesebis
regulireba.

149
 wyaro 1

nawyveti amerikeli mwerlis, jon steinbekis romanidan `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~:

`is, risTvisac Sromobdnen vazisa da xeebis fesvebi, unda ganadgurdes, raTa fasebi
ar daeces. es aris yvelaze metad samwuxaro da mware. forToxlebs mTlianad clian
vagonebidan da miwaze yrian. adamianebi ramdenime mils gadian fexiT, rom Sea­
grovon gadayrili forToxlebi, magram es sruliad dauSvebelia! vinRa gadaixdis
erTi Sekvra forToxlebisTvis oc cents, Tuki SesaZlebelia gaxvide qalaqidan da
ufasod akrifo isini? amitomac forToxlebis mTebs navTs asaxamen da cecxls ukide­
ben. da mas, vinc amas Cadis, sakuTari Tavi sZuls am danaSaulisaTvis, sZuls adami­
anebi, vinc modian forToxlebis Sesagroveblad. milionobiT damSeuls esaWiroeba
xili, oqrosfer mTebs ki navTs asxamen. da qveyanaSi dgeba mZoris surneli.

dawviT yava Tbomavlebis RumelebSi. dawviT simindi SeSis nacvlad – is karg

siTbos iZleva. gadayareT kartofili mdinareebSi da daayeneT dacva, Torem dam­
Seulebi miesevian. dakaliT Rorebi da damarxeT xorci. dae miwam STanTqos leSi.

es aris danaSauli, romelsac ar aqvs saxeli. es aris ubedureba, romelic ar gamoixa­

teba cremlebiT. es aris marcxi, romelic xazs usvams yvela Cven gamarjvebas. bavS­
vebi unda mokvdnen, radgan forToxlebs ar moaqvT mogeba. gamomZieblebma ki unda
gascen cnobebi: sikvdili SimSilobis Sedegad – radgan sakvebi unda dalpes, radgan
Tavi meore

mas Segnebulad alpoben.~

saxelmwifo subsidiebi fermerebs; sazogadoebrivi samuSaos organizeba

umuSevarTa didi masis dasasaqmeblad; xelfasis minimumis regulireba; sabanko
sistemis gajansaReba saxelmwifo Carevis gziT – `axali kursis~ farglebSi
saxelmwifos mier gatarebul RonisZiebaTa arasruli CamonaTvalia.
socialuri da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis TvalsazrisiT, aSS aTwleulebiT
CamorCeboda evropas. ruzveltma Zireulad Secvala tradiciuli warmodge-
na saxelmwifos funqciebze, gamoacxada ra, rom saxelmwifom unda itvirTos
`mudmivi zrunva sazogadoebis sayovelTao keTildReobaze.~ man gadadga qme-
diTi nabijebi socialuri saxelmwifos Senebis gzaze. amis gamo `axal kurss~
bevri afasebs, rogorc `mesame amerikul revolucias~.
XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi amerikelebma pirvelad miiRes socialuri garantiebi.
`socialuri dacvis aqtma~ (1935) uzrunvelyo umuSevrebi, invalidebi da moxu-
cebi saTanado fuladi daxmarebiT. SromiTi urTierTobebi mewarmesa da muSebs
Soris daaregulira kanonma koleqtiuri saxelfaso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb.

150
wyaro 2

ruzvelti `axali kursis~ mTavari politikuri motivebis Sesaxeb:

`zogierT did ers aRar aqvs demokratia, magram ara imitom, rom xalxma dakarga
demokratiis rwmena. amis mizezi gaxlavT is, rom xalxi daiRala umuSevrobisa da
uimedobisgan. adamianebi veRar uZleben moSimSile Svilebis yurebas maSin, rode­
sac Tavad ususurni arian qaosisa da xelisuflebis sisustis pirobebSi. bolos
maT gawires Tavisufleba lukma­purisTvis. Cven amerikelebma viciT, rom Cveni

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

demokratiuli institutebi qmediTunariania da SesaZlebelia maTi SenarCuneba.
magram amisTvis Cven unda davamtkicoT..., rom demokratiuli mTavrobis praqtikuli
RonisZiebebi pasuxobs adamianis uflebebis garantirebis amocanas.~

rigi ufaso
saWmelze aSS­Si
`didi depresiis~
dros

wyaro 3

ekonomikuri liberalizmis momxre prezidentis, herbert huveris (1929-1933)

wignidan `amerikuli individualizmi~ (1922):

`warmoidgineT, rom Cven (mTavroba) varT Sejibrebis organizatorebi. Cven, Tavisu­

fali da sayovelTao ganaTlebis gziT, vamzadebT morbenlebs, vaZlevT maT Tana­
bar starts. mYTavrobis amocanaa uzrunvelyos Sejibrebis msvlelobisas Tanabari
pirobebi. imarjvebs is, vinc ukeTaa momzadebuli, ufro niWieria da aqvs yvelaze
Zlieri xasiaTi.~

151
 damatebiTi cnoba

socialuri uzrunvelyofis britanuli da germanuli sistemebis Sedareba

XIX saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, socialuri reformebi inglisSi, upirveles

yovlisa, mimarTuli iyo masobrivi siRaribis daZlevisaken.

inglisis mier ganxorcielebuli didi naxtomis miuxedavad, industrializaciisa

da urbanizaciis sferoSi, aseve progresuli Sromis dacvisa da profkavSiruli
kanonmdeblobis miuxedavad, mraval mizezTa gamo, socialuri uzrunvelyofis sis­
tema ufro gvian Camoyalibda, vidre germaniaSi. britaneTSi ar iyo muSaTa mZlavri
politikuri moZraoba. germanuli monarqiuli konstitucionalizmisagan gansxvave­
biT, britanuli saparlamento sistemis legitimacia, yovel SemTxvevaSi 1910­1911
wlebamde mainc, eWvis qveS ar damdgara. garda amisa, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizmis gacilebiT Zlieri tradicia, laissez-faire­
is ideebi da socuzrunvelyofis Zveli praqtikis umniSvnelo xasiaTi... mosaxleobis
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sajaro institutebis Camoyalibebis neli tempi gan­
pirobebuli iyo agreTve TviTdaxmarebis Zlieri tradiciiT.

klasSi samuSao
Tavi meore

1. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT wyaro 1. moiZieT teqstSi Sesabamisi adgili da isa-

ubreT amgvari Semzaravi viTarebis Seqmnis mizezebze.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. imsjeleT `axali kursis~ SemoRebis aucileblobis
ruzveltiseul xedvaze.
3. wyaro 3-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT rogor esmis huvers saxelmwifos roli
liberalur ekonomikaSi. rogor fiqrobT, aris es laissez-faire klasikuri
gagebiT Tu huvers XX saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis zegavleniT, Semoaqvs garkveuli siaxle am principSi saxelmwifo
regulirebis saxiT?
4. teqstisa da damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT gamokveTeT gansxvaveba laissez-
faire-is princips, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebasa da saxelmwifo in-
tervenciul marTvas Soris.
5. gamoyaviT socialuri uzrunvelyofis britanuli sistemis erTgvari Ca-
morCenis ZiriTadi mizezebi.

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT daaxasiaTeT dasavleTis qvey-

nebis socialuri saxelmwifos ganviTarebis done XX saukunis pirvel aT-
wleulebSi.

152
28. hitleris mmarTveloba germaniaSi

XX saukunis problemaTa Soris, albaT, umTavresia

sazogadoebriv-politikur sistemaTa konkurencia.
msoflio omebis Sua periodSi gamoikveTa saxelmwi-
foebrivi mowyobis sami modelis urTierTdapirispire-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

ba: evropis qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebSi demokra-
tiis, ruseTSi bolSevizmisa da germaniasa da italiaSi
faSizmis saxiT.
marTalia nacional-socialistebma germaniaSi
mTavar miznad `germaniis marqsizmisgan gawmenda~
gamoacxades, magram sinamdvileSi sakiTxi idga ara
ase `faSizmi Tu bolSevizmi~, aramed `diqtatura Tu
demokratia~.
nacional-socialistebma xelisuflebis saTaveSi
mosvlisTanave (1933 wlis ianvari) `1789 weli amoSales hitleri
istoriidan~ (faSistebis axalgazrda (36 wlis) propa-
gandis ministris iozef goebelsis gancxadebiT), rac safrangeTis revoluciis
droidan moyolebuli, axali drois demokratiuli monapovris aRmofxvras
niSnavda. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, kanonis winaSe sayovelTao
Tanasworobis nacvlad, nacistebma kvarcxlbekze naciis, rasis, erTi partiis in-
teresebi daayenes, Seqmnes fiureris (naciis beladis) – adolf hitleris kerpi.
nacional-socialistebi xelisuflebaSi legalurad, demokratiuli arCev-
nebis gziT movidnen da sakuTari Zalauflebis aRsruleba swored demokra-
tiuli institutebis demontaJiT daiwyes.
ar flobdnen ra saWiro umravlesobas raixstagSi, nacional-socialistebma,
memarjvene da centristuli partiebis daxmarebiT, parlamentSi gaitanes ka-
noni `uflebamosilebiT aRWurvis Sesaxeb~, romelic nacional-socialistur
partias ganusazRvrel uflebamosilebas aniWebda.
am kanoniT SeiaraRebulma nacistebma, upirveles yovlisa, baTilad cnes
komunistebis saparlamento mandatebi. kompartiis kanongareSed gamocxade-
bas mohyva social-demokratiuli partiis akrZalvac. nacional-socialis-
turi partia erTaderT kanonier partiad gamocxadda. 1933 wlis oqtomberSi
raixstagi saerTod daSales. erTi Tvis Semdeg arCeuli parlamenti mxolod
nacisturma partiam Seadgina. qveyanaSi damyarda erTpartiuli diqtatura.
es `monapovari~ nacistebma ganamtkices kanoniT `partiisa da saxelmwifos
erTobis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb~ (1933 wlis dekemberi), romlis pirvel pa-
ragrafSi gancxadebuli mTavari principi `nacional-socialisturi partia
saxelmwifoebrivi ideis matarebeli da misgan ganuyofelia~, arsebiTad igivea,
rac bolSevikuri partiis devizi – `xalxi da partia erTiania~.
politikur praqtikaSi es erToba gamoixata sazogadoebis sayovelTao (to-
taluri) `gaerTgvarovnebis~ procesSi principiT – `pirovneba araferia, nacia

153
 yvelaferia~. gaerTgvarovnebas eqvemdebareboda yvela socialuri jgufi Tu
struqtura: Wabukebis unifikacia `hitleriugendSi~, qalebisa – `germanel
gogonaTa kavSirSi~, profkavSirebis nacvlad, muSebisa da mewarmeebis – erTian
`SromiT frontSi~.
germaniis gaerTgvarovneba ver iqneboda totaluri, Tu cxadia, ar moica-
vda kulturasac. unda aRmofxvriliyo totalitaruli reJimisTvis yvelaze
saxifaTo ram – Tavisufali azri, momxdariyo `azrovnebis gaerTgvarovnebac~.
nacistma studentebma wamoiwyes `ganmanaTlebluri laSqroba aragermanu-
li sulis winaaRmdeg~, rac gamoixata ganaTlebuli da modernizebuli sazo-
gadoebisTvis samarcxvino qmedebaSi: 1933 wlis 10 maiss `autodafe~ mouwyves
(koconze dawves) `aragermanuli suliT~ gaJRenTil wignebs (upirveles yo-
vlisa, ebrauli, magram aseve araebrauli warmoSobis didi mwerlebis wignebs,
maT Soris cecxls misces haines, hainrix da Tomas manebis da sxvaTa wignebi).

antisemitizmi da terori
holokosti (nacistebma evropaSi mcxovrebi 9 600 000 ebraelidan 6 mln gaanad-
gures) umZimesia nacistebis mier kacobriobis winaSe Cadenil danaSaulTa Soris.
hitlerma da misma moZraobam versalis zavis kabaluri pirobebisa da msof-
lio ekonomikuri krizisis gamo germaniaSi Seqmnil umZimes socialur-eko-
nomikur mdgomareobaSi (umuSevarTa katastrofuli ricxvi, hiperinflacia
Tavi meore

wyaro 1

Ddemokratiuli sistemis demontaJi

a

nawyveti prezidentis* brZanebulebidan `xalxisa da saxelmwifos dacvis Sesa-

xeb~:

`§1... daSvebulia SezRudvebi piradi Tavisuflebis, azris gamoTqmis Tavisuf­

lebis, presis Tavisuflebis CaTvliT, SekrebaTa da gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis...

daSvebulia werilis, fostis, telegrafisa da satelefono saubris saidumloe­

baSi Caxedva, brZanebis gacema Cxrekis Catarebisa da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb. aseve
daSvebulia sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva ~.

* saubaria vaimaris respublikis ukanasknel prezidentze, hindernburgze (1925­

1934), romelmac 1933 wlis 30 ianvars hitleri raixskanclerad daniSna.

nacistebis propagandis ministri iozef goebelsi:

`Cven, nacional­socialistebs, arasdros gvimtkicebia, TiTqos demokratiuli

principebis momxreni vyofiliyaviT. magram samagierod araerTxel agvixsnia,
rom mxolod movixmardiT demokratiul xerxebs Zalauflebis mosapoveblad da
vambobdiT, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg uars vityodiT im uflebebze,
romlebic Cven opoziciaSi yofnisas mogveniWa~.

154
da sxv.) Tavidanve ebraeloba daadanaSaula. versalis zaviT germaniisaTvis
dakisrebul valdebulebaTa Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis garda, `germaneli xal-
xis ebraelTa procentuli (valis) monobisgan gaTavisufleba~ iyo is mTavari,
rasac hitleris partia sTavazobda germanel xalxs jer kidev maSin, roca is
umniSvnelo politikur Zalas warmoadgenda.
saubedurod, mZime sameurneo krizisis viTarebaSi hitleris es dapirebebi
bevrisaTvis sasurveli aRmoCnda. sul male nacistebis marginaluri partia
masobriv partiad iqca.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg nacistebi Seudgnen antisemituri programis

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

ganxorcielebas. ukiduresad cinikuri iyo ukve is, rom es `kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze~ xdeboda.
miRebul iqna specialuri kanonebi (e.w. niurnbergis kanonebi `germanuli
sisxlisa da Rirsebis dacvis Sesaxeb~), romlebmac gamodevnes ebraelebi sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebidan. ebraelebs ekrZalebodaT sxvadasxva saxis pro-
fesiuli saqmianoba (vaWroba, xelosnoba), maTTvis SeizRuda gadaadgilebis
saSualeba. 6 welze ufrosi asakis ebraelebs mkerdze specialuri niSani – eqvs-
qimiani daviTis varskvlavi unda gaekeTebinaT. amas garda, ebraelebs daekisraT
koleqtiuri jarimis gadaxda 1 mlrd raixmarkis odenobiT, viTomda germaneli
erisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad.
ebraelebi jer getoebSi, Semdeg ki sakoncentracio banakebSi Seyares.
1938 wels parizSi momxdari mkvlelobis (ebraelma axalgazrdam mokla ger-
maniis saelCos warmomadgeneli) sababiT, nacistebma 9-10 noembers ebraelTa
sastiki darbeva moawyves, romelic `brolis Ramis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.
reJimi devnida ara mxolod ebraelebs, aramed gansxvavebuli politikuri
Sexedulebis mqone adamianebsac. nacistebma Seqmnes mZlavri represiuli aparati
`saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis mTAvari samsaxuris~ saxiT, romelic aerTianebda
yvela saidumlo da sadamsjelo uwyebas maT Soris, saidumlo saxelmwifo po-
liciasa (`gestapo~) da sagangebo `elitur~ organizacias (`es-es~). am mkacrad
centralizebuli samsaxuris mmarTveloba erTi pirovnebis _ hainrix himleris
xelSi iyo.
1935 wlamde politikosebTan erTad, aTasobiT mecnieri, mwerali, xelovani
iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo qveynidan. iZulebiT emigrantTa Soris iyvnen
albert ainStaini, mwerlebi hainrix da Tomas manebi, bertold brexti, msaxiobi
marlen ditrixi da bevri sxva gamoCenili adamiani. `rasobrivi~ kuTvnilebisa
Tu gansxvavebuli politikuri poziciis gamo germania 80 aTasze metma adamianma
datova (erTa ligis monacemebiT).

ekonomikuri politika
faSisturi reJimis ekonomikuri politika mokled SeiZleba davaxasiaToT,
rogorc `intervenciuli saxelmwifos~ politika gatarebuli arademokratiul
garemoSi, rogorc `intervenciuli saxelmwifos~ totalitaruli modeli.
ekonomikis marTvis nacisturi meqanizmi imave principebs efuZneboda, rasac
ruzveltis `axali kursi~: ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi sameurneo da so-
cialuri (upirvelesad umuSevrobis) problemebis daZleva saxelmwifos Care-
vis meSveobiT. magram gansxvavebuli iyo Carevis intensivoba da saxelmwifos
155
 wyaro 2

`fiureris principi~
a

fiureris moadgilis, rudolf hesis gamosvlidan partiul yrilobaze (1935):

`Cemo fiurero! Tqven germaniaSi bolSevizmze gamarjvebis mopovebiT CvenTvis

Sinagani Tavisufleba moipoveT. Tqven moupoveT germanias sagareo politikuri
Tavisufleba... dagvibruneT rwmena da sicocxlis xalisi...~

faSistebis beWdviTi organo `fiurerobis~ Sesaxeb (1921 wels gazeTis fur-

clebze hitleri ukve iwodeba fiurerad):

`adamianma unda aRiaros avtoriteti. amas eyrdnoba fiureris principi sazoga­

doebaSi. avtoritetis gareSe warmoudgenelia erToba. rasa da sisxli Tavis­
Tavad ar qmnian erTobas... amitom fiureri, Cveni sazogadoebis avtoritetis
gansaxiereba, xelSeuxebelia. naciis fiureri nebismieri kritikisaTvis miuwv­
domelia... aravis aqvs ufleba gansjisa, marTalia Tu ara fiureri... radgan rasac
fiureri ambobs, yovelTvis marTalia.~
Tavi meore

xelSi ekonomikis marTvis koncentraciis

xarisxi.
omis samzadisSi myofi germaniisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo sameurneo procesebze
ufro mkacri saxelmwifo kontrolis
daweseba. nacistebma gaiTvaliswines pir-
veli msoflio omis mware gamocdileba.
maSin kaizeris raixma omi, upirveles yo-
vlisa, imitom waago, rom droulad da
efeqturad ver moaxerxa ekonomikuri
izolaciis da gaWianurebuli omis pi-
robebSi sawarmoo resursis mobilizeba
frontis saTanadod mosamarageblad.
amdenad, hitleris ekonomikuri poli-
tikis umTavres amocanad samxedro mrewve-
lobis, komunikaciebis (rkinigza, avtoba-
nebi) ganviTareba da qveynis ekonomikis ebraeli bavSvebi sakoncentracio banakSi
avtarqiulobis (TviTkmaroba) miRweva
iqca. am miznis misaRwevad nacisturma re-
Jimma moaxdina ekonomikis marTvis mkacri centralizeba da biurokratizacia.
`SromiT fronts~ nacisturi partiuli aparatis maRalCinosani Caudga saTa-
veSi. sawarmoSic SemoiRes `fiureris principi~. mewarme `sawarmos fiurerad~
iqca.
156
 wyaro 3

robert lei (`SromiTi frontis~ xelmZRvaneli) nacisturi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb:

`Cveni saxelmwifo avtoritaruli saxelmwifoa... Zveli saxelmwifo `Ramis guSagi~

iyo, Cveni saxelmwifo aRmzrdeli saxelmwifoa... is Tavs ar anebebs adamianebs akvni­
dan kubos ficramde. Cven viwyebT sami wlis bavSviT. rogorc ki fiqrs iwyebs, patara
droSas iRebs Cvengan satareblad. Semdeg modis skola, hitleriugendi... jari. Cven
adamianebs ar veSvebiT... Semdeg modis SromiTi fronti, iwvevs adamianebs Tavis

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

rigebSi da aRar uSvebs maT samaris karamde, maTi nebis sawinaaRmdegodac.~

wyaro 4

adolf hitleris `Cemi brZolidan~ (1925):

`ebraeli dRes Zirs uTxris germanias da misi gacamtverebis mosurnea. Tuki sadme
msoflioSi germaniaze cudi ram ibeWdeba, yvelaferi ebraelebis SeTiTxnilia.

[marqsizmma] Seqmna ekonomikuri iaraRi, romelsac msoflios ebraeloba iyenebs

Tavisufali, damoukidebeli erebis gasanadgureblad... da amiT Tavisufali erebi
gawira dasamoneblad, msoflio ebraelobis finansebis tyveobisaTvis.~

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze (1 a da 1b) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT nacional-

socialisturi reJimis mier demokratiuli institutebis aRmofxvris
sistemaze.
2. wyaroebze (2a da 2b) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT `fiureris principis~
mniSvnelobaze totalitaruli reJimis damyarebisaTvis.
3. teqstsa da wyaro 3-ze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT `totalitaruli
saxelmwifos~ arsi.
4. teqstsa da wyaro 4-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT antisemitizmis nacional-
socialisturi saxelmwifos politikad qcevis deklarirebul da realur
mizezebze.

157
 29. italiuri faSizmi

faSisturi reJimis damyarebis leqsikoni

winapirobebi
omgadaxdil evropaSi italia iyo pir-
veli qveyana, sadac mmarTvelobis libe-
raluri sistema diqtaturiT Seicvala.
es cvlileba mravalma mizezma ganapiroba.
inglisisa da safrangeTisgan gansxvave-
biT, italiuri parlamentarizmi, germa-
nulis msgavsad, axalgazrda da susti iyo.
amasTanave, italia ekonomikuri da socia-
luri ganviTarebiT CamorCeboda sxva did
evropul saxelmwifoebs. italia indus-
trializaciis saerToevropuli proce-
sis miuxedavad, upiratesad agrarul qvey-
nad rCeboda. didi iyo agreTve qonebrivi
sxvaoba sazogadoebis elitarul jgufeb-
Tavi meore
r faSizmi – (laT. fasces
– wkep-
lis kona najaxiT, Zvel romSi
magistratebis (uzenaes xe-
lisufalTa) ZAalauflebis
simbolo, niSani imisa, rom
swored magistratebis xel-
Si iyo Tanamoqalaqeebis
sicocxlec da sikvdilic.
italiurad ki fasci ubralod
kavSirs, gaerTianebas niSna-
vs). italiaSi aRmocenebuli
es ukiduresad naciona-
listuri, avtoritaruli
sazogadoebriv-politikuri
movlenis saxelwodeba iqca
sxva msgavsi politikuri mim-

sa da mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas Soris. dinareobebisa Tu reJimebis

ukiduresad nacionalisturi sazoga- aRmniSvnel terminad.
doebrivi ganwyobilebebis gaCena gana-
piroba agreTve italiis sagareo-poli-
tikurma warumateblobam parizis samSvi-
dobo konferenciaze. omSi gamarjvebul
saxelmwifoTa banakSi aRmoCenilma ita-
liam, am gamarjvebaSi Setanili umniSvne-
lo wvlilis miuxedavad, parizis konfe-
renciaze Seusabamo pretenziebi gamoTqva,
ZiriTadad teritoriuli xasiaTisa. gan-
sakuTrebiT mwvaved idga qalaq fiumes sa-
kiTxi. italia qalaqis misTvis gadacemas
moiTxovda. gamarjvebul saxelmwifoebs
ki gadawyvetili hqondaT adriatikis
zRvaze am mniSvnelovani saporto qalaqis
serbebisTvis gadacema. maTi gegmiT, moma-
val iugoslaviis saxelmwifos gasasvleli
unda hqonoda zRvaze. 1919 wlis aprilSi
aSS-is prezidentma uilsonma, italiis de-
legaciasTan SeuTanxmeblad, Ria weriliT
mimarTa italiel xalxs da mokavSireebis
gadawyvetilebis mxardaWera sTxova. uil- benito musolini

158
sonis am nabijis sapasuxod, protestis niSnad, italiurma delegaciam `kari
gaijaxuna~ da datova konferencia. italiuri nacionalisturi presa aWrelda
xmamaRali SefasebebiT. italia cxaddeboda `damarcxebulad gamarjvebulTa
Soris~, omSi italiis gamarjveba ki `frTamokveTil gamarjvebad~ da sxv.
am nacionalistur talRaze da aseve mZime omis Semdgom socialur-ekono-
mikur fonze, italiaSi iwyeba faSisturi moZraoba. 1919 wlis 23 marts milanSi
yofilma socialistma da Jurnalistma benito musolinim (1883-1945) daafuZna
organizacia saxelwodebiT `faSi di kombatimento~ - `brZolis kavSiri~. kav-
SirSi ZiriTadad frontidan dabrunebuli meomrebi gaerTiandnen, romlebic

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

gansakuTrebiT ukmayofiloni iyvnen parizSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT.
organizaciis daarsebisTanave faSistebi Zaladobriv qmedebaze gadavid-
nen. amisaTvis musolinim Seqmna specialuri razmebi (`skuadre~), romlebic
mogvianebiT `erovnuli usafrTxoebis moxaliseTa miliciad~ gardaiqmna. am
`moxaliseebs~ `Savperangianebsac~ uwodebdnen (juzepe garibaldis `wiTelpe-
rangianebis~ magaliTis mixedviT, isini atarebdnen Sav perangebs an svitrebs).
`Savperangianebma~ didi roli Seasrules musolinis brZolaSi politikuri
xelisuflebisaTvis. am gasamxedroebuli jgufebis wevrebi gaxdnen faSistu-
ri ideebis momxre nacionalisti inteleqtualebi, armiis yofili oficrebi
da axali Taobis miwaTmflobelebi. moxaliseTa agresia izrdeboda `brZolis
kavSiris~ ZaAlis gazrdasTan erTad. isini ar eridebodnen Zaladobasa da re-
presiebs musolinis politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg.

romisken msvlelobas monawileni (centrSi

musolini)
159
 wyaro 1

nawyveti musolinis werilidan (1919):

`Cven sakuTar Tavs im fufunebis uflebas vaZlevT, rom viyoT aristokratebic da

demokratebic, konservatorebic da progresistebic, reaqcionerebic da revolu­
cionerebic, kanonis morCilnic da kanondamrRvevebic – es damokidebulia drosa da
adgilze, romelSic Cven gvixdeba cxovreba da moqmedeba~.

faSistebis mosvla xelisuflebaSi

1922 wlis 24 oqtombers neapolSi gaimarTa faSistTa yriloba. yrilobaze ga-
mosvlisas musolinim ganacxada: `Cveni programa martivia: Cven gvsurs italiis
marTva. drois moTxovna aseTia: an Cven mogvcemen Zalauflebas an Cven aviRebT
mas, daviZrebiT ra romisken.~ musolinis es muqara FfaSistebma ganaxorcieles
30 oqtombers – moawyves cnobili `msvleloba romisken~. am marSSi, sxvadasxva
monacemebiT, 30-dan 50 aTasamde adamiani monawileobda. italiis unebisyofo
mefem vitorio emanuele III-m, samoqalaqo omis Tavidan asacileblad gadawyvita
faSistebisaTvis xelisuflebis gadacema. man musolinis daakisra mTavrobis
xelmZRvaneloba.
sakuTari mmarTvelobis gasamyareblad da mowinaaRmdegeTaTvis moqmedebis
saSualebebis SesazRudad, faSistebma Secvales italiis saarCevno kanonmdeb-
Tavi meore

loba. am cvlilebebisa da arCevnebis gayalbebis gziT, maT 1924 wels kidev ufro
ganimtkices xelisufleba. 1925 wlis dasawyisidan ki musolinim xelisufle-
bis demokratiulobis ukanaskneli niSnebic mospo da totaluri diqtatura
daamyara. faSisturi partia erTaderTi legaluri partia gaxda qveyanaSi.
musolinim akrZala yvela sxva politikuri partiis moqmedeba da ukiduresad
SezRuda adamianis uflebebi.
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg, faSisturma reJimma daiw-
yo sakuTar gandidebaze zrunva. 1925 wlidan musolini duCEed (winamZRoli)
iwodeboda. 1934 wlidan ki sabolood yalibdeba duCes kulti. d D uCe cxaddeba
`mesiad~, `eris mxsnelad~, `yovlismcodned~, `winaswarmetyvelad~ da sxv. 1936
wels musolinis titulatura kidev ufro `Seivso~, misi oficialuri wodeba
gaxda `misi aRmatebuleba benito musolini, mTavrobis meTauri, faSizmis duCe
da imperiis damaarsebeli~. garda amisa, musolinim SemoiRo imperiis pirveli
marSalis tituli, romelsac italiis mefesTan erTad atarebda, yovelgvar
Zalauflebas moklebuli mefe ki mxolod simbolur figuras warmoadgenda.

naciis cxovrebaSi `faSisturi stilis danergva~

faSisturi partiis 1936 wlis sagangebo dadgenilebam italieli eris mier
`faSisturi stilis~ dacva moiTxova, rac imas niSnavda, rom mTel ers faSis-
tebis mier dadgenili cxovrebis wesiT unda ecxovra. magaliTad, ministrTa
sabWos dadgenilebiT SemoiRes e.w. F`faSisturi SabaTebi~. yvela italiels
SabaTi dRe samxedro, politikuri da sportuli `wvrTnisTvis~ unda daeTmo.
faSisturi stilis damkvidrebis mizniT, gazeTebSi gamudmebiT ibeWdeboda
160
fotoebi, romlebzec aRbeWdili iyo, Tu rogor ejibrebian erTmaneTs duCe
da misi garemocvis wevrebi curvaSi, sirbilSi da sxv.
cxovrebis faSisturi stilis damkvidrebis mTavari mizani `musolinis xanis
axali adamianis~ Camoyalibeba iyo. `axali (faSisti) adamianis~ aRsazrdelad,
sabWoTa da nacisturi reJimebis msgavsad, musolinis reJimmac Seqmna axalgaz-
rduli organizaciebi sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufebisTvis. eqvsi wlis asa-
kidan patara italielebi fics debdnen, rom `ar dazogavdnen sisxls~ naciis
sakeTildReod da wevriandebodnen organizaciebSi – jer `mglis lekvebSi~,
Semdeg `balilaSi~ (8-dan 11 wlamde), mogvianebiT `balila muSketerebSi~ (maT

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

urigdebodaT xis karabinebi) da a.S.
`faSisturi stili~ ebrZoda agreTve `burJuaziul gadmonaSTebs~. gamoica
SeEsabamisi dekretebis mTeli seria, romliTac ikrZaleboda, magaliTad, xelis
CamorTmeva da misalmebis es forma faSisturi salmiT Seicvala. yoveldRiur
urTierTobaSi idevneboda mimarTvis Tavaziani (TqvenobiT) formac.

urTierToba kaTolikur eklesiasTan. lateranis SeTanxmeba

masobrivi mxardaWeris mopovebis mizniT musolinis mTavrobam 1929 wels e.w.
lateranis xelSekruleba gaaforma romis wminda saydarTan, romlis safuZvel-
ze Seiqmna vatikanis qalaq-saxelmwifo. italiis mTavrobam formalurad aRia-
ra vatikanis damoukidebloba, papma ki sanacvlod cno italiis saxelmwifo

wyaro 2

`musolinis hqonda propagandis iSviaTi niWi da italiis gazeTebi yovelTvis

savse iyo misi gauRimari fotoebiT. is mudam winamZRolis pozaSi idga – stumre­
bis miRebisas, masebis winaSe gamosvlisas, cxenze amxedrebuli, TviTmfrinavSi,
mosavlis aRebisas. farTod afiSirdeboda miamituri istoriebi mis Sesaxeb: is
zepirad ambobda dantes leqsebs; is mTeli Rame muSaobda (mis kabinetSi RamiT si­
naTle specialurad iyo datovebuli); is Wkuas arigebda filosofosebs da rCevebs
aZlevda ekonomistebs. amerikuli saparsi pirebi gamousadegari iyo misi sqeli
wveris gasaparsad. mis mkacr da imavdroulad naz siyvaruls qveSevrdomebis mimarT
sazRvari ar hqonda... TandaTanobiT faSizmi da musolini yovelgvari kritikis
sazRvrebs miRma aRmoCnda.

male mTel italiaSi Senobebis kedlebi daifara iseTi warwerebiT, rogorebicaa

`duCe yovelTvis marTalia~ an `gwamdes, emorCilebode, ibrZole~. partiis rigiTi
wevrebic ukve zeadamianebad da mxsnelebad moixseniebodnen. axali wesrigis xotbis
Sesaxmelad gamoiyeneboda nebismieri SemTxveva – italieli sportsmenis gamar­
jveba Tu mravalSviliani dedis mier kidev erTi bavSvis gaCena... italielTa umrav­
lesoba SesaZloa inarCunebda undoblobas mTavrobisadmi, magram propagandis mier
gadmocemuli kargi ambebi nebismier SemTxvevaSi siamovnebiT miiReboda da realur
enTuziazms iwvevda.~

m. Cambersi da sxvebi, dasavleTis gamocdileba

161
 savoiis dinastiiT saTaveSi. lateranis
xelSekrulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaro 3
nawili iyo e.w. `konkordati~ (`SeTanx-
faSisturi gazeTi `popoli
meba~). am dokumentiT mogvarda italiis
d’italia” eTiopiaSi SeWris
saxelmwifosa da romis saydars Soris 1870
miznebis Sesaxeb:
wlidan arsebuli konfliqti. romis papma
uari Tqva 1870-71 wlebSi italiis samefos `ZiriTadi mizezi, romelmac
mier dakavebul papis samflobeloebze. aiZula italia momzadebuliyo
(saomari) moqmedebisTvis aris
faSistebis ekonomikuri politika ara monobis arseboba an civi­
lizaciis ararseboba abisinia­
faSisturi ekonomikuri politika ger-
Si (eTiopiaSi), aramed saamisod
manuli nacional-socialisturi nimuSis
arsebobs ori, absoluturad
mixedviT warimarTa. germanuli `Sromi-
aucilebeli ZiriTadi ar­
Ti frontis~ msgavsad, aqac mewarmeebi
gumenti: italieli xalxis
da muSebi erT organizaciaSi – e.w. `kor-
sasicocxlo moTxovnileba da
poraciaSi~ – gaerTiandnen, romelsac
misi usafrTxoeba aRmosavleT
saxelmwifo akontrolebda an uSualod
afrikaSi~.
marTavda.
`korporacia~ axali faSisturi saxel-
wyaro 4
mwifos safuZvlad gamocxadda. 1927 wels
miRebuli specialuri kanoni (`Sromis qar- `duCes kulti~. fragmenti
Tavi meore

tia~) avaldebulebda `klasebs~ eTanamS- boloniis universitetis erT-

romlaT `saerTo nacionaluri interese- erTi profesoris Canawerebi-
bidan gamomdinare~. mewarmeebis, muSebisa dan:
da saxelmwifos amgvar saxelmwifoebriv-
`boloniis faSistma gamgebel­
ekonomikur erTianobas `korporati-
ma Sekriba universitetis pro­
vizms~, zogjer ki `korporaciul saxel-
fesura da ganumarta maT, rom
mwifos~ uwodeben. ekonomikuri krizisis
is, vinc bevrs fiqrobs duCes
wlebSi italiaSi, aSS-isa da germaniis
gamonaTqvamebze, msjeloba­
msgavsad, milionobiT umuSevari adamiani
sac iwyebs. es ki kadnierebaa
saxelmwifom sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi
– gautolde duCes, duCesa da
samuSaoTi daasaqma (mag., avtomagistra-
ubralo mokvdavT Soris xom
lebis mSenebloba).
astronomiuli sxvaobaa~.

italiis agresiuli sagareo politika

faSisturi sagareo politikis mTavar miznad Zveli romis imperiuli dide-
bis aRdgena cxaddeboda. italieli faSistebi miiCnevdnen, rom Tanamedrove
italia Zveli romis kanonieri memkvidre iyo. maTi SexedulebiT, italiel ers
sWirdeboda `sasicocxlo sivrce~, xmelTaSua zRva ki italiis `kuTvnil zRvad~
unda gadaqceuliyo, rogorc es romis imperiis Zlierebis xanaSi iyo.
1935 wels musolinis jarebi SeiWrnen eTiopiaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ita-
liuri armia maincdamainc didi brZolisunarianobiT ar gamoirCeoda, italiam
162
mainc SeZlo am afrikuli qveynis dapyroba. am `warmatebis~ aRsaniSnavad~ 1936
wlis 9 maiss musolinim sazeimo sityviT mimarTa xalxs da amcno `TxuTmeti
saukunis Semdeg romis maradiul borcvebze imperiis aRorZineba~. italiis
mefes kidev erTi tituli – eTiopiis imperatori, Seemata. Tumca, Zveli romis
imperiisgan gasxvavebiT, musolinis `imperia~ mxolod eTiopias moicavda. am
agresias italiis saerTaSoriso izolacia da qveynis erTa ligidan garicxva
mohyva. amis Semdeg italiam kavSiri Sekra nacistur germaniasTan da iaponiis
imperiasTan. italia mxars uWerda nacionalistebs respublikelebTan brZo-
laSi espaneTis samoqalaqo omis dros. 1939 wels italiam moaxdina albaneTis

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

okupacia (romelic realurad ukve didi xnis manZilze italiis proteqtorats
warmoadgenda) da 1940 wels II msoflio omSi Caeba RerZis qveynebis mxareze.
safrangeTsa da poloneTSi hitleris swrafi gamarjvebebiT monusxulma mu-
solinim gadawyvita saberZneTis dapyroba da 1940 wlis oqtomberSi SeiWra
am qveyanaSi. Tumca, es samxedro avantiura italielebisaTvis uSedegod das-
rulda. male, mokavSireTa kontrSetevis Sedegad, italiam dakarga afrikuli
samflobeloebic.
1943 wlis ivlisSi italiaSi mokavSireTa jarebi Sevidnen. faSisturi reJi-
mi daemxo. musolinim italiis CrdiloeT nawilSi, romelic mokavSireebs ar
hqondaT dakavebuli, droebiT Seqmna `italiis socialuri respublika~. 1945
wlis aprilSi mokavSireebma qveynis es nawilic daikaves. musolini Seecada
SveicariaSi gaqcevas, magram is italielma partizanebma Seipyres da daxvrites.
omis dros daaxloebiT naxevari milioni italieli daiRupa, qveynis ekono-
mikas ki uzarmazari zarali miadga. 1946 wlis referendumiT italiaSi monarqia
gauqmda da damyarda respublikuri wyoba.

musolini da hitleri

163
 klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT, rogor movidnen faSistebi xelisuflebis saTaveSi. ra roli

ekisrebodaT `Savperangianebs~ FfaSistur moZraobaSi?
2. ra RonisZiebebs atarebda faSisturi partia sakuTari Zalauflebis
gasamyareblad?
3. ratom dasWirda faSistur xelisuflebas kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi
damokidebulebis Secvla?
4. ra aris korporativizmi da ra saxe hqonda mas FfaSistur italiaSi?
5. wyaroebis (1, 2) mixedviT imsjeleT musolinis msoflmxedvelobaze.
6. teqstisa da wyaroebis (2, 4) mixedviT imsjeleT totalitaruli reJimebis
mier iZulebiT danergil cxovrebis axal wesze. SeadareT erTmaneTs
sabWoTa, nacisturi da faSisturi reJimebis mier axalgazrdobis mimarT
gatarebuli politika. ganmarteT `duCes kulti~.
7. teqstsa da wyaro 3-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT italiis agresiuli sagareo
politikis miznebze.
Tavi meore
meore

saSinao davaleba
Tavi

1. am da wina paragrafebis masalebze dayrdnobiT SeadareT erTmaneTs

totalitarizmis sabWoTa, germanuli da italiuri modelebi. gamoyaviT
maTi saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. Tqveni daskvnebi CamoayalibeT
werilobiT.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1946 – italiis gamo­

cxadeba respu­
blikad
1922-1943 – musolinis mmarTveloba italiaSi

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

1922 – msvleloba
romisken

1929 – lateranis xelSekruleba

164
30. frankos reJimi

generali franko 1939 wlidan 1975 wla-

leqsikoni
mde marTavda sakuTar qveyanas.
espaneTSi diqtatura generalma primo r infrastruqtura – meur-
de riveram pirvelad 1923 wels daamyara. neobis im dargebis komple-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

am dros espaneTi jer kidev samefos war- qsi, romelic emsaxureba
moadgenda, magram mefes ukve aranairi Za- samrewvelo da sasoflo-
laufleba aRar hqonda. Tumca, pirvelma sameurneo warmoebas (gazi,
diqtatorma, ekonomikuri krizisis piro- arxi, navsadgurebi, xidebi,
bebSi, dakarga mosaxleobis da, rac mTava- aerodromebi, sawyobebi,
sarkinigzo transporti, kav-
ria, armiis mxardaWera. is gadadga da 1930
Sirgabmuloba, eleqtro- da
wels qveyana datova. erTi wlis Semdeg
wyalmomarageba, kanaliza-
taxtze uari Tqva espaneTis mefem – bur-
cia... ganaTlebis, mecniere-
bonTa dinastiis warmomadgenelma alfon- bis, janmrTelobis dacvis
so XIII-m. xarjebi da sxv.)
axali arCevnebi cvlilebebis momxre-
r eta – organizaciis baskuri
ebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, ris Sedega-
saxelwodebis, `baskebis qve-
dac espaneTSi damyarda respublikuri
yana da Tavisufleba~ (Euska-
mmarTveloba. axalma mTavrobam radika- di ta askatasuna), abreviatura.
luri zomebis gatareba daiwyo eklesiis,
miwaTmflobelebis, armiis mimarT. mo-
saxleobis nawili am politikas emxroboda
(gansakuTrebiT separatistulad ganwyo-
bili regionebi, upirvelesad baskebi, romlebmac Seqmnil viTarebaSi sakmaod
didi Tavisufleba miiRes), meore nawili ki ukiduresad uaryofiTad ganewyo.
radikalurma politikam nayofi ver gamoiRo da 1933 wlis arCevnebSi konser-
vatorebma gaimarjves. Tumca, maTac ver moaxerxes qveyanaSi mdgomareobis ga-
mosworeba da 1936 wels xelisuflebis saTaveSi isev radikalebi movidnen – ar-
CevnebSi gaimarjva `saxalxo frontis~ koaliciam komunistebis monawileobiT.

samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi. general frankos samxedro diqtatura

imave wlis ivlisSi konservatorma nacionalistma generlebma kargad momza-
debuli amboxi wamoiwyes, romelsac saTaveSi seqtembridan francisko franko
Caudga. espaneTSi daiwyo samoqalaqo omi. erT mxares idgnen nacionalistebi
general frankos meTaurobiT, xolo meore mxares – respublikelebi (maT
Soris komunistebi). nacionalistebma daxmarebisaTvis faSistur germaniasa da
italias mimarTes, saxalxo frontis mxareze ki idgnen sabWoTa kavSiri, meqsika
da saerTaSoriso brigadebi, maT Soris amerikuli abraham linkolnis brigada.
Tumca, dasavluri saxelmwifoebi oficialurad mxars ar uWednen respublike-
lebs da icavdnen `Caurevlobis politikas~.

165
 sami wlis manZilze nacionalistebma, fran-
kos meTaurobiT, SeZles yvela provinciaSi
sakuTari mmarTvelobis damyareba.
espaneTis samoqalaqo omma 500 aTasze meti
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, amdenive ltol-
vilad iqca (devnilma espanelebma ZiriTadad
samxreT amerikas miaSures). zogjer espaneTis
samoqalaqo oms moixsenieben II msoflio omis
pirvel konfliqtad.
1939 wels, nacionalistebis gamarjvebis
Semdeg, qveyanaSi damyarda general frankos
samxedro diqtatura. aikrZala yvela partiis
moRvaweoba, garda frankos mxardamWeri `fa-
langisa~. partiis ideologia eyrdnoboda an-
tikomunizms, kaTolicizms da nacionalizms.
1949 wels falangistTa partiis safuZvelze
Camoyalibda `nacionaluri moZraoba~. fransisko franko

1936 wlidan franko generalsimusis wodebas

atarebda. mas aseve moixseniebdnen kaudilios – winamZRolis – saxeliTac. is
gaxda saxelmwifos meTauri TiTqmis SeuzRudavi da absoluturi Zalaufle-
biT.
daiwyo respublikelebis masobrivi devna. falangistebi am devnas amarT-
Tavi meore

lebdnen respublikelebis mier maTi mmarTvelobis periodSi ganxorcielebuli

represiebiT. Tumca, frankos momxreebis msxverplTa absolutur umravleso-
bas Seadgendnen sruliad udanaSaulo adamianebi, romlebic ubralod respu-
blikuri mmarTvelobis mxardamWerebi iyvnen. bevrma maTganma Tavi gadairCina
qveynidan gaqceviT. araerTYi espaneli SeuerTda II msoflio omis dros safran-
geTis winaaRmdegobis moZraobas. espaneTma dakarga aTasobiT eqimi, maswavle-
beli, iuristi, biznesmeni, profesori, xelovani da a.S. bevri ki, vinc qveyanaSi
darCena arCia, umuSevari gaxda. xSirad maT adgils gamoucdeli da ucodinari
frankizmis momxre adamianebi ikavebdnen.
II msoflio omis dros frankistuli espaneTi oficialurad neitralitets
icavda, Tumca aSkara iyo frankos simpaTia RerZis qveynebis mimarT. frankom
moxaliseTa razmebic ki gagzavna sabWoTa frontze germanelTa mxardamxar
sabrZolvelad.

frankos reJimi II msoflio omis Semdeg

1947 wels espaneTi samefod gamocxadda. magram franko ar Cqarobda mefobis
pretendentis dasaxelebas da misi regentobis pirobebSi samefo taxti Tavi-
sufali rCeboda.
RerZis qveynebisadmi frankos simpaTia gaxda omis Semdeg espaneTis gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciaSi armiRebis mizezi. rogorc sabWoTa kavSiri,
ise dasavleTis qveynebi frankos espaneTs faSisturi reJimis gadmonaSTad
miiCnevdnen. am pirobebSDi moxda espaneTis izolacia saerTaSoriso arenaze.

166
 msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
samoqalaqo omSi orive
mxares daRupulTa
memoriali

omisSemdgomi pirveli wlebi espaneTis ekonomikisaTvis umZimesi iyo; 1950-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki mdgomareoba TandaTanobiT Seicvala. civi omis pi-
robebSi AaSS-is mTavroba cdilobda axali mokavSireebis gamoZebnas evropaSi.
frankos myari antikomunisturi ganwyoba da espaneTis gamorCeuli strate-
giuli adgilmdebareoba qveyanas amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis civ omSi
sasurvel potenciur mokavSired aqcevda.
1953 wels dasrulda espaneTis saerTaSoriso izolacia – espaneTma da aSS-ma
xeli moaweres madridis paqts. espaneTi iRebda finansur daxmarebas sakuTar
teritoriaze amerikuli samxedro bazebis ganTavsebis sanacvlod.
male daiwyo espaneTis ekonomikuri aRorZineba. 1959-1973 wlebi iwodeba es-
panur ekonomikur saswaulad. ekonomikuri reformebi ganaxorcieles frankos
mier dawinaurebulma e.w. `teqnokratebma~. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis
rekomendaciebis mixedviT, maT wamoiwyes farTo programa qveynis infrastuq-
turis ganviTarebisaTvis. teqnokratebi saRad moazrovne axali tipis ekono-
mistebi iyvnen, romlebic Caenacvlnen Zvel yaidis konservator falangistebs.
TandDaTanobiT Camoyalibda da mowinave poziciebi daikava saSualo klasma.
miuxedavad imisa, rom frankos mier Seqmnili reJimi faSizmis garkveul niS-
nebs atarebda, is mainc ar iTvleba faSisturad, radganac misgan gansxvavebuli
saxasiaTo niSnebi hqonda. faSizmi revoluciur miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis
gardaqmnas. frankos reJimi ki, avtoritaruli xasiaTis miuxedavad, konser-
vatul xasiaTs atarebda da tradiciebis dacvisaken iyo mimarTuli. italiis
faSisturi da germaniis nacisturi partiebisagan gansxvavebiT, frankos partia
ar iyo erTiani ideologiiT Sekruli monoliTuri Zala.
espaneTis mosaxleoba erTmaneTis monaTesave, magram sxvadasxva xalxebisagan
Sedgeba. am xalxebisgan zogierTs mkveTrad gamoxatuli erovnuli identoba
aqvs Camoyalibebuli (es upirvelesad Seexeba baskebs). frankos nacionalizmi
167
 qadagebda erTian erovnul TviTSegnebas espaneTis kulturuli mravalfe-
rovnebis mospobis xarjze. tradiciebi, romlebic ar miiCneoda `espanurad~,
ikrZaleboda. Tumca, frankos Sexedulebebi espanuri tradiciebis Sesaxeb
sakmaod primitiuli da bundovani iyo. magaliTad, cekva `flamenko~, romelic
erT-erTi provinciis – andAAalusiis tradiciuli kulturis nawili iyo, miiC-
neoda ufro farTo erovnuli identobis nawilad. sxva msgavsi tradiciebi ki
idevneboda. nebismieri kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba mkacr cenzuras
eqvemdebareboda da xSiri iyo akrZalvebi. Tumca, politika kulturis sferoSi
1960-iani wlebis miwurulidan TandaTanobiT ufro liberaluri gaxda.
franko erovnuli identobis SesaduReblad enobriv politikasac iyenebda.
man gaauqma respublikis arsebobis dros miRebuli baskuri, galiciuri da ka-
talanuri enebis oficialuri statusi. espanuri saxelmwifosa da swavlebis
erTaderT enad iqca, maSin roca qveynis milionobiT moqalaqisaTvis mSobliuri
ena sxva iyo.
amgvari politika mZafr winaaRmdegobas iwvevda. baskeTSi Camoyalibda ra-
dikaluri nacionalisturi moZraoba `eta~, romelmac SeiaraRebuli brZola
gaaCaRa reJimis winaaRmdeg. `eta~-s frankos sikvdilis Semdegac ar Seuwyvetia
brZola, miuxedavad imisa, rom baskeTma avtonomia moipova.
1975 wels, frankos sikvdilis Semdeg, espaneTSi aRdga monarqia da taxtze
avida xuan karlos I burboni (is taxtis memkvidred frankom 1969 wels daasaxe-
la). amis Semdeg espaneTSi daiwyo demokratiuli gardaqmnebi.
Tavi meore

wyaro 1

`TanamedroveTa mier frankos nebismieri Sefaseba koniunqturul xasiaTs atarebs.

es gasakviric ar unda iyos. franko metad TvalsaCino da gavleniani figura iyo
evropul scenaze, CarTuli sxvadasxva movlenebSi, imisaTvis, rom Tavi aeridebina
rogorc momxreebis, ise mowinaaRmdegeebis xSirad metad arasasurveli Sefasebebi­
saTvis. memarcxeneebs ar SeeZloT epatiebinaT frankosaTvis 1936 wlis amboxis or­
ganizeba, romelic xangrZliv da sastik samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda, milioni ada­
mianis sicocxle Seiwira, gamoiwvia respublikis damxoba da diqtaturis damyareba.
falangistebs aRaSfoTebdaT kaudilios daTmobebi kaTolikuri eklesiiis mimarT
da mis mier monarqiis aRdgena. germaneli nacistebi da italieli faSistebi gener­
alisimuss brals debdnen umadurobaSi, radgan man saTanado daxmareba ar gauwia
fiurersa da duCes meore msoflio omis wlebSi da mas daufaravadac miiCnevdnen
mfrxalad. `eWvs ar iwvevs, rom franko, ­ werda Tavis dRiurebSi goebelsi, ­ SeSine­
buli yvavia. is zedmetad baqiobs, rodesac amis saSualeba eZleva, da rodesac amis
pirobebi aRar arsebobs, is isev gaubedavi da mSiSara xdeba.~

helmuT damsi, franko. jariskaci da saxelmwifos meTauri

168
 klasSi samuSao

1. vin gauwia daxmareba espaneTSi samoqalaqo omis dros dapirispirebul

mxareebs? SeecadeT gansazRvroT amis mizezi.

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

2. wyarosa da teqstis mixedviT SeecadeT daaxasiaToT frankos pirovneba.
3. rogor Seicvala espaneTis politika II msoflio omis Semdeg? imsjeleT am
cvlilebebis mizezebze.
4. daaxasiaTeT frankos saSinao politika da isaubreT am politikisadmi
winaaRmdegobis mizezebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `frankos reJimi~. SeadareT is hitlerisa da musolinis

reJimebs.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1936-1939 – samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi

1939-1975 – frankos mmarTveloba

1935 1945 1955 1965 1975

1959-1973 – espaneTis ekonomikuri

saswauli

1953 – espaneTis izola­

ciis dasasruli
169
 31. iaponia II msoflio omis win

1869 wlis ew. meiZis restavraciis Sem-

leqsikoni
deg, iaponia gaiRo gare samyarosaTvis da
es ukanasaknelic gaixsna misTvis. iaponiam r inversia – aq; Ggadabruneba,
swrafi tempebiT daiwyo ganviTareba da Tavdayira dayeneba
male mezoblebTanac mouwia dapirispi-
reba. 1904-05 wlebis omSi iaponiam metad
damamcirebeli marcxi awvnia ruseTs. iaponia gabatonebuli iyo koreaSi, man-
juriaSi ki (dREevandeli CineTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili) mTlianad do-
minirebda ekonomikurad.
1915 wels iaponiam kidev ufro gaaZliera zewola dasustebul CineTze
da wamouyena mas e.w. `23 moTxovna~, romlis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, CineTis
ekonomika praqtikulad mTlianad daeqvemdebareboda iaponias. dasavluri
saxelmwifoebis zewolam da aseve CineTSi antiiaponuri ganwyobebis gaRvive-
bam aiZula iaponia uari eTqva Tavis ganzraxvaze. amasTan, iaponia I msoflio
omSi mokavSireTa mxareze dadga. omis dasasrulisaTvis iaponia ukve mZlavri
industriuli saxelmwifo iyo. versalis xelSekrulebiT, man miiRo yofili
Tavi meore

germanuli koncesiebi CineTSi, mas aseve samarTavad gadaeca wynar okeaneSi

germaniis yofili koloniebi.
TandaTanobiT gaizarda armiis roli qveynis sazogadoebriv da politikur
cxovrebaSi. samxedroebi qveynis sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT gardaqmnasa
da samxedro eqspansiaze ocnebobdnen.
iaponiisaTvis mZime gamodga msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi. qveyanas ar hqon-
da saarsebod aucilebeli sxvadasxva saxis nedleuli, romlis importic Seqm-
nil pirobebSi ukiduresad Semcirda. igrZnoboda sursaT-sanovagis nakleboba,
iaponiis mosaxleoba ki yovelwliurad erTi milioniT matulobda. gaizarda

iaponiis jarebis Sesvla manjuriaSi

170
umuSevrobis done. am pirobebSi samxedroebi cdilobdnen mTlianad sakuTari
kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebinaT mTavrobis moqmedeba.
samxedroebma, CineTze momavalSi sruli kontrolis damyarebis mizniT,
samxedro intervencia ganaxorcieles manjuriaSi. intervenciis uSualo sababi
gaxda 1931 wels mukdenis incidenti. manjuriaSi, qalaq mukdenTan aafeTqes
rkinigzis xazi, romelic iaponur kompanias ekuTvnoda. arsebobda didi eWvi,
rom afeTqeba TviTon iaponelebma moawyves samxedro intervenciis gasamarT-
leblad. iaponurma armiam daikava manjuria. iaponelebi daundoblad eqceod-
nen adgilobriv mosaxleobas da maT amgvar moqmedebas uzarmazari msxverpli

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

mohyva. manjuriaSi iaponelebma Seqmnes marionetuli saxelmwifo manjou-kuo
da is 1945 wlamde okupirebuli hqondaT.
1936 wels iaponia SeuerTda nacisturi germaniisa da faSisturi italiis
`antikominternul paqts~, romelsac gamokveTili antikomunisturi xasiaTi
hqonda da amasTanave iTvaliswinebda urTierTdaxmarebas aSS-is monawileobiT
omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi. 1937 wlis ivlisSi CineTis sazRvarze momxdari inci-
dentis gamo (romelic, rogorc Cans, isev iaponelebis mowyobili iyo), iaponiis
armia SeiWra CineTSi da qveynis imdroindel dedaqalaq nankinSi sastiki xocva-
Jleta moawyo.
manjuriis CrdiloeTiT iaponiis eqspansiis Semakavebeli gaxda sabWoTa kav-
Siri. sabWoTa armiam orjer, 1938 wlis ivlisSi da 1939 wlis maisSi, moaxerxa
iaponuri armiis damarcxeba da iaponiis eqspansia cimbirisken Tavidan aicila.
1940 wels germanias, iaponiasa da italias Soris oficialurad gaformda
aliansi. 1941 wels ki, germaniis kvaldakval, iaponiamac gaaforma Tavdausxme-
lobis paqti sabWoTa kavSirTan.

pirveli iaponuri avtomobili

171
 evropaSi mimdinare omi iaponias samxreTidan miuaxlovda. safrangeTis
dacemam da britaneTis mZime mdgomareobam gza gauxsna iaponias samxreT-aR-
mosavleT aziaSi am qveynebis samflobeloebze Tavdasxmisaken. iaponiam ga-
moacxada `didi aRmosavleT aziis erTiani keTildReobis sferos~ Seqmna. es
unda yofiliyo axali wesrigi aziaSi ganaTlebuli da industriuli iaponiis
winamZRolobiT.

wyaro 1

`iaponiis armiis oficrebi manjurias laboratoriad ganixilavdnen... romelSic

maT unda eCvenebinaT is efeqturoba, organizaciuli siaxleebi da ideologiuri
siwminde, romelic, maTi TvalTaxedviT, aklda maT sakuTar qveyanas... isini manju­
rias aRiqvamdnen tramplinad, Tu CineTze kontrolisaTvis ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
iaponiaSi reformebisaTvis~.

jon tolandi, `amomavali mze~

`iyo Tu ara 1930­iani wlebis iaponia faSisturi saxelmwifo? ara – im Tvalsaz­

risiT, rom faSizmi moiTxovs klasikuri liberalizmis cnebis inversias. sinam­
dvileSi iaponia arasodes yofila liberaluri da amitomac ar esaWiroeboda lib­
eraluri fasulobebis – saparlamento xelisuflebis racionaluri diskusiebiT,
Tavi meore

kompromisebis Ziebis, gansxvavebuli azris legitimurobis – Seryvna..

Tu evropuli mniSvnelobiT iaponia ar yofila faSisturi qveyana, is ueWvelad iyo

militaristuli. es niSnavda militaristuli interesebis prioritets naciona­
lur politikaSi, samxedroTa zegavlenis gazrdas ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaSi.~

riCard teimsi, iaponia. qveynis istoria

klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT mizezebze, romelTa gamoc daukavSirda iaponia nacistur germa-

niasa da faSistur italias.
2. isaubreT iaponiaSi samxedroTa rolisa da maTi msoflmxedvelobis Se-
saxeb. wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, Tu ras warmoadgenda iaponuri
militarizmi.

172
32. saerTaSoriso viTareba II msoflio omis win

hitleris xelisuflebis pirveli sagareopolitikuri nabiji erTa ligidan

germaniis gamosvla iyo (1933 wlis oqtomberi). amiT nacisturma mTavrobam
aCvena mTel msoflios, rom germaniaSi dasrulda `Semsrulebluri~ politika.
hitleris yoveli Semdgomi sagareopolitikuri svla versalis xelSekrulebiT

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

germaniisaTvis dawesebuli SezRudvebis saboloo uaryofas emsaxureboda.
1935 wlis ianvarSi Catarda sayovelTao saxalxo gamokiTxva zaaris ol-
qSi, romelic versalis zaviT safrangeTs hqonda gadacemuli samarTavad.
mosaxleobis umravlesobam germaniaSi dabrunebis neba gamoxata. 1935 wlis
martSi hitlerma qveyanaSi aRadgina versalis zaviT gauqmebuli sayovelTao
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri. 1936 wlis martSi man jari Seiyvana rainis
demilitarizebul olqSi (versalis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, am olqSi ger-
manias ekrZaleboda nebismieri formiT samxedro Zalis ganTavseba). 1936 wlis
noemberSi germaniam dado xelSekruleba iaponiasTan saerTaSoriso komunis-
tur organizacia - `kominternis~ (organizaciis sruli saxelwodebis – `ko-
munisturi internacionalis~ Semoklebuli forma) winaaRmdeg erToblivi
brZolis Sesaxeb (antikominternuli paqti). es organizacia sabWoTa kavSiris
Zlieri sagareopolitikuri iaraRi iyo. amdenad, antikominternuli paqti sru-
liad aSkarad sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. erTi wlis Semdeg
am xelSekrulebas SeuerTda faSisturi italia. amrigad, 1937 wlisaTvis ukve
gamoikveTa saxelmwifoTa aliansi (e.w. RerZi berlini-romi-tokio. aliansSi
Semaval saxelmwifoebs `RerZis qveynebsac~ uwodeben), romelic sul ar hgavda
mSvidobiani TanamSromlobis mosurne Zalas.
am Zalis namdvili ganzraxvebi mTeli sicxadiT gamovlinda 1937 wlis april-
Si, rodesac germanulma aviaciam gaanadgura qalaqi gernika (espaneTi). am dros
espaneTSi samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobda respublikis momxre memarcxene da di-
qtaturis momxre memarjvene Zalebs Soris. germania ukanasknels uWerda mxars
da mas samxedro daxmarebas uwevda.
amas garda, gernikis dabombviT germa-
nias surda eCvenebina msofliosTvis
sakuTari samxedro Zala da miaRwia
kidec mizans. axali sabrZolo teq-
nikis, aviaciis gamanadgurebelma Za-
lam SeZra msoflio sazogadoebrio-
ba. saxelganTqmulma mxatvarma pablo
pikasom swored es SemaZrwunebeli
suraTi asaxa Tavis cnobil tilo-
ze `gernika~. pikasos `gernika~ omis, miunxenis konferencia. 29.09.1938. wina rigSi,
marcxnidan marjvniv: britaneTis premier­
xolo misive `mtredi~ mSvidobis sim-
ministri Cemberleni, safrangeTis mTavrobis
bolod iqca. meTauri daladie, hitleri, musolini da
italiis sagareo saqmeTa ministri grafi Ciano

173
 dasavleTis didi saxelmwifoebis
politika germaniis mimarT wyaro 1

riT upasuxes dasavleTis didma saxel- hitlerisa da Cemberlenis er-

mwifoebma nacisturi germaniis am aSkarad Toblivi gancxadeba miunxenis
agresiul sagareo politikas? konferenciis dasrulebis Sem-
aSS am droisTvis kvlav misdevs izola- deg, 1938 wlis 30 seqtembers:
cionizmis tradiciul politikas, ar ereva
`Cven ganzraxuli gvaqvs moma­
evropis kontinentze mimdinare movleneb-
valSic mivmarToT konsultaci­
Si da mTlianad dakavebulia saSinao prob-
is xerxs Cven or qveyanas Soris
lemebiT, kerZod ki, 1929 wels qveyanaSi
wamoWrili sxva sakiTxebis
dawyebuli didi ekonomikuri depresiis
mosagvareblad... imisaTvis, rom
(krizisis) mZime Sedegebis SemsubuqebiT.
xeli SevuwyoT mSvidobis Sen­
didma britaneTma germaniasTan urTier-
arCunebas evropaSi.~
TobisaTvis airCia qveynis premier-minis-
tris, nevil Cemberlenis mier SemoTavaze-
wyaro 2
buli gza, romelic `dayvavebis politikis~
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am politikas Se- hitleris brZaneba germaniis
mdegi idea daedo safuZvlad: dasavleTs armias. 1938 wlis 21 oqtomb­
germanuli agresia Tavidan unda aecile- eri:
bina `dayvavebis~, daTmobebis gziT. `da- `... saidumlo gankarguleba
yvavebis politikas~ win uZRoda1935 wlis
Tavi meore

...SeiaraRebuli Zalebi mudmiv

inglis-germaniis SeTanxmeba flotis Se-
mzadyofnaSi unda iyos Semdegi
saxeb, romelmac gansazRvra am ori qveynis
SemTxvevebisTvis:
samxedro sazRvao flotis xomaldebisa da
wyalqveSa navebis raodenoba. 1. germanuli raixis saxmeleTo
am SeTanxmebiT inglisma, faqtobrivad, sazRvrebis da moulodneli
neba darTo germanias Seeqmna samxedro sahaero Tavdasxmebisgan
floti, rac, Tavis mxriv, versalis xel- dasacavad;
Sekrulebis gadasinjvas niSnavda (ver- 2. Cexoslovakiis darCenili
salis sazavo xelSekrulebiT germanias nawilis sakiTxis mosagva­
ekrZaleboda samxedro gemTmSenebloba reblad;
da samxedro flotis Seqmna). 3. memelis (klaipeda, Tanamed­
msoflios didi saxelmwifoebis zogadi rove litva) olqis dasakave­
damokidebuleba germaniisadmi kargad ga- blad...~
moCnda agreTve 1936 wlis berlinis olim-
piur TamaSebTan mimarTebiT. maSin mso-
flios arc erT saxelmwifos azradac ar
mosvlia gaeprotestebina agresiul saxelmwifoSi olimpiadis gamarTva (Seda-
rebisTvis, `civi omis~ dros, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma boikoti gamoucxades
1980 wlis moskovis olimpiadas imis gamo, rom erTi wliT adre sabWoTa kavSirma
jari Seiyvana avRaneTSi).
msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis amgvari damokidebulebiT gaTamamebulma
hitlerma 1938 wels germanias miuerTa misi mSobliuri avstria (`anSlusi~), ise,
rom didi winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvedria. amis Semdeg hitlerma Cexoslovakiis

174
 msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
pikasos `gernika~

germanelebiT dasaxlebuli sudetis olqis mierTebis survilic gamoTqva. am

SemTxvevaSic evropis didma saxelmwifoebma `dauyvaves~ germanias. 1938 wels,
miunxenSi, inglisma da safrangeTma gaaformes SeTanxmeba germaniasTan da
mis mokavSire italiasTan germaniisaTvis sudetis olqis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
miunxenSi hitlerma sajarod ganacxada, rom amiT misi pretenziebi Cexoslova-
kiis mimarT amoiwura. magram sul male, nacisturma germaniam samxedro muqariT
aiZula Cexoslovakiis prezidenti mTeli msofliosTvis ganecxadebina: `Cemi
qveynisa da eris beds germanuli raixis fiurers vandob.~

saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamZafreba II msoflio omis win.

`ribentrop-molotovis paqti~
1939 wlis martSi Cexoslovakias gamoeyo slovakia da gadavida germaniis
mfarvelobis qveS, magram SeinarCuna TviTmmarTveloba. danarCeni Cexoslo-
vakia ki daiyo `raixis proteqtoratebad~, romlebic berlinidan daniSnuli
moxeleebis mier imarTeboda. amrigad, avstriis Semdeg kidev erTi saxelmwifo
gaqra msoflio rukidan.
CexoslovakiaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma daarwmuna inglisi sakuTar
politikur SecdomaSi da uari aTqmevina `dayvavebis politikaze~.
Zneli misaxvedri ar iyo, rom germaniis momdevno msxverpli poloneTi gax-
deboda. hitleris propaganda dancigis (Ta-
namedrove gdanski, poloneTi) dabrunebaze
alaparakda. dancigi, germanuli saporto
qalaqi baltiis zRvaze, versalis zaviT
Tavisufal qalaqad gamocxadda da erTa
ligis gamgeblobis qveS gadavida. danci-
gis portiT sargeblobis ufleba ki polo-
neTs gadaeca. amave zaviT Seiqmna agreTve
e.w. `dancigis koridori~, saerTaSoriso
kontrols daqvemdebarebuli teritoriu-
li zoli, romelic soliviT iyo SeWrili 1936 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebis
sazeimo gaxsna berlinSi
175
 prusiis teritoriaze, ris gamoc aRmosavleT prusia
germanias mowyvetili aRmoCnda.
1939 wels sagangebo gancxadebiT inglisma da
safrangeTma poloneTs masze Tavdasxmis SemTxveva-
Si dacva aRuTqves. sapasuxod, hitlerma 1939 wlis
aprilSi gaauqma inglis-germaniis SeTanxmeba flotis
Sesaxeb, 1934 wlis SeTanxmeba poloneTTan Tadausx-
melobis Sesaxeb da Sekra samxedro kavSiri italias-
pikasos `mtredi~
Tan (`foladis paqti~). germania aRarc ki cdilobda
sakuTari ganzraxvebis SeniRbvas. omi evropaSi gardauvali iyo. inglisma da
safrangeTma daiwyes molaparakeba sabWoTa kavSirTan germaniis mxridan Se-
saZlo agresiis erToblivi ZalebiT Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb. molaparakebebi
gaWianurda. am dros, 1939 wlis agvistoSi, msoflio sazogadoebriobisTvis
sruliad moulodnelad germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma dades Tavdausxmelo-
bis xelSekruleba (`ribentrop-molotovis paqti~. xelSekrulebas ase ewoda
xelismomweri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis gvarebis mixedviT). xelSe-
kruleba Seicavda saidumlo oqms, romliTac ganisazRvra aRmosavleT evropaSi
germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSiris interesTa sferoebi. kerZod, sabWoTa inter-
esTa sferod germaniam cno fineTi, latvia, estoneTi da besarabia (rumineTis
nawili, Tanamedrove moldova). Tavis mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiri litvas cnobda
germaniis interesTa sferod. oqmis mixedviT germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma
Tavi meore

poloneTic gainawiles. mogvianebiT interesTa sferoebs Soris sazRvari mdi-

nareebis narevis, vislisa da sanas gaswvriv gaido. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris ngrevis dros, germania – sabWoTa kavSiris garigebis swored es sai-
dumlo oqmi gaxda baltiispireTis qveynebis mier damoukideblobis mopovebis
samarTlebrivi safuZveli. dRes samive yofili sabWoTa respublika – litva,
latvia da estoneTi – evrokavSiris wevria.

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT wyaroebs. SeafaseT `dayvavebis~ politika. klasSi imsjeleT, ra-

tom ver miaRwia am politikam mizans. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad gamarTlebu-
lia `konsultaciebis xerxis~ gamoyeneba ama Tu im saxelmwifos agresiuli,
SeiaraRebuli Zalis winaaRmdeg?

176
33. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi - sabWoTa kavSiri
meore msoflio omSi, qarTvelebi II msoflio
omSi

1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi naTe- leqsikoni

li gaxda, rom didi omi evropaSi gardau-

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

vali iyo. hHitleri daufaravad amzadebda
vermaxts dapyrobiTi omebisaTvis. 1936
wlis noemberSi hitlerma Sekra kavSiri
musolinisTan, faSisturi italiis xel-
mZRvanelTan, rasac ewoda `berlin-romis
RerZi~. 1940 wlis seqtemberSi dadebuli
germaniis, italiisa da iaponiis sammxrivi
xelSekrulebis monawileebs da maT mokav-
Sireebs `RerZis qveynebad~ moixseniebdnen.
diplomatia uZluri iyo SeeCerebina
faSisturi agresia. pirvel msoflio omSi
gamarjvebulma saxelmwifoebma – safran-
geTma da didma britaneTma – sakmaod gvian
daiwyes mzadeba omisaTvis. es maT Zvirad
daujdaT.
r vermaxti – germaniis Seia-
raRebuli Zalebis saxeli
nacizmis periodSi
r lend-lizi (ingl. lend –
sesxeba, Txoveba da lease –
ijariT micema an miqiraveba)
– 1941 wels aSS-Si miRebuli
saxelmwifo programa, rome-
lic iTvaliswinebda amerikis
mier Tavisi mokavSireebisaT-
vis samxedro aRWurvilobis,
teqnikis, sursaT-sanovagis
da strategiuli nedleulis,
maT Soris navTobproduqte-
bis gadacemas.

germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze. ssrk-fineTis omi

mas Semdeg, rac 23 agvistos hitlerma dado Tavdausxmelobis paqti sabWoTa
kavSirTan, gansakuTrebiT ki centraluri evropis ganawilebis Sesaxeb misi
saidumlo oqmis wyalobiT, sabWoTa kavSiri germaniis arameomar mokavSired
iqca. amitomac, rodesac germania Tavs daesxa poloneTs 1939 wlis 1 seqtembers
(es dRe miCneulia II msoflio omis dasawyisad) da germanias omi gamoucxades
poloneTis mokavSireebma – safrangeTma da didma britaneTma, sabWoTa kavSirma
dasavleTis es ori qveyana daadanaSaula agresiaSi.
istoriuli faqtebi ki stalinis gancxadebis zustad sawinaaRmdegos gveub-
nebian. poloneTze germaniis Tavdasxmidan 17 dRis Semdeg imave poloneTs aR-
mosavleTidan sabWoTa kavSiri daesxa Tavs da germaniasTan erTad gaiyo misi
teritoria: sabWoTa kavSirs poloneTis miwis 52 procenti ergo.
imave dRes, rodesac stalini `pravdas~ uziarebda Tavis Tvalsazriss in-
glisisa da safrangeTis mmarTveli wreebis pasuxismgeblobaze omis gaCaRe-
bisaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiri TviTon daesxa Tavs mezobel patara fineTs da ukve
1 dekembers Seqmna mis teritoriaze marionetuli mTavroba, romelsac unda
uzrunveleyo `fineTis demokratiuli respublikis~ `nebayoflobiTi Sesvla~
sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. magram finelebma ibrZoles da iseTi zarali
miayenes wiTel armias, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda dakmayofilebu-

177
 wyaro 1

stalinis pasuxebi gazeT `pPravdas~ SekiTxvebze (1939 wlis 30 noemberi)

a

germania ki ar daesxa safrangeTsa da ingliss, aramed safrangeTi da inglisi daes­

xnen Tavs germanias da aiRes pasuxismgebloba amJamindel omze;

samxedro moqmedebis dawyebis Semdeg germaniam mimarTa safrangeTsa da ingliss

samSvidobo winadadebebiT, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma Riad dauWira mxari germa­
niis samSvidobo winadadebebs, radgan mas miaCnda da miaCnia, rom omis uswrafesad
damTavreba Zireulad Seamsubuqebda yvela qveynisa da xalxis mdgomareobas;

inglisisa da safrangeTis mmarTvelma wreebma uxeSad uaryves rogorc germa­

niis samSvidobo winadadebebi, ise sabWoTa kavSiris mcdeloba omis uswrafesad
dasamTavreblad.
Tavi meore

centraluri evropis dayofa realuri teritoriuli

molotov­ribentropis cvlilebebi 1939­1940
paqtis mixedviT
sala

sabWoTa kavSiri
ka
i

germania
r is
eT

ne
el s
eT
ed

o sr

sxva kontinentebi da teritoriebi

ed

­f
Sv

i­
Sv

a.p. aRmosavleTi prusia

fineTi karelia
fineTi
1939 esto­
ruseTis sabWoTa gavlenis sfero latviis neTi
estoneTi ssr ruseTis
dancigi,
ssfr germaniis gavlenis sfero
vilniusis
ssfr
Tavisufali saxelmwifo sazRvrebi 1939 litvis
latvia regioni suvalkis
qalaqi
litva SeTanxmebuli sazRvrebi samkuTxedi ssr
belarusi­

a.p. sabWoTa respublikebis

is ssr

dasadgeni a.p.
sazRvrebi 1939 belarusiis
statusi
poloneTi 1940 ssr
bohemiis da
aneqsirebuli ssrk­is mier
ukrainis moraviis pro­ ukrainis
Cexos
lova ssr aneqsirebuli germaniis mier keTi ssr
kia teqtorati
slova
eT i germaniis mier okupirebuli i
ngr reT
u ung
rumineTi saxelmwifo sazRvrebi 1940
iug iug rumineTi
osl saxelmwifo sazRvrebi 1938 osl
avi avi molda­
a besarabia sabWoTa respublikebis a veTis ssr
sazRvrebi 1940

178
liyo mxolod fineTis teritoriis mcire nawi-
lis mitacebiT. is, rom fineTTan omi namdvili
agresia iyo mtkicdeba imiT, rom 1939 wlis 14
dekembers erTa ligam Tavisi rigebidan gari-
cxa sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc agresori. sxvaTa
Soris, finelebisaTvis samxedro SeiaraRebiT
daxmarebis gawevas apirebda italia, magram
hitlerma ar gaatara germaniis teritoriaze
italiuri iaraRi, romelic misi imdroindeli

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

mokavSiris, sabWoTa kavSiris, winaaRmdeg unda
gamoyenebuliyo.
1940 wlis ivnisSi sabWoTa kavSirma ubrZol-
velad moaxdina baltiis respublikebis – lit-
vis, latviisa da estoneTis aneqsireba, xolo
rumineTs CamoaWra besarabia (dRevandeli mol-
dovis nawili) da CrdiloeTi bukovina. es yve- molotov­ribentropis
laferi SeTanxmebuli iyo germaniasTan. paqtis xelmowera

`ucnauri omi~ evropaSi da

safrangeTis kapitulacia
amave dros, dasavleTis frontze germaniis
mowinaaRmdegeebi aqtiur moqmedebas ver bedav-
dnen. naxevar welze met xans mimdinareobda e.w.
`ucnauri omi~, rodesac mowinaaRmdegeebi isxd-
nen sangrebSi, iSviaTad bombavdnen erTimeores
da ar gadadiodnen Setevaze. vermaxtma ki da-
amTavra safuZvliani momzadeba da 9 aprils
ramdenime saaTSi daikava dania. imave dRes ger- hitleri da stalini,
inglisuri karikatura
manulma armiam gadasxa sahaero da sazRvao des-
anti norvegiaSi da misi dedaqalaqi oslo daika-
va. amiT hitleri axdenda didi britaneTis mo-
salodneli Setevisagan SvedeTis izolirebas,
romelic neitraluri rCeboda, magram germanias
awvdida maRalxarisxovan rkinis madans, rac mis
samxedro mrewvelobas Zalian esaWiroeboda.
did britaneTSi, romlis uzarmazarma sazR-
vao flotmac ver SeaCera germanuli desan-
ti norvegiaSi, politikuri krizisi daiwyo.
mmarTvelma konservatiulma partiam lideri
Secvala da premier-ministrad 10 maiss dainiSna
nacizmTan aqtiuri brZolis momxre, energiuli
kaci – uinston CerCili.
imave 10 maiss germaniam daarRvia belgiis, germanuli tanki parizSi
niderlandisa da luqsemburgis neitralite-

179
 ti da swraf Setevaze gadavida. 5 dReSi
danebda holandia, 18 dReSi – belgia. 21
maiss vermaxti la-manSis sruteze gavida
da q. diunkerkTan moimwyvdia britanuli
saeqspedicio korpusi. 23-dan 25 maisamde
germanul samxedro nawilebs hitlerma Se-
Cereba ubrZana, ramac britanelebs saSua-
leba misca armiis evakuacia moexdinaT Ta-
vianT kunZulze, sabrZolo teqnika ki mie-
tovebinaT. rodesac germanuli satanko
diviziebi samxreTisaken Semobrundnen,
safrangeTis mTavrobam SeuZleblad miiC-
nia parizis dacva da is ubrZolvelad
daTmo. 14 ivniss germanelebi parizSi Se-
vidnen, 22 ivniss ki safrangeTis respu-
blikis axaldaniSnuli premier-ministri
marSali anri peteni dauzavda nacistebs
da maTTan TanamSromloba (kolabora-
cionizmi) daiwyo. safrangeTma kompienis
tyeSi xeli moawera xelSekrulebas kapi-
tulaciis Sesaxeb. I msoflio omSi ganc-
Tavi meore
dili marcxiT gamowveuli SurisZiebis
grZnobis srulad dasakmayofileblad,
hitleris moTxovniT, samxedro muzeu-
midan gamoitanes marSal foSis vagoni da
aiZules frangebi, swored iq moeweraT
xeli kapitulaciisTvis. safrangeTis Cr-
diloeTi da samxreT-dasavleTi nawile-
bi germaniis mier iyo okupirebuli, xolo
samxreTi iqca avtonomiur e.w. `safrange-
Tis saxelmwifod~: misi dedaqalaqi gax-
da sakurorto qalaqi viSi (amis gamo iq
arsebul marionetul frangul mTavro-
bas `viSis reJimi~ ewoda). amave dros did
britaneTSi gaxiznulma generalma Sarl
de golma Seqmna `Tavisufali safrange-
Tis~ moZraoba, romelsac armiis nawili
SeuerTda: isini nacizmis winaaRmdeg moka-
vSireebis mxardamxar ibrZodnen.
hitlers erTi xanoba egona, rom
safrangeTis omidan gamoTiSvis Semdeg
didi britaneTi samSvidobo molaparake-
bas daiwyebda (SesaZloa, amis gamo mieca
britanuli armiis pirad Semadgenlobas
evakuaciis saSualeba, Tumca am sakiTxze
180
wyaro 2
`amerikam `lend­lizis~ wesiT
miawoda sabWoTa kavSirs spe­
cialuri foladi – tanke­
bisaTvis, alumini – TviT­
mfrinavebisaTvis, spilenZi
– eleqtroZravebisaTvis, kala,
nikeli, kauCuki, tyvia­wamali,
yumbarebi, samxedro xomaldebi,
magistraluri orTqlmavlebi
da vagonebi, sarkinigzo relsebi,
radiomowyobiloba, radarebi,
satelefono kabeli, Carxebi, saa­
viacio da saavtomobilo sawvavi,
didi zomis saburavebi da sxva.
sabWoTa kavSirma mokavSireebisa­
gan miiRo mTeli Tavisi sazenito
artileria, 22 aTasze meti TviT­
mfrinavi, 13 aTasamde tanki, 31
aTasi yvelganmavali jipi, 32 aTa­
si samxedro motocikli da 400
aTasze meti satvirTo manqana,
maT Soris `studebekeris~ markis
mZlavri avtomanqanebi, romleb­
sac artileriis gadasazidadac
iyenebdnen.
SedarebisaTvis, sabWoTa mrewve­
lobam omis periodSi gamouSva
266 aTasi satvirTo avtomanqana
da 28 aTasi motocikli, Tanac
sakmaod mdare xarisxisa. ji­
pebs sabWoTa mrewveloba arc
awarmoebda. mxolod amerikul
`studebekerebze~ montaJdeboda
zalpuri cecxlis moZravi dana­
dgari `be­em­13~, xalxSi cnobi­
li, rogorc `katiuSa~: sabWoTa
avtomanqanebi danadgaris pirve­
live zalpis Semdeg nawilebad
iSleboda.
jamSi daxmarebam Seadgina 48 mil­
iard dolarze meti, rac im dros
uzarmazar Tanxas Seadgenda.
r. gaCeCilaZe, Cemi XX saukune,
2011
istorikosebs saerTo azri ara aqvT). magram didi britaneTis mTavroba kompro-
misze ar wavida. maSin misi nebis gasatexad da britaneTSi SeWris mosamzadeblad
hitlerma liuftvafes (samxedro-sahaero Zalebs) daavala didi britaneTis qa-
laqebis umowyalo dabombva. magram qveyana, CerCilis meTaurobiT, ar danebda.

sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is Cabma omSi. antihitleruli

koaliciis Seqmna
arsebobs mosazreba, rom stalini 1939 wels gaurigda hitlers faruli imediT,

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

rom germania dasavleTis frontze xangrZliv da gamomfitav omSi Caebmeboda.
aseT SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa kavSirs eqneboda saSualeba, ukeT momzadebuliyo
omisaTvis da garkveul etapze aRmosavleTidan Seetia germaniisaTvis: nacizmis
damarcxeba stalins damsaxurebad CaeTvleboda.1940 wlis germaniis saocarma
samxedro warmatebebma es gegma CaSala da sabWoTa kavSirs germaniasTan omis ga-
davadebis saWiroeba Seeqmna: aseTi omi rom gardauvali iyo, ukve maSin iyo naTeli.
1941 wlis 22 ivniss hitleruli germania daesxa Tavs sabWoTa kavSirs. sab-
WoTa propaganda mudmivad axsenebda `moulodnelobis moments~, romelmac
TiTqos ganapiroba wiTeli armiis sastiki marcxi omis pirvel TveebSi, rode-
sac vermaxtma daikava ukraina, belarusi, baltiispireTi da uSualod miadga
moskovsa da leningrads. sinamdvileSi omi moulodneli ar yofila, sabWoTa
armiebi sazRvarTan idgnen, magram isini saTanadod ar iyvnen momzadebulebi.
vermaxti ki, gansakuTrebiT misi satanko diviziebi da liuftvafe, did samxed-
ro gamocdilebas flobda.
sabWoTa kavSiris omSi CabmisTanave didma britaneTma mokavSireoba SesTava-
za mas. 1941 wlis bolos maT SeuerTda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelsac
Tavs daesxa iaponia. amerikam `lend-lizis~ programiT uzarmazari materialu-
ri daxmareba aRmouCina orive mokavSires, upirvelesad wiTel armias.
omSi monawile qveynebs Soris adamianTa yvelaze didi danakargi sabWoTa
kavSirs hqonda – 26 milioni adamiani, romelTa Soris samoqalaqo pirebic igu-

wyaro 3

f. d. ruzvelti i. stalins (miRebulia 1942 wlis 13 Tebervals):

`es­es aris Cemi yuradReba miapyres faqts, rom sabWoTa mTavrobam ganaTavsa CvenTan
saqonlisa da SeiaraRebis SekveTebi Tanxaze, romelic aRemateba erT miliard
dolars, romelic gasul Semodgomaze gadaica sabWoTa mTavrobis gankargulebaSi
SeiaraRebis sesxad an ijariT [`lend­liziT~] gadacemis kanonis Sesabamisad. me
gTavazobT, rom imave kanoniT Tqveni mTavrobis gankargulebaSi gadmogceT meore
miliardi imave pirobebiT, romliTac pirveli miliardi mogecaT~.

i. stalinis werilidan f. d. ruzveltisadmi (1942 w. 18 Tebervali)

`unda davadasturo, rom swored amJamad, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebi da misi
armia Zabaven Zalas, raTa …ukuagdon hitleruli jarebi, amerikuli mowodebis Ses­
rulebas, maT Soris tankebisa da TviTmfrinavebis [gamogzavnas], didi mniSvneloba
aqvs Cveni saerTo saqmisaTvis~.

181
 lisxmebian. magram es saamayo sulac araa: aseTi didi danakargi aCvenebs Zalian
cud xelmZRvanelobas, daundoblobas sakuTari jariskacebisa da mSvidobiani
mosaxleobis mimarT.
germanias, romelic omSi damarcxda, TiTqmis mTlianad daingra da ramdenime
frontze ibrZoda, adamianTa danakargi sabWoTaze ornaxevarjer naklebi hqon-
da, radgan maTi generlebi cocxal Zalas SeZlebisdagvarad ufrTxildebodnen.

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

msoflio omma umZimesi adamianuri zarali miayena saqarTvelos. saerTo
jamSi, omis dros samxedro samsaxurSi gaiwvies naxevar milionze meti kaci,
maTgan daaxloebiT 200 aTasi daiRupa an ugzo-ukvlod daikarga, 100 aTasamde
xeibari dabrunda. saWiro gaxda qveynis meurneobis samxedro relsebze gadayva-
na. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca samxedro industriisaTvis aucilebeli
wiaRiseulis mopovebas. gaizarda manganumis mopoveba WiUaTuraSi da qvanaxSiri-
sa – tyibulsa da tyvarCelSi. TbilisSi gaixsna q. taganrogidan evakuirebuli
saaviacio qarxana, romelic aviagamanadgurebelebs uSvebda. respublikas Tavi
Seafara auarebelma ltolvilma sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleTi regionebidan,
ramac mZime socialuri viTareba kidev ufro daZaba.
omis periodSi Seiqmna ramdenime qarTuli divizia. 224-e qarTuli divizia mo-
nawileobda brZolebSi qerCis naxevarkunZulze da TiTqmis mTlianad daiRupa
sabWoTa samxedro xelmZRvanelobis uniaTobis gamo, xolo 242, 392-e da 414-e
Tavi meore

diviziebi kavkasiis dasacavad ibrZodnen. qarTvelebi aseve igzavnebodnen sxva

sajariso nawilebSi da aqtiurad monawileobdnen partizanul omSi.
omTan dakavSirebiT gaiyo poziciebi qarTul emigraciaSi.
erovnul-demokratebma germanias dauWires mxari (am mxardaWeras araferi
hqonda saerTo nacional-socialisturi ideologiis gaziarebasTan: erovnul-
demokratebi imedovnebdnen germaniis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenas). germaniis mxareze ibrZoda qarTvelebisgan Sedgenili ramdenime
samxedro SenaerTic.
meore mxriv, emigraciaSi myofma social-demokratebma neitraluri pozi-
cia daikaves, safrangeTis okupaciis dros ki maT uari Tqves germanelebTan
TanamSromlobaze.

wyaro 4

marSal g. Jukovis saubridan amerikel general d. eizenhauerTan (1945):

`rodesac Cven mivadgebiT danaRmul vels, Cveni qveiTi jari zustad ise utevs,
rogorc naRmebisagan Tavisufal adgilze. naRmebiT miyenebul danakargs Cven vuTan­
abrebT im danakargs, romelic SeiZleboda migveRo, Tuki germanelebi tyviamfrqveve­
biTa da artileriiT daicavdnen imave adgils~.

eizenhaueris komentari Jukovis am sityvebze Tavisi mogonebebis wignSi:

`me naTlad warmovidgine, Tu ra daemarTeboda romelime amerikel an britanel

meTaurs, Tuki igi aseTi taqtikis gamoyenebas Seecdeboda! ... amerikelebi omis fass
adamianTa danakargiT viTvliT, rusebi _ saxelmwifos mTliani danakargiT~.
182
 klasSi samuSao

1. axseniT, ratom miiCneva 1939 wlis 1 seqtemberi II msoflio omis dasawyisad?

2. isaubreT II msoflio omis dasawyisSi germaniis samxedro warmatebebis mize-
zebze.
3. ram ganapiroba sabWoTa jarebis marcxi omis dasawyisSi?

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

4. teqstisa da wyaros 3-is mixedviT imsjeleT jarebis piradi Semadgenlo-
bisadmi sabWoTa da amerikul damokidebulebaze. ram ganapiroba II msoflio
omSi sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan esoden didi msxverpli?
5. teqstsa da damatebiT cnobaze dayrdnobiT isaubreT `lend-lizis~ prog-
ramis miznebsa da mniSvnelobaze.
6. daaxasiaTeT qarTuli emigraciis pozicia II msoflio omSi.

saSinao davaleba

1. SeafaseT sabWoTa kavSiris politika II msoflio omis dasawyisSi (germaniis

Tavdasxmamde). SeadareT is amave periodis germanul politikas. ra
terminebiT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes am ori qveynis moqmedebebi? SeadgineT II
msoflio omis dasawyisSi germanuli da sabWoTa agresiis qronologiuri
cxrili.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1939, 1 seqtemberi – II msof­

lio omis dasawyisi

1940, ivnisi – sabWoTa kavSiris mier

baltiis respublikebis aneqsia

1938 1939 1940 1941 1942

1940, 22 ivnisi
safrangeTis kapitulacia
1941, 22 ivnisi – germaniis Tav­
dasxma sabWoTa kavSirze

183
 34. II msoflio omis msvleloba da Sedegebi.
niurnbergis procesi

sahaero omi britaneTis leqsikoni

winaaRmdeg - operacia `zeeloeve~
r avantiura – [frang. aven-
II msoflio omi marTlac TiTqmis mTel
ture] – 1. uperspeqtivod,
msoflioSi mimdinareobda.
realuri Zalebisa da piro-
evropis saomari moqmedebis Teatri bebis gauTvaliswinebelad,
1939 wlidan 1941 wlis Suamde dasavle- SemTxveviTi warmatebis
TiT mdebareobda, sadac gadamwyveti iyo imediT wamoyenebuli saqme.
didi britaneTis winaaRmdegoba hitleru- 2. Tavgadasavali, Cveulebriv
li agresiisadmi. 1940 wlis ivlisidan 1941 saZraxisi.
wlis maisamde grZeldeboda `britaneTis
r radari – [ingl. radar (Se-
brZola~ – winaaRmdegoba germaniis mcde- mokl.) radio detecting and
lobisaTvis, sahaero TavdasxmebiT See- ranging – radioTi aRmoCena
sustebina britaneTi da Semdeg gadaesxa da manZilis gansazRvra]
desan ti mis dasapyrobad. liuftvafe Semoklebuli saxelwodeba
(germanulma aviacia) aTi Tvis ganmavlo- radiolokatorisa da radio-
Tavi meore

baSi meTodurad angrevda londonis cent- lokaciisa.

rs, sitis, navsadgurs; daibomba yvela r desanti – [frang. descente] –
didi qalaqi, uamravi qarxana da satrans- mowinaaRmdegis teritoria-
porto kvanZi; q. koventri, Zalis demons- ze brZolis sawarmoeblad
traciis mizniT, liuftvafem `samagali- (gemiT an TviTmfrinaviT) ga-
Tod~ pirwmindad gaanadgura. miuxedavad dasxmuli jaris nawilebi.
umZimesi dabombvisa, didi britaneTi ar
danebda. mTavari iyo misi xalxis erTsu-
lovneba, moraluri simtkice da CerCilis
avtoriteti. panikam iq ver daisadgura.
inglisuri aviagamanadgureblebi ricxobrivad upirates germanul aviacias
tols ar udebdnen, inglisuri bombdamSenebi xandaxan germaniis qalaqebs da
samxedro mrewvelobis centrebsac ki bombavdnen. inglisurma flotma ki pra-
qtikulad gaanadgura germaniis wyalzeda floti da kunZulze germanuli
desantis gadasxmis SesaZlebloba mospo. `britaneTis brZolaSi~ gamarjvebam
gadaarCina ara marto didi britaneTi, aramed danarCen evropasac misca ga-
marjvebis imedi, sadac britaneTi erTaderT daumarcxebel qveynad rCeboda.

omi sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. gegma `barbarosa~

1941 wlis ivnisidan ZiriTadma frontma aRmosavleT evropaSi gadainacvla,
sadac swrafad Zlierdeboda giganti – sabWoTa kavSiri, romelsac germaniaze
ornaxevarjer meti mosaxleoba hyavda. hitlerma gadawyvita operacia `barba-
rosas~ ganxorcieleba. operaciis gegma iTvaliswinebda blic-krigs (elvisebur
184
oms) – 1941 wlis dazamTrebamde sabWoTa
kavSiris evropuli nawilis dakavebasa wyaro 1
da gasvlas xazze arxangelski – astraxa-
ni. magram samma faqtorma, geografiam – sabWoTa armiis problemebi

uzarmazarma sivrcem da civma klimatma, 1941-1942 wlebis samxedro

demografiam – didma adamianurma resurs- moqmedebebis dros:

ma da politikurma sistemam – mmarTveli `albaT, Zneli dasajerebelia,

komunisturi partiisa da misi uSiSroebis rom Cven gvixdeboda sabrZolo
samsaxuris mier sabWoTa kavSirSi damya- masalis xarjvis normis dawe­

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

rebulma umkacresma reJimma ar misca ver- seba – dRe­Ramis ganmavlobaSi
maxts saSualeba gaemarjva. 1­2 gasrola TiTo qvemexidan. da
germanuli satanko kolonebi 1941 wlis es, miaqcieT yuradReba, Setevis
16 oqtombers miadgnen dedaqalaq moskovs. dros!~
saqalaqo pirobebSi brZolisas javSante- nawyveti marSal Jukovis
qnikas aucileblad esaWiroeba qveiTi ja- mogonebebidan
ris daxmareba, romelic germanul tankebs
`rogorc gviCvena brZolebis
CamorCa. Tanac noembris dasawyisidan ru-
gamocdilebam, yumbarebis uk­
seTSi uCveulod adre daiwyo yinvebi. ger-
marisoba ar iZleva saartile­
manuli armia moumzadebeli Sexvda aseT
rio Setevis Catarebis saSuale­
aminds: jars ar hqonda Tbili tansacmeli,
bas. amis Sedegad mowinaaRmdegis
sabrZolo teqnikisaTvis ar iyo yinvagam-
sacecxle sistemebi ver nadgur­
Zle zeTebi. amave dros, sabWoTa sagareo
deba da Cveni nawilebi, rom­
dazvervam droulad acnoba stalins, rom
lebic uteven mowinaaRmdegis
1941 wlis Semodgomaze iaponiis mTavro-
CauxSobel dacvas, did dana­
bam da generalurma Stabma sabolood ga-
kargs ganicdian da ver aRweven
dawyvites wynari okeanis auzis qveynebis
saTanado Sedegs~.
dapyroba, rac niSnavda oms amerikasTan da
did britaneTTan da ara sabWoTa kavSirTan. 1942 wlis 14 Tebervlis fron­
aman kremls saSualeba misca, wiTeli tis patakidan sabWoTa kavSiris
armiis sazamTrod Cacmuli da kargad umaRlesi mxedarTmTavris
SeiaraRebuli aTobiT divizia 1941 wlis saxelze
Semodgomaze farulad gadaesrola So-
reuli aRmosavleTidan ruseTis evropul
nawilSi.
problemebi wiTel armiasac hqonda, magram moskovis brZola misi gamarjve-
biT damTavrda: vermaxti 100-250 kilometriT iqna ukugdebuli. es germanuli
armiis pirveli damarcxeba iyo msoflio omSi. vermaxtis blickrigis gegmam ver
gaamarTla. 1941 wlis bolosve, moskovis misadgomebidan ukandaxevisas germaneli
generlebis gonieri nawili mixvda, rom oms maTi qveyana veRar moigebda. magram
hitlers avantiura ukve wamowyebuli hqonda da misi gadarwmuneba SeuZlebeli
iyo.

185
 el-alameinisa da stalingradis brZolebi. gardatexa II msoflio
omSi mokavSireebis sasargeblod
1942 wels mniSvnelovani gaxda axlo aRmosavleTis sabrZolo Teatri, sadac
germania gegmavda suecis arxis gadaketvas britaneTisaTvis, dasavleT aziaSi
SeWras da sabWoTa kavSirze samxreTidan Setevas: germaniis samizne iyo baqo,
agreTve samxreT irani Tavisi navTobsarewebiT; igegmeboda amerikuli daxmare-
bis gzebis gadaWrac. magram egviptis q. aleqsandriis dasavleTiT el-alameinTan
britanelma generalma bernard montgomerim oqtomber-noemberSi daamarcxa
feldmarSal ervin romelis germanul-italiuri armia. 4 noembers romelma
ukandaxeva daiwyo da britanelebma male daikaves libia.
imave periodSi, 1942 wlis meore naxevarSi, germanuli armiebi cdilobdnen
gaWriliyvnen md. volgamde da gadaeWraT komunikaciebi samxreTidan, saidanac
centralur ruseTSi mebrZoli wiTeli armia iRebda sawvavs baqodan da mraval-
mxriv daxmarebas amerikidan. vermaxtma miaRwia stalingradamde, misma aviaciam
qalaqis 90 procenti daangria, magram qalaqis aReba germanelebma ver SeZles,
saqalaqo brZolebis dros mZime teqnikis gamoyeneba Wirda da pirispir Setakebam
uamravi jariskaci imsxverpla. stalingradis brZola grZeldeboda 1942 wlis
23 agvistodan 1943 wlis 2 Tebervlamde. es iyo aRmosavleTis frontis udidesi
brZola, omebis istoriaSi erT-erTi usastikesi da sisxliani: orive mxridan 1,7-2
milioni samxedro piri da ucnobi raodenobis samoqalaqo piri daiRupa. germa-
nelebis didi adamianuri msxverplis erT-erTi mizezi iyo piradad hitleris
Tavi meore

sijiute da moTxovna Tavisi alyaSemortymuli jarebisaTvis, romelic sicivisa

da SimSilisagan suls Rafavda, `bolomde ebrZolaT~. sabolood, vermaxtis me-6
armia danebda da wiTelma armiam 91 aTasi tyve aiyvana (romelTagan germaniaSi 1955
wels sul 5 aTasi adamiani dabrunda: danarCeni tyveobaSi daiRupa).
el-alameini, iseve, rogorc germanelebis damarcxeba stalingradTan, msof-
lio omSi Semobrunebis momentad iTvleba: amis Semdeg nacisturi germania
ZiriTadad TavdacviT brZolebs awarmoebda.
evropaSi mokavSireebis gamarjvebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda `RerZis
qveynebisaTvis~ damatebiTi frontebis gaxsnas. 1943 wels britanul-amerikulma
Zalebma k. siciliidan daiwyes italiaSi SeWra da imave wels italia gamoTiSes
hitleris mokavSireTa rigebidan. marTalia, germaniam moaxdina Crdilo italiis
okupacia da iq marionetuli mTavroba dasva benito musolinis xelmZRvanelo-
biT, magram italia aRar iyo omis realuri monawile. britaneTis premier-minis-
tris, uinston CerCilis didi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, misi Zlieri mokavSire aSS
ar daTanxmda meore fronti germaniisaTvis balkaneTSi gaexsnaT. es ar undoda
stalinsac. CerCili xvdeboda, rom omis Semdeg komunisturi ruseTi evropis
dapyrobas Seecdeboda da undoda, gza gadaeRoba misTvis balkaneTis mxridan
SeWris gziT. magram aSS prezidenti ruzvelti ar daeTanxma CerCils.

`meore frontis~ gaxsna. operacia `overlordi~. Seteva berlinis

mimarTulebiT
e.w. `meore fronti~ nacistur germanias gauxsnes 1944 wlis 6 ivniss operacia
`overlordiT~, rodesac CrdiloeT safrangeTis provinciaSi, normandiaSi,
186
desantireba moaxdina amerikul-britanul-kanadurma uzarmazarma armiam. am
operaciam miizida germaniis aviaciis, tankebisa da cocxali Zalis sagrZnobi
nawili. vermaxtis samxedro operaciebis gafantvam mkveTrad gazarda sabWoTa
armiis SeteviTi SesaZlebloba.
msoflio omis evropuli Teatris bolo akordi gaxda berlinis operacia.
1945 wlis TebervalSi ialtis konferenciaze mokavSireebi SeTanxmdnen Tu ra
zonebis okupacias moaxdendnen damarcxebul germaniaSi. berlini sabWoTa zo-
naSi moxvda. amitom dasavleTis mokavSireTa saerTo mxedarTmTavar general
duaiT eizenhauers arc ucdia berlinis ieriSi, Tumca misi armia sakmaod axlos

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

mivida masTan da berlins haeridan bombavdnen dasavleTeli mokavSireebi, Zi-
riTadad britanuli bombdamSenebi.
nacisturi germaniis dedaqalaqs sabWoTa armiebi utevdnen: es iyo pirveli
belarusuli fronti (aq: armiebis jgufi) marSal Jukovis xelmZRvanelobiT
da pirveli ukrainuli fronti marSal konevis xelmZRvanelobiT. sabolood
stalinma gadawyvita, rom berlinis aRebis pativi JukovisaTvis mieniWebina.
Tumca naTeli iyo, rom germaniam omi waago, hitleri Tavisi generlebisagan
sruli winaaRmdegobis gawevas moiTxovda da, faqtobrivad, germanel xalxs
dasaRupad wiravda. brZolebi mimdinareobda rogorc qalaqis misadgomebTan,
ise qalaqSi. 30 aprils hitlerma Tavis bunkerSi Tavi moikla. 2 maiss qalaqi
danebda. iqamde ki daiRupa sul cota 80 aTasi sabWoTa jariskaci, 100 aTasze
meti qalaqis damcveli da 200 aTasamde samoqalaqo piri.
berlinis dacemis Semdeg, 8 maiss, germaniis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam sru-
li kapitulaciis aqts moawera xeli. omi evropaSi damTavrda.

saomari moqmedebebi wynar okeaneSi. iaponiis kapitulacia

wynari okeanis saomari moqmedebis TeatrSi Tavidan Zalian aqtiurobda
iaponia, romelic CineTis aRmosavleT nawilSi gabatonda. 1941 wlis 7 dekem-
bers iaponiis aviaciam moulodneli Seteva miitana havais kunZulebze mdebare
amerikis samxedro-sazRvao baza perl-harborze da CaZira an daaziana bevri
amerikuli samxedro xomaldi. magram amerikuli aviamzidebi gadarCnen.
perl-harboris katastrofam amerikelebi aaboboqra. iqamde pacifisturad
ganwyobili amerikis sazogadoebrivi azri erovnuli sircxvilis mowmendasa
da revanSs moiTxovda.
msoflios uaxlesi istoriisaTvis 1941 wlis 7 dekemberi uaRresad mniSvne-
lovani TariRia: am dRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gamovida tradiciuli
izolacionizmidan. ekonomikurad uZlieresi qveyana msoflio politikaSi
CaerTo.
sul raRac naxevari wlis Semdeg amerikuli floti da armia Seudga wynari
okeanis auzis ganTavisuflebas iaponeli militaristebisagan. 1945 wels, evro-
paSi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, iaponiis sabolood dasamarcxeblad amerikam
pirvelad gamoiyena birTvuli iaraRi: 6 da 9 agvistos qalaqebi Hhirosima da
nagasaki TiTo atomuri bombiT iqna ganadgurebuli. 14 agvistos iaponiis armiam
winaaRmdegoba Sewyvita.
1945 wlis 2 seqtembers oficialurad damTavrda II msoflio omi.

187
 wyaro 2
`[normandiaSi jarebis gadmosxmis] wina RamiT inglisurma da amerikulma bombdam­
Senebma 1700­mde tonis wonis Bbombebi Camoagdes safrangeTis sanapiroze arsebul
germanul simagreebze. sxva bombdamSenebma isargebles eleqtrotalRebisaTvis dab­
rkolebebis SeqmniT da miaRwies germanuli radarebis ekranebze iseTi signalebis
gamoCenas, romlebmac mowinaaRmdege daarwmuna, rom desanti miemarTeboda pa­de­
kales (ufro aRmosavleTiT) mimarTulebiT. germanelebis maT am ganzraxvaSi dasar­
wmuneblad im adgilebSi gadmoagdes manekenebi paraSutebiT...

unda iTqvas, rom mokavSireebis gadmosxma normandiaSi didi moulodneloba gamodga

germanelTaTvis. ramdenime saaTis manZilze maT kidev sjerodaT, rom es mxolod
manevri iyo yuradRebis gadatanis mizniT, da ZiriTadi desanti pa­de­kales raionSi
apirebda gadmosxdomas. am mizeziT, normandiaSi ganlagebuli mxolod erTi german­
uli satanko divizia iyo sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi mowinaaRmdegis sazRvao desantis
Sesaxvedrad.~
C. mesenjeri, XX saukunis omebis enciklopedia
Tavi meore

nacistTa liderebi niurnbergis procesze

188
 potsdamis konferenciis
gadawyvetilebebi.
niurnbergis procesi
ialtasa da potsdamSi miRweul SeTanx-
mebaTa safuZvelze germania daiyo oTx
saokupacio zonad: sabWoTa, britanul,
amerikul da frangul.
TiToeuli zonis mmarTveloba daekisra
samxedro administraciebs. Seiqmna 4 zonis
leqsikoni
r potsdamis konferencia –
mokavSireebis (aSS, didi
britaneTi, sabWoTa kavSiri)
Sexvedra gaimarTa prusiis
mefe fridrix II-is (1712-1786)
sarezidencio qalaq pots-
damSi berlinis maxloblad.

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

samxedro administratorTagan Semdgari
makoordinebeli organoc – `mokavSireTa
sakontrolo sabWo~. erTiani, SeTanxmebu-
li saokupacio politikis uzrunvelsayo-
fad, sakontrolo sabWos gadawyvetilebe-
bi erTxmad unda mieRo.
aseve oTx seqtorad daiyo germaniis de-
daqalaqi berlini. qalaqis aRmosavleTi
nawili (400 kv. km.) sabWoTa administraciis
gamgeblobaSi gadavida, dasavleTi nawili
(480 kv. km.) ki daiyo amerikul, britanul
da frangul seqtorebad.
konferencia potsdamSi
mimdinareobda 1945 wlis
17 ivlisidan 2 agvistomde.
potsdamSi SeerTebul Sta-
tebs axali prezidenti hari
trumeni warmoadgenda (f.d.
ruzvelti gardaicvala 1945
wlis 12 aprils). Tavdapirve-
lad konferenciaSi monawi-
leobda uinston CerCili.
mogvianebiT is britaneTis
axalma premierma klement
etlim Secvala.

denacifikacia. niurnbergis procesi

mokavSireTa samxedro administraciebi Seudgnen potsdamSi miRebuli `oTxi
didi `de~ principis (denacifikacia, demilitarizacia, decentralizacia da
demokratizacia) ganxorcielebas. didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda qveynis dena-
cifikacias, anu germaniis gawmendas nacizmis naSTisagan. germaniis nacional-
socialisturi muSaTa partia da yvela misi struqturuli erTeuli aikrZala.
nacisturi partiis an mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof organizaciaTa yofil wevrebs
aerkZalaT yovelgvari profesiuli saqmianoba, fizikuri Sromis garda. mowm-
deboda TiToeuli moqalaqis kavSiri nacistur reJimTan.
mTavari nacional-socialisti damnaSaveebi ki gaasamarTles niurnbergSi,
`raixsfarTaiTagebis~ (nacistebis partiuli yrilobebis) dabombil qalaqSi ga-
marTul procesze, romelmac TiTqmis erT weliwads gastana (20.11.1945 gaimarTa
pirveli sxdoma, 1.10.1946 - gamocxadda ganaCeni). procesi dasrulda sasikvdi-
lo ganaCeniT 12 ministrisa da generlisaTvis. niurnbergis saerTaSoriso sa-
samarTlo procesma dasabami misca mTel rig sxva msgavs procesebs, maT Soris:
1946-48 ww. tokioSi, 1959 w. poloneTSi, 1961 w. israelSi gamarTul procesebs.
daisajnen agreTve germanuli industriuli elitis warmomadgenlebi nacis-
tebTan TanamSromlobis da samrewvelo danaSaulisaTvis: 12 wliT patimroba
miesaja alfred krups, mis sawarmoebSi tyveTa sastiki eqspluataciis, faqtob-
rivad monuri Sromis gamoyenebisTvis. niurnbergSi krupTan erTad kidev 10
mewarmes miesaja patimroba sxvadasxva vadiT, 11 ki gaamarTles.

189
 teritoriuli cvlilebebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

(ialtis, potsdamis da parizis (1947 w. germaniis yofil mokavSireebTan dadebuli

samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi) xelSekrulebebis Sesabamisad)

ssrk

ssrk
k. saxalini

gadaeca
ssrk­s TeTri
gadaeca zRva
­s bi
ssrk­s
sr
k k­
s is
e ca il
da r
ga ku
fineTi
iaponia

gadaeca
ssrk­s
a
gi
ve
r
no

i
T

estoneTi
e

gadaeca
d
e

ssrk
v

ssrk­s
S

latvia
gadaeca
CrdiloeTis ssrk­s
baltiis litva
zRva zRva gadaeca
ia
Tavi meore

dania ssrk­s
d

aRm. prusia
an

gadaeca
l
ir

poloneTs
didi berlini gadaeca
i poloneTi
britaneTi nider-
n ul gadaeca ssrk­s
landi i ta a
br na ani poloneTs
be
l zo rm sabWoTa
gi ge zona
a Crd. bukovina

amerikuli Cexoslovakia
as
sabWoTa aec
a ki
fr zona
o va besarabia
an aSS zona ga d l
gu
l x os T
i gadaeca gadaeca ssrk­s
iz zona Ce re
ria rumineTs
safrangeTi on avst zona ng
a brit . u gadaeca
Sveicaria rumineTi
gadaeca samx.bulgareTs
iugoslavias d obru
gadaeca ja
safrangeTs iugoslavia Savi
Ti
e re zRva
it lg
al bu
alba

ia
espaneTi
TurqeTi
neTi

sa
be
r
Zn
eT
i
xmelTaSua
dodekanebis
zRva
k­bi
gadaeca
saberZneTs
xmelTaSua
zRva
omamdeli sazRvrebi
saokupacio zonebis sazRvrebi
omis Semdeg gadanawilebuli
teritoriebi

190
 klasSi samuSao

1. CamoTvaleT faqtorebi, romlebic gaxda germaniis warumateblobis mizezi

sabWoTa kavSirTan omSi. daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
2. romeli brZolebi miiCneva Semobrunebis momentad II msoflio omSi? axseniT
ratom.
3. ram Seuwyo xeli sabWoTa armiis SeteviTi SesaZleblobebis gazrdas?

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

4. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT isaubreT II frontis gaxsnis operaciis
Sesaxeb.
5. imsjeleT, Tu ra mniASvneloba hqonda omSi aSS-is CarTvas.
6. ganixileT da SeafaseT aSS-is mier iaponiis winaaRmdeg atomuri iaraRis
gamoyeneba.

saSinao davaleba

1. CamoTvaleT II msoflio omis ZiriTadi frontebi. mokled ganixileT

TiToeul frontze momxdari movlenebi, maTi urTierTkavSiri da Sedegebi.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1941, 7 dekemberi – iaponelebis 1945, 4-11 Tebervali

Seteva perl­harborze yirimis (ialtis) konferencia
da aSS­is CarTva II mso­
flio omSi
1945, 8 maisi
germaniis ka­ 1945, 17 ivlisi _ 2 ag-
1942, oqtomber-noemberi – pitulacia visto – potsda­
el­alameinis brZola
mis konferencia

1942, 23 agvisto _ 1943, 2 Tebervali 1945, 2 seqtemberi –

– stalingradis brZola II msoflio
omis dasasruli

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

1944, 6 ivnisi 1945-1946 – niurn­

meore frontis gaxsna bergis procesi

1945, 6 da 9 agvisto
qalaqebis Hhirosimasa da nagasa­
kis atomuri dabombva

191
 35. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis
safuZvlebi

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis samar-

Talia, romelic adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalze adrindelia.
1864 wels Sveicariis mTavrobam, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis dam-
fuZnebel anri diunanis TavmjdomareobiT, moiwvia diplomatiuri konferen-
cia. monawileebma miiRes Jenevis konvencia `brZolis velze moqmedi samxedro
nawilebis daWril mebrZolTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb~. aqedan iwyebs
moqmedebas saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali. is adamianis uflebaTa
ganviTarebis efeqturi instrumentia. humanitaruli samarTlis idea isaa, rom
adamiani SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros daicvas, miuxedavad imisa, Seiara-
Rebuli konfliqti saerTaSorisoa Tu Sida konfliqtis xasiaTs atarebs.
Seqmnis dRidanve saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali miznad isaxavda,
daecva adamianis uflebebi, misi Rirseba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis viTa-
rebaSi. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis dacvis centraluri figuraa
adamiani da am aspeqtiT „adamianis uflebaTa samarTali“ da „saerTaSoriso
humanitaruli samarTali“ erTmaneTs avseben. Tumca humanitaruli samarTlis
regulirebis sfero gansakuTrebul, specifikur situaciebSi qcevaa da, aqedan
gamomdinare, is saomari konfliqtebis dros samxedro moqmedebebs awesrige-
Tavi meore

bs, raTa Seqmnil konfliqtur situaciaSi adamianTa

garkveuli kategoriis mdgomareoba daculi iyos
da Semsubuqdes (daWrilebi, avadmyofebi, qalebi,
bavSvebi, tyveebi da sxva).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso sa-
zogadoebis winaSe dadga omis viTarebaSi adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso normebis gadaxed-
vis aucilebloba. Sesabamisad, adre miRebuli Jene-
visa da haagis konvenciebis safuZvelze 1949 wels Jenevis 1864 wlis konvencia

Seiqmna axali dokumentebi: Jenevis 4 konvencia,

romlebsac 1977 wels – ori, xolo 2005 wels kidev erTi oqmi daemata.
es saerTaSoriso dokumentebi qmnian saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis
safuZvels. maTi saSualebiT ikrZaleba omi iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebiT, rogo-
rebicaa: mowinaaRmdege mxaris mebrZol pirTa muxanaTurad daxocva an daWra;
wameba mowinaaRmdege mxaris Sesaxeb cnobebis mopovebis mizniT; saerTaSoriso
emblemebis, signalebisa da droSebis borotad gamoyeneba; parlamentarebisa da
maTi Tanmxlebi pirebis mkvleloba; sanitarul obieq-
tebze Tavdasxma; genocidi, aparteidi, mSvidobiani
mosaxleobis terori, samxedro tyveTa da mowinaaRm-
dege mxaris SeiaraRebul ZalebSi mebrZol sxva pirTa
iZuleba, monawileoba miiRon samxedro moqmedebebSi
sakuTari saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg; kulturul faseu-
lobaTa da istoriul ZeglTa ganadgureba.

192
 saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali krZalavs omianobis dros iseT
saSualebaTa gamoyenebas, romlebic zedmetad tanjaven mtris cocxal Zalas,
gaumarTlebel zians ayeneben mis mSvidobian mosaxleobasa da materialur
saSualebebs. magaliTad, omSi akrZalulia iseTi tyviis gamoyeneba, romelic
adamianis sxeulTan Sexebisas feTqdeba da wvavs mas.
dResdReobiT Jenevis konvenciasTan 194 qveyana aris mierTebuli. saqarTve-
lo Jenevis 4 konvenciasa da 1977 wlis or damatebiT oqms 1993 wels miuerTda,
xolo 2005 wlis oqms – 2006 wels. amiT qveyanam aiRo am saerTaSoriso dokumen-
tebSi mocemuli normebis dacvis valdebuleba.

msoflio XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

damatebiTi cnoba

omis dros dauSvebelia Semdegi saSualebebis gamoyeneba:

• sawamlavisa da mowamluli iaraRis;
• mxuTavi, momwamvleli an sxva msgavsi airebis;
• baqteriologiur saSualebaTa;
• mcuravi naRmebis;
• Ruzaze damagrebuli naRmis;
• iaraRebis, romlebic ganurCevlad anadgureben samxedro Tu samoqalaqo obieqteb­
sa da samoqalaqo mosaxleobas;
• iaraRisa da Wurvebis, romlebic `TavianTi bunebiT Warbi tanjvis gamomwvevia“;
• lazeruli iaraRis, romelic specialurad aris gaTvaliswinebuli adamianTa
samudamod dasabrmaveblad;
aseve dauSvebelia:
• birTvuli iaraRis gamocda;
• birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba;
• ubirTvo zonebis darRveva;
• saSualo da naklebi siSoris raketebis warmoeba;
• qimiuri da baqteriologiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba;
• masobrivi mospobis iaraRis axali saxeebis warmoeba;
• evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gazrda, strategiu­
li SeiaraRebis gafarToeba da gazrda.

saSinao davaleba

1. moipoveT informacia saqarTveloSi wiTeli jvris

saerTaSoriso komitetis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. kerZod, ra
daxmareba aRmouCina saqarTvelos `wiTelma jvarma~ mis
teritoriaze momxdari konfliqtebis dros 1990 wlis Semdeg.
2. moiZieT Tanamedrove msoflioSi humanitaruli samarTlis
darRvevis faqtebi; ra reagireba moaxdines saerTaSoriso
organizaciebma am faqtebze. moawyveT Tqvens mier moZiebuli masalis
prezentacia.

193
 III msoflio politika XX saukunis II
naxevarSi

36. `civi omis~ dasawyisi. msoflios or banakad

dayofa. nato da varSavis paqti

leqsikoni

r `civi omi~ – termini aRniSnavs konfrontacias SeerTebuli Statebisa da sab-

WoTa kavSiris garSemo Sekrul or bloks Soris. TermobirTvuli katastrofis
SiSiT dapirispirebul mxareebs uSualod erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg iaraRi ar ga-
mouyenebiaT, anu saqme `cxel omamde~ ar miuyvaniaT.
r kominformi – (`komunisturi sainformacio biuro~) – kominternis memkvidre
organizacia. sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropeli komunistebis garda
monawileobdnen italiisa da safrangeTis kompartiebis liderebi.
r izolacionizmi – SeerTebuli Statebis sagareopolitikuri tradicia saxel-
mwifos daarsebis dRidan moyolebuli, romlis mixedviTac qveynis sagareo
politikis moqmedebis sfero ifargleba amerikis kontinentiT. izolacioniz-
mi ganmtkicda 1823 w. prezident monros doqtrinis – `amerika amerikelebs~
– gamocxadebiT. am doqtrinis mixedviT, aSS kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda
gareSe Zalebis (evropis) SeWras `axal samyaroSi~ da Tavis mxriv, uars ambobda
evropis saqmeebSi Carevaze. izolacionizmis tradicia dairRva pirveli mso-
Tavi mesame

flio omis dros, droebiT aRdga or msoflio oms Sua periodSi da kvlav dai-
rRva SeerTebuli Statebis CabmiT meore msoflio omSi.
r doqtrina (laT. doctrina) – swavleba, ZiriTadi debuleba. am SemTxvevaSi: mka-
fiod Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo debuleba politikuri qmede-
bisaTvis
r bipolarizacia – or polusad, am SemTxvevaSi or urTierTsapirispiro
blokad gayofa.
r nato – organizaciis inglisuri saxelwodebis North Atlantic Treaty Organization
abreviatura
r beniluqsi – sami evropuli saxelmwifos – belgia, holandia (niderlandi),
luqsemburgi erTiani Semoklebuli saxelwodeba
r seato – nato-s msgavsad, organizaciis inglisuri saxelwodebis – `Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization~ abreviatura

msoflio atomur xanaSi

1945 weli msoflio istoriis umniSvnelovanesi TariRia. es aris kacobriobis
istoriaSi axali, atomuri xanis aTvlis wertili. Cveni saukunis meore naxe-
varSi adamianma iswavla atomuri energiis gamoyeneba. samwuxarod, ara mxolod
mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis. adamianma Seqmna iaraRi, romliTac SeiZleba moispos
sicocxle Cvens planetaze.
atomuri iaraRis arseboba msoflio politikis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faq-

194
torad iqca. Sesabamisad Seicvala poli-
tikur ZalTa Tanafardoba msoflioSi. ga-
Cnda sruliad axali istoriuli movlena
da bunebrivia, misi gamomxatveli saTana-
do termini – `zesaxelmwifo~. es `wode-

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

ba~ msoflios orma uZlieresma saxelmwi-
fom – amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da
sabWoTa kavSirma – daimsaxura. `zesaxel-
mwifo~ iseTi saxelmwifoa, romlis teri-
toria, adamianuri Tu bunebrivi resur-
sebi, sameurneo da samecniero-teqnikuri
trumeni da CerCili fultonSi
SesaZleblobebi, samxedro da politikuri
Zala mniSvnelovnad aRemateba sxva saxel-
mwifoebisas.
am ori saxelmwifos da maT mier Seqmni- wyaro 1
li blokebis urTierToba, ufro swored,
nawyveti aSS-is saxelmwifo
konfrontacia (dapirispireba) gansazR-
mdivnis jorj marSalis mier
vravda msoflio politikas XX saukunis
harvardis universitetSi
meore naxevarSi aTwleulebis manZilze,
warmoTqmuli sityvidan (1947
`socialisturi blokisa~ da sabWoTa kav-
wlis ivnisi):
Siris daSlamde 1991 wels.
`evropuli samyaros aRdgenasa
`civi omis~ dasawyisi da gajansaRebaSi aSS­is mxridan
xelSewyobasaTan erTad, evro­
omiT dauZlurebulma inglisma da
pis qveynebic unda gaerTiand­
safrangeTma, adre msoflio politikis
nen, Tavad Seitanon wvlili am
liderebma, pirveloba SeerTebul Sta-
saqmeSi. evropis aRdgenis gegmis
tebs dauTmes. amerikelebma itvirTes es
SemuSaveba Tavad evropelebis
mZime funqcia. tradiciuli izolacioniz-
saqmea. iniciativa evropidan
mi warsuls Cabarda. SeerTebul Statebs,
unda wamovides... Cveni roli ki
upirveles yovlisa, naomari msoflios
evropuli proeqtis winadade­
samomavlo mowyobaze unda ezruna.
baTa mxardaWeriT unda Semoi­
msoflios mowyobis ZiriTad princi-
farglos~.
pebs Seicavda jer kidev 1941 wlis ag-
vistoSi ruzveltisa da CerCilis mier
xelmowerili `atlantikis qartia~, romelsac mogvianebiT sabWoTa kavSiric
SeuerTda. es zogadi principebi iyo: erebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, maTi
politikuri arCevnis Tavisufleba; `Ria karis~ principi msoflio vaWrobaSi;
sazRvao mimosvlis Tavisufleba; Zalismieri politikis sayovelTao uaryofa;
msoflioSi mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad saerTaSoriso wesrigis damkvidreba.
`atlantikis qartiis~ bevri principi v. uilsonis `14 punqtis~ ZiriTad debule-
bebs imeorebda.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis warmodgena axal msoflio wesrigze Camo-
yalibda `erTiani msoflios~ (`One World~) koncefciis saxiT. es mosazreba
sabWoTa kavSirTan, rogorc erTiani msoflios ganuyofel nawilTan, TanamS-

195
 romlobasac gulisxmobda. `erTian msoflioSi~ mSvidobis da keTildReobis
safuZveli `erTiani Tavisufali bazari~ (`One Market~) unda gamxdariyo. er-
Tian, Tavisufal samyaroSi demokratiis, samrewvelo-teqnikuri da socialu-
ri progresis gamavrcelebeli SeerTebuli Statebi unda yofiliyo. magram,
swored am, erTi SexedviT liberalur saerTaSoriso sistemaSi imaleboda
winaaRmdegoba, romelic `civi omis~ erT-erTi mizezi gaxda. kerZod, `Tavi-
sufali bazari~ `kars uRebda~ amerikul ekonomikur imperializms msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi. axladmopovebul bazrebs SenarCuneba undoda, ase rom,
es regionebi ar iyo dazRveuli SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri, zogjer ki
samxedro gavlenisgan.
meore mxriv, omSi yofili mokavSireebis Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegeebad
gadaqcevis da maT Soris `civi omis~ dawyebis mizezi sabWoTa eqspansionizmi
gaxda. sabWoTa kavSirma ugulebelyo `atlantikis qartiis~ erT-erTi mTavari
principi, Selaxa erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, isargebla omSi gamarjvebulis
mdgomareobiT da samxedro ZaliT daiwyo sakuTari gavlenis sferos mopoveba
aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi. am regionebis saxelmwifoebSi kremlis
morCili reJimebis SeqmniT, sabWoTa kavSirma dasavleTis gavlenis gavrcele-
bisgan Tavi SemoizRuda iZulebiT mokavSireTa sartyeliT. CerCilis TqmiT,
`aRmosavleT evropas rkinis farda Camoefara~. dasavleTi, Tavis mxriv, komu-
nisturi eqspansiis gavrcelebis SiSma Seipyro da isev CerCilma, q. fultonSi
(aSS) gamosvlisas (1946), mouwoda msoflios Tavisufal erebs jvarosnuli
Tavi mesame

laSqrobisken komunizmis winaaRmdeg.

`Sekavebis politika~
aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi mimdinare movlenebis zegavleniT
SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam Secvala damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSiris
mimarT da masTan urTierTobis oficialur politikas `Sekavebis~ (Containment)
doqtrina daudo safuZvlad. am doqtrinis avtori iyo amerikeli diplomati
(muSaobda elCad moskovSi) jorj f. kenani. misi azriT, sabWoTa kavSiris aSkara
teritoriuli eqspansia dasavleTs, kerZod, SeerTebul Statebs, unda Seeka-

wyaro 2

sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministr molotovis gamosvlidan (1947 wlis

ivlisi):

`... evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRorZinebaSi gadamwyveti rolis SeerTe­

bul Statebze dakisrebiT, es politika evropis qveynebis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod
iqneba mimarTuli, radgan mas SesaZloa Sedegad mohyves ekonomikuri damoukideblo­
bisa da saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis dakargva... evropuli ekonomikuri programis
SemuSaveba gamoiwvevs... britaneTis, safrangeTisa da maTi mimdevari qveynebis izo­
lirebas evropis sxva saxelmwifoebisgan da evropis saxelmwifoTa or jgufad dayo­
fas... amerikuli kreditebi evropis meurneobis aRdgenas ki ar Seuwyobs xels, aramed
waaqezebs evropis saxelmwifoebs urTierTdapirispirebisken~.

196
vebina Zalismieri politikiT, xolo moskovis gavlenis SefarviT gavrceleba
dasavleTiT (dasavleT evropis zogierT saxelmwifoSi (safrangeTi, italia)
komunisturi partiebis amoqmedeba, romlebic kremlidan imarTeboda) – uxvi
ekonomikuri daxmarebiT.

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

`trumenis doqtrina~
kenanis doqtrina amoqmedda, roca `gawiTlebis~ safrTxe saberZneTsac dae-
muqra. SeerTebulma Statebma sajarod gamoxata damokidebuleba sabWoTa kav-
Siris politikis mimarT: 1947 wels prezidentma hari trumenma Tavis mimarTvaSi
kongresisadmi gamoacxada mzadyofna yovelmxriv daxmareboda ara mxolod am
balkanur qveyanas, aramed saerTod `Tavisufal erebs~ maT brZolaSi Sinauri
SeiaraRebuli umciresobisa Tu gareSe Zalebis winaaRmdeg. `trumenis doqtri-
niT~ gaTvaliswinebulma samxedro da ekonomikurma daxmarebam dasavleTisaT-
vis sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. berZeni komunistebi damarcxdnen. SeerTebulma
Statebma SeZlo balkaneTze sabWoTa gavlenis gafarToebis SeCereba.

marSalis gegma
`Sekavebis politikis~ kidev erTi xerxi dasavleT evropis omisSemdgomi dan-
greuli meurneobis aRdgena iyo. ekonomikurad Zlieri evropa komunizmisTvis
gadaulaxav simagred unda qceuliyo.
1947 wels SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivanma, jorj marSalma, evro-
pas ekonomikis aRdgenis programa SesTavaza. marSalis gegma iTvaliswinebda

1949

1952

1945 1960

1964

1998

1974

nato (daarsda 1949 w. 1952 wlidan seato (daarsda 1954 w. daiSala

saberZneTi da TurqeTi, 1955 wlidan 1976­77 ww. kavSirSi Sedioda aseve aSS, didi
_ gfr, 1982 wlidan _ espaneTi) britaneTi, safrangeTi)

safrangeTi 1965/67 wlidan nato­s sento (daarsda 1955 w. `baRdadis paqtis~

nominaluri wevri
`varSavis xelSekruleba~ (daarsda
1955 w. 1968 w. organizacia datova
albaneTma)
oas­i (daarsda 1948 w.)
saxelwodebiT, 1959 w. kavSiri datova erayma, mas
Semdeg, 1978 wlamde, arsebobda sento­s saxelwodebiT.
aSS­s damkvirveblis statusi)
atomuri saxelmwifoebi (atomuri iaraRis pirveli
gamocdis TariRebi)

samxedro­politikur blokebad dayofili msoflio

197
 aseve daxmarebas sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi evropeli `mokavSireebisaTvis~.
sabWoTa kavSirma uaryo es daxmareba.
evropis saxelmwifoebma ki 1948 wels Seqmnes `evropis ekonomikuri TanamS-
romlobis organizacia~ (OEEC – Organization for European Economic Cooperation)
– marSaliseuli gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli evropis sameurneo aRorZinebis
makoordinebeli organo. 1948-1952 ww. organizaciis wevrma saxelmwifoebma (16
qveyana) SeerTebuli Statebisgan miiRes 14 mlrd. dolarad Sefasebuli daxma-
reba nedleulis, saqonlis da kapitalis saxiT.

`Jdanovis doqtrina~. `ori banakis~ Teoria

`marSalis gegmis~ miRebam, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo evropis integracias:
erToblivi makoordinebeli organizaciis SeqmniT gadaidga pirveli nabiji am
mimarTulebiT, meore mxriv ki, gaaRrmava aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfron-
tacia. sabWoTa kavSiris reaqcia `marSalis gegmis~ amoqmedebaze gamoikveTa
`Jdanovis doqtrinaSi~: `msoflio gayofilia or urTierTdapirispirebul
kapitalistur (imperialistur) da socialistur banakad~, – ganacxada 1947
wels kominformis damfuZnebel konferenciaze sabWoTa delegaciis xelmZR-
vanelma Jdanovma.
sabolood gaqarwylda sabWoTa kavSirTan `erTiani msoflios~ koncefciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli TanamSromlobis imedi. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis urTier-
Toba aSkara, Seufarav konfrontaciaSi gadaizarda.
Tavi mesame

msoflio jer ekonomikur blokebad dayofili aRmoCnda: `evropuli eko-

nomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis~ Seqmnis sapasuxod sabWoTa kavSirma
aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis damorCilebuli saxelmwifoebi `ekono-
mikuri urTierTdaxmarebis sabWoSi~ (organizaciis wevri qveynebi: sabWoTa
kavSiri, bulgareTi, ungreTi, rumineTi,
poloneTi, albaneTi, Cexoslovakia. 1950
wels kavSirs SeuerTda gdr) gaaerTiana.

nato da `varSavis
xelSekruleba~
urTierTdapirispirebul blokebad
dayofis procesi samxedro-politikuri
kavSirebis SeqmniT dasrulda. dasavleTis
samxedro-politikuri blokis Sekvras biZ-
gi misca 1948 wels momxdarma orma movle-
nam – saxelmwifo gadatrialebam Cexoslo-
vakiaSi, sadac sabWoTa kavSiris zewoliT,
mravalpartiuli, demokratiuli mTavroba
moskovis morCili komunisturi reJimiT sabWoTa propagandistuli plakati.
Seicvala da, sabWoTa saokupacio xelisuf- ori samyaro – ori gegma: Cven
lebis mier berlinis blokirebam. (mSvidobismoyvare komunistebi)
1948 wels 5 evropuli saxelmwifos – vTesavT sicocxles! isini (omismoyvare
didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da beni- kapitalistebi) Tesaven sikvdils!
198
luqsis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen briuselSi da dades evropaze
SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi urTierTdacvis da urTierTdaxmarebis
piroba. `briuselis xelSekrulebis~ gaformebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg, xelis-
momwerma saxelmwifoebma mxardaWeris TxovniT mimarTes SeerTebul Statebs.
momavali samxedro-politikuri kavSiris konkretuli formis sakmaod xan-

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

grZlivi Ziebis Semdeg, 1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi orma amerikulma (aSS,
kanada) da aTma evropulma (briuselis paqtis wevri 5 qveyana, italia, dania,
islandia, norvegia, portugalia) saxelmwifom Sekra `Crdilo atlantikuri
kavSiri – nato~.
1955 wels, nato-Si germaniis federaciuli respublikis gawevrianebis Sem-
deg, sabWoTa kavSirma saswrafod Seqmna sakuTari samxedro-politikuri or-
ganizacia – `varSavis paqti~ (1955 wlis 14 maisi), romelSic Sevidnen: poloneTi,
bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, rumineTi, ungreTi, gdr, albaneTi (datova kavSiri
1968 wels).
nato-s SeqmniT da `varSavis xelSekrulebis~ gaformebiT msoflioSi dasrul-
da bipolarizaciis (or urTierTdapirispirebul banakad, or polusad dayofis)
procesi.

`civi omis~ cxeli wertili. omi koreaSi. konfrontaciis gamZafreba

1949 wlis agvistoSi msofliom Seityo sabWoTa atomuri iaraRis gamocdis
ambavi. SeerTebuli Statebis atomur monopolias bolo moeRo. 1949 wlis 1
oqtombers ki gamocxadda CineTis saxalxo respublikis Seqmna. komunizmi ukve
ara mxolod evropis kontinentze, aramed aziaSic gavrcelda. dasavleTi `mso-
flio komunizmis~ SiSma Seipyro.
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfrontaciis gamZafrebis kidev erTi mizezi
gaxda koreaSi mimdinare omi.
iaponiis kapitulaciis Semdeg korea (1910 wlidan iaponiis kolonia), iseve,
rogorc germania, saokupacio zonebad daiyo: 38-e paralelis CrdiloeTiT
mdebareobda sabWoTa, samxreTiT ki – amerikuli zona. 1948 wels CrdiloeT
korea `saxalxo demokratiul respublikad~ gamocxadda. xelisuflebis saTa-
veSi komunistebi movidnen. samxreTs ki avtokratiuli saprezidento reJimi
(prezidentis erTpirovnuli, SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba) marTavda. 1949 wels
sabWoTa saokupacio jarebma datoves qveyana. korea gayofili rCeboda. 1950
wlis ivnisSi CrdiloeT koream, sabWoTa kavSiris mxardaWeriT, wamoiwyo laS-
qroba samxreTis winaaRmdeg, misi `marionetuli reJimisgan~ gaTavisuflebis da
qveynis mTlianobis aRdgenis motiviT. bunebrivia, koreis erTiani saxelmwifo
komunisturi unda gamxdariyo.
gaero-m CrdiloeT koreas brZolis Sewyveta da dakavebuli teritoriebis
gaTavisufleba mosTxova. CrdiloeT korea am moTxovnas ar daemorCila. ma-
Sin gaero-m iq saerTaSoriso jarebi gagzavna. operacias amerikeli generali
daglas makarturi xelmZRvanelobda. internacionalurma jarebma gaaTavi-
sufles samxreT korea, gadalaxes sazRvari da ganagrZes brZola CrdiloeT
koreis teritoriaze. maSin komunisturi koreis dasaxmareblad CineTidan 300
aTasi `moxalise~ daiZra. generali makarturi da gavleniani politikuri jgu-

199
 febi vaSingtonSi CrdiloeT koreis reJimis srul ganadgurebas da CineTze ie-
riSis mitanas moiTxovdnen. makarturi da misi Tanamoazreni ar gamoricxavdnen
am omSi atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram prezidentma trumenma, romelsac
aseve bevri Tanamoazre hyavda rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi, ise evropaSi, ar
dauSva lokaluri konfliqtis msoflio omad gadaqceva. or koreul saxelmwi-
fos Soris aRdga sademarkacio xazi. 1953 wels ki daido sazavo xelSekruleba.

`ukugdebis doqtrina~
50-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi kidev ufro gamkacrda dasavleTis politika
aRmosavleTis mimarT: 1954 wels SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivanma
jon f. dalesma gamoacxada komunizmis `ukugdebis~ (roll back) axali doqtrina:
dasavleTs ara Tu xeli unda SeeSala komunizmis gavrcelebisaTvis (`Sekavebis
doqtrina~), aramed Seesustebina misi poziciebi ukve dapyrobil teritoriaze,
Seeviwroebina komunizmi misave gavlenis sferoSi. `ukugdebis~ politikur
doqtrinas Tan erTvoda `masirebuli Surisgebis~ (massive retaliation) samxedro
doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac SeerTebuli Statebis, an mis mokavSireTa winaaR-
mdeg mimarTuli agresiisaTvis, aSS-s TavdamsxmelisaTvis atomuri dartymiT
unda miego sanacvlo.
axali politikuri doqtrinis Sesabamisad, dasavleTma daiwyo nato-s gan-
mtkiceba. 50-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna regionuli samxedro-poli-
tikuri kavSirebi. koreis omis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo Soreuli aRmosavleTis
Tavi mesame

regionSi TavdacviTi organizaciis Seqmna. 1954 wels SeerTebulma Statebma,

inglisma da safrangeTma avstraliasTan, axal zelandiasTan, pakistanTan,
tailandsa da filipinebTan dades xelSekruleba `samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis

wyaro 3

`Sekavebis politika~. nawyveti j. f. kenanis 1948 wels gamoqveynebuli statiidan:

`...SeerTebuli Statebis grZelvadiani politika sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT, pirvel

rigSi, mimarTuli unda iyos ruseTis eqspansionisturi midrekilebebis moTminebiT,
magram fxizlad Sekavebisken. amasTanave, unda gavacnobieroT, rom am politikas mou­
wevs Teatraluri Jestebis, magaliTad muqaris, atana. marTalia, kremli moqnilad
ergeba politikur realobebs, magram amiT is sulac ar xdeba naklebad mgrZnobiare
prestiJis sakiTxebisadmi... Cvenma qveyanam momavalSic unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom sab­
WoTa kavSiris politika abstraqtuli mSvidobismoyvareobidan da stabilurobis
survilidan, socialisturi da kapitalisturi samyaroebis xangrZlivi, bednieri
Tanaarsebobis rwmeniT ki araa nakarnaxevi, aramed sabWoTa kavSiri Tavis Zalisxme­
vas mimarTavs masTan dapirispirebuli Zalebis dezorganizebasa da dasustebaze...
magram mTlianad aSS­is xelSia is, rom ukiduresad gaurTulos sabWoTa politikas
muSaobis pirobebi, aRmarTos winaRobebi misi ganxorcielebis gzaze da amiT ai­
Zulos kremli gaxdes ufro TavSekavebuli da frTxili Tavis sagareo politikur
qmedebebSi, vidre amas ukanasknel wlebSi avlenda~.

200
kavSiris~ – seato-s Seqmnis Sesaxeb. seato regionSi usafrTxoebis garanti
unda gamxdariyo.
1955 wels msgavsi kavSiri Seikra axlo aRmosavleTis regionis saxelmwifoeb-
Tan. erayma, TurqeTma, iranma, pakistanma da didma britaneTma xeli moaweres
`baRdadis paqts~. SeerTebuli Statebi am organizaciaSi damkvirveblis sta-

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

tusiT gawevrianda. 1958 wels organizacia datova erayma (qveyanaSi saxelmwifo
gadatrialebis Semdeg). 1959 wlidan kavSiri arsebobda `centraluri kavSi-
ris~ – sento-s saxelwodebiT (1978 wlamde).

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ra politikur miznebs isaxav-

da evropis ekonomikuri aRorZinebis marSaliseuli gegma.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. wyaroze da paragrafis teqstze dayrdnobiT ganmarteT
`ori banakis~ Teoria.
3. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, imsjeleT msoflios or banakad dayo-
fis – saerTaSoriso sistemis bipolarizaciis mizezebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT CamoayalibeT

ra kavSiri aqvs `trumenis doqtrinasa~ da `marSalis gegmas~ `Sekavebis
politikasTan~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1947 – `marSalis gegmis~

1954
SemuSaveba: `Jda­
`ukugdebis doqtri­
novis doqtrinis~
nis~ gamocxadeba
gamocxadeba
1945 – gaeros
daar­
1949 – `ekonomikuri urTierTdaxma­
seba
rebis sabWos~ Seqmna; nato­s
Seqmna; atomuri iaraRis gamo­
cda sabWoTa kavSirSi

1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955

1950-1953 – omi koreaSi

1955
1947 – `trumenis `varSavis paqtis~
1949 – `briuselis
doqtrinis~ gaformeba
xelSekrulebis~
gamocxadeba gaformeba
201
 37. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX s-is 50-iani
wlebis II naxevarsa da 60-ian wlebSi. karibis
krizisi. omi vietnamSi

`SiSis wonasworoba~ leqsikoni

ori mtruli blokis an banakis (sabWoTa r PaxAmericana – `amerikuli

kavSirSi oficialurad swored es termini mSvidoba~. laT Pax – mSvido-
ixmareboda) sabolood Camoyalibebis Semdeg ba. termini Seiqmna Pax Roma-
(1955), maT Soris daiwyo Sejibreba Seiara- na-s – `romauli mSvidobis~
RebaSi. 1952 wels amerikelebs ukve hqondaT analogiiT. sxvagvarad am
wyalbadis bombi. erTi wlis Semdeg aseTive gziT damyarebul mSvidobas
iaraRi Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSirSic. 1952 wli- hegemonur mSvidobasac uwo-
deben. es cneba imas niSnavs,
dan didi britaneTi, 1960 wlidan ki safran-
rom erTi dawinaurebuli,
geTi gaxda atomuri saxelmwifo. 1964 wli-
msoflios yvelaze Zlieri
dan sakuTari atomuri iaraRi aqvs CineTs, saxelmwifo ipyrobs danar-
1974 wlidan – indoeTs, 1998 wlidan – paki- Cen qveynebs, maTze sakuTar
stans; atomuri saxelmwifoa israelic. ga- wesrigs avrcelebs da aqcevs
suli saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi maT mTliani imperiis Semad-
iqmneba aseve atomuri iaraRis matarebeli
Tavi mesame

genel nawilad. erTaderTi

sistemebi – bombdamSeni TviTmfrinavebi, wy- msoflio imperiisa da Sesa-
alqveSa navebi, raketebi.1 SeerTebuli Sta- bamisad, saerTo msoflio
tebi advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxda sabWoTa wesrigis SeqmniT myardeba
kontinentTaSorisi raketebisTvis da piri- msoflio mSvidoba.
qiT. Sesabamisad, `masirebuli Surisgebis~ r `sputnik~ – rus. Tanamgzav-
samxedro doqtrinam Zala dakarga. 1957 wels ri
sabWoTa kavSirma kosmosSi pirveli xelovnu-
r `vietkongi~ – `vietnam-
ri Tanamgzavri gauSva, ramac dasavleTSi nam- eli komunistebis~ Semokl.
dvili `sputnik-Soki~ gamoiwvia. msoflioSi forma. ase uwoda `erovnuli
damyarda jer kidev 1955 wels uinston Cer- ganTavisuflebis fronts~
Cilis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi `SiSis wo- samxreT vietnamelma diqta-
nasworoba~. torma diemma.
50-iani wlebis meore naxevris movlenebma r samxedro eskalaciAa – laT.
(1953 wlis gdr-is da 1956 wlis ungreTis) ga- scala – kibe, frang. esca-
moamJRavna agreTve `ukugdebis~ doqtrinis lade – aRmasvla. samxedro
umoqmedoba. amerikis SeerTebulma Stateb- Zalis gazrda, ufro maRal
ma ver gabeda samxedro ZaliT daxmareboda safexurze ayvana
germanelebs da ungrelebs maT brZolaSi

1
ganasxvaveben sami tipis SeiaraRebas: Cveulebrivi (arabirTvuli) sahaero, sazRvao da saxme-
leTo iaraRi (TviTmfrinavebi, vertmfrenebi, sazRvao xomaldebi, tankebi, javSanteqnika, ar-
tileria da sxv.); birTvuli raketebi, moqmedebis mcire da saSualo radiusis mqone (5500 km-mde);
strategiuli kontinentTaSorisi birTvuli raketebi (moqmedebis radiusiT 5500 km-dan zeviT).

202
Tavsmoxveuli komunisturi reJimis da maTi damcveli sabWoTa kavSiris jaris
winaaRmdeg.

`mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~
principi

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobac iZulebu-
li gaxda angariSi gaewia SeiaraRebaSi
arsebuli mdgomareobisaTvis. swored XX
saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
sabWoTa kavSiris axalma liderma niki-
ta xruSCovma qveynis sagareo politikis
safuZvlad `socialisturi~ da `kapita-
listuri~ sistemebis `mSvidobiani Ta- `batono prezidento, Tanaxma
naarsebobis~ leniniseuli principi gamoacxada: var daviwyoT molaparakeba.~
ori sistemis samxedro konfrontacia maT Soris (inglisuri karikatura)

ekonomikuri SejibrebiT unda Secvliliyo. amas-

Tanave, ar unda Semwydariyo `ideologiuri brZo-
la~ `kapitalistur banakTan~.

wyaro 1

`mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ principi. nawyveti skkp centraluri komitetis pir-

veli mdivnis, nikita xruSCovis (1894-1971) gamosvlidan partiis XX yrilobaze
(1956 wlis Tebervali):

`sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifoTa mSvidobiani Tanaarse­

bobis leniniseuli principi iyo da aris Cveni sagareo politikis mTavari xazi.
amboben, TiTqos sabWoTa kavSiri mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis princips mxolod taq­
tikuri, koniunqturuli mosazrebiT misdevs. magram cnobilia, rom Cven adrec, sab­
WoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvelive dReebidan, imave SemarTebiT viRvwodiT
mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisTvis...

es imas niSnavs, rom gansxvavebuli sazogadoebriv­politikuri wyobis qveynebis

mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis darRvevis safrTxe, Tuki aseTi saerTod arsebobs, ar­
aviTar SemTxvevaSi ar momdinareobs sabWoTa kavSirisa da sabWoTa blokidan... gana
aqvs socialistur saxelmwifos TavdacviTi omis gaCaRebis safuZveli?... an iqneb
Cven miwa­wyali da bunebrivi wiaRiseuli gvaklia, an iqneb nedleulis wyaroebi Tu
Cveni produqciisTvis gasaRebis bazrebi? ara, yovelive es Cven Warbad mogvepoveba.
maS risTvisRa unda gvWirdebodes omi?... roca Cven vambobT, rom sistemebis SejibrSi
– kapitalisturisa da socialisturis, socialisturi gaimarjvebs, es araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom gamarjveba socialisturi qveynebis mxridan kapi­
talisturi qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi SeiaraRebuli Carevis gziT miiRweva. Cveni
rwmena komunizmis gamarjvebisa efuZneba imas, rom socialisturi warmoebis wess
mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aqvs kapitalisturTan SedarebiT~.

203
 kubis revolucia da karibis krizisi
1962 wels `karibis krizisma~ kidev erTxel daarwmuna aRmosavleTis da da-
savleTis blokebi dapirispirebis Serbilebis, urTierTobis gaumjobesebis
aucileblobaSi.
1959 wels kubaSi daemxo batistas diqtatoruli, magram proamerikuli re-
Jimi. Zalaufleba xelSi ajanyebulTa liderma fidel kastrom aiRo.
SeerTebulma Statebma ar cno kastros xelisufleba. maSin kubis axalma
mTavrobam sxva mfarvels dauwyo Zebna da male sabWoTa gavlenis qveS moeqca.
1960 wels damyarda diplomatiuri urTierToba kubasa da sabWoTa kavSirs
Soris. SeerTebulma Statebma am kavSirs kunZulis ekonomikuri blokadiT
upasuxa. amerikam uari Tqva kuburi lerwmis Saqris Sesyidvaze, rac daRupvas
uqadda kunZulis monokulturul meurneobas (kuba erTaderTi agraruli
produqtis – Saqris lerwmis – eqsportiT cxovrobda). magram kubur Saqars
gamouCnda myidveli sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT. TandaTanobiT izrdeboda kubis
damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSirze.
1961 wlis dasawyisSi kastrom Tavis ajanyebas `muSaTa da glexTa revolucia~
uwoda, kuba ki marqsizm-leninizmze dafuZnebul socialistur saxelmwifod
gamocxadda. 1961 wlis ianvarSi SeerTebulma Statebma gawyvita diplomatiuri
urTierToba kubasTan. prezident eizenhaueris gankargulebiT gvatemalaSi
daiwyo antifidelisti kubeli emigrantebis samxedro wvrTna. maTi xeliT
apirebda aSS kastros reJimis damxobas. am gegmis ganxorcieleba mouxda Seer-
Tavi mesame

Tebuli Statebis axal prezidents kenedis.

1961 wels SeerTebulma Statebma kubeli emigrantebisgan Semdgari desanti
gadasxa kubaze, magram fidel kastros razmebma ukuaqcies momxdurebi. erTi
zesaxelmwifos marcxiT isargebla meorem da kuba samxedro bazad aqcia.
1962 wlis oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi amerikulma mzveravma TviTmfrinavebma
kubaze, florididan sul raRac 90 milis daSorebiT, sabWoTa samxedro teq-
nika, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebisken mimarTuli saSualo manZilze moqmedi
raketebi aRmoaCines.
prezident kenedis pirdapiri samxedro qmedeba (kunZulze jarebis Seyvana,
sabWoTa bazebis ganadgureba) saxifaTod moeCvena da amitom kubis sazRvao
blokadas mimarTa. karibis zRvaSi erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCnda atomuri
iaraRiT aRWurvili sabWoTa da amerikuli samxedro xomaldebi.
1962 wlis oqtomberSi msoflio ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi atomuri omis
zRurblze idga. sabednierod, saRma azrma gaimarjva. damyarda satelegrafo
kavSiri moskovsa da vaSingtons Soris. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba: xruSCovi da-
Tanxmda kubaze samxedro bazebis likvidacias, kenedi ki sanacvlo moTxovnas,
gamoetana amerikuli raketebi TurqeTidan da mieca kubis xelSeuxeblobis
garantia. `karibis krizisi~ mSvidobianad dasrulda.

daZabulobis Senelebis pirveli faza

atomuri katastrofis safrTxem gaumZafra zesaxelmwifoebs msoflios
winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. karibis krizisis zegavleniT daiwyo daZa-
bulobis Senelebis pirveli faza:
204
 – 1962 wels JenevaSi gaixsna ganiaraRebis mudmivmoqmedi konferencia.
– 1963 wels zesaxelmwifoebs Soris daido `cxeli xazis~ SeTanxmeba. dam-
yarda uSualo satelegrafo kavSiri TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris. Seiqmna
kritikuli viTarebis umokles vadaSi ganmuxtvis SesaZlebloba.
– imave wels dadebuli xelSekrulebiT aikrZala atomuri iaraRis gamocda

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

sam sferoSi: atmosferoSi, kosmosSi da wyalqveS.
– 1968 wels miRweuli SeTanxmebiT aikrZala atomuri iaraRis gavrceleba.

`moqnili reagirebis~ doqtrina

gadaisinja agreTve dasavleTis blokis ukve Zaladakarguli `ukugdebis
doqtrina~. 1967 wels nato-m miiRo axali strategiuli doqtrina saxelwodebiT
`moqnili reagireba~ (flexible response), romelic moiTxovda TavdamsxmelisaTvis
misi agresiis formis Sesabamisi pasuxis gacemas da, mxolod ukiduresi auci-
leblobis SemTxvevaSi, atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebas. paralelurad blokebi
ganagrZobdnen samxedro Zalis zrdasa da srulyofas. 60-iani wlebis bolo-
saTvis orive zesaxelmwifos hqonda meore dartymis miyenebis SesaZlebloba,
anu orive maTgans SeeZlo gaeZlo pirveli atomuri ieriSisaTvis imdenad, rom
SesZleboda sapasuxo dartymis miyeneba.

omi vietnamSi da `Zalis uZlureba~

XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, indoCineTi safrangeTis koloniuri
samflobelo iyo. meore msoflio omis dros Tavad okupirebulma safrangeTma
veRar moicala koloniisaTvis. indoCineTi iaponiis gavlenis qveS moeqca. omis
Semdeg safrangeTi vietnamSi poziciis aRdgenas Seecada, magram vietnamelTa
winaaRmdegobas waawyda. winaaRmdegoba metropoliasa da kolonias Soris
rvawlian omSi gadaizarda, romelic 1954 wels frangebis marcxiT dasrulda.
1954 wels JenevaSi mowveuli konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT, vietnami (ko-
reis msgavsad) or nawilad gaiyo (sazRvari me-17 paralelis gaswvriv gaido).
CrdiloeT vietnams (dedaqalaqi hanoi) ho Si minis komunisturi, samxreTs (de-
daqalaqi saigoni) ki antikomunisturi, magram avtoritaruli reJimi marTavda
(imperatorma bao daim xelisufleba mTavrobis meTaurs, ngo din diems Caabara).
1960 wels samxreT vietnamSi Seiqmna `erovnuli ganTavisuflebis fronti~,
romelic msofliosTvis `vietkongis~ saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili. `vietkon-
gi~ komunisturi Crdilo vietnamidan iRebda daxmarebas, CrdiloeT vietnami –
sabWoTa kavSiridan. samxreT vietnamis armia, amerikelebis daxmarebis miuxe-
davad, ver uwevda saTanado winaaRmdegobas vietkongel partizanebs. Seiqmna
komunizmis vietnamis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelebis safrTxe. SeerTebulma
Statebma miiRo gadawyvetileba Cabmuliyo vietnamis omSi.
1964 wlidan SeerTebuli Statebis aviaciam daiwyo CrdiloT vietnamis da-
bombva. qveynis samxreTSi Sevida amerikuli jari. 1968 wlisaTvis vietnamSi
naxevar milionze meti amerikeli ibrZoda. specialistebis daangariSebiT,
omis ganmavlobaSi amerikelebis mier vietnamis miwaze Camogdebuli bombebis
raodenoba samjer aRemateboda meore msoflio omis dros gamoyenebuli bom-
bebisas. amerikelebi qimiur iaraRsac iyenebdnen. wamlavdnen tyis masivebs,
205
 sadac `vietkongelebi~ egulebodaT. omSi sxvadasxva SefasebiT erTidan xuT
milionamde adamiani daiRupa. `vietkongis~ taqtika partizanuli omi iyo, age-
buli moulodnel Tavdasxmasa da junglebSi swraf gauCinarebaze. brZolis am
formis winaSe uZluri aRmoCnda zesaxelmwifos armia, aRWurvili umZlavresi
iaraRiT. gaWianurebulma omma, nanaxma sisastikem, gaumarTlebelma sisxlisR-
vram amerikuli jaris demoralizacia gamoiwvia. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavro-
bisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom vietnamSi samxedro eskalaciis gareSe SeuZlebeli
iyo mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba. magram es nabiji gazrdida sabWoTa kavSirTan
pirdapiri konfrontaciis risks. am motivma, aseve gamZafrebulma omis sawi-
naaRmdego ganwyobilebam qveynis SigniT, aiZula SeerTebuli Statebis admi-
nistracia 1968 wels daewyo samSvidobo molaparakeba CrdiloeT vietnamTan.
xangrZlivi da mZime molaparakebis Semdeg, 1973 wels parizSi, rogorc iqna,
gaformda samSvidobo xelSekruleba.
SeerTebul Statebs vietnamis omi Zvirad daujda:
– omis xarjma 150 mlrd. dolars gadaaWarba;
– daiRupa 58 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri;
– 153 aTasi mZimed, da TiTqmis amdenive msubuqad daSavda.
msoflio-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, vietnamSi gancdilma marcxa mZime
dartyma miayena SeerTebuli Statebis, rogorc zesaxelmwifos da `Tavisufali
samyaros~ damcvelis, prestiJs.
marcxi vietnamSi iyo `Zalis uZlurebis~ (termini daamkvidra XX saukunis
Tavi mesame

cnobilma frangma politologma raimon aronma) gacxadeba. zesaxelmwifos

armiam, aRWurvilma yvelaze srulyofili da mZlavri Tanamedrove iaraRiT,
ver SeZlo junglebs Sefarebuli partizanuli razmebis damarcxeba da omSi
gamarjvebis mopoveba imitom, rom ver da ar ixmara masobrivi ganadgurebis
birTvuli iaraRi.

wyaro 2

nawyveti aSS-is prezidentis j. f. kenedis (1917-1963) vaSingtonis universitet-

Si warmoTqmuli sityvidan (1963 wlis ivnisi):

`ra saxis mSvidobas vgulisxmob me? ra saxis mSvidobisken miviswrafviT Cven? Cven
ar gvinda Pax Americana, romelic amerikuli samxedro iaraRiT iqneba msofliosTvis
Tavsmoxveuli... me aq vsaubrob WeSmarit mSvidobaze, romelic faseuls xdis sicocx­
les amqveynad...

me vsaubrob mSvidobaze, radgan omma axali saxe miiRo. totaluri omi uazroa im
saukuneSi, romelSic birTvuli iaraRiT aRWurvili didi saxelmwifoebi ise aras­
dros danebdebian mters, rom es iaraRi ar gamoiyenon. totaluri omi uazroa sauku­
neSi, romelSic mxolod erTi birTvuli Wurvis gamanadgurebeli Zala TiTqmis
aTjer aRemateba meore msoflio omis dros mokavSireebis aviaciis mier Camogde­
buli bombebisas erTad. omi uazroa im saukuneSi, romelSic atomuri afeTqebis
Sedegad gamofrqveuli momakvdinebeli nivTierebebi wyliTa Tu qariT... mTel Cvens
planetaze gavrceldeba da jer arSobil Taobazec ki imoqmedebs damRupvelad.~

206
 msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi
amerikeli jariskacebi
vietnamSi mdinaris
gadalaxvisas

klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1. imsjeleT, rogor asabuTebs xruSCovi `mSvidobiani Ta-

naarsebobis~ princips. teqstsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ratom
iwvevda sabWoTa kavSiris deklarirebuli `mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ po-
litika undoblobas dasavleTSi. argumentaciisTvis moiSvelieT sabWoTa
sagareo politikuri qmedebebis, maT Soris karibis krizisis magaliTebi.
2. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT,
Tu ratom gaxda zesaxelmwifoebis birTvuli SeiaraRebis Tanasworoba
`civi omis ~ dros mSvidobis SenarCunebis garanti.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1961 – aSS­is intervencia

kubaze
1957 – pirveli 1962 – `karibis krizisi~. JenevaSi ga­
sabWoTa niaraRebis mudmivmoqmedi konfe­
xelovnuri renciis gaxsna
Tanamgzav­
ris gaSveba 1964-1973 – omi vietnamSi
kosmosSi 1968 – atomuri iaraRis ga­
vrcelebis akrZalva

1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972

1959 – fidel 1963 – `cxeli xazis~ 1967 – `moqnili reagi­

kastros SeTanxmeba. ato­ rebis~ doqtrinis
revoluciis muri iaraRis ga­ miReba
gamarjveba mocdis akrZalva
kubaze sam sferoSi.
207
 38. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX s-is 70-ian
wlebSi

`daZabulobis Seneleba~ _ msoflio politikis

axali formula
vietnamis omma daarwmuna dasavleTi `Zalis uZlurebaSi~. am rwmenidan ga-
momdinare, daiwyo msoflio politikis warmarTvis, kerZod aRmosavleTTan
urTierTobis axali formis Zieba.
1970 wels prezidentma niqsonma kongresis winaSe gamosvlisas Camoayaliba
axali sagareo-politikuri koncefcia (`niqsonis doqtrina~): SeerTebulma Sta-
tebma uari unda Tqvas `globalur pasuxismgeblobaze~ – `amerikas ar SeuZlia...
da arc surs, mTlianad aiRos Tavis Tavze msoflios Tavisufali erebis dacva~.
amitom unda dasruldes aRmosavleTTan konfrontaciis epoqa da daiwyos mas-
Tan molaparakebis xana mSvidobis stabiluri struqturis Sesaqmnelad.
aRmosavleTTan molaparakebis umTavresi Tema SeiaraRebis SezRudva unda
gamxdariyo.
sabWoTa kavSirs samxedro xarjebis Semcirebisa da gamoTavisuflebuli
saxsrebiT ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebis saSualeba eZleoda. amdenad,
Tavi mesame

sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam gaixsena xruSCovis droindeli `mSvidobiani Tanaar-

sebobis~ principi da saxelmwifos sagareo politikis safuZvlad gamoacxada.
magram, amasTanave, sabWoTa kompartiis lideri breJnevi ganmartavda, rom
`daZabulobis Senelebis~ politika ver gaauqmebda klasobrivi brZolis kanons.
es politika iSva ara zesaxelmwifoebis keTili nebiT, aramed mSvidobis
SenarCunebis aucileblobiT. `daZabulobis Seneleba~ ar spobda aRmosavleT
da dasavleT blokebis metoqeobas, ubralod, ufro usafrTxos xdida maTi
arsebobis pirobebs.
1972 wels zesaxelmwifoebs Soris daido xelSekruleba raketsawinaaRmde-
go TavdacviTi sistemebis raodenobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb. 1974 wels SeizRuda
birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis SesaZlebloba.
`SeiaraRebis SezRudvis~ politikis farglebSi miRweul SeTanxmebaTa-
gan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo xelSekrulebebi `strategiuli SeiaraRebis
SezRudvis~ Sesaxeb. pirveli aseTi dokumenti gaformda 1972 wels, niqsonis
moskovSi vizitis dros, xolo meore – 1979 wels venaSi.
ori SeTanxmebiT `strategiuli SeiaraRebis SezRudvis~ Sesaxeb zesaxel-
mwifoTa birTvuli iaraRis maragi arsebiTad ar Secvlila. limitireba Seexo
mxolod ukve arsebul iaraRs da mis samomavlo warmoebas, magram araferi
uSlida xels xarisxobrivad axali, gaumjobesebuli, ufro efeqturi iaraRis
Seqmnas. ase rom, am mxriv msoflio ar gamxdara ufro `usafrTxo~. politikuri
TvalsazrisiT ki sabWoTa-amerikuli xelSekrulebebis gaformeba marTlac
mniSvnelovani iyo: amiT zesaxelmwifoebma maTi samxedro-politikuri Zalebis
Tanasworoba aRiares.

208
 evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis pirobebis Seqmna.
`helsinkis procesi~ _ `daZabulobis Senelebis~ politikis kidev
erTi ganzomileba
ganmuxtvis politikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba iyo uSiSroebisa
da TanamSromlobis pirobebis Seqmna evropaSi. am sakiTxis Taobaze aRmosavleT-

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

sa da dasavleTs Soris molaparakebis dawyebis iniciativiT sabWoTa kavSiri
gamovida. zesaxelmwifos aRmosavleT evropaze sakuTari gavlenis, evropaSi
status qvos (arsebuli mdgomareobis) ganmtkicebis survili amoZravebda.
sabWoTa kavSiris cxadi motivis miuxedavad, SeerTebulma Statebma, mcire
xnis yoymanis Semdeg, `daZabulobis Senelebis~ zogadi koncefciidan gamomdi-
nare, mainc gadawyvita proeqtSi monawileoba da paralelurad wamoiwyo mola-
parakeba aRmosavleT blokTan evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis SezRudvis
Sesaxeb. am sakiTxis Taobaze molaparakeba nato-sa da varSavis organizacias
Soris daiwyo venaSi 1973 wels.
`evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis konferenciis~ mowvevisTvis
mzadeba 1973 wlidan daiwyo da ramdenime etapad warimarTa: jer diplomatiur
doneze – monawile qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma gamoxates sakuTari
pozicia. 1973-1975 wlebSi JenevaSi mimdinare konferenciaze ki sabolood Ca-
moayalibes misaRebi ZiriTadi dokumentebis teqsti.
am procesis mesame etapi fineTis dedaqalaqSi `evropaSi uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis konferenciis~ mowveva iyo, romelic dasrulda 1975 wlis 1
agvistos daskvniTi dokumentis miRebiT. `helsinkis aqts~ xeli moawera 35- ma
saxelmwifom, maT Soris zesaxelmwifoebma, kanadam, aRmosavleT da dasavleT
blokebSi Semavalma evropulma qveynebma.
daskvniT dokumentSi gamocxadebuli iyo 10 ZiriTadi principi, romlebic
evropaSi mSvidobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. es principebia:
– sazRvrebis urRveoba;
– saxelmwifoTa suvereniteti da Tanasworuflebianoba, suverenitetisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli uflebebis pativiscema;
– teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxebloba;
– saxelmwifos Sinagan saqmeebSi Caurevloba;
– Zalis gamoyenebaze an ZaliT muqaraze uaris Tqma;
– sadavo sakiTxebis mSvidobianad mogvareba;
– erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba;
– adamianis uflebebis da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis pativiscema;
– saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba;
– saerTaSoriso samarTlis savaldebulo normebis keTilsindisieri dacva.
`helsinkis aqtis~ miRebiT sabWoTa kavSirma mizans miaRwia: moxda evropaSi
arsebuli sazRvrebis urRveobis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv doneze aRiare-
ba. amiT sabWoTa kavSirma ganimtkica pozicia da miiRo arsebuli mdgomareobis
xelSeuxeblobis garantia.
dasavleTisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda helsinkis aqtSi
adamianis uflebebis (gaero-s 1948 wlis adamianis uflebebis deklaraciis Se-
sabamisi) dacvis principis CarTvas. dasavleTs sabWoTa kavSirze da aRmosavle-

209
 Tis blokSi Semaval evropul saxelmwifoebze
zewolis saSualeba mieca. `socialisturi ba-
nakis~ qveynebSi disidentur moZraobas zurgi
gaumagrda. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa kavSirSi da
evropis socialistur qveynebSi uxeSad irRveo-
da adamianis uflebebi da Sesabamisad, ugule-
belyofili iyo helsinkis dokumentis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi moTxovna.
`evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis
aSS­is prezidenti karteri da
konferenciis~ mowveva mainc mniSvnelovani is-
CineTis lideri mao Ze duni
toriuli movlena iyo: pirvelad kacobriobis
istoriaSi gansxvavebuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemebis mqone, ur-
TierTdapirispirebulma saxelmwifoebma SeZles urTierTobisa da politikuri
qcevis saerTo kodeqsis SemuSaveba.
helsinkiSi dawyebuli procesi gaagrZela `evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamS-
romlobis~ belgradis (1977), madridis (1980-1983), venis (1986), parizis (1990)
konferenciebma.
1992 wels helsinkis process SeuerTda saqarTvelo.1994 wlis budapeStis
Sexvedris gadawyvetilebiT, 1995 wlidan `evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSrom-
lobis TaTbiri~ saerTaSoriso organizaciad gardaiqmna. dRes es organizacia
cnobilia euTo-s (`evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia~)
Tavi mesame

saxeliT.

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfrontacia `mesame samyaroSi~

ganmuxtvis politikam evropa ki aqcia SedarebiT mSvidobian zonad, magram
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis dapirispirebas bolo ar uCanda. or bloks Soris
konfrontaciis simZimem ubralod sxva regionSi, kerZod, `mesame samyaros~
qveynebSi gadainacvla.
sabWoTa kavSirma afrikis kontinentze: angolaSi, mozambikSi, eTiopiasa da

kemp­devidis SeTanxmeba. israelis

premier­ministri begini, aSS­is
prezidenti karteri da egviptis
prezidenti sadaTi
210
somaliSi sakuTari iaraRiT da zog SemTxvevaSi kubeli jariskacebis xeliT,
SeZlo prosabWouri reJimebis Seqmna. amave periodSi sabWoTa gavlena gavr-
celda samxreT iemenzec.
1972 wels eraysa da siriasTan xelSekrulebis gaformebiT, romelic, sxvaTa
Soris, am qveynebisaTis sabWoTa iaraRis miwodebas iTvaliswinebda, sabWoTa

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

kavSirma axlo aRmosavleTis regionSic moikida fexi.
SeerTebuli Statebi, Tavis mxriv, mxars uWerda prosabWouri reJimebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul moZraobebs afrikis qveynebSi. aSS-is politikis aSkara
warmateba iyo is, rom sabWoTa kavSirma dakarga mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni
arabul samyaroSi – egvipte. 1976 wels egviptis prezidentma sadaTma gaauqma
egvipte-sabWoTa kavSiris xelSekruleba megobrobis Sesaxeb da orientacia
SeerTebul Statebze aiRo. aSS-egviptis urTierToba ganmtkicda egviptesa da
israels Soris mimdinare samSvidobo molaparakebisas (kemp-devidis Sexvedra),
roca SeerTebulma Statebma Suamavlis funqcia itvirTa.
mas Semdeg, rac SeerTebulma Statebma gamoTiSa sabWoTa kavSiri axlo aRmo-
savleTis konfliqtis mogvarebis procesidan, daZabulobis Senelebis poli-
tikis albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani monapovari – SeerTebuli Statebis mier
sabWoTa kavSiris Tanaswor zesaxelmwifod aRiareba, eWvis qveS dadga.
`mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ gagrZelebis Sansi Seamcira agreTve SeerTebuli
Statebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebulma `samkuTxa diplomatiam~ CineTis mimarT
da antisabWoTa politikam aRmosavleT aziaSi. `samkuTxa diplomatiis~ avtori
iyo prezidentis mrCeveli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi, 1973 wlidan saxelmwifo
mdivani – henri kisinjeri. kisinjeris azriT, zesaxelmwifoebs Soris ZalTa
Tanafardobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro iyo CineTis, rogorc didi saxelmwifos,
msoflio politikaSi Cabma. diplomatiur samkuTxedSi aSS-CineTi-ssrk, CineTs
balansis funqcia ekisreboda. SeerTebuli Statebis CineTTan daaxloebas Ci-
neT-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobis gauaresebamac Seuwyo xeli. ideologiuri
winaaRmdegoba or komunistur saxelmwifos Soris politikur daZabulobaSi
gadaizarda da samociani wlebidan moyolebuli, drodadro vlindeboda saxel-
mwifoebs Soris sasazRvro SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis formiT.
1971 wels SeerTebulma Statebma gaauqma `wiTeli CineTis~ mimarT 21 wlis
ganmavlobaSi moqmedi savaWro embargo (vaWrobis akrZalva). imave wels CineTis
saxalxo respublika miiRes gaero-Si. manamde CineTs saerTaSoriso doneze
taivanze Seqmnili Cinuri respublika warmoadgenda. 1972 wels ki prezidenti
niqsoni ewvia CineTs. CineTTan daaxloebis politika prezidentebma fordma da
kartermac gaagrZeles. 1979 wlis dasawyisisaTvis damyarda sruli diploma-
tiuri urTierToba SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs Soris. 1978 wels CineTTan
savaWro xelSekruleba dado evropis Tanamegobrobam.
XX s-is 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli farTovdeboda da mtkic-
deboda politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirurTierToba CineTsa da iaponias
Soris. 1978 wels ki gaformda CineT-iaponiis xelSekruleba megobrobis Sesaxeb,
romlis erT-erTi mizani azia-wynari okeanis regionis nebismieri Zalis hege-
moniisagan dacva iyo. SeerTebuli Statebis zewoliT da CineTis TanxmobiT,
daiwyo iaponiis SeiraRebis zrda. 1979 wels CineTis saxalxo respublikam ga-
auqma xelSekruleba sabWoTa kavSirTan megobrobis Sesaxeb (1950 wlis).
211
 `daZabulobis Senelebis~ paralelurad, SeerTebuli Statebis mier mso-
flios sxvadasxva regionSi warmoebuli politikis gamo, sabWoTa kavSirma
Tavi globalur alyaSi moqceulad igrZno: dasavleTiT nato, aRmosavleTiT
samTa koalicia – aSS-CineTi-iaponia, Seryeuli poziciebi axlo aRmosavleTSi.
am alyis garRvevis survili amoZravebda sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas, roca man
1979 wels avRaneTSi jari Seiyvana.
avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervenciam bolo mouRo `daZabulobis Senelebis~ da
`mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ politikas. dasavleTi aRmosavleTis mimarT Za-
lismier politikas daubrunda.

wyaro 1

`niqsonis doqtrina~. nawyveti prezident niqsonis gamosvlidan (1971 wlis Te-

bervali):

`vietnamidan Tavis daxsnis swori gza gadamwyvetia msoflioSi Cveni rolisTvis,

romelic amJamad cvlilebebs ganicdis. amerikis axali rolis gasagebad aucilebe­
lia momxdari didi istoriuli cvlilebebis gaazreba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg,
Tavi mesame

25 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebuli Statebi ara mxolod arakomunisturi samyaros

lideri iyo, aramed am samyaros usafrTxoebis uSualo damcvelic. magram dRes Cvenma
mokavSireebma da megobrebma axali Zala da TviTdajerebuloba SeiZines. amrigad,
dRes maT SeswevT unari ara mxolod uzunvelyon sakuTari usafrTxoeba, aramed Car­
Ton sakuTari moraluri da inteleqtualuri Zalebi stabiluri msoflio wesrigis
Seqmnis saqmeSi...

dReisaTvis zesaxelmwofoTagan arc erTs aRar aqvs birTvuli upiratesoba. amiT

momwifda viTareba SeiaraRebaze kontrolis dawesebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis da­
sadebad...

gasul wlebSi Cven zedmetad CarTuli viyaviT politikaSi... magram meore didi sa­
frTxe, romelic unda aviridoT Tavidan, esaa saerTaSoriso politikurad naklebi
aqtiuroba.

xangrZlivi da arapopularuli omis Semdeg Cndeba survili yuradRebis gadatanisa

saSinao saqmeebze, survili ganerido msoflio politikasa da gaTavisuflde pasux­
ismgeblobisgan msoflios bedze. es macduneblad advilad savali gza axali izola­
cionizmisa, CemTvis omisken mimavali gzaa. Cveni dRevandeli sagareo politikuri
kursi gadis zedmetad CarTulobis Zvel safrTxesa da arasakmarisad CarTulobis
axal mcdelobas Soris~.

212
 klasSi samuSao

1. ratom iyo `daZabulobis Senelebis~ axali politika xelsayreli orive

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

blokisaTvis?
2. daasaxeleT `daZabulobis Senelebis~ politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani (SeiaraRebis SezRudva, evropaSi uSiSroebisa
da TanamSromlobis pirobebis Seqmna).
3. imsjeleT `daZabulobis Senelebis~ politikis Sedegebze (SeiaraRebis
SezRudviT arsebiTad ar Secvlila zesaxelmwifoebis birTvuli maragi;
daZabuloba marTlac ganimuxta evropaSi; aRmosavleT-dasavleTis kon-
frontaciis simZimem `mesame samyaros~ qveynebSi gadainacvla).
4. ganmarteT ra aris `samkuTxa diplomatia~. imsjeleT mis miznebsa da Sede-
gebze.
5. ram ubiZga sabWoTa kavSirs avRaneTSi samxedro intervenciisaken?

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: werilobiT CamoayalibeT

`daZabulobis Senelebis~ politikis mizezebi da arsi.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1970 – `niqsonis doqtrinis~ gamocxadeba

1972 – raketsawinaaRmwego Tavdacvi­ 1979

Ti sistemis SezRudvis Sesaxeb aSS­is diplomatiu­
xelSekrulebis gaformeba; ri urTierTobebis
pirveli xelSekruleba `stra­ damyareba CineTTan;
tegiuli SeiaraRebis SezRud­ sabWoTa intervencia
vis Sesaxeb~; niqsonis viziti avRaneTSi
CineTSi

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980

1975
helsinkis daskvniTi doku­
1978
mentis miReba
CineT­iaponiis xelSe­
kruleba megobrobis
Sesaxeb

213
 39. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX s-is 80-
ian wlebSi. `Zalismieri politikidan~
ganiaraRebisken

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis
konfrontaciis axali faza
SeerTebuli Statebis pirveli reaqcia
avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervenciaze gamoixa-
ta sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis gankuTvnil
amerikul agrarul eqsportze embargos
dawesebiT da 1980 wlis moskovis olimpia-
r ratifikacia (laT. ratus – ga-
dis boikotirebiT. kongresma uari Tqva
`strategiuli SeiaraRebis SezRudvis~
1979 wlis xelSekrulebis ratificire-
baze. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis
1980 wlis mimarTvaSi kongresisadmi da
mis sagangebo direqtivaSi gamoikveTa sa-
bWoTa kavSiris mimarT gasatarebeli po-
litikis ZiriTadi amocanebi: samxedro
Tavi mesame
leqsikoni
r moratoriumi (laT. morato-
rius – damayovnebeli). poli-
tikuri termini. politikuri
qmedebisa, Tu gadawyvetile-
bis droebiT SeCereba
dawyvetili, damtkicebuli).
SeTanxmebis, xelSekrulebis
damtkiceba ZiriTAadi war-
momadgenlobiTi organos,
parlamentis, mier. dadebu-
li xelSekruleba mxolod
ratifikaciis Semdeg Sedis
ZaAlaSi.

upiratesobis miRweva, sabWoTa eqspansiis

aRkveTa ZaliT (`karteris doqtrina~). karteris drosve gadawyda SeiaraRebisa
da Sesabamisad, samxedro biujetis gazrda. aseve nato-s yvela wevr qveyanas
unda gaezarda samxedro xarjebi (wliurad 3%-iT).

`Zalismieri mSvidoba~ _ SeerTebuli Statebis axali doqtrina

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfrontaciis pirobebSi usafrTxoebis dacva
SeerTebulma Statebma sxvadasxva xerxiT – `daSinebiT~ (`dalesis doqtrina~)
da `daZabulobis SenelebiT~ (`niqsonis doqtrina~) scada. 1981 wels xelisu-
flebis saTaveSi movida axali prezidenti – ronald reigani, msoflioSi mSvi-
dobis dacvis axali deviziT – `Zalismieri mSvidoba~. reiganma sabWoTa kavSiri
`borotebis imperiad~ gamoacxada da dasavleTs mis winaaRmdeg `jvarosnuli
laSqrobisaken~ mouwoda (1982 didi britaneTis parlamentSi gamosvlisas).
prezidenti ar zogavda saxsrebs saxelmwifo SeiaraRebis gazrdasa da mis
modernizaciaze (1982-96 gamoiyo 1,6 trilioni dolari). 1983 wlis gazafxul-
ze gadawyda kvleviTi samuSaoebis dawyeba srulyofili raketsawinaaRmdego
TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad. es yvelaze ZviradRirebuli da sadavo pro-
grama, saxelwodebiT `strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativa~, iTvaliswinebda,
saukunis bolosaTvis fantastikuri iaraRiT (lazeruli iaraRi, `mkvleli
Tanamgzavrebi~, raketsawinaaRmdego raketebi da sxv.) aRWurvili TavdacviTi
faris Seqmnas kosmosSi. amitom programas zogjer `varskvlavur omebsac~ (`Star
Wars~) uwodeben. imave wels gadawyda axali, gaumjobesebuli kontinentTaSori-
si raketebis (`em-eqs~ (MX) tipis raketebi) ganTaAvseba. XX s-is 80-iani wlebis

214
pirvel naxevarSi SeerTebulma Statebma srul samxedro upiratesobas miaRwia.
amave dros, sabWoTa samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebis Seferxebis mizniT, Seer-
Tebuli Statebis administraciam akrZala dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis blokis
qveynebSi maRalganviTarebuli teqnologiebis (kompiuterebi da sxv.) eqspor-
tireba. 1982 wels nato-s qveynebis sakoordinacio komitetis sxdomaze miiRes

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

SeerTebuli Statebis mier warmodgenili asakrZali saeqsporto saqonlis sia
(`koordinaciuli komitetis~, SemoklebiT `kokomis~ sia).
`Zalismieri mSvidobis~ doqtrinam moiTxova vietnamis omis Semdeg uar-
yofili `globaluri pasuxismgeblobis~ principis aRorZineba. SeerTebulma
Statebma gadawyvita win aRdgomoda sabWoTa kavSiris interesebs msoflios
nebismier regionSi (`Sulcis doqtrina~. j. Sulci iyo saxelmwifo mdivani
reiganis administraciaSi). am gadawyvetilebas SeerTebuli Statebi sxvadasxva
formiT axorcielebda: SeiaraRebis zrdiT da srulyofiT, antikomunisturi
reJimebis mxardaWeriT (mag., salvadorSi), mravalerovnul samSvidobo ZalebSi
monawileobiT (mag., libanSi) an gamanadgurebeli samxedro operaciiT (kunZul
grenadaze 1983 wels sabWoTa-kuburi samxedro bazis ganadgureba).

nato-s `ormagi gadawyvetileba~

80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SeerTebul Statebs dasavleT evropis usafr-
Txoebis dacvac dasWirda. mas Semdeg, rac 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan
sabWoTa kavSirma qveynis evropul nawilSi saSualo manZilze moqmedi axali
tipis raketebis (`CC-20~) damontaJeba daiwyo, dasavleT evropam Tavi daucve-
lad igrZno da mosTxova SeerTebul Statebs, amoevso antisabWoTa TavdacviT
sistemaSi warmoqmnili naprali.
evropis uSiSroebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT nato-m 1979 wels miiRo `orma-
gi gadawyvetileba~: 1. sabWoTa kavSirs dasavleTi sTavazobda molaparakebis
dawyebas saSualo manZilze moqmedi raketebis SezRudvis Taobaze (gfr-is
kancleris h. Smidtis winadadeba) da 2. Tu mxareebi ver SeTanxmdebodnen, maSin
1983 wlis bolodan aSS daiwyebda dasavleT evropis teritoriaze sakuTari

sabWoTa jarebis gamosvla avRaneTidan

215
 warmoebis (perSing-II tipis) saSualo man-
Zilze moqmedi raketebis ganTavsebas (did wyaro 1
britaneTSi, gfr-Si, holandiaSi, belgiasa
`reiganis doqtrina~. nawyveti
da italiaSi).
aSS-is prezidentis ronald
1981 wels JenevaSi dawyebuli molapa-
reiganis kongresisadmi mimar-
rakeba sabWoTa kavSirsa da SeerTebul
Tvidan (1986 wlis marti):
Statebs Soris saSualo manZilze moqmedi
(evrostrategiuli) raketebis SezRud- `amerikuli politikis ori
vis Sesaxeb, uSedegod damTavrda. Seer- iaraRia... Cveni samxedro si­
Tebuli Statebi Seudga nato-s `ormagi Zliere da Cveni ekonomikis
gadawyvetilebis~ ganxorcielebas. ame- sicocxlisunarianoba... orives
rikelebis moqmedebis sapasuxod, sabWoTa aRorZinebiT 80­ian wlebSi Cven
kavSirma gdr-is da Cexoslovakiis teri- movuspobT Cvens mowinaaRmdeges
toriaze saswrafod ganalaga 500 da 900 km SesaZleblobebs da daSinebiT
moqmedebis radiusis mqone raketebi. movigeriebT maT agresias.

namdvili ganiaraRebis dasawyisi

1985 wlisaTvis politikuri viTareba msoflioSi ukiduresad daiZaba. Sewyda
aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris adre dawyebuli yvela molaparakeba Seiara-
Rebis SezRudvis, aseve Semcirebis Taobaze.1 orive mxares dagrovili birTvuli
iaraRis raodenoba racionalur zRvars gadascda (1986 wlisaTvis marto stra-
Tavi mesame

tegiul SeiaraRebaSi orive zesaxelmwifos erTad 25 aTasi birTvuli Wurvi

hqonda, maTgan 10 aTasi – ssrk-s, 14,8 aTasi aSS-s. TiToeuli maTganis simZlavre
bevrad aRemateboda hirosimasa da nagasakize Camogdebuli bombebisas). Cerno-
bilis tragediam (1986 wlis gazafxuli) gaamZafra atomuri katastrofis SiSi.
am daZabul viTarebaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris axalma xelmZRvanelobam msoflios
`axali politikuri azrovneba~ SesTavaza. gorbaCovis `axali azrovnebis~ Ta-
naxmad, amieridan gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri sistemebis
mqone saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierToba unda warmarTuliyo mxolod Tanaswor
da urTierTxelsayrel safuZvelze agebuli mSvidobiani Sejibrebis formiT.
axali sabWoTa sagareo-politikuri koncefciis warmoqmnis mTavar mizezad
oficialurad cxaddeboda atomuri omis safrTxe da kacobriobis TviTmkvle-
lobis Tavidan acilebis survili. magram sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis
radikalurad Secvla ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemebiTac iyo nakarnaxevi.
XX s-is 80-ian wlebSi eWvis qveS dadga meurneobis socialisturi sistemis ar-
sebobis gaxangrZlivebis SesaZlebloba.
sabWoTa kavSiri amjerad calmxrivi winadadebiT gamovida da gamoacxada
moratoriumi atomuri iaraRis gamocdaze. amiT sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas
surda eCvenebina dasavleTisaTvis, rom is aRar eswrafvis samxedro upirate-
sobis miRwevas da gamoewvia SeerTebuli Statebi molaparakebis dasawyebad.
1985 wels SesaZlebeli gaxda gorbaCov-reiganis umaRles doneze pirveli Sex-

1
1973 wels dawyebuli molaparakeba evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Sekvecis Sesaxeb. 1982
w. aSS-m uari Tqva atomuri gamocdebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb molaparakebaSi monawileobaze, aseve
1974 wlis SeTanxmebaze atomuri iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis Sesaxeb.
216
 msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi
gorbaCovi da reigani xels aweren xelSekrulebas (1987 w. vaSingtoni)

vedris mowyoba JenevaSi. SeerTebulma Statebma mosinja niadagi, mzad iyo Tu

ara sabWoTa kavSiri TanamSromlobisaTvis. paralelurad, aSS-ma moawyo Zalis
demonstrireba libiis mimarT, 1986 wlis aprilSi aSS samxedro xomaldebma da
aviaciam dabomba tripoli da benRazi, evropaSi amerikel samxedroebze li-
bieli teroristebis mier organizebuli Tavdasxmis sapasuxod. aSS exmareboda
moZraoba `kontras~ nikaraguaSi prosabWouri mTAvrobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
Jenevis 1985 wlis, aseve reikiavikis (islandia) 1986 wlis rigiT meore Sexve-
dris Semdeg gamoikveTa ganiaraRebis ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi: 1. evropis gaTa-
visufleba raketebisgan da 2. strategiuli iaraRis raodenobis ganaxevreba.
pirvel sakiTxze zesaxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdnen 1987 wlis dekemberSi va-
SingtonSi. vaSingtonis xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda moqmedebis mcire da
saSualo radiusis mqone raketebis (500-dan 5500 km-mde) mospobas. unda ga-
nadgurebuliyo 1500 sabWoTa da TiTqmis 500 amerikuli raketa marTalia, evro-
paSi ganlagebuli raketebis ganadgurebiT.s atomuri iaraRis maragi mxolod
3-4%-iT Semcirda, mainc am SeTanxmebas didi istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda:
zesaxelmwifoebs Soris pirvelad daido xelSekruleba, romelmac namdvili
ganiaraReba moitana.
1988 wlis mais-ivnisSi moskovSi umaRles doneze Sexvedrisas saxelmwifoebis
meTaurebma gacvales saratifikacio sigelebi, rac vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis
ZalaSi Sesvlas niSnavda.
magram, evropis teritoriaze rCeboda kidev Cveulebrivi iaraRi. kontinen-
tis sruli usafrTxoebisaTvis saWiro iyo misi raodenobis Semcirebac. amitom
aRdga nato-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris molaparakebis Sewyvetili procesi
evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis SezRudvis Taobaze. 1990 wlis noemberSi,
parizSi `evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis~ wevrma 34-
ma qveyanam xeli moawera xelSekrulebas Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis
Sesaxeb `atlantikidan uralamde~. parizis Sexvedris monawileebma sazeimod
gamoacxades msoflioSi `civi omis~ dasruleba.

217
 ukanaskneli mniSvnelovani xelSekruleba sabWoTa kavSirsa da SeerTebul
Statebs Soris ganiaraRebis sferoSi daido 1991 wlis ivlisSi, amjerad ukve
gorbaCov-buSis Sexvedrisas umaRles doneze, moskovSi.
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda strategiuli saieriSo iaraRis Semcirebas
30-40%-iT.
ormxrivi molaparakeba strategiuli saieriSo iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb
gagrZelda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, SeerTebul Statebsa da ruseTs
Soris.

wyaro 2

nawyveti reiganis sazeimo mimarTvidan berlinis 750-e wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT

(1987 wlis ivnisi):

`amJamad sabWoTa kavSirisTvisac TandaTanobiT naTeli xdeba Tavisuflebis mniS­

vneloba. moskovidan bevri cnoba modis axali politikisa da sajaroobis Sesaxeb.
zogierTi politpatimari gaTavisuflebulia... Sesustda saxelmwifo kontroli
samewarmeo saqmianobaze. niSnavs ki es Zireul cvlilebebs sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi?
Tu es mxolod moCvenebiTi Jestebia dasavleTSi fuWi molodinebis aRsaZvrelad an
sabWoTa sistemis gansamtkiceblad?...
Tavi mesame

batono generaluro mdivano, Tu Tqven mSvidobas eswrafviT, Tu sabWoTa kavSirisa

da aRmosavleT evropisaTvis keTildReoba gsurT... maSin mobrZandiT aq, am karib­
WesTan [brandenburgis karibWe berlinSi, romelic qalaqs or nawilad – dasavleT
da aRmosavleT berlinad yofda. berlinis kedelTan erTad, civi omis erTerTi sim­
boloTagani] da gaaReT is. batono gorbaCovo, daamsxvrieT es kedeli...

Cven gavagrZelebT SeiaraRebis Semcirebas, magram amave dros me vemxrobi Tavdacvis­

unarianobis SenarCunebas nebismier doneze SesaZlo sabWoTa agresiis mosagerie­
blad...

am gziT SevecdebiT evropisa da msoflios usafrTxoebis gazrdas. magram erTi ram

ar unda dagvaviwydes: aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi erTmaneTs ar endoba ara imitom,
rom SeiaraRebulni arian, aramed Cven viaraRdebiT imitom, rom erTmaneTs ar vendo­
biT~.

218
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT aSS-is politikaze - `Zalis-

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

mieri mSvidoba~.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. ganmarteT, ram Seuwyo xeli SeiaraRebis ormxriv Semci-
rebas.

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT Tqveni mosazrebebi paragrafis mTavar sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, Tu ra iyo civi omis dasrulebis mizezi – sabWoTa kavSiris
Sinagani sistemuri kraxi Tu aSS-is swori, Tanmimdevruli politika.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1979 – natos `ormagi 1985 – gorbaCov­rei­

gadawyvetileba~ ganis pirveli
Sexvedra umaR­
les doneze
1990
JenevaSi
parizis xel­
Sekruleba
Cveulebrivi
1982 –`kokomis~ 1988 SeiaraRebis
siis mi­ moskovis Sexvedra Semcirebis
Reba umaRles doneze, Sesaxeb
vaSingtonis xel­
Sekruleba ZalaSi
Sedis

1979 1982 1985 1988 1991

1983
gadawyda `strategiuli
TavdacviTi iniciativis~
proeqtis ganxorcieleba;
daiwyo `ormagi gadawyveti­
lebis~ ganxorcieleba
1991
1986 gorbaCov­buSis Sexve­
aSS­ssrk Sexve­ dra umaRles doneze
dra umaRles moskovSi. gaformda
doneze reikia­ xelSekruleba strate­
vikSi giuli saieriSo iara­
Ris Semcirebis Sesaxeb

1987
1987 vaSingtonis xelSekruleba mo­
qmedebis mcire da saSualo radiusis
mqone raketebis mospobis Sesaxeb
219
 40. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia - gaero

daarsebis istoria
`gaerTianebuli erebi~ – ase uwodebd-
leqsikoni
nen Tavs, meore msoflio omis dros, `Rer-
Zis qveynebisa~ da maTi mokavSireebis wi- r veto – (laT. Veto) – `vkrZa-
naaRmdeg Seqmnili koaliciis wevrebi. meo- lav~
re msoflio omis drosve momwifda omis
dasrulebis Semdeg `erTa ligis~ msgavsi
organizaciis Seqmnis idea.
1943 wlis Semodgomaze, moskovSi, aSS-is, ssrk-is da didi britaneTis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrebis Sexvedraze, mxareebi `erTa ligis~ axali formiT aRorZi-
nebaze SeTanxmdnen. 1944 wlis Semodgomaze vaSingtonSi gamarTul dumbarton
oqsis1 konferenciis monawile qveynebma (aSS, ssrk, didi britaneTi da CineTi)
SeimuSaves momavali organizaciis wesdebis proeqti. `gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis~ Seqmna sabolood ialtaSi, `didi sameulis~ Sexvedraze gadawyda
(1945 wlis Tebervali).
1945 wlis 26 ivniss, san-franciskoSi 50-ma saxelmwifom xeli moawera `gaer-
Tianebuli erebis qartias~. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis damfuZnebel
Tavi mesame

dokumentSi gamocxadebuli iyo gaero-s mTavari mizani – `momavali Taobebis

dacva omisgan~. dokumenti ZalaSi Sevida 1945 wlis 24 oqtombers. amitom es
TariRi msoflioSi aRiniSneba, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis dRe.
gaero Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc msoflio organizacia. magram, Tavdapirve-
lad man mxolod antifaSisturi koaliciis qveynebi gaaerTiana. organizaciis
miRma darCa ara marto `RerZis qveynebi~ da maTi mokavSireebi, aramed neitra-
luri saxelmwifoebic (mag. Sveicaria, SvedeTi). aseve aziisa da afrikis bevri
qveyana, romelTac jer kidev koloniis statusi hqondaT. dRes gaero-Si 200-mde
wevria. 1992 wels am organizaciis rigiT 179-e wevri gaxda saqarTvelo.

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfrontacia gaero-Si

msoflioSi dawyebuli konfrontacia gaero-zec aisaxa. SeerTebul State-
bs axlad daarsebuli saerTaSoriso organizacia `erTiani msoflios~ ideis
ganxorcielebis karg saSualebad eCveneboda. sabWoTa kavSiri ki gaero-s damx-
mare iaraRad gamoyenebas fiqrobda dasavleTis winaaRmdeg. sabWoTa kavSiris
moTxovna, miecaT vetos ufleba gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevre-
bisaTvis, dasavleTis mimarT misi undoblobis niSani iyo. sabWoTa kavSiri uSiS-
roebis sabWoSi umciresobaSi aRmoCnda. amitomac stalinma daJinebiT moiTxova
gadawyvetilebis miRebis swored am formis dakanoneba. amiT sabWoTa kavSirma
uSiSroebis sabWos nebismieri gadawyvetilebis blokirebis saSualeba moipova.
SemdgomSi gaero-s generaluri asambleis sxdomebi dapirispirebuli bloke-

1
gaimarTa vaSingtonSi, dumbarton oqsis vilaSi.
220
bis warmomadgenelTa propagandistuli gamosvlebis tribunad iqca. mas Semdeg,
rac gaero-s wevrTa raodenoba gaizarda, ZiriTadad dekolonizaciis Sedegad
Seqmnili suverenuli saxelmwifoebis xarjze, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis dapi-
rispireba gaero-Si `mesame samyaros~ am `miumxrobeli~ qveynebis xmebisaTvis
brZolaSi gamoixata. samwuxarod, gaero ar aris bolomde Tavisufali mso-

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

flios Zlieri saxelmwifoebis gavlenisagan. amasTanave, mas aklia sakuTari
Zala Seasrulos misi mTavari misia – mSvidobismyofelis movaleoba.

gaero-s funqciebi
gaero-s mTavari funqcia msoflioSi mSvidobis dacvaa. am funqcias organi-
zacia sxvadasxva formiT axorcielebs. gaero-s daarsebidan msoflioSi moxda
aseulobiT SeiaraRebuli konfliqti: omebi, samoqalaqo omebi, ganmaTavisuf-
lebeli omebi. gaero-s bevrjer mouxda konfliqtis zonaSi mravalerovani
samxedro Zalebis – `cisferCafxutianebis~ (Cafxutis feris mixedviT) gagzav-
na. zog SemTxvevaSi (mag., koreis omi, omi erayis winaaRmdeg) gaero-s jarebi
uSualod iRebdnen monawileobas brZolaSi. magram umeteswilad maTi funqcia
dapirispirebuli mxareebis daSorebiT, frontebs Soris neitraluri gamyofi
zonis dacviT, maT Soris dazavebis pirobebis Sesrulebis gakontrolebiT
Semoifargleboda.
samxedro Zalis amoqmedebamde, gaero yovelTvis iyenebs konfliqtis gan-
muxtvis mSvidobian xerxs: iRebs mSvidobis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul
rezoluciebs (mag., israelis mimarT okupirebuli teritoriebis gaTavisufle-
bis moTxovniT, sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT avRaneTidan jaris gayvanis moTxov-
niT, erayis mimarT quveiTis gaTavisuflebis moTxovniT da sxv.).
dekolonizaciis procesis Sedegad gaero-s kidev erTi mniSvnelovani fun-
qcia daekisra. kerZod, damoukideblobis gzaze damdgar qveynebSi Tavisufle-
bisa da socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, aseve am qveynebis ganvi-
Tarebaze zrunva. gaero am movaleobasac
sxvadasxva formiT asrulebs: ganviTa-
rebad qveynebSi agzavnis damkvirveble-
bs, exmareba finansurad (msoflio bankis
meSveobiT), zogjer ki, piriqiT – iRebs
mkacr ekonomikur sanqciebs am qveynebSi
arademokratiuli reJimebis winaaRmdeg
(mag., samxreT afrikis respublikis apar-
Teidul-rasistuli reJimis winaaRmdeg).

gaero-s struqtura
gaero-s erT-erTi mTavari organoa
generaluri asamblea, romelic Cveule-
briv ikribeba weliwadSi erTxel sesiaze.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iwveven genera-
luri asambleis sagangebo sesias. am or- gaero­s Senoba niu iorkSi

221
 ganos saqmianobaSi monawileobs gaero-s
yvela wevri qveyana TiTo xmis uflebiT.
generaluri asamblea iRebs rezolucie-
bs, mas SeuZlia SeimuSavos winadadebebi
da gadasces gansaxilvelad uSiSroebis
sabWos. swored es organo iRebs saboloo
gadawyvetilebas. uSiSroebis sabWos Sead- gaero­s emblema
gens 5 mudmivi (aSS, ruseTi (ssrk-is samar-
Tal memkvidre), didi britaneTi, safran-
geTi da CineTi) da 10 droebiTi wevri (ori
wlis vadiT irCevs generaluri asamblea).
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebelia
uSiSroebis sabWos mudmiv wevrTa erT-
sulovneba, anu xuTive wevris Tanxmoba. wyaro 1
uSiSroebis sabWos yovel mudmiv wevrs
gaero-s ZiriTadi miznebi.
aqvs vetos ufleba.
nawyveti `gaerTianebuli ere-
aRmasrulebeli funqcia gaero-Si ekis-
bis qartiidan~:
reba samdivnos da mis generalur mdivans
(uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciiT irCevs `muxli 1. gaerTianebuli erebi
generaluri asamblea 5 wliT). miznad isaxavs: 1. msoflioSi
saerTaSoriso doneze sameurneo da so- mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso
Tavi mesame

cialur, maT Soris adamianis uflebebis usafrTxoebis dacvas da am

dacvis, sakiTxebs kurirebs ekonomikuri
da socialuri sabWo. gaero-s ZiriTadi
organoebia aseve sameurveo sabWo da saer-
TaSoriso sasamarTlo.
sameurveo sabWos Seadgenen uSiSroebis
sabWos mudmivi wevrebi da generaluri
asambleis mier arCeuli ori wevri. misi
funqciaa marTos, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo,
mTavrobis gareSe darCenili regionebi
(mag., sameurveo sabWo 1947 w. ganagebda
palestinas). saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
ganixilavs saxelmwifoebis mier mis winaSe
dasmul iuridiul sakiTxebs (15 mosamarT-
le 15 sxvadasxva qveynidan, rezidencia ha-
agaSi).
gaero-s ZiriTadi organoebis garda,
arsebobs gaero-sTan arsebuli ramdenime
organizacia. maT Soris, iunesko,2 romlis
mizania ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kul-
turis ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT daicvas
mizniT efeqturi koleqtiuri
zomebis miRebas... saerTaSoriso
sadavo sakiTxebisa Tu situacie­
bis, romlebmac SeiZleba daar­
Rvion mSvidoba, mogvarebas...
mSvidobiani xerxebiT... saerTa­
Soriso samarTlis safuZvelze.
2. ganaviTaros erTaSoris mego­
bruli urTierTobebi, dafuZneb­
uli erebis Tanasworobisa da
TviTgamorkvevis principis
pativiscemaze... 3. saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyo­
fas ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli da humanitaruli
xasiaTis saerTaSoriso prob­
lemebis gadasawyvetad. adami­
anis fundamentur uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa xelSewyobasa da
ganmtkicebas.~

2
inglisuri sruli saxelwodeba – United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization –
UNESCO
222
mSvidoba msoflioSi; iunisefi3 – exmareba ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebs
bavSvebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi, kerZod, maTi kvebis, janmrTelobisa
da aRzrdis normaluri pirobebis SeqmnaSi; `rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso banki~, `msoflio banki~ da `msoflio savaluto fondi~ saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikuri politikis mniSvnelovani instrumentebia. `msoflio

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

banki~ afinansebs sxvadasxva, ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis proeqtebs. `msoflio savaluto fondi~ zrunavs saerTaSoriso
savaluto sistemis stabilurobaze.

3
United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF.

klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT gaero-Si gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wesze. ra sirTules qmnis

gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos wevrTa `vetos ufleba~?
2. imsjeleT, aris Tu ara gaero Tavisufali msoflios Zlieri saxelmwi-
foebis gavlenisagan.

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masala gaero-s samSvidobo misiebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni

survilisamebr,s airCieT erT-erTi magaliTi, ganixileT igi da werilobiT
daasabuTeT, Tu ra uSlis xels gaero-s mSvidobismyofelTa (`cisferCafxu-
tianebis~) efeqtur, warmatebul moqmedebas.

223
 41. evropis integracia

integraciisken swrafvis leqsikoni

istoria
r alfred bernard nobeli
imanuel kanti, germaneli filosofosi,
jer kidev XVIII saukunis bolos fiqrobda
saxelmwifoTa kavSirze, rogorc omebis
Tavidan acilebis saSualebaze. XIX sauku-
neSi viqtor hiugo mouwodebda `evropis
SeerTebuli Statebis~ Seqmnisaken. maSin
mwerlis sityvebi yurad aravin iRo.
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, XX
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, rodesac evropaSi
moxerxda myife, magram mainc mSvidobiani
garemos Seqmna, sxvadasxva mxridan gaisma
pirveli mowodebebi, upirveles yovlisa,
frangul-germanuli mtruli memkvidre-
obis daZlevisa da am ori eris Serige-
bisaken. maT Soris iyvnen politikosebi da
Tavi mesame
(1833-1896) – Svedi mecnieri,
dinamitis gamomgonebeli.
misi anderZis Tanaxmad, Sei-
qmna nobelis saerTaSoriso
fondi da dawesda jildo
gansakuTrebuli miRweve-
bisTvis mecnierebisa da li-
teraturis dargebSi, aseve
mSvidobis uzrunvelyofaSi
Setanili wvlilisTvis. mec-
nierebis sxvadasxva dargsa
da literaturaSi premiebs
gascems SvedeTis samefo aka-
demia 1901 wlidan, nobelis
mSvidobis premias ki norve-

giis nobelis komiteti.

diplomatebi, studentebi da moswavleebi,
profesorebi da maswavleblebi. 1926 wels
Seikriba pirveli `panevropuli~ (sruliad evropuli) kongresi, romlebSic
2000-ze meti politikosi, mecnieri, biznesmeni iRebda monawileobas. kongresma
imsjela evropaSi TanamSromlobisa da misi SesaZlo gaerTianebis sakiTxebze.
magram mainc, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda am sakiTxis dasmas politikur
doneze. germaniisa da safrangeTis imdroindeli sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis,
Sesabamisad, gustav Strezemanisa da aristid brianis mecadineobiT gadaidga
araerTi nabiji am mimarTulebiT. am da sxva mSvidobismyofluri moRvaweobis
gamo, orive politikosi mSvidobis nobelis premiiT dajildovda. 1928 wels
safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, aristid briani warsdga sakuTari qvey-
nis parlamentis winaSe evropis kavSiris Seqmnis ideiT. man amgvari gaerTianebis
aucileblobis ori ZiriTadi mizezi daasaxela. pirveli – `omis saboloo da
sayovelTao likvidacia~ da meore – ekonomikuri xasiaTis, kerZod, am sferoSi
amerikis upiratesobisagan evropis Tavdacva.
zustad erTi wlis Semdeg,1929 wlis dekemberSi, brianma amjerad ukve erTa
ligas warudgina evropis federaciis Seqmnis gegma. brianis evropuli gegma
iTvaliswinebda parlamentis msgavsi saTaTbiros (Tanamedrove evropis sabWos
winareforma) da evropis sabaJo kavSiris (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis
winareforma) Seqmnas.
brianis gegmas mxari dauWires evropis patara qveynebma, didma saxelmwifoeb-
ma – britaneTma, germaniam da italiam ki ara. es ukanasknelni ar aRmoCndnen mzad
brianis gegmis misaRebad. yovel maTgans gegmis uaryofis sakuTari mizezi hqon-
224
da. kerZod, germanias ar surda lokarnoSi
sagareo politikur saqmeebSi mopovebuli
damoukideblobis daTmoba erTiani evro-
puli politikis sasargeblod; britaneTis
mTavari sazrunavi Tanamegobrobis ekono-
wyaro 1
nawyveti britaneTis yofili
premierministris, uinston
CerCilis mier 1946 wlis 19

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

mika iyo; italiis eqspansionisturi miznebi
ki winaaRmdegobaSi modioda brianis TanamS-
romlobis principze agebul gegmasTan.
XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi evropaSi ukidu-
resma nacionalizmma imZlavra. evropis
faSisturi saxelmwifoebis – germaniisa
da italiis mTavar sazrunavad, evropis
seqtembers ciurixSi warmoTq-
muli sityvidan:
`Cven unda SevqmnaT evropis
SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi
gaerTianeba...
axla ki vityvi imas, rac Tqven

mtruli memkvidreobis daZlevis nacvlad, gagaocebT. evropuli ojaxis

axali omisTvis mzadeba iqca. amdenad, yo- Seqmnisken pirveli nabiji sa­

fili mtrebis `saerTo evropul saxlSi~ frangeTsa da germanias Soris

gaerTianebis ideis aRorZineba mxolod TanamSromloba unda gaxdes.

meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg mxolod am gziT SeuZlia dai­

gaxda SesaZlebeli. brunos safrangeTs evropis

evropis gaerTianeba, evropelTa Soris moraluri lideroba. evropis

mSvidobisa da zesaxelmwifoebis konfron- aRorZineba SeuZlebelia suliT

taciis pirobebSi, evropis `mesame Zalad~ Zlieri safrangeTisa da suliT

Camoyalibebis garantia unda gamxdariyo. Zlieri germaniis gareSe~.

evropas unda SesZleboda Tavis dacva ro-

gorc amerikuli ekonomikuri diqtatisagan, ise sabWoTa eqspansionizmisagan.
1946 wels ciurixSi gamosvlisas, amjerad ukve uinston CerCilma SesTavaza
evropelebs SeeqmnaT `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi~. 1949 w. londonSi daarsda
kidec pirveli integraciuli organo – evropis sabWo (saqarTvelo evropis sab-
Wos wevri 1999 wels gaxda), magram maSin evropis saxelmwifoTa umetesoba mzad
ar aRmoCnda daeTmo saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti evropuli politikuri
kavSiris sasargeblod. amitom, evropelebma droebiT Tavi Seikaves politikuri
kavSiris Seqmnisagan da mTeli Zalisxmeva ekonomikuri integraciisken mimarTes.

`Sumanis gegma~. ekonomikuri integraciis dasawyisi.

evropis `saerTo bazari~
`marSalis gegmaze~ erToblivi muSaobisas safuZveli Caeyara evropis ekono-
mikuri integraciis process. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga
1950 wels, roca safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma rober Sumanma germa-
nuli da franguli qvanaxSiris da foladis mrewvelobis marTvis erToblivi
organos Seqmnis sakiTxi wamoWra. Sumanis azriT, aseTi kavSiri Searigebda
frangebs da germanelebs, momavalSi maT Soris omebi ara Tu warmoudgeneli,
aramed, misi TqmiT, `materialurad SeuZlebeli~ gaxdeboda. frangebisa da ger-
manelebis Serigebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda evropis erTianobisTvis,
radgan swored am orma erma XIX da XX saukuneebSi, 75 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTma-
neTis winaaRmdeg sami didi omi awarmoa: jer 1870-71 wlebis safrangeT-prusiis,
225
 Semdeg ki – I da II msoflio omebi. Sedegad, orive mxridan daiRupa milionobiT
adamiani, orive qveyanam ganicada uzarmazari materialuri zarali, ganadgurda
maTi ekonomika, germanelebi da frangebi ki mosisxle mtrebad iqcnen. SumanTan
erTad evrokavSiris damaarsebel mamad moiazreba frangi saxelmwifo moxele
Jan monec. swored Jan mone, romelic rogorc wesi, fardis miRma moRvaweobda,
iyo Sumanis gegmis sulisCamdgmeli.
1952 wels ZalaSi Sevida xelSekruleba `qvanaxSirisa da foladis mrewvelobis
dargSi evropuli Tanamegobrobis~ (`samTamadno kavSiris~) Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am pir-
vel integraciul organoSi, safrangeTisa da germaniis garda, gawevrianda italia
da beniluqsis qveynebi, sul 6 saxelmwifo. male `eqvseulis~ TanamSromloba gas-
cda mrewvelobis erTi dargis CarCoebs. 1957 wels, romSi `samTamadno kavSiris~
wevrma qveynebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas
`evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis~ wyaro 2
Seqmnis Sesaxeb. amave dros Seiqmna `evro-
nawyveti `Sumanis gegmis~ (1950)
pis atomuri Tanamegobroba~ (`evratomi~),
Semqmnelis, Jan mones memoran-
romelic iTvaliswinebda TanamSromlo-
dumidan (Jan mone mogvianebiT
bas atomuri energetikis dargSi. `romis
gaxda am gegmis mixedviT Se-
xelSekruleba~ ZalaSi Sevida 1958 wlis 1
qmnili samTamadno kavSiris
ianvars da iTvaliswinebda:
mmarTvelobis pirveli Tavmj-
– wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris etapobri-
domare):
vad (1968 wlamde) sabaJo barierebis mos-
`germaniis industriis upi­
Tavi mesame

pobas;
– erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis (`saer-
To bazris~) Seqmnas;
– erToblivi agraruli politikis
ganxorcielebas da sxv.
1967 wels Seiqmna samive evropuli or-
ganizaciis (`samTamadno kavSiri~, `eko-
nomikuri Tanamegobroba~ da `evratomi~)
erTiani xelmZRvaneloba. ase Camoyalibda
`evropis Tanamegobroba~.
`evropis Tanamegobrobam~, misi sameur-
neo warmatebebis wyalobiT, axali wevrebi
moizida: 1973 wels organizacias SeuerT-
da didi britaneTi, irlandia da dania,
1981 wels – saberZneTi, 1986 wels – espa-
neTi da portugalia.
koloniebis dakargvis Semdeg, 1953 w.
britanuli sagareo vaWrobis 46% yofil
koloniebTan da dominionebTan vaWrobaze
modioda. 1973 w. es maCvenebeli 17%-mde
Semcirda. didi britaneTi sul ufro
aqtiurad cdilobda fexi moekida evropis
bazarze. `evropis ekonomikur TanamegobrobaSi~ gawevrianebis sakiTxi pirve-
lad wamoWra konservatorma premierma harold makmilanma 1961 wels. britane-
226
ratesobis mizezi foladze
germanuli fasebia, romelsac
safrangeTi ver gauwevs konkuren­
cias... SemoTavazebuli gegmiT
gadaiWreba germanuli foladis
mrewvelobis upiratesobis
problema. germaniis samrewvelo
upiratesobis SenarCuneba SiSisa
da mudmivi SeSfoTebis wyaro
iqneba evropaSi. es, Tavis mxriv,
saboloo jamSi CaSlida evro­
pis gaerTianebas da gamoiwvevda
Tavad germaniis dakninebasac ki.
problemis gadaWris Cveneuli
gegma qmnis Tavisufali konkuren­
ciis pirobebSi erToblivi gan­
viTarebisa da gafarToebis iseT
saSualebas, romelic gamoric­
xavs gabatonebuli mdgomareobis
aRmocenebis SesaZleblobas.~
 damatebiTi cnoba

liqioris `kasis de diJoni~ saqme

1979 wels germaniam uari Tqva Tavis qveyanaSi gaeyida franguli liqiori `kasis de

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

diJoni~. liqioris alkoholuri Semcveloba 16 % iyo, germanuli kanonis mixedviT
ki liqiorad iTvleboda sasmeli, romlis alkoholuri Semcvelobac 25%­s aWarbeb­
da (saqme 120/78).

am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT evrosasamarTlom daadgina, rom germanuli Sida kanonmde­

bloba am SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda evrogaerTianebis kanons wevr ­saxelmwifo­
ebs Soris raodenobrivi SezRudvebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, evropis sasa­
marTlom daadgina, rom produqtebi, romlebic daSvebulia da kanonierad iTvleba
erT wevr saxelmwifoSi, aseve unda daiSvas sxva wevr saxelmwofoebSic.

franguli liqioris SemTxvevam evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTo­

bis erT­erT ZiriTad princips – urTierTaRiarebis princips – Cauyara safuZveli.
sasamarTlos ganaCenma ubiZga evrogaerTianebis saxelmwifoebs saerTo standartebi
CamoeyalibebinaT.

Tis es mcdeloba orjer (1963 da 1967 wels) CaiSala safrangeTis prezidentis

de golis winaaRmdegobis gamo, romelsac britaneTi evropis TanamegobrobaSi
amerikis `troas cxenad~ eCveneboda. inglisi evropis Tanamegobrobis wevri
mxolod 1973 wels gaxda.

`saerTo bazridan~ politikur kavSiramde. evrokavSiris Seqmna

XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis kidev ufro gaRrmavda TanamSrom-
loba `evropis TanamSromlobis~ SigniT. SesaZlebeli gaxda politikur inte-
graciaze msjelobis dawyeba. 1991 wlis dekemberSi maastrixtSi (niderlandi)
gaformda axali xelSekruleba `evropis Tanamegobrobis~ wevr qveynebs Soris.
`maastrixtis xelSekrulebam~ ganavrco da Seaswora `romis xelSekruleba~.
am dokumentSi (ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wlis 1 noembers) laparakia ukve `evropis
kavSirze~ da mis samomavlo gegmebze:
– ufro mWidro da SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba sagareo da TavdacviTi poli-
tikis sferoSi;
– 1999 wlamde, etapobrivad, ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiris Seqmna, da-
moukidebeli centraluri bankiT da erTiani valutiT.
– wevri qveynebis moqalaqeTa ufelebebisa da interesebis dacvis gaZliereba
saerTo moqalaqeobis SemoRebiT.
1995 wels evrokavSirs avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi SeuerTdnen. es sami
saxelmwifo `civi omis~ dros neitralitets inarCunebda da Sesabamisad, saer-
To dasavlur sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikur struqturebSi ar iyo
gawevrianebuli.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad evrokavSiri aRmosavleTiTac gafarTov-
da da mas centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis yofili komunisturi qveynebi
SeuerTdnen. 2004 wels centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis rva yofili komu-
227
 nisturi qveyana (CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, poloneTi, estoneTi,
latvia, litva) da aseve ori xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveyana (malta da kvi-
prosi) SeuerTdnen evrokavSirs. 2004 wels evrokavSiris yvelaze masStaburi
gafarToeba moxda.

`evropis Tanamegobrobis~ marTvis struqtura

evropuli gaerTianebis aRmasrulebeli organoa komisia. komisiis wevrebs –
komisrebs, niSnaven wevri qveynis mTavrobebi urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.
komisrebi ar arian damokidebulni sakuTar mTavrobebze (rezidencia briu-
selSi, aseve luqsemburgSi).
`evropis Tanamegobrobis~ sakanonmdeblo organoa ministrTa sabWo, ro-
melsac wevri qveynebis mTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebi Seadgenen. komisiasTan
da evroparlamentTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze sabWo iRebs gadawyvetilebebs,
romelTac kanonis Zala aqvT (rezidencia briuselSi, aseve luqsemburgSi).
evropuli gaerTianebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani organoa evroparlamenti.
jer kidev `samTamadno kavSirs~ hqonda parlamenti – `saerTo kreba~. `evropis
ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobisa~ da `evratomis~ daarsebis Semdeg, evroparlamenti
iqca samive evropuli gaerTianebis saerTo organod. mas SeuZlia aiZulos komisia
gadadges. 1979 wlidan evroparlamentis wevrebis arCevnebi pirdapiria. Tanamego-
brobis TiToeul qveyanas evroparlamentSi adgilebis gansazRvruli raodenoba
aqvs (samdivnos rezidencia luqsemburgSia, plenaruli sxdomebi imarTeba `evro-
Tavi mesame

pis sasaxleSi~ – strasburgSi, komitetebis sxdomebi – briuselSi).

ZiriTadi evropuli xelSekrulebebis moTxovnebis Sesrulebas akontro-
lebs evropis sasamarTlo.
evropaSi integraciuli procesi imarTeba aseve umaRles doneze, evropu-
li sabWos mier. Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebis mTavrobebis an saxelmwifos
meTaurebisagan Semdgari es sabWo ar aris `evropis Tanamegobrobis~ xelSek-
rulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli mmarTveli organo. evropuli sabWo mxolod gan-
viTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs.
evrokavSiris struqturasa da procedurebSi uaxlesi cvlilebebi lisa-
bonis xelSekrulebis (2007) Sedegad Sevida. lisabonis xelSekrulebas xSirad
evrokavSiris konstituciis Semcvlelsac ki uwodeben.
lisabonis xelSekruleba 2009 wlis 1 dekembers Sevida ZalaSi. lisabonis Se-
Tanxmebis Sedegad SemoRebul iqna evropuli sabWos prezidentis grZelvadiani
Tanamdeboba. aseve evrokavSiris sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesi

wyaro 3

`saerTo bazarSi~ didi britaneTis miRebis sakiTxis Taobaze molaparakebis Sem-

deg safrangeTis prezidentma de golma aRiara:

`kaci, romelsac ar daveTanxme [aq de goli gulisxmobs britaneTis premier makmi­

lans]... imdenad ganawyenebuli Canda, rom mzad viyavi... menugeSebina sityvebiT edit
piafis simReridan ­ `nu stiri, milord!~

228
warmomadgenlis posti. lisabonis xelSekrulebam aseve gauzarda uflebamosi-
leba evropul parlaments da cvlilebebi Seitana ministrTa sabWos xmis micemis
procedurebSi.

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

evrokavSiris droSa

evroparlamentis Senoba strasburgSi

klasSi samuSao
1. daiyaviT jgufebad. jgufebSi paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroebze (1, 2) day-
rdnobiT erToblivad gansazRvreT da CamowereT is mizezebi, ramac gana-
piroba frangi da germaneli erebis TanamSromloba da Serigeba. jgufebma
gauziareT erTmaneTs Tqveni mosazrebebi.
2. ganixileT damatebiTi cnoba. imsjeleT evropis TanamegobrobaSi gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis procedurebze. yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, Tu ra ka-
nonmdeblobas eniQWeba upiratesoba – saerTo evropuls Tu calkeuli wevri
saxelmwifoebisas.
3. teqstsa da wyaro 3-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ratom ewinaaRmdegeboda
safrangeTi britaneTis gawevrianebas `saerTo bazarSi~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1950 – `Sumanis gegma~

1991
1952 – `samTamadno kavSiris~ Seqmna `maastrixtis
xelSekrulebis~
1957 – romis xelSekrulebis gafor­ gaformeba
meba. `ekonomikuri Tanamego­
brobis~ da `evratomis~ Seqmna

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1967– samive evropuli organizaciis erTiani xelmZRvanelo­

bis Seqmna. `evropis Tanamegobrobis~ Camoyalibeba

1958– romis xelSekrulebis

ZalaSi Sesvla
229
 42. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSla.
dekolonizacia

XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze Camoyalibda leqsikoni

msoflio koloniuri sistema. terito-
riulad sakmaod Semcirebuli espanuri
da portugaliuri koloniuri imperie-
bis gverdiT Seiqmna teritoriiTa da mo-
saxleobiT udidesi britanuli, agreTve,
franguli, holandiuri, belgiuri, germa-
nuli koloniuri imperiebi. kontinentu-
ri imperiebi – ruseTi, avstria-ungreTi,
osmaleTi – mezobeli qveynebis xarjze
gafarTovdnen da kolonializms iq Tavi-
seburi xasiaTi hqonda.
1910 wels damoukidebel qveynebad azia-
Si darCa mxolod iaponia, CineTi, sparse-
Ti, osmaleTi, avRaneTi, siami (tailandi),
nepali da omani, afrikaSi - abisinia (eTio-
Tavi mesame
r metropolia (berZn. metropo-
lis) – deda-qalaqi
r dominioni – TviTmmarTveli
kolonia
r proteqtorati – saxelmwi-
foebrivi damokidebulebis
erT-erTi forma, rodesac
amgvari saxelmwifo inar-
Cunebs SedarebiT damouki-
deblobas saSinao saqmeebSi,
xolo mis sagareo kavSirebs,
Tavdacvas. misi proteqtori
saxelmwifo axorcielebs.
r mandati – ufleba, ufleba-

pia) da liberia. am kontinentebis danarCe- mosileba

ni qveynebi, agreTve okeaniisa da karibis r repatriacia – samSobloSi
zRvis kunZulebis didi nawili evropis dabruneba
qveynebis koloniebi iyo. garda kolonie-
bisa, didi britaneTi, ruseTi, safrangeTi,
germania realurad ganagebdnen prote-
qtoratebs (magaliTad, britanelebi – qu-
veiTs, katars, SeTanxmebiT omans, bahreins, rusebi – xivis saxanosa da buxaris
saamiros, frangebi – tunissa da marokos).
I msoflio omamde didma britaneTma dominionis statusi mianiWa yofil
saaxalSeno koloniebs: 1901 wels – avstraliis kavSirs, 1906 wels – axal ze-
landias,1910 wels – samxreT afrikis kavSirs (romelSic 1902 wels dapyrobi-
li burTa ori yofili respublika da inglisuri koloniebi gaaerTiana). 1867
wlidan dominionis statuss ukve flobda kanada. dominionebi kulturulad
da enobrivad axlos iyvnen metropoliasTan da maTi TviTmmarTveloba metro-
polias safrTxes ar uqmnida.
I msoflio omis Semdeg gamarjvebulma qveynebma erTa ligisagan miiRes da-
marcxebuli qveynebis kuTvnili koloniebis/teritoriebis marTvis mandati.
axlo aRmosavleTSi osmaleTis imperiis yofili teritoriebidan didi bri-
taneTis samandato teritoriebi gaxda erayi, palestina da transiordania,
safrangeTisa – siria da libani. yofili germanuli koloniebi afrikasa da wy-
nari okeanis auzSi samandato teritoriebad gadaecaT did britaneTs, safran-
geTs, agreTve iaponias, belgias, avstralias, axal zelandiasa da samxreT
230
afrikas. mandator saxelmwifoebs es teritoriebi damoukideblobisaTvis
unda moemzadebinaT.

damoukideblobisTvis brZolis dasawyisi koloniebSi

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

II msoflio omis dros, rodesac evropis saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTTan mZime
brZolebSi iyvnen Cabmuli da koloniebisaTvis ar ecalaT, ZiriTadad aziur,
koloniebSi gaZlierda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic zo-
gan (magaliTad, indoeTSi) ukve omTaSoris periodSi ikrefda Zalas. II msoflio
omis dros da evropaSi gamefebul omisSemdgom politikur qaosSi Sesustda
ekonomikuri kavSirebi metropoliebsa da koloniebs Soris. imave indoeTSi
omis dros ganviTarda, magaliTad, safeiqro mrewveloba, romlis produqcia
iqamde inglisidan modioda. koloniebSi yalibdeboda adgilobrivi burJuazia,
daCqarda urbanizacia, gaizarda mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done, viTardebo-
da politikuri nacionalizmi. II msoflio omma fsiqologiuri zegavlenac
moaxdina koloniebis mosaxleobaze: magaliTad, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi
adgilobrivma xalxma zogjer pirvelad naxa azielebis (am SemTxvevaSi – ia-
ponelebis) mier damarcxebuli da, zogjer, datyvevebuli iqamde uZlevelad
miCneuli Tavisi evropeli batonebi – ingliselebi, frangebi, holandielebi.
omis dros iaponiis mier okupebul frangul indoCineTSi, inglisur malaiasa
da niderlandur ost-indoeTSi (indoneziaSi) iaponia axalisebda protests
evropeli kolonizatorebis winaaRmdeg, xolo omSi damarcxebis Semdeg saku-
Tari armiebis evakuaciis dros iaponelebis mier datovebuli iaraRi adgilo-
brivi erovnul-ganmTavisuflebeli Zalebis xelSi moxvda.

koloniuri imperiebi 1800 wlisaTvis

didi britaneTi niderlandi

safrangeTi SeerTebuli Statebi
portugalia ruseTi
espaneTi TurqeTi

231
 omis Semdeg dekolonizacia moralur, politikur da, bevr SemTxvevaSi,
ekonomikur aucileblobad iqca. koloniuri imperiebi rRvevas ganicdidnen,
metropoliebs uWirdaT sabrZolo moqmedebis warmoeba saxalxo moZraobebis
winaaRmdeg: amas mxars ar uWerda metropoliis demokratiuli sazogadoebac.
bevr SemTxvevaSi naTeli gaxda, rom koloniebis SenarCuneba ufro met xarjs
moitans, vidre mogebas. dekolonizacia ki yofil kolonizatorebs uxsnida
finansur an sxvagvar pasuxismgeblobas koloniebis mimarT. iq warmoebuli
produqciis SeZena maT iafad SeeZloT.
dekolonizacia iyo politikuri procesi, romelic zogierT SemTxveva-
Si Zaladobas ukavSirdeboda. Tumca zogan moxerxda koloniebis (agreTve
proteqtoratebis, samandato teritoriebis) ganTavisufleba molaparakebis
gziT, bevrgan igive ganxorcielda teroristuli aqtebis, ajanyebis, damouki-
deblobisaTvis omisa da Semdgomi molaparakebis kombinaciis Sedegad. iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi warmateba miRweuli iqna araZaladobrivi meTodiT, rogorc,s
magaliTad, indoeTSi.
II msoflio omis Semdeg dekolonizacias aqtiurad uWerda mxars sabWoTa
kavSiri, radgan amiT Tavisi metoqeebis (`kapitalisturi qveynebis~) dasuste-
bas gegmavda, Tumca Tavis geopolitikur zraxvebs komunisturi ideologiiT
faravda.

dekolonizaciis procesi aziaSi

Tavi mesame

iaponiis kapitulaciis Semdeg, sul cota xanSi, manamde iaponiis mier oku-
pirebul holandiis ost-indoeTSi gamocxadda indoneziis respublikis Seqmna
(1945 wlis 17 agvistos), romelic holandiam scno mxolod 1949 wels, sakmaod
xangrZlivi omis Semdeg.
1946 wels damoukidebeli gaxda filipinebi, romelsac iqamde espaneTi, aSS
da iaponia monacvleobiT flobdnen. 1948 wels koreis naxevarkunZulze iapo-
niis yofili koloniis adgilze Seiqmna ori saxelmwifo, samxreTiT – koreis
respublika da CrdiloeTiT – koreis saxalxo-demokratiuli respublika. 1950

koloniuri imperiebi 1914 wlisaTvis

232
wels CrdiloeT koream ZaliT scada gaerTianeba, magram sisxliani omi 1953
wels, faqtobrivad, uSedegod dasrulda: korea jerac gayofilia.
1946 wels didma britaneTma damoukidebloba mianiWa samandato transiorda-
nias (1948 wlidan man saxelad dairqva iordaniis haSimianTa samefo), xolo 1948
wels datova palestina, romlis did nawilSi israelis saxelmwifo aRmocenda.

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

1947 wels didma britaneTma xeli Seuwyo indostanis naxevarkunZulze misi
koloniis gayofas or damoukidebel saxelmwifod – indoeTad (1950 wels man
respublikis statusi miiRo) da pakistanad, sadac muslimuri mosaxleoba do-
minirebda. 1948 wels britaneTma damoukidebloba mianiWa birmas da ceilons
(Sri lankas). 1957 wels britaneTisgan damoukidebeli gaxda malaia, 1963 wels
– saravaki, CrdiloeT borneo da singapuri, romlebic malaiziis federaciaSi
gaerTiandnen (1965 wels singapuri gamoeyo federacias da damoukidebeli saxel-
mwifo Seqmna). 1997 wels britaneTma CineTs honkongi daubruna.
didi britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT, romelmac ZiriTadad mSvidobianad daT-
mo Tavisi aziuri samflobeloebi, safrangeTma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia
indoCineTis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, sadac vietnamma 1945
wels gamoacxada damoukidebloba. mxolod mZime samxedro marcxis Semdeg,
1954 wels, scno safrangeTma misi damoukidebloba. safrangeTis batonobisagan
ganTavisufldnen 1949 wels laosi, xolo 1953 wels – kamboja.
portugaliam 1961 wels datova indostanis naxevarkunZulze mdebare goa,
romelsac is XVI saukunidan flobda.
1999 wels portugaliam CineTs daubruna makau.

dekolonizacia afrikaSi
1975 wels xangrZlivi omis Semdeg portugaliam datova angola da mozambiki
(saidanac milionamde portugalieli dabrunda Zvel samSobloSi). man aseve
daTmo ekvatoruli gvinea, gvinea-bisau.
1951 wels yofili italiuri kolonia CrdiloeT afrikaSi, libia, damoukide-

sabWoTa gaerTianebuli samefo

kavSiri
safrangeTi

portugalia

espaneTi

niderlandebi

belgia

SeerTebuli Statebi

koloniuri imperiebi 1945 wlisaTvis

233
 bel samefod gamocxadda; 1956 wels damoukidebloba mieniWa afrikaSi mdebare
sudans, romelic iqamde anglo-egviptur proteqtorats warmoadgenda da imave
wels safrangeTma damoukidebloba mianiWa Tavis Crdiloafrikul proteqto-
ratebs – tunissa da marokos. samagierod, safrangeTma didi sisxli daRvara
madagaskarisa da alJiris SesanarCuneblad, romelTac sabolood mainc mianiWa
damoukidebloba, Sesabamisad 1960 da1962 wels. alJiridan moxda milionze meti
frangis repatriacia.
`Savi afrikis~dekolonizaciis dasawyisad iTvleba 1957 weli, rodesac bri-
tanulma koloniam, oqros napirma, miiRo damoukidebloba da gana dairqva
saxelad. 1960 wlidan ki afrikis dekolonizaciam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo: im
wels 17 britanuli, franguli da belgiuri kolonia gaxda damoukidebeli.
1962 wels gaerom dekolonizaciis
specialuri komiteti Seqmna. procesi
gagrZelda da afrikaSi 55 saxelmwifo ga-
Cnda. damoukidebloba mieniWa okeaniisa wyaro 1
da karibis zRvis auzis kunZulebs, imaT
jon keneT gelbreiTi dekolo-
garda, vinc referendumebis Semdeg arCia
nizaciis mizezebis Sesaxeb:
metropoliis SemadgenlobaSi darCena: ma-
galiTad safrangeTs aqvs `zRvisgadaRma `ekonomikuri keTildReobis
departamentebi~ gvadelupa da martinika Zrava axla ganviTarebuli
– karibis zRvis auzSi, reunioni da maio- industriuli qveynebis Sig­
Tavi mesame

ti – indoeTis okeaneSi da safrangeTis niT iyo... aSS­is mier fili­

gviana – samxreT amerikaSi, xolo axal ka-
ledonias (wynari okeanis auzSi) jer ar
gadauwyvetia Tavisi statusi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikuli saxelmwi-
foebis umravlesoba mravaleTnikuria:
maTi politikuri sazRvrebi koloniza-
tori qveynebis mier Camoyalibebul ad-
ministraciul sazRvrebs mihyveba da ar
iTvaliswinebs erovnul/tomobriv gan-
saxlebas. axali saxelmwifoebi, iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda, am sazRvrebs scno-
ben, Tundac erT enaze molaparake xalxe-
bi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi cxovrobdnen:
aman es qveynebi sasazRvro omebs aacila.
mravaleTnikurobis gamo afrikuli qvey-
nebis umravlesobas uxdeba kolonizato-
ri qveynebis enebis gamoyeneba saxelmwi-
fo enad. amitomac iq arsebobs frangul-,
inglisur-, portugaliur- da espanur-
enovani saxelmwifoebi.
pinebisaTvis damoukideblobis
miniWebis ekonomikuri efeqti
SeumCneveli darCa. indoeTisa
da pakistanis datovebam didi
britaneTis ekonomikaze mcire
gavlena moaxdina. holandielma
ekonomistebma gaiangariSes, rom
indoneziaSi didi holandiuri
imperiis dakargvis kompensacia
omisSemdgomi oriode wlis
ganmavlobaSi Sida ekonomikuri
zrdiT gadaifara... koloniuri
epoqis dasasruli istoriul
wignebSi miCneulia yofili
koloniebis erovnuli miswrafe­
bis triumfad da koloniuri
saxelmwifoebis keTil nebad. Tu
CavuRrmavdebiT am sakiTxs, aR­
moCndeba, rom arsebobda Zlieri
ekonomikuri interesi an, am
SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri dauin­
teresebloba~.

234
 wyaro 2
`mohandas karamCand gandi, indoeTis damoukide­
blobis moZraobis lideri, acnobierebda mSvi­
dobiani winaaRmdegobis gawevis upiratesobas

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

britaneTis imperiis mcdelobisaTvis xelaxla
daemyarebina kontroli Tavisi `gvirgvinis
briliantze~. britanuli imperializmisaTvis
winaaRmdegobisa da, erTdroulad, mSvidobis
simbolod gadaqceviT mravalma indoelma aCvena,
rom swored britaneTia Zaladobis momxre da
gaaRviva nacionalizmis grZnoba mosaxleobaSi.
induri nacionalizmis aRmavlobis talRaze
gandim SeZlo moepovebina didi mxardaWera qveya­ mahaTma gandi

naSi, ukuegdo britanelebi da 1947 wels Seeqmna

damoukidebeli indoeTi.~

oqsfordis indoeTis istoria, 2003

klasSi samuSao

1. ras iTvaliswinebda `monros doqtrina~ da ra Sedegebi mohyva mas?

2. ram ganapiroba evropul saxelmwifoTa koloniebSi erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavloba II msoflio omis dros?
3. rogor Camoyalibda Tanamedrove afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebi da
ra problemebs qmnis es sazRvrebi?
4. wyaro 2-is mixedviT imsjeleT, ra xerxi gamoiyena gandim indoeTis
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi?
5. moawyveT klasSi diskusia wyaro 1-Si moyvanili mosazrebis Sesaxeb.

235
 43. mesame samyaro

termini `mesame samyaro~ Seqmna frangma demografma alfred sovim 1952 wels,
rodesac ukve naTeli gaxda, rom koloniuri sistema adre Tu gvian daiSleboda.
am terminSi iyo miniSneba rogorc `mesame wodebaze~, romelic arsebobda
revoluciamdel safrangeTSi (maSin `pirveli~ da `meore wodeba~ iyo samRv-
deloeba da aristokratia), ise msoflios ukve Camoyalibebul dayofaze or
blokad – ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebad aSS-is xelmZRvanelobiT
(sabWoTa terminologiiT – `imperialisturi bloki~), romelsac upirispir-
deboda sabWoTa kavSiri da misi sateliti `saxalxo demokratiis qveynebi~
(dasavluri terminologiiT – `komunisturi bloki~). maT garda msoflioSi
Cndeboba `mesame samyaro~ – saxelmwifoebis didi jgufi, yofili koloniebi
da damokidebuli qveynebi, romlebic arc erT am bloks ar miekuTvnebodnen.
civi omis pirobebSi `mesame samyaros~ qveynebma SeZles SeeqmnaT `miumxrob-
lobis moZraoba~, romelic eyrdnoboda im dros moqmedi ramdenime politiku-
ri figuris avtoritets: eseni iyvnen indoeTis premier-ministri javaharlal
neru, iugoslavis komunisti prezidenti iosip broz tito, indoneziisa da
egviptis prezidentebi ahmed sukarno da gamal abdel naseri. 1954 wels maT
Tavi mesame

SeuerTda [CrdiloeT] vietnamis demokratiuli respublikis prezidenti ho

Si mini, xolo 1955 wels CineTis saxalxo respublikis (romelic sul ufro
Sordeboda sabWoTa kavSirs) premieri jou enlai.

skola afrikul sofelSi

236
 1961 wels `miumxroblobis moZraoba~ oficialurad gaformda belgradSi,
rogorc saerTaSoriso organizacia. magram is metismetad damokidebuli iyo
politikuri moRvaweebis avtoritetze, romelTa umravlesoba warmoadgenda
ara demokratias, aramed diqtatorul, erTpartiul reJimebs. maTi wasvla
xelisuflebidan xSirad moaswavebda politikuri kursis radikalur Secvlas.

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

ase magaliTad, 1976 wels naseris momdevno egviptis prezidentma anvar sadaTma
sabolood Tqva uari TanamSromlobaze sabWoTa kavSirTan da qveynis geopoli-
tikuri veqtori pro-amerikuli gaxada. `miumxroblobis moZraobam~ sakmaod
male dakarga gavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze.
rogorc sabWoTa kavSiri, ise aSS cdilobdnen sakuTari gavlenis gavrce-
lebas `mesame samyaros~ qveynebze. maSin, roca dasavleT evropis koloniuri
saxelmwifoebi Tavidan iSorebdnen mZime ekonomikur da moralur tvirTad
qceul koloniebs, romelTac adrindeli mogebis nacvlad mxolod xarji
mohqondaT, sabWoTa kavSiri daufiqreblad cdilobda axalSeqmnili `poli-
tikuri vakuumis~ Sevsebasa da damkvidrebas iq, saidanac evropuli koloniuri
imperiebi ZiriTadad nebayoflobiT gadiodnen.
kremlma formalurad ideologiuri, realurad ki – geopolitikuri Tval-
sazrisidan gamomdinare, Tavis Tavze aiRo axalgamoCekili `socialisturi
orientaciis~ diqtatorebis rCena. `mesame samyaros socialisturi orien-
taciis qveynebad~ sxvadasxva periodSi miiCneodnen egvipte, siria, erayi, alJi-
ri, samxreT iemeni, libia, vietnami, birma, kamboja, laosi, kuba, angola, eTiopia
da sxva. sabWoTa/rusuli modelis komunistur qveynebad maT Soris mxolod
kubasa da vietnams Tu miviCnevT.
yvela `socialisturi orientaciis qveyana~ sabWoTa kavSirs upirvelesad
ainteresebda, rogorc `antiimperialisturi~ (e.i. antiamerikuli) forposti,
sadac SeiZleboda samxedro bazebis Seqmna an iseTi nedleulis monopoliurad
miReba, romelic strategiulad mniSvnelovani iyo `mtris banakisTvisac~.
magram garegnulad es politikuri miznebi iniRbeboda, rogorc xelSewyoba`
saxalxo demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis~.
sabWoTa kavSiri am qveynebs uSenebda did infrastruqturul da samrewvelo
obieqtebs, awvdida samxedro iaraRs, sursaTs, garkveul finansur daxmarebas,
rac formdeboda, rogorc xangrZlivvadiani dabalprocentiani sesxi. es yve-
laferi barteruli gacvlis safuZvelze xdeboda: samxedro da ekonomikuri
daxmarebis sanacvlod sabWoTa kavSirs unda mieRo im dros CamorCenili qvey-
nebis tradiciuli eqsportis sagnebi, magaliTad, matyli, tyavi, bamba, Tambaqo,
tropikuli xili, madneuli da a.S. realurad, sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis, romelsac
Tavisi gasaWiric hyofnida, es `daxmareba~ ufro xarji iyo, vidre Semosavali.
sabWoTa kavSirma Sewyvita aseTi saqmianoba ukve `perestroikis~ periodSi,
xolo 1991 wels TviTonac daiSala `socialistur banakTan~ erTAad.
magram termini `mesame samyaro~ darCa da axla aRniSnavs specifikur kate-
gorias – arademokratiuli saxelmwifos garkveul tips.
rogorc wesi, `mesame samyaros~ qveyana Caketili politikuri elitis mier
imarTeba. aseT qveyanas axasiaTebs mmarTvelobis arademokratiuli forma:
esaa an absoluturi monarqia, an Teokratia an formaluri arCevnebis Camtare-
beli respublika saxelmwifo meTaurobis erTaderTi an `ZiriTadi~ kandida-
237
 tisaTvis `xalxis mxurvale mxardaWeris~
gamoxatviT: magaliTad, 2002 wels erayis
prezidentad sadam huseini xmebis 100
procentiT airCies, magram momdevno wels
dasavleTis koaliciasTan omis dros mis
mxares cota vinme Tu dadga. axlo aRmo-
savleTSi da afrikaSi nominaluri respu-
blikebis liderebi aTwleulobiT rCebo-
dnen qveynis saTaveSi, magaliTad, tunisSi
ben ali – 23 weli, siriaSi hafiz asadi da
egvipteSi hosni mubaraqi – 30-30 weli, ie-
menSi ali abdula salehi – 38 weli, libia-
Si muamar kadafi – 41 weli. arCevnebs iq
formaluri xasiaTi hqonda.
imisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba SeinarCu-
non, `mesame samyaros~ qveynis mmarTveli
wreebi uxvad afinanseben mravalricxovan
policias, uSiSroebis samsaxurebsa da ar-
mias. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xelisufle-
ba mzadaa gamoiyenos es Zala sakuTari xa-
lxis winaaRmdegac da amas `kanonierebis
Tavi mesame
damatebiTi cnoba
mao Zedunis Teoria `sami sam-
yaros~ Sesaxeb
CineTis komunistma liderma mao
Zedunma `sami samyaros~ sakuTari
Teoria Camoayaliba, romlis
mixedviTac pirvel samyaroSi
Sedian mxolod zesaxelmwi­
foebi – aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri,
romlebic cdiloben msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi sakuTari
hegemonoba daamyaron; meoreSi –
ganviTarebuli qveynebi, magali­
Tad kanada da iaponia, romlebic
dakavSirebuli arian (damoki­
debuli arian) zesaxelmwifoe­
bze da sulac ar cdiloben am
damokidebulebisagan Tavis dax­
snas. mesame samyaros ki warmoad­

dacva~ uwodos: ase iqceoda, magaliTad genen ganviTarebadi qveynebi

siriis reJimi 2011 wels, rodesac `kanonie- da CineTi – maT saerTo inter­
rebis dacvas~ 4-5 aTasi adamiani emsxver- ess Seadgens pirveli samyaros
pla. amave dros mmarTveli wreebisaTvis hegemonobis winaaRmdeg brZola.
problemas ar warmoadgens kanonis gars-
Semovla piradi an xelisuflebasTan da-
axloebuli biznesis gamdidrebisaTvis.
demokratiis ararsebobis, adamianis piradi daucvelobis pirobebSi `mesame
samyaros~ qveyanaSi yvavis korufcia, romelic wamlavs mTel ekonomikur, so-
cialur da politikur cxovrebas.
oligarqiuli reJimis arseboba, faqtobrivad, xels uwyobs uzarmazari
sxvaobis Seqmnas mmarTveli elitisa da rigiT moqalaqeTa umravlesobis Se-
mosavalsa da cxovrebis dones Soris. mmarTveli elitis mxridan mosaxleobis
(xSirad, `xalxze zrunvis~ ritorikiT Sefaruli) politikuri, ekonomikuri da
socialuri Cagvra farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribis mizezia.
mmarTvel elitas didi stimuli aqvs `samaradisod~ SeinarCunos Zalaufle-
ba. mas yovelTvis SeuZlia monaxos mxardamWerebi mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi,
romlebisTvisac arsebuli reJimis SenarCuneba xelsayrelia. amitomac `mesame
samyaro~ sakmaod mdgradia.
`mesame samyaros sindromi~ qveynis politikur geografiaSic iCens Tavs.
radgan mmarTveli elita qveynis centrSia Tavmoyrili, igi dedaqalaqis an
privilegirebuli qalaqebis mosaxleobaze odnav mainc zrunavs. siRaribe da
CamorCeniloba ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli provinciebSi.

238
 XX saukunis bolosaTvis `mesame samyaros~ dascilda zogierTi industriu-
lad warmatebuli qveyana, magaliTad, samxreT korea, singapuri, israeli, kvi-
prosi, TurqeTi da sxvebi, sadac mimdinareobs industrializacia, yalibdeba
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da mimdinareobs demokratizaciis procesebi. Tumca
`mesame samyaros ~ dRemde miekuTvneba afrikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, samxreT

msoflio politika XX saukunis meore naxevarSi

da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis, yofili sabWoTa respublikebis sag-
rZnobi nawili.

klasSi samuSao

1. ganmarteT cnebis – `mesame samyaro~ – mniSvneloba.

2. riT gansxvavdeba damatebiT cnobaSi moyvanili mao Zedunis Teoria
msoflios samyaroebad dayofis miRebuli ganmartebisgan? SeecadeT
axsnaT amgvari Teoriis Seqmnis mizezebi.
3. daaxasiaTeT `miumxroblobis moZraoba~.
4. ra miznebs isaxavda sabWoTa kavSiri mesame samyaros qveynebSi?
5. romeli saxelmwifoebi gamovidnen mesame samyaros qveynebis kategoriidan
da ratom?

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT mesame samyaros qveynebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi.

239
 IV saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSirSi. sabWoTa
sistemis daSla. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

44. saqarTvelo XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi

avtonomizacia da federalizacia
1921 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos revkomma, bunebrivia, `kavbiuros~ karnaxiT,
cno afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika (farTobi 8,6 aTasi kv. km).
magram ukve 16 dekembers rkp ck-is rekomendaciiT Tbilissa da soxums Soris
daido samokavSireo xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac afxazeTis ssr Sevida
saqarTvelos ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc e. w. `saxelSekrulebo respu-
blika~, faqtobrivad, avtonomiis uflebebiT (zustad ase ganixilavda mas 1924
wlis sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia). 1931 wels, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi Ca-
moyalibda erTgvarovani administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa, `afxazeTis
saxelSekrulebo ssr~-s ewoda afxazeTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi
respublika (assr) saqarTvelos ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi. magram 1921-1931 wlebis
es gaugebari bolSevikuri `administraciuli eqsperimenti~ XX saukunis bolos
afxazma separatistebma `afxazeTis mimarT Cadenili usamarTlobis – misi sta-
tusis dadablebis~ raRac iuridiul sabuTad gamoiyenes.
1921 wlis ivnisSi aWaras (farTobi 3 aTasi kv. km) miekuTvna assr-is statusi,
rac, arsebiTad, gamomdinareobda imave wlis 16 martis moskovis rusul-Tur-
Tavi meoTxe

quli xelSekrulebidan, anu amas wyvetda ara saqarTvelos nominaluri komu-

nisturi mTavroba, aramed – pirdapir moskovi.
1922 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqi (farTobi 3,4 aTasi kv. km). amas didi kamaTi uZRoda win: osebi bevrad
ufro did teritorias iTxovdnen (maT Soris qarelisa da borjomis raionebs),
xolo saqarTvelos komunisturi mTavrobis bevri wevri avtonomiuri olqis
SeqmniT qveynis teritoriis daqucmacebis winaaRmdegi iyo. am SemTxvevaSic
gadamwyveti aRmoCnda moskovis azri, sadac mzard avtoritetul Zalas war-
moadgenda ioseb stalini. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs gadaeca qarTuli
qalaqi cxinvali, radgan mis gareSe iq arc erTi saqalaqo dasaxleba ar iqnebo-
da, da ZiriTadad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli axalgoris raioni, yofili qsnis
saerisTavo. naTelia, rom moskovis mizans Seadgenda samxreTeli osebis gamo-
yeneba mosalodneli qarTuli nacionalizmis sapirwoned. amitomac 1970-iani
wlebidan Sendeboda gvirabi rokis uReltexilis qveS samxreT da CrdiloeT
oseTis dasakavSireblad. 1988 wels, rogorc ki gvirabi gaixsna, saqarTveloSi
dauyovnebliv wamoyo Tavi osurma separatizmma.
1922 wlis seqtemberSi stalinma wamoayena kavkasiis axalSeqmnili sabWoTa
respublikebis ruseTis federaciaSi avtonomiebis saxiT gaerTianebis gegma.
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis komunistma liderebma mxari dauWires am gegmas,
qarTveli komunistebis umravlesobam ki is uaryo. saqarTvelos kompartiis
centraluri komitetis sxdomaze aseTi gegmis mxardamWeri orjonikiZis, ki-
rovis, enuqiZisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg wavida centraluri komitetis wevrebis
didi nawili, budu mdivanis meTaurobiT.

240
 saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika

afxazeTis assr
afxazeTi aWaris assr
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
soxumi
olqi

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

zugdidi
samxreT
senaki quTaisi oseTi
cxinvali
foTi
samtredia
zestafoni
xaSuri gori Telavi
Tbilisi
aWara
baTumi
rusTavi
saqarTvelo

saboloo jamSi, leninis rekomendaciiT, romelmac moulodnelad mxari

dauWira qarTveli komunistebis umravlesobis azrs, rkp centralurma komite-
tma daadgina, rom 1922 wlis bolos Seqmniliyo sabWoTa socialisturi respu-
blikebis kavSiri, romelSic oTxi respublika Sevidoda – ruseTis federacia,
ukrainis da belarusiis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi da imave wels sta-
linis daJinebiT Seqmnili amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi
respublika (a/ksfsr), romelSic Seiyvanes saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani.
qarTvel komunistTa gavleniani nawili (filipe maxaraZe, budu mdivani,
mixeil okujava da sxvebi) amaod moiTxovda sabWoTa kavSirSi saqarTvelos ssr-
is calke, amierkavkasiis federaciis gareSe, Sesvlas. es moTxovna, romelsac
moskovSi uwodes `nacional-uklonizmi~ (partiis generaluri xazidan erovnul
niadagze gadaxra) ar dakmayofilda. stalinma ar dauviwya urCoba partiul
amxanagebs da 1937-38 wlebSi daaxvretina
TiTqmis yvela is piri, vinc mas 1922 wels
winaaRmdegobas uwevda. wyaro 1
jer a/ksfsr-Si, Semdeg ki mTlianad sab- `kavSiri damoukidebeli respub­
WoTa kavSirSi saqarTvelos politikuri likebis avtonomizaciis formiT
da ekonomikuri integraciis procesma stalinis Tezisis safuZvelze
mospo respublikis doneze marTvis yve- naadrevia. ekonomikuri saqmee­
la saSualeba. mTlianad aRmoifxvra sa- bisa da saerTo politikis
qarTvelos suverenitetis atribute- erTianoba aucilebelia, magram
bi, romlis SesanarCuneblad ibrZodnen suverenitetis yvela atributis
aramarto menSevikebi, aramed bolSeviki SenarCunebiT.~
`nacional-uklonistebic~ ki. axal poli-
tikur sistemaSi mTlianad dominirebda saqarTvelos kompartiis

sruliad sakavSiro komunisturi partia centraluri komitetis

(sskp), rogorc ewoda yofil ruseTis ko- rezoluciidan, 1922

munistur partias, moskovSi myofi cen-

traluri organoebiT. saqarTvelos ko-
241
 munisturi partia sskp-is daqvemdebarebul regionul organizacias warmoad-
genda.

erovnuli moZraoba 1920-ian wlebSi

parizSi gadaxvewilma saqarTvelos devnilma mTavrobam araerTi Txovna gaug-
zavna dasavleT evropis qveynebs damoukideblobis aRdgenis saqmeSi daxmarebis
TxovniT, magram amaod. gadawyda ajanyebis mowyobac, magram magram amisaTvis
cudi dro SeirCa.
1924 wels nep-is (e.w. `axali ekonomikuri politikis~) xana idga, sabWoTa kav-
SirSi ekonomikuri viTareba swrafad umjobesdeboda; Sidapolitikuri stabi-
loba sul ufro xelSesaxebi xdeboda; xelovnebasa da literaturas jer kidev
mkacrad ar zRudavdnen; umjobesdeboda ganaTlebis saqme. sabWoTa ruseTis
sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobac ukeTesobisaken icvleboda: germaniam,
italiam, poloneTma, baltiis qveynebma, TurqeTma da sparseTma am droisaTvis
ukve daamyares diplomatiuri urTierToba masTan. imave 1924 wels britaneTma
da safrangeTma oficialurad aRiares ruseTis sabWoTa mTavroba.
emigraciaSi wasuli menSevikuri mTavrobisaTvis, romelic parizSi ijda,
Tavi meoTxe

qaquca
ColoyaSvilis
SeficulTa
razmi

naTeli unda yofiliyo, rom patara saqarTvelos gulisaTvis did ruseTTan

urTierTobas evropaSi aravin gaifuWebda.
urTierTobebis koordinaciis mizniT parizSive Seiqmna kavkasiis respub-
likebis – saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, somxeTisa da mTielTa kavSiris war-
momadgenlebis mudmivi organo – kavSiris sabWo. magram am kavSiris sabWos
moRvaweobas ar gamouRia raime xelSesaxebi Sedegi. devnil mTavrobebs Soris

242
urTierTobebs arTulebda jer kidev da-
moukideblobis periodis gadauWreli sa- wyaro 2
kiTxebi, upirvelesad, teritoriuli dava.
`guriaSi Cveni organizacia
saqarTvelos mosaxleobac ar urigde-
ufro sustia, vidre menSevike­
boda komunisturi xelisuflebis batono-
bisa. guriaSi partias daaxloe­
bas. okupaciis Semdeg sul male Seiqmna `sa-
biT 1200 wevri hyavs, maSin roca
qarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

menSevikebs aq kidev rCebaT 7000
(igive `paritetuli komiteti~), romelSic
wevri.
sxvadasxva partia, maT Soris warsulSi
urTierTdapirispirebulic, gaerTianda. guria amboxda mefis winaaRmdeg.
aseve iyo Seqmnili iatakqveSa `samxedro menSevikTa partiis liderebis
centri~. didi umravlesoba guriidanaa,
noe Jordania miiCnevda, rom `parite- romlebmac dRemde SeinarCunes
tul komitets~ erTdrouli ajanyeba aq kavSirebi. garda amisa, auci­
unda moewyo mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT: lebelia aRiniSnos, rom guriis
`mxolod am SemTxvevaSi mogvaqcevs evro- Tavadaznauroba gansxvavdeba
pa seriozul yuradRebas da gagvi wevs rusulisagan. es Raribi Ta­
daxmarebas~. miuxedavad mcdelobisa da vadaznaurobaa, romlebic
emisrebis gagzavnisa, `komitetma~ ver floben sul 8­dan 10­mde desia­
moaxerxa am miznis ganxorcieleba. tina miwas da axlos dganan rus
ajanyebis mzadebis Sesaxeb kremli Ta- kulakebTan. guriis soflebSi
vidanve saqmis yurSi iyo da sakuTari miz- isini didi pativiscemiT sargeb­
nisTvis gamoiyena cudad organizebuli loben. gasaTvaliswinebelia,
aqcia. rodesac stalins moaxsenes, rom sa- rom guruli glexoba kulturu­
qarTveloSi ajanyeba mzaddeboda, magram li elementia, romelSic wera­
gepeusaTvis (saxelmwifo politikuri kiTxvis mcodneTa procenti
sammarTvelo) yvelaferi cnobili iyo da maRalia.~
prevenciuli dapatimrebiT SeeZloT aRe-
aleqsandre miasnikiani,
kveTaT igi, mas uTqvams: `dae, ajanydnen!
amierkavkasiis samxareo
saqarTvelos sisxli jer ar gamouSvia!~
komitetis mdivani
1922 wlis damdegidan partizanuli br-
Zolebi daiwyo qaquca ColoyaSvilma Ta-
vis razmTan erTad. 1922 wlis agvistoSi
kaxeTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi ajanyebas sas-
tiki represiebi mohyva. male daapatimres
mTeli `samxedro centri~.
1924 wlis ajanyeba ki, qaquca ColoyaSvilis meTaurobiT, ukve mTel saqarTve-
los moedo. agvistoSi sxvadasxva adgilas gmiruli, magram arakoordinirebuli
gabrZolebis Semdeg ajanyeba advilad CaaxSes.
`qarTveli erisaTvis Wkuis saswavleblad~ sabWoTa xelisuflebam sama-
galiTodD dasaja `klasobrivi mteri~, ZiriTadad yofili Tavadaznauroba,
romelTagan ajanyebaSi erTeulebi monawileobdnen: ajanyebuli ZiriTadad
qarTveli glexoba iyo. xalxs apatimrebdnen aristokratiuli warmoSobisa
an arakomunisturi partiuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT da mere jguf-jgufad
xvretdnen, bunebrivia, yovelgvari gasamarTlebis gareSe. sergo orjonikiZe
243
 kremls upatakebda: `davxvriteT 900 kontrrevolucioneri!~ sinamdvileSi,
bevrad meti, zogierTi SefasebiT ramdenime aTasi adamiani dasajes sikvdiliT.
sadgur SorapanSi satvirTo vagonebSi gamomwyvdeuli dapatimrebuli adamia-
nebi garedan tyviamfrqevebiT Caxoces: maTi raodenoba ucnobia.
`wiTeli terori~, romelsac saqarTvelo gadaurCa, radgan 1918-1920 wlebis
ruseTis samoqalaqo omis dros is sxva saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, mis miwazec
movida.

wyaro 3

saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is

pirveli mdivnis mixa kaxianis
saidumlo baraTidan sak. kp (b)-
sadmi:

`saqarTveloSi imdeni inteli­

gentia, rom maT SeuZliaT moem­
Tavi meoTxe

saxuron aramarto saqarTvelos,

200 lariani banknoti qaquca
ColoyaSvilis portretiT
aramed mTel amierkavkasias da
kidev CrdiloeT kavkasiasac...
vidre Cvens winaSe sabWoTa
saqarTveloSi dgas es mrisxane
cifri – 120­130 aTasi Ta­
vadaznauroba, kadris oficroba,
vaWrebi da a.S. darwmunebuli
ver viqnebiT imaSi, rom es sawvavi
masala ar aaldeba yoveli xel­
sayreli SemTxvevisas – saer­
TaSoriso an Sina garTulebis
dros.~

plakati `gaumarjos axalgazrda

sabWoTa saqarTvelos!~

244
 wyaro 4

saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiisagan:

`menSevikurma banditebma TavadebTan, aznaurebTan, generlebTan da vaWrebTan er­

Tad moaxdines SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi WiaTuraSi da saqarTvelos zogierT sxva
adgilebSi. amitom saqarTvelos sagangebo komisia adgens, rom yvela qvemoT CamoTv­

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

lili pirebi, rogorc proletariatis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis momwyobni da rogorc
muSur­glexuri xelisuflebis Seurigebeli mtrebi, dasjili iqnan umaRlesi sas­
jeliT – daxvretiT~.

gaz. komunisti, 1924 wlis 31 agvisto

klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT sabWoTa saqarTvelos avtonomizaciis xasiaTsa da miznebze.

2. riT gansxvavdeboda stalinis gegma leninis mier miRebuli
gadawyvetilebisagan da ratom ver SeZles respublikebma suverenitetis
Tundac mciredi niSnebis SenarCuneba?
3. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, Tu ratom
surda qarTveli bolSevikebis nawils respublikis statusisa da
damoukideblobis Tundac mcire niSnebis SenarCuneba.
4. Tqveni azriT, ratom daerqva ruseTis komunistur partias sruliad
sakavSiro komunisturi partia?
5. vin iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis `klasobrivi mteri~?
6. teqstis da wyaroebis 2,3,4 mixedviT gansazRvreT, sargeblobda Tu ara
mxardaWeriT sabWoTa xelisufleba saqarTveloSi.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema `erovnuli moZraoba 1920-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi da misi

marcxis mizezebi~.

245
 45. politikuri represiebis xana saqarTveloSi

TiTqmis1920-iani wlebis bolomde mTel

sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris saqarTve-
loSic moqmedebda e.w. nep-i (`axali eko-
nomikuri politika~). ekonomikur li-
beralizmTan erTad im dros arsebobda
erTgvari liberalizmi inteleqtualuri
moRvaweobis – literaturis, xelovne-
bis – mimarTac. `upartio inteligenciis~
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac ganaTleba
jer kidev revoluciamde hqondaT miRe-
buli, SeeZloT eweraT sxvadasxva Temaze,
daedgaT speqtaklebi – yvelaferi es im
pirobiT, rom maTi nawarmoebebi an spe-
qtaklebi `anti-sabWoTa~ ar iqneboda.
1920-iani wlebis bolos da, gansakuT-
Tavi meoTxe

rebiT 1930-iani wlebidan viTareba Seicva-

la. qveyanaSi ganmtkicda kompartiisa da muSa da kolmeurne. e. muxinas
misi lideris, stalinis, diqtatura. kom- qandakeba. `socrealizmis~ nimuSi
partiam erovnul kulturaze miitana ie-
riSi saqarTveloSic.

stalinizmis socialur-politikuri sistema sruli saxiT 1930-ian wlebSi

Camoyalibda. es iyo daCqarebuli industrializaciis, koleqtivizaciisadmi
glexobis winaaRmdegobis gatexis, mkacrad reglamentirebuli, totalitaru-
li, sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis epoqa, rodesac mkacrad isjeboda nebismieri
gadaxra komunisturi dogmebidan. literaturaSi da xelovnebaSi damkvidrda
`socialisturi realizmi~, rac gulisxmobda partiuli poziciidan mxatvruli
realobis Selamazebas
yovelgvari sxvagvari azrovnebis aRmosafxvrelad da qveyanaSi mkacri dis-
ciplinis dasamyareblad stalinma saWirod miiCnia mosaxleobis daSineba. ma-
sobrivma represiebma, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mZvinvarebda 1937-1938 wlebSi,
mravali aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. moispo is mciredi Tavisuflebac ki,
romliTac mosaxleoba sargeblobda `nep~-is periodSi.
represiebi, erTi mxriv, mimarTuli iyo bolSevikTa Zveli Taobis gasanadgu-
reblad maTi axali, stalinis erTguli kadrebis Casanacvleblad; meore mxriv,
represiebi inteligenciis winaaRmdeg xorcieldeboda Tavisufali azris ne-
bismieri gamovlenis CasaxSobad. es mZimed iwvnia saqarTvelomac.
1936 wlisaTvis sabWoTa xelisufleba imdenad ganmtkicda, rom stalinma ga-
dawyvita erTgvari politikuri decentralizacia moexdina. Seiqmna mokavSire
246
 wyaro 1

mTavlitis [sagamomcemlo saqmianobis makontrolebeli organo, faqtobrivad –

cenzura] 1924 wlis 3 ivnisis dadgenileba:

`vinaidan Jurnali `kavkasioni~ aris nacionalisturi, Sovinisturi da kontrrevo­

luciuri, romelic ar sdgas sabWoTa xelisuflebis niadagze, amitom `kavkasioni~

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

daixuros.

Tavmjdomare – gogiberiZe, mdivani – n. doliZe, eswrebodnen: sagangebo komisiidan

– borovoi ck­is agitpropidan [agitaciisa da propagandis ganyofileba] – xofe­
ria.~

respublikebi centralur aziaSi (iqamde maT avtono-

miis statusi hqondaT ruseTis federaciaSi). sabWoTa
kavSiris 1936 wlis konstituciiT gauqmda amierkavka-
siis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika
da saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans mokavSire
respublikebis statusi mieniWaT sabWoTa kavSiris Se-
madgenlobaSi.
sabEWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba saqarTvelosaTvis
iyo ara mxolod `revolucia zemodan~, aramed `revo-
lucia garedan~, romlis nebismieri aspeqti xorciel-
deboda moskovis karnaxiT. 1930-iani wlebis Suaguli-
saTvis sabWoTa saqarTvelos TiTqmis araferi hqonda represirebuli mwerali
saerTo TxuTmeti wliT adre arsebul damoukidebel mixeil javaxiSvili
qveyanasTan.
stalinisturi socialur-politikuri sistema ucvleli darCa II msoflio
omis periodSi, omis Semdgomi aRdgenis mZime xanaSi da stalinis mmarTvelobis
ukanaskneli wlebis (1950-iani wlebis dasawyisi) politikuri da kulturuli
represiebis drosac.

wyaro 2

`ilia WavWavaZe... iyo muSebisa da glexebis eqsploatatori. rogorc mwerali, ilia

WavWavaZe iyo reaqcioneri, memamuleebis interesebis uerTgulesi damcveli, feoda­
luri saqarTvelos Tayvanismcemeli da monarqisti. reaqcioneri da konservatori~.

filipe maxaraZe

`klasikosebisagan swavlis~ lozungis realizacias Cvens sinamdvileSi ufro meti

ziani moaqvs proletarul mwerlobaSi, vidre sargebloba.

i. WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebi~ uaRresad nacionalisturi da reaqcioneruli

nawarmoebia, romlis formulas `Cveni Tavi Cvenve gveyudneso~, araerTi wvintliani
inteligenti auslokinebia~.
aleqsandre sulava, proletari mwerali

247
 wyaro 3

`Tbilisma male igrZno CrdiloeTidan moberili civi qari... SemTxveviT SevityveT,

rom WavWavaZis didgvarovani ojaxis warmomadgenili ori sayovelTaod cnobili
axalgazrda qali, aseve maTi Zmebi da col­qmari danelia daxvretil iqnen polo­
neTis generalur sakonsulosTan kavSiris gamo. yvelam kargad icoda, rom axal­
gazrdebs ubralod odnavi garToba surdaT da drodadro sakonsulos axalgazrda
TanamSromlebTan erTad TeatrSi dadiodnen, daneliebi ki mxolod Seecadnen weri­
lebi gadaecaT poloneTSi darCenili naTesavebisaTvis.~

paolo vita finci, italiis konsuli TbilisSi (1928­30)

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebze (1, 2) dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, Tu ratom afasebda sabWoTa xelisu-

fleba uaryofiTad erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis propagandas.
Tavi meoTxe

2. ra saxiT gamoixata stalinizmis socialur-politikuri sistema litera-

turasa da xelovnebaSi?
3. isaubreT 1936 wlis saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesaxeb.
4. vis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli stalinuri represiebi?

qarTveli
represirebuli
mwerlebi

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da wyaro 3-ze dayrdnobiT dawereT Txzuleba stalinuri represie-

bis Sesaxeb. ganmartEeT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda amgvar damokidebulebas saku-
TYari moqalaqeebisadmi stalinuri reJimisaTvis da SeadareT is TqvenTvis
cnobil sxva diqtatorul reJimebs.

248
46. saqarTvelos politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTareba sabWoTa periodSi

politikuri viTareba

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

leqsikoni
sul sabWoTa kavSirSi 11 mokavSire
respublika Sedioda. 1940 wels maT kidev r stagnacia – uZraoba war-
oTxi – litva, latvia, estoneTi da mol- moebaSi, vaWrobaSi da sazo-
daveTi – daemata. gadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva
sabWoTa konstituciis bazaze 1937 sferoebSi
wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos ssr konstitu- r erozia – aq: daSla, gaxrwnas
cia, romelic formaluri TvalsazrisiT
adamianis Zireul uflebebs aRiarebda da
demokratiul principebs eyrdnoboda. mTavar sakanonmdeblo organos res-
publikaSi warmoadgenda umaRlesi sabWo, xolo aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
– saxalxo komisarTa [ministrTa] sabWo. magram sinamdvileSi, orive organos,
iseve rogorc adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs, mTlianad akontrolebda
saqarTvelos komunisturi partia, romelic, Tavis, mxriv, srulad emorCile-
boda sskp centralur komitets. arCevnebi yvela donis sabWoSi fiqcia iyo,
vinaidan saarCevno biuletenebSi mxolod erTi gvari ewera – es iyo qveyanaSi
erTaderTi partiis mier rekomendebuli kandidatis gvari. arCevanis gakeTeba
SeuZlebeli iyo.
realur xelisufals yvela mokavSire respublikaSi da avtonomiur warmo-
naqmnSi, yvela administraciul erTeulSi warmoadgenda komunisturi partiis
centraluri (saolqo, saqalaqo, raionuli) komitetis pirveli mdivani. respu-
blikis pirvel mdivans arCevda da niSnavda (formalurad `rekomendacias aZle-
vda asarCevad~) uSualod sskp centraluri komitetis politbiuro, romelsac
1920-iani wlebis Suagulidan 1953 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda ioseb stalini.
1931 wels saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani
gaxda lavrenti beria. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli 1937-1938 wlebis masobrivi
represiebis Catareba saqarTveloSi, rac, rasakvirvelia, moskovis davalebiT
xorcieldeboda. am borotma saqmem, romlis drosac daixvritnen eris sauke-
Teso Svilebi da SiSis sindromi moedo mTel xalxs, gadafara berias realuri
wvlili saqarTvelos industrializaciaSi, Tbilisis rekonstruqciaSi.
1938 wlis bolos stalinma beria moskovSi waiyvana da is sakavSiro Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats Cauyena saTaveSi (es did karierul winsvlad
iTvleboda), mis nacvlad ki 1938-1952 wlebSi saqarTvelos pirvel mdivnad
kandid Carkviani daniSna. Carkvians mouxda respublikis marTva msoflio omis
mZime wlebSi da omisSemdgomi aRdgenis dros. mis dros aSenda axali qalaqi
rusTavi Tavis metalurgiul kombinatTan erTad.
1953-1972 wlebSi pirveli mdivani iyo vasil mJavanaZe, romlis drosac, mTel
sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare erTgvari liberalizaciis fonze, saqarTveloSi

249
 gaCnda `Crdilovani ekonomika~, farTod
gaifurCqna korufcia. erTdroulad es
iyo qarTuli literaturisa da xelovne-
bis ayvavebis erTgvari xana.
moskovi, sadac sakuTari korufcia yva-
oda, `ideologiur siwmindes~ moiTxovda
mokavSire respublikebSi. amitom respu-
blikis xelmZRvaneli Seicvala. 1972 wels
mJavanaZe pensiaze gauSves da korufcias-
Tan brZolis mizniT saqarTveloSi kom-
partiis pirvel mdivnad dainiSna respu-
blikis yofili Sinagan saqmeTa ministri
n. xruSCovi da kubis lideri
eduard SevardnaZe. korufciasTan brZo- fidel kastro saqarTveloSi
lis mimarTulebiT miRweuli Sedegebi
zedapiruli iyo, radgan sabWoTa kavSiris
Semadgenel erT romelime respublikaSi
SeuZlebeli iyo raimes Secvla, miTumetes,
wyaro 1
rom mTel kavSirSi daiwyo ekonomikuri da
politikuri stagnacia da komunisturi `1958 wlis martSi Catarda
ideologiis erozia. SevardnaZe xels uw- ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos
yobda qarTuli kulturisa da mecniere- arCevnebi. arCevnebisaTvis
Tavi meoTxe

bis ganviTarebas. mzadeba mimdinareobda mTeli

1985 wels eduard SevardnaZe moskovSi
gadaiyvanes sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo sa-
qmeTa ministrad daniSvnasTan dakavSire-
biT. 1985-1989 wlebSi pirveli mdivani iyo
jumber patiaSvili, romlis mmarTvelobis
wlebs daemTxva erovnuli moZraobis aR-
mavloba saqarTveloSi da komunisturi
partiis dasustebis dasawyisi.
1990 wlis 28 oqtombris mravalpartiul
arCevnebSi komunisturi partia damarcx-
da da sabWoTa xelisufleba saqarTveloSi
damTavrda, Tumca respublika rCeboda sa-
bWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi mis sabo-
loo daSlamde – 1991 wlis 21 dekembramde.
sabWoTa xalxis udidesi poli­
tikuri da SromiTi aRmavlobis
pirobebSi. arCevnebSi monawi­
leoba miiRo saqarTvelos
amomrCevelTa 99,9 procentma,
komunistebisa da upartioebis
blokis kandidatebs xma misca
kavSiris amomrCevelTa 99,95
procentma, erovnebaTa sabWoSi
– 99,94 procentma. arCevnebSi
monawileobisa da deputatobis
kandidatebisaTvis xmis micemis
SedegebiT saqarTvelom pirveli
adgili daiWira mTels sabWoTa
kavSirSi.~

saqarTvelos istoria, 1984

250
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi sa-
qarTvelo iyo wminda sasoflo-sameurneo
qveyana. arsebobda sul ramdenime saSualo
zomis samrewvelo sawarmo. mosaxleobis 80
procentze meti soflad cxovrobda. 1918-

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

1921 wlebis damoukidebel saqarTvelo-
Si ekonomikuri struqtura ar Secvlila,
xolo xalxis materialuri mdgomareoba plakati l. breJnevis portretiT
TbilisSi
gauaresda kidec, radgan imperiaSi adre ar-
sebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebi Sewyda. mar-
Talia, menSevikurma mTavrobam Caatara agraruli reforma, glexebs dauriga
miwa, magram amis ekonomikuri efeqti mxolod ramdenime weliwadSi iqneboda
SesamCnevi. es dro ki saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas ar mieca.
1921 wlis 6 aprils axalgasabWoebuli saqarTvelos revkomma komunisturi
ideologiis Sesabamisad moaxdina miwis sruli nacionalizacia da akrZala misi
yidva-gayidva an ijariT gacema. moxda yofili saxazino, Tavadaznaurobis,
eklesiis miwis konfiskacia, romelic saxelmwifo fondma samarTavad gadasca
adgilobriv sabWoebs.
amave dros, sabWoTa mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg, rusuli soflisagan
gansxvavebiT, qarTul sofels ar ganucdia samoqalaqo omis mZime gavlena, ro-
melic ruseTSi 1918-1920 wlebSi boboqrobda. mas ar ganucdia arc `samxedro
komunizmis~ simZime, rodesac xdeboda ara marto SeZlebuli glexobisaTvis
namati mosavlis konfiskacia, aramed mTeli mosavlis, maT Soris saTesle ma-
salis CamorTmeva, ramac umZimesi dartyma miayena ruseTis glexobas.
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba moxerxda mxolod 1920-iani wlebis
Sua xanebSi, razec imoqmeda 1921 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirSi moqmedma nepma – `axal-
ma ekonomikurma politikam~, romelic kerZo mewarmeobis saSualebas iZleoda.
SedarebiTi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis garda, 1920-iani wlebis sabWoTa sa-
qarTveloSi gaumjobesda ganaTlebis saqme, xeli Seewyo mecnierebis, kul-
turisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebas. im dros arsebobda erTgvari liberali-zmi
inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis mimarTac.
praqtikulad igive xdeboda sxva mokavSire respublikebSic. sabWoTa xeli-
sufleba, ararusuli eTnosebis gulis mosagebad, erTgvarad xels uwyobda
erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas. amitom saqarTveloSic moxda administra-
ciuli da kulturuli institutebis nawilobrivi `gaqarTuleba~.
1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo daCqarebuli industrializacia, rodesac
mTel qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT periferiaze Sendeboda axali sawarmoebi, gan-
sakuTrebiT iseTi, romlebsac qveynis samxedro Zliereba unda uzrunveleyoT.
saqarTveloSi aSenda zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana, romelic satanko
javSnisaTvis amzadebda produqcias, gaixsna ramdenime CarxmSenebeli qarxana.
goris bambeulis kombinats unda uzrunveleyo armiisaTvis saWiro qsovilis
warmoeba da a.S.

251
 yvela, Tundac mcire warmatebasac ki,
sabWoTa propaganda saxelmwifos faq- wyaro 2
tobrivi xelmZRvanelis, stalinis saxel-
Tan akavSirebda. nebismieri samSeneblo `Cvenma meCaieebma... mokrifes
proeqtis dasruleba, magaliTad, zemo- da saxelmwifos Caabares 1178,3
avWalis hidroeleqtrosadguris (zahe- tona xarisxovani Cais mwvane
sis) gaxsna 1927 wels, sairigacio sisteme- foToli, rac sagegmo dava­
bis gayvana, kolxeTis dablobze Waobebis lebaze 131 aTasi toniT meti
amoSroba (rac sabolood ekologiurad iyo... saqarTvelos meCaieebi
gaumarTlebeli aRmoCnda) sazeimod aRi- iReben Cais mwvane foTlis
niSneboda ara rogorc sainJinro miRweva, yvelaze maRal mosavals msof­
aramed rogorc morigi gamarjveba sabWo- lioSi~.
Ta wyobilebisa, romlis simbolod iqca saqarTvelos istoriis
stalini: mkvidrdeboda misi pirovnebis narkvevebi, t. VIII, 1980
kulti.
II msoflio omis dros saqarTvelo ga-
daurCa nacistebis mier okupacias. misi
teritoria gamoiyeneboda rogorc evakuaciis adgili mravali adamianisaTvis
da agreTve, sawarmoebisaTvis (magaliTad, omis dros gadmoitanes TbilisSi
saaviacio qarxana q. taganrogidan). 1944 wels daiwyo rusTavis metalurgiuli
kombinatis mSenebloba, omis Semdeg quTaisSi aawyves germaniidan Camotanili
Tavi meoTxe

saavtomobilo qarxana. TbilisSi gaixsna elmavalmSenebeli qarxana da sxv.

magram, ise, rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, am qarxnebis produqcia moralu-
rad swrafad Zveldeboda: naklebad xdeboda misi ganaxleba. maTi produqcia
arakonkurentunariani iyo msoflio bazarze da mxolod sabWoTa kavSirisa da
misi satelitebis – e.w. `socialisturi qveynebis~ Caketil ekonomikur sivrceSi
gamoiyeneboda. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg am `samrewvelo gigantebis~
umetesoba srulebiT gamousadegari aRmoCnda.
`administraciul-mbrZanebluri~ marTvis sabWoTa sistema ekonomikurad
araefeqtiani iyo. ar arsebobda kerZo sakuTreba da, Sesabamisad, piradi dain-
tereseba ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. `saxelmwifo gegmis Sesruleba~ Zalian
xSirad Tvalis axvevas warmoadgenda.
saqarTveloSi da sabWoTa kavSiris bevr, upirvelesad samxreT kavkasiisa
da centraluri aziis respublikebSi, sadac tradiciulad arsebobda nepotiz-
mi, anu naTlimamoba, ZmabiWoba, klanuroba, 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan
farTod gavrcelda `Crdilovani ekonomika~. gegmuri produqciis garda saxel-
mwifo sawarmoebTan arsebuli sxvadasxva araoficialuri `cexebi~ (saamqroebi)
amzadebdnen sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis aRuricxav produqcias, romelic
saqonlis qronikuli deficitis mqone sabWoTa bazarze kargad saRdeboda da
mohqonda didi mogeba `cexavikebisa~ (imave `kombinatorebis~) da maTi mfarve-
li partiuli da samarTaldamcavi (milicia, prokuratura) muSakebisaTvis: es,
bunebrivia, korufcias niSnavda.
1970 wels respublikis industriuli ganviTarebis done saerTo-sakavSiro
maCveneblis 65 procents, xolo erovnuli Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze –
sakavSiro maCveneblis 73 procents Seadgenda. am formaluri maCveneblebiT
252
saqarTvelo mokavSire respublikebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze CamorCenili iyo,
magram, faqtobrivad, `Crdilovani ekonomika~ bevr adamians amdidrebda, Tum-
ca, erTdroulad, qonebriv diferenciaciasac iwvevda. marTalia, umuSevroba
sabWoTa kavSirSi praqtikulad aRmofxvrilad iTvleboda, magram xelfasi,
romelsac saxelmwifo sawarmoSi an dawesebulebaSi ixdidnen (kerZo seqtori
mrewvelobaSi ar arsebobda), dabali iyo. saqarTveloSi iyo 20-mde saxelmwifo
umaRlesi saswavlebeli. 1970-80-ian wlebSi gaCnda realuri umuSevroba umaR-

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

les ganaTlebamiRebulTa Soris.
saqarTvelo iqca subtropikuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT sabWoTa
kavSiris mTavar mommarageblad: aq iwarmoeboda sabWoTa Cais 97 procenti, cit-
rusovani xilis udidesi nawili. aq warmoebuli Rvino da koniaki, Camosxmuli
mineraluri wylebi, upirvelesad `borjomi~, mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi gadioda.
1950-iani wlebidan glexebs saSualeba miecaT TavianT sakarmidamo nakveTebze
moyvanili xili da bostneuli gaetanaT respublikis farglebs gareT, rac maT
did Semosavals aZlevda.
miuxedavad ekonomikuri araefeqtianobisa, piradi iniciativis, ekonomikuri
niWisa da gaqanebis uxeSi SezRudvisa, sabWoTa xelisufleba garkveul so-
cialur garantias aZlevda rigiT adamians. im periodSi sakmaod xelsayreli
pirobebi Seiqmna qarTuli mosaxleobis raodenobrivi zrdisaTvis: 1989 wels
sabWoTa kavSirSi 4 milioni qarTveli aRiricxa, maTgan 3,8 milioni saqarTve-
loSi cxovrobda. im dros respublikidan emigracias mcire masStabi hqonda.
moimata mosaxleobis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo donem.
saqarTveloSi amaRlda urbanizaciis donec. qalaqis mosaxleoba sabWo-
Ta periodis dasawyisSi saerTo mosaxleobis meoTxedze naklebs Seadgenda,
1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT ki qalaqebSi mosaxleobis naxevarze meti cxo-
vrobda. 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan eqstensiurad izrdeboda Tbilisi:
gareubnebis ganaSenianeba xdeboda standartuli, usaxuri jer 5-sarTuliani,
Semdeg 8-9 sarTuliani saxlebiT (e.w. `masivebi~). mSeneblobis xarisxi dabali
iyo.

Tbilisi
1960­ian wlebSi
253
 wyaro 3

`gegmebis `warmatebiT~ Sesrulebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelodan sabWoTa kavSiris

politikuri xelmZRvanelobisadmi wardgenil cnobebs Sedegad is mosdevda, rom
yovel wels gegmuri davalebebi kidev ufro izrdeboda. cxadia, gazrdili gegmebi
saqarTvelos realur SesaZleblobebs ar Seesabameboda. gegmebis Sesruleba xdeboda
mravalgvari maqinaciebiTa da miwerebiT. ararealuri gegmebis Sedegad daeca qarTu­
li Rvinis xarisxi, daeca misi avtoriteti sakavSiro da saerTaSoriso bazarze. imave
mizeziT daeca qarTuli Cais xarisxi, xolo raodenobas gamodevnebam Cais planta­
ciebi ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe daayena.

saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, 2003

klasSi samuSao
Tavi meoTxe

1. isaubreT saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis sistemaze 1937 wlis saqarTvelos

ssr konstituciis mixedviT.
2. rogor gesmiT termini `Crdilovani ekonomika~? ramdenad Seuwyo xeli mis
warmoqmnas `administraciul-mbrZaneblurma~ marTvis sistemam?
3. ratom ar iyo konkuretunariani sabWoTa warmoebis produqcia msoflio
bazarze?
4. wyaro 1-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeT sabWoTa saarCevno sistema. rogor fiqrobT,
ra iyo xmis mimcemTa raodebrivi maCvenebliT saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis
Tavmowonebis mizezi da ramdenad Seesabameboda es cifrebi realobas?
5. SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaroebi 2 da 3. teqstisa da miTiTebuli wyaroebis
mixedviT daaxasiaTeT saqarTveloSi arsebuli sabWoTa ekonomikuri siste-
ma.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis

mankierebani~.

254
47. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba da kultura XX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

Tbilisi XX saukunis dasawyisSi - aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis gzajvaredini
XX saukunis dasawyisaTvis Tbilisi samxreT kavkasiis rogorc politikur,
ise kulturul centrs warmoadgenda. Tbilisis, rogorc aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis damakavSirebeli xidis, mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa
XIX saukuneSi. aRmosavleTTan kavSirebis SenarCunebis miuxedavad, TbilisSi
swrafad ikidebda fexs evropuli cxovrebis wesi.
TbilisSi cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen ara marto qarTveli, aramed
somexi, azerbaijaneli, aramed aseve sparseli, Crdilokavkasieli Tu evropeli
mwerlebi, mxatvrebi, kulturis sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi. Tbilis-
Si XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi araerTma evropelma imogzaura da
aRwera qalaqis ganumeorebeli xibli – aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulture-
bis harmoniuli Serwma.
Tbilisi XX saukunis dasawyisaTvis sakmod didi qalaqi iyo. qalaqSi viTar-
deboda mrewveloba. wina paragrafebSi Tqven ukve gaecaniT TbilisSi arsebul
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobas, maT ideologiur brZolas.
am periodisaTvis Tbilisi gadaiqca mniSvnelovan samrewvelo centradac. didi
iyo mcire, ojaxuri sawarmoebisa da xelosnobis wili. Tumca, maT safrTxes
uqmnida SedarebiT msxvili mrewvelobis TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba. sauku-
nis dasawyisidan mkveTrad izrdeba wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmoebis wili
(samSeneblo masalebi, spirtis, sapnis, sakonditro, poligrafiuli, navTobis
saeqsporto kasrebis da a.S.).
gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia spirtiani da ualkoholo sasmelebis,
agreTve mineraluri wylebis warmoebis ganviTareba. cnobili mewarmisa da
qvelmoqmedis, daviT sarajiSvilis kompania 60-mde dasaxelebis alkoholian
sasmels amzadebda. man ruseTis imperiaSi safuZveli Cauyara koniakis war-
moebas. sarajiSvilis nawarms araerTi jildo hqonda mopovebuli ucxoeTis
gamofenebze. borjomis mineraluri wyali didi raodenobiT gadioda aramxo-
lod ruseTSi, aramed evropaSic. didi popularobiT sargeblobda mitrofane
laRiZis meTodiT damzadebuli ualkoholo sasmelebi.

ganaTleba
XX saukunis dasawyisidan kidev ufro gamZafrda brZola saganmanaTleblso
dawesebulebebSi rusifikaciis winaaRmdeg. qarTveli moRvaweebi axerxebdnen
axali qarTuli saxelmZRavneloebis Seqmnas. daviT kariWaSvilma, romelic
Tbilisis saTavadaznauro skolasa da gimnazisaSi moRvaweobda Seadgina `we-
255
 axladgaxsnili Tbilisis universiteti

ra-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ wignTsacavis sruli aRweriloba,

daaarsa biblioTeEka da muzeumi.
pirveli msoflio omis win ukve aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom carizmis rusifika-
torulma politikam saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemaSi ver miaRwia mizans.
1913-14 wlebis mijnaze gaimarTa ruseTis saxalxo maswavlebelTa pirveli
Tavi meoTxe

yriloba, romelzec qarTveli pedagogebi xelisuflebis saganmanaTleblo

politikis mZafri kritikiT gamovidnen. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo yri-
lobis gadawyvetileba dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi erovnul enaze swavlebis
dakanonebis Sesaxeb
1918 wlis 26 ianvars saqarTvelos istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena mox-
da – gaixsna Tbilisis universiteti. am saqmis mTavari sulisCamdgemli ivane
javaxiSvili iyo. universitetis pirveli reqtori gaxda petre meliqiSvili,
Semdeg ki mas ivane javaxiSvili Caenacvla.
SemdgomSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam mTlianad Secvala damoukideblobis
xanaSi arsebuli ganaTlebis sistema. miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, rom uni-
versitetidan gaeZevebinaT Zveli profesura, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier
momzadebuli axali revoluciuri kadrebi ar iyvnen sakmarisad kompetenturi
umaRlesi ganaTlebis waZRolisaTvis. amitomac sabWoTa xelisufleba iZule-
buli gaxda nawilobriv mainc daetovebina Zveli profesura.
TbilisSi 1922 wels gaixsna samxatvro akademia, 1924 wels – konservatorias
mieniWa saxelmwifo statusi ( Seiqmna 1917 wels). male universitetis Sesabamisi
fakultetebis bazaze calke umaRles saswavleblebad Camoyalibda saqarTve-
los politeqnikuri instituti, saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo instituti,
Tbilisis samedicino instituti. gaixsna umaRlesi pedagogiuri saswavleblebi
saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSic.

256
 sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde
vaxtang kotetiSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia,
pavle ingoroyva, aleqsandre abaSeli

wyaro 1

nawyveti aleqsandre diumas wignidan `kavkasia~:

`…. . . [Tbilisis qarvasla saintereso sanaxavia. mis yvela SesasvlelSi Sedian da

gamodian aqlemebiT, cxenebiTa da jorebiT yvela aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeT evro­
pis qveynebis warmomadgenelni: Turqebi, somxebi, sparselebi, arabebi, indoelebi,
Cinelebi, yalmuxebi, Turqmenebi, TaTrebi, Cerqezebi, qarTvelebi, cimbirelebi da
kidev ra vici vin. aq aRmosavleTis xalxTa yvela savaWro warmomadgeneli TiTqos
erT TemSia gaerTianebuli…...

aRmosavleTma, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, gadawyvita didi komerciuli problema:

akrZala Suamavloba. ueWvelia, amgvari vaWroba ufro iafia, magram es ekonomika iseT
qveynebSi arsebobs, sadac dros araviTari Rirebuleba ara aqvs. amerikeli mouTmen­
lobisgan erT kvirasac ver gasZlebda TbilisSi. ~

`unda gamovtyde, roca TbilisSi movdiodi, megona vnaxavdi naxevrad velur qalaqs.
... Turme vcdebodi, franguli koloniis wyalobiT, romelic umTavresad parizeli
mkeravebisa da modestkebisagan Sedgeba, qarTvel mandilosnebs SeuZliaT italiuri
Teatrisa da gandis bulvaris modas misdion, mxolod ori kviris dagvianebiT.~

`Tbilisis saTeatro darbazisTana Tvalwarmtaci darbazi Cems sicocxleSi arsad

menaxa... am lamaz darbazs, verc arqiteqturisa da verc dekoratiulobis Tval­
sazrisiT, veRarafers vusurveb~.

257
 qarTuli kultura stalinizmis xanaSi
mwerlobisa da presis ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi cenzuris gauqmeba. am period-
Si Seiqmna mweralTa da xelovanTa araerTi SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri. magram is
Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi garemo, rac Seiqmna aRniSnul periodSi, sabWoTa
xelisuflebis damyarebis Sedegad moispo.
stalinizmis epoqa umZimesi xanaa qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi. masobriv
represiebTan erTad, ris Sesaxebac wina pagarafebidan SeityveT, kulturisa da
mecnierebis mravali moRvawe stalinuri represiebis msxverpli gaxda. sabWoTa
sistemis mizani iyo xelovnebisa Tu mecnierebis nebismieri dargi eqcia saku-
Tar ideologiur iaraRad. mxatvrebs, mwerlebsa da kompozitorebs sakuTari
Semoqmedeba unda waremarTaT partiisagan miRebuli direqtivebis safuZvelze,
`socialisturi realizmis~ principebis mixedviT. mecnierebs unda ekvliaT
marqsizmis leninur-stalinuri versiis direqtivebis mixedviT. Tavisufali
azri idevnebobda, magram am pirobebSic kulturis qarTveli moRvaweebi da
mecnierebi axerxebdnen zogadsakacabrio mniSvnelobis nawarmoebebis Seqmnas.
qarTvel mweralTa gaerTianebebi, romlebic ar idgnen `socialisturi rea-
lizmis~ samsaxurSi (e.w. `akademiuri jgufi~ `cisferyanwelebi~, `futuriste-
bi~, `arifionelebi~), idevnebodnen. swored maT winaaRmdeg Seiqmna `saqarTve-
los proletarul mweralTa asociacia~, romlis daniSnuleba iyo `klasobrivi~
kuTxiT emxilebina patrioti qarTveli mwerlebi. 1928 wels saqarTvelos mwe-
Tavi meoTxe

ralTa kavSiris dadgenilebiT, saerTod aikrZala calkeuli literaturuli

jgufebisa Tu asociaciebis Seqmna.
omis Semdeg qveyanas axali represiebis talRa daatyda Tavs. mwerlebs, xelo-
vnebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebs, mecnierebs bralad dasdes `qedis
moxra dasavleTis winaSe~, `wvrilburJuaziuli individualizmi~, `formaliz-
mi~ da a.S. mecnierebs mosTxoves mxolod stalinis naSromebis (mag., enaTmec-
nierebaSi) da partiis direqtivebiT ewarmoebinaT kvlevebi.

wyaro 2

gancxadeba

axladgaRebulia kafe londoni

baRis win
ukravs yoveldRe dilis 12 saaT. SuadRis 3­mde da saRamos 6­12 saaTamde. pirvelad
axladgamogonili eleqtronis saSualebiT, strunis orkestri. aqve SegiZliaT
SeukveToT xelmisawvdom fasebSi axali da sufTa saWmelebi, agreTve yava, Cai,
Sokoladi, mawoni, maroJni, ludi, adgilobrivi da Semotanili sxvadasxva zakuskeu­
loba: buterbrodi, peroJkebi da piroJnebi. saukeTeso sisufTavea da kargi zrdilo­
biani samsaxuri. sasadilos win baRia SadrevnebiT.

golovinis quCa, manTaSevis saxli #N6, sabranies qveS. _aqve iyideba xileulobisa da
mineraluri wylebi saukeTesod mowyobili qarxnebisa _ m.e. laRiZisa da komp.

pativiscemiT nefariZe da amxanagoba

gazeTi `Cveni guSagi~, 1909
258
wyaro 3

`gamsaxurdias romanebi karCaketilia, stumarTmoyvare araa. romanSi `di­

dostatis marjvena~ ruseTi sul ar aris naxsenebi. ruseTi unda zrunavdes ad­

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

gilis mosapoveblad gamsaxurdias romanebSi, es adgili mas istoriis mixedviT
ekuTvnis~.

v. Sklovski, Jurn. `znamia~, 1945, 10

`arc rusul, arc qarTul, arc somxur da arc berZnul wyaroebSi rus­qarTvelTa
Soris raime urTierTobis niSan­wyalic ar arsebobs am saukuneebSi da ra gasak­
viria, rom `didostatis marjvenaSi~ ruseTi ar mexsenebina~.

k. gamsaxurdias pasuxi, Jurn. `mnaTobi~, 5­6, 1945

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-is mixedviT isaubreT aRmosavluri da dasavluri gavlenebis

Sesaxeb TbilisSi.
2. wyaro 2-ze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, ramdenad uwyobda xels mrewvelobis
ganviTareba TbilisSi garTobisa da dasvenebis adgilebis Seqmnas. axseniT
motanil gancxadebaSi ucxo sityvaTa simravlis mizezi da gaavleT
paraleli Tanamedrove viTarebasTan.
3. teqstisa da wyaro 3-is mixedviT isaubreT demokratiuli resbulikis
politikis Sesaxeb ganaTlebis sferoSi.
4. wyaro 3-ze dayrdnobiT axseniT, Tu ratom wauyenes qarTvel mwerals
gaumarTlebeli pretenziebi.

259
 48. erovnuli kultura da erovnuli moZraoba
50-ian-80-ian wlebSi

erovnuli politika sabWoTa

kavSirSi stalinis Semdgom
epoqaSi
1953 wels, stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg,
sabWoTa mmarTvelobis wnexi SedarebiT Sem-
subuqda, Tumca Tavisi arsiT igive darCa.
stalinis kritikas Tan axlda qarTveli
eris Seuracxyofa. stalinis qarTvelobaze
xazgasmas ar SeeZlo ar gamoewvia usamarT-
lobis grZnobis gaCena. 1956 wels partiis
XX yrilobaze stalinis kultis dagmobas
leqsikoni
r komendantis saaTi –
garkveuli drois manZilze
(Cveulebriv RamiT) quCaSi
gamosvlisa da sazoga-
doebriv adgilebSi Sekrebis
akrZalva wesrigis uzrun-
velyofis mizniT
r disidenti (laT. dissidens/

mohyva saprotesto aqciebi TbilisSi. momi- dissidentis) – sxvagvarad moa-

tingeebis winaaRmdeg xelisuflebam samxe- zrovne adamiani, romelic
gabatonebul ideologias ar
dro Zala gamoiyena, ramac bevri adamianis
eTanxmeba)
sicocxle imsxverpla.
Tavi meoTxe

miuxedavad imisa, rom demonstrantebi

stalinis reabilitacias moiTxovdnen, moZraoba upirvelesad erovnuli grZ-
nobebis Seuracxyofaze reaqcias warmoadgenda. praqtikulad, es iyo qarTuli
nacionalizmis pirveli gamoxatuleba ganvlili ocdaaTi wlis manZilze.
swored 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebis Semdeg iqmneba pirveli aralegaluri
erovnuli organizaciebi: `gorgasliani~ (Seqmnes zviad gamsaxurdiam da merab

wyaro 1

`1953 wlis Semdeg qarTul nacionalizmis ayvavebas ramdenime faqtorma Seuwyo

xeli. eseni iyo: 1) politikuri represiebis SedarebiTi Semsubuqeba da stalinuri
teroris epoqis dasasruli; 2) saqarTveloSi erovnuli elitis konsolidacia xruS­
Covis epoqaSi. moskovidan nebadarTuli [saqarTvelos]] avtonomiurobis xarisxis
gazrda; 3) istoriuli mexsierebis gamoRviZeba da zrunva erovnuli enisa da kul­
turis dacvaze (upirvelesad rusulisagan); 4) marqsistuli ideologiis gaxrwna da
misi Secvla patriotizmiTa da nacionalizmiT. paradoqsulad, sakuTriv sabWoTa
mmarTvelobam Seuwyo xeli am process, rodesac moaxdina marqsizmis trasformire­
ba misi Tavdapirveli daniSnulebidan – yofiliyo muSaTa klasis revoluciuri
iaraRi arsebuli weswyobilebis winaaRmdeg – amave weswyobilebis xist, bundovan
sayrdenad. nacionalizmi ki, meore mxriv, iZleoda ukeTesi momavlis imeds diadi
warsulis mudmivi moxmobis safuZvelze. nacionalizmis romantizmi... iZleoda
sazogadoebisTvis nacrisferi yoveldRiurobis alternativas.~

ronald siuni, qarTveli eris Camoyalibeba

260
kostavam), `siRnaRis axalgazrda gvardia~,
`samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideb-
lobisaTvis mebrZolTa kavSiri~. SedarebiT
gamococxlda emigrantuli moZraobac.
1961 wels partiis XXII yrilobaze nikita
xruSCovma erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
partiis axali xedva warmoadgina, romlis
wyaro 2
`sabWoTa xalxis socialuri
da politikuri erTianoba ar
gulisxmobs erovnuli gansxvave­
bebis mospobas... sabWoTa xalxe­
bis Zmuri erToba urRvevia da

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

Tanaxmadac sabWoTa erebis ganviTareba komunizmis mSeneblobis proces­
kvlavac unda warmarTuliyo eTnikuri kul- Si isini kidev ufro daaxlovde­
turebis `ayvavebis~ gziT, magram es procesi, bian da maTi sulieri cxovreba

dialeqtikuri materializmis dogmebis SDes- urTierTgamdidrdeba. magram

Cveni Tavi unda avaridoT im saxi­
abamisad, unda ganxorcielebuliyo `erebis
faTo gzas, romelic gulisxmobs
daaxloebiT~, rac dasruldeboda erebis
xelovnur naxtoms erovnuli in­
`SerwymiT~ da `axali sabWoTa eris~ SeqmniT.
tegraciis obieqtur procesSi. es
1964 wlis oqtomberSi xruSCovis Tanamde-
aris is, ris Sesaxebac daJinebiT
bobidan gadayenebis Semdeg termini `erebis
gvafrTxilebda lenini da Cven ar
Serwyma~ daviwyebas mieca da ZiriTadad ter-
unda gadavuxvioT mis rCevebs.~
mini `erebis daaxloeba~ ixmareboda.
leonid breJnevis sabWoTa kav­
Siris axali konstituciis miRe­
erovnuli moZraobis aRorZineba
basTan dakavSirebuli gamosvli­
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, gansxvavebiT ru- dan, 1977
seTis imperiisagan, praqtikulad ar xdebo-
da qarTvelebis kulturuli asimilacia mmarTvel
erTan – rusebTan. qarTuli kultura im periodSi
intensiurad viTardeboda. marTalia, jerac gamoi-
yeneboda 1932 wlidan stalinis mier damkvidrebuli
termini `socialisturi realizmi~, romelic arse-
buli realobis Selamazebas gulisxmobda, magram
ukve SesaZlebeli iyo sinamdvilis kritikuli asaxva.
1960-80-ian wlebSi daiwera da gamoqveynda saukeTe-
so leqsebi da prozauli nawarmoebebi qarTul enaze
(maTgan aRsaniSnavia Wabua amirejibis genialuri ro-
mani `daTa TuTaSxia~), Tbilisis TeatrebSi idgmeboda
sabWoTa kavSirSi saukeTeso speqtaklebi (gansakuTre-
biT brwyinavda reJisorebis mixeil TumaniSvilis da
robert sturuas niWi), kinostudia `qarTuli filmi~ deda enis Zegli TbilisSi
iRebda msoflio donis kinofilmebs (aRsaniSnavia reJisorebis oTar ioselia-
nis, Tengiz abulaZis, eldar Sengelaias Sedevrebi). saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis sistemaSi mimdinareobda maRali donis samecniero kvleva.
1976 wels zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas TaosnobiT Seiqmna `ada-
mianis uflebaTa dacvis sainiciativo jgufi~. swored am jgufis TaosnobiT
daarsda imave wels `helsinkis jgufi~ (msgavsi saxelwodebis jgufebi arsebob-
da sabWoTa kavSiris sxva respublikebSic). saqarTvelos `helsinkis jgufis~
mier miRebul pirvelsave dokumentSi xazgasmuli iyo saqarTvelos damouki-

261
 deblobis aRdgenis aucilebloba. qarTul enaze gamo-
dioda iatakqveSa disidenturi Jurnalebi, qarTveli
disidentebi ki aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen ruseTisa
da sazRvargareTis antisabWoTa JurnalebTan. 1970-
iani wlebis meore naxevris represiebis talRa Seexo
qarTvel disidentebsac da bevri maTgani cixesa Tu
gadasaxlebaSi aRmoCnda.
1970-iani wlebis bolodan TandaTanobiT gaizar-
da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTul sazo-
gadoebaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba
hqonda 1977 wels sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqad ilia II-is (SiolaSvilis) arCevas.
T. abulaZis film
qarTveli moswavleebis 95-96 procenti qarTul sko-
`monaniebis~ posteri
laSi swavlobda. es erovnul identobas ganumtkicebda
maT. umaRlesi ganaTlebac qarTul enaze xorcieldeboda. qarTveli xalxi
ufrTxildeboda sakuTar enasa da kulturas.
amave dros, enisTvis arsebobda safrTxe. es gamoCnda 1978 wels, rodesac
saqarTvelos ssr axali konstituciis proeqtis ganxilvisas aRmoCnda, rom
amoRebuli iyo Zveli konstituciis muxli, romelic qarTul enas respublikis
saxelmwifo enad acxadebda.
qarTulma sazogadoebam am cvlilebaSi samarTlianad dainaxa erovnulo-
Tavi meoTxe

bisaTvis momavali safrTxe, miT umetes, rom wina wels ukve iyo mcdeloba
saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi rusulenovani (Tundac jerjerobiT
nawilobrivi) swavleba SemoeRoT. maSin qarTulma profesuram es mcdeloba
CaSala.
1978 wlis 14 aprils, respublikis umaRlesi sabWos mier konstituciis sa-
boloo damtkicebis dros rusTavelis gamzirze zRva xalxi Seikriba. es iyo
mSvidobiani politikuri manifestacia, rac sabWoTa kavSirSi iqamde warmoud-
geneli ram iyo. proeqtis ganxilvis bolo momentSi eduard SevardnaZem kre-
mlisagan miiRo Tanxmoba saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb muxlis aRdgenaze. qarTvelma
xalxma gaimarjva.
oriode wlis Semdeg 14 aprili deda-enis dRed gamocxadda da gogebaSvilis
`deda-enas~ TbilisSi Zeglic ki daudges.
sxvaGTa Soris, `qarTuli precedentiT~ isargebles baqosa da erevanSi, sa-
dac saswrafod moiwvies umaRlesi sabWoebis riggareSe sesiebi da cvlileba
Seitanes oriode kviris win sul umtkivneulod miRebul konstituciebSi
– azerbaijanuli da somxuri gamoacxades Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikis
saxelmwifo enad.
`gardaqmnisa~ da `sajaroobis~ pirobebSi erovnulma moZraobam axali Zala
SeiZina. Seiqmna araerTi axali partia Tu moZroba, axalgazrduli kavSiri,
romlsac ukve SesaZlebloba hqondaT legalurad emoqmedaT.
1988 wlis noemberSi farTomasStabiani saprotesto aqcia mimdinareobda
rusTavelis gamzirze. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad, demonstrantebi, upirveles
yovlisa, moiTxovdnen sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis SemzRudavi kanonis gauq-
mebas.
262
 1989 wlis 4 aprils rusTavelis prospeqtze daiwyo farTomasStabiani perma-
nentuli mitingi, romlis uSualo mizezi iyo afxazeTSi dawyebuli separatis-
tuli gamosvlebi. TandaTanobiT momitingeTa upirveles moTxovnad iqca sa-
qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. ramdenime aTeulma adamianma SimSiloba
gamoacxada. 9 aprils sabWoTa Sinagani jarebis specdaniSnulebis razmebma mo-
mitingeebis daSliT sisxlSi CaaxSes saxalxo gamosvla. TbilisSi komendantis
saaTi gamocxadda. sabWoTa xelisuflebis daundobelma moqmedebam uiaraRo

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

momitingeTa da moSimSileTa mimarT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas gauqro is mcire
ndobac, romelic mas SerCenoda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT. sabWoTa jaris
gaumarTlebelma sisastikem kidev ufro gaamZafra erovnuli damoukideblobis
moTxovna da moaxdina erovnuli moZraobis radikalizacia.

wyaro 3

`1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebi ar iyo SemTxveviTi. igi ganapiroba XX saukunis 60­
70­ian wlebSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi momxdarma moralur­msoflmxedvelobrivma
transformaciam. rac mTavaria, swored am periodSi qarTuli sazogadoebis mniS­
vnelovanma nawilma, gansakuTrebiT inteligenciisa da studenti­axalgazrdobis
didma nawilma, Riad Tu farulad uaryo komunistur­internacionaluri ideologia
da zogad­erovnul Rirebulebebs daubrunda.~
saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, 2003.

klasSi samuSao
1. ratom gamoiwvia qarTvel xalxSi usamarTlobis grZnobis gaCena stali-
nis kultis dagmobam? rogor fiqrobT, es uSualod stalinis pirovnebas
ukavSirdeboda?
2. Tqveni azriT, ratom Secvala sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis leqsikonSi
termini `erebis Serwyma~ `erebis daaxloebam~?
3. imsjeleT wyaro 1-Si motanil mosazrebebze. ganazogadeT da ganavrceT isi-
ni. sapirispiro mosazrebis SemTxvevaSi, moiyvaneT saTanado argumente-bi.
4. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT, daaxasiaTeT sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis
midgomebi erovnuli sakiTxisadmi. isaubreT maT Soris gansxvavebebze da am
gansxvavebebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masala da dawereT Tema `erovnuli moZraobis etapebi

saqarTveloSi~. daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli etapi da yuradReba gaamaxvileT
erovnuli moZraobis evoluciaze.

263
 49. perestroika. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

1982-1985 wlebSi Seicvala sabWoTa

kavSiris oTxi uzenaesi xelmZRvaneli –
komunisturi partiis centraluri ko-
mitetis generaluri mdivani: am postze
myofi mcxovani leonid breJnevi, iuri
andropovi, konstantin Cernenko erTi-
meoris miyolebiT bunebrivi sikvdiliT
gardaicvalnen. 1985 wels politbiurom
generalur mdivnad airCia Tavisi yvela-
ze axalgazrda wevri 54 wlis mixeil gor-
baCovi, romelmac male wamoiwyo `peres-
troika~ – reformebis seria qveynis eko-
nomikuri mdgomareobis gardaqmnis miz-
niT. 1988 wels gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris
pirvel (da ukanasknel) prezidentad air-
Cies: is 1991 wlis bolos gadadga, radgan
Tavi meoTxe
leqsikoni
r tabu – akrZalva; tabu-dade-
buli – akrZaluli
r nepotizmi – profesiuli
Rirsebebis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe naTesavebis an megob-
rebisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWeba (mag., samsaxurSi mi-
Rebisas)
r konglomerati – sxvadasxva-
gvari nawilebis SemTxveviTi,
meqanikuri SeerTeba
r nomenklatura – aq: ssrk-sa
da sxva socialistur saxel-

mwifoebSi umaRlesi saxel-

im droisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba mwifo Tanamdebobis pirebi
Sewyvita.
gorbaCovma Caibara qveyana, romlis
ekonomika savalalo mdgomareobaSi iyo.
sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTad Semosavals
navTobis, xe-tyisa da sxva nedleulis
eqsporti warmoadgenda. 1973 wlidan na-
vTobis msoflio fasebis mkveTrma mate-
bam sabWoTa kavSirs didi mogeba moutana.
magram, imavdroulad, mzardma saeqspor-
to Semosavalma Seasusta ekonomikis sxva
dargebis reformirebis motivacia. Tanac,
qveynis asakovan xelmZRvanelebs raime
cvlilebis survili arc hqondaT.
1980-iani wlebis SuagulSi navTo-
oqtombris revoluciis
bis msoflio fasma dacema daiwyo. im
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samxedro
droisaTvis dasavleTSi dainerga ener-
aRlumi 1983 wels
godamzogavi teqnologiebi, farTod
gavrcelda mcire da mikrolitraJiani
avtomanqanebi. erTdroulad gaizarda
navTobis mopoveba axlo aRmosavleTSi
da msoflioSi am nedleulis siWarbe gaC-
nda. amitom sabWoTa kavSiris saeqspor-
to Semosavalmac iklo. misi samrewvelo
264
sawarmoebi (garda samxedro warmoebisa)
moZvelebuli teqnologiiT muSaobda da
maTi produqcia saerTaSoriso bazarze
arakonkurentunariani iyo. qveynis uzar-
mazar teritoriaze warmodgenili iyo
jer kidev stalinis epoqaSi danergili
araefeqtiani soflis meurneoba – kole-

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

qtiuri da sabWoTa (saxelmwifo) meurne-
obebi, romelTa absoluturi umetesoba
wagebaze muSaobda, radgan kolmeurneebs mixeil gorbaCovi – sabWoTa kavSiris
pirveli da ukanaskneli prezidenti
araviTari materialuri stimuli ar hqon-
daT. ruseTis mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebu-
li iyo qronikuli loToba.
kapitalisturi qveynebi sul ufro
uswrebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs teqnologiu-
ri TvalsazrisiT.
amave dros, sabWoTa kavSiri CarTuli
iyo gamalebuli SeiaraRebis SejibrebaSi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, rac Za-
lian did saxsrebs moiTxovda. didi mate-
rialuri da moraluri zaralis momtani
aRmoCnda omi avRaneTSi, romelSic sabWo-
Ta kavSiri 1979 wlidan Caeba (gorbaCovma
mxolod 1989 wels moaxerxa misi Sewyveta).
komunisturi ideologia sul ufro me-
tad kAargavda gavlenas sabWoTa xalxebSi.
TiTqmis mTel kavSirSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
samxreTis respublikebSi, farTod gavr-
celda korufcia, nepotizmi, Tvalisaxve-
va `gegmis Sesrulebisas~. ararusul res-
publikebSi, upiratesad baltiispireTSi,
samxreT kavkasiaSi, dasavleT ukrainaSi Cernobilis dangreuli atomuri
Zalas ikrefda erovnul-ganmaTavisu- reaqtori
flebeli moZraoba, Tavidan warmodgeni-
li mxolod disidentebis saxiT, romelic
sakmaod male farTod gavrcelda.
seriozuli reformebis gareSe sabWo-
Ta kavSiris gadarCenis saqme marTlac
SeuZlebeli Canda.
gorbaCovi erTdroulad yvela sfe-
ros gardaqmnas Seudga, rasac man `pere-
stroika~ (gardaqmna) uwoda. magram re-
formebis mkafio gegma mas ar hqonda da
maTi SesaZlo Sedegebi kompetenturad perestroika. safosto marka
ganxiluli ar yofila.
265
 gorbaCovis lozungebis triada aseTi iyo: `gardaqmna, daCqareba, sajaroo-
ba~. Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad is miiCnevda, rom politikuri sistemis gar-
daqmnas (romlis naTeli gegma mas ar hqonda), Tan unda darTvoda ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis daCqareba (amis gegmac ar arsebobda) da `glasnosti~ (sajarooba,
gaxsniloba), anu adre tabu-dadebul sakiTxebze Riad laparakis ufleba.
loTobaSi CaZiruli ZiriTadad slavuri warmoSobis muSaxelis gamosafxi-
zleblad gorbaCovma qveyanaSi antialkoholuri kampania wamoiwyo; fesvgadg-
muli korufciis aRmosafxvrelad TiTqmis yvela mokavSire respublikaSi
Secvala xelmZRvanelebi– kompartiis pirveli mdivnebi; dasavleTTan sagareo
urTierTobebis gamosasworeblad sagareo saqmeTa ministrad daniSna eduard
SevardnaZe; 1987 wels qveyanaSi glasnostis damkvidreba daiwyo; 1988 wels
gaaxmovana idea arCevnebis dros ramdenime kandidatis wamoyenebis Sesaxeb;
daiwyo saxelmwifo aparatisa da komunisturi partiis daSoriSoreba. 1990 wlis
TebervalSi gorbaCovis zewoliT partiis cekas plenumma ganacxada Tanxmoba
gauqmebuliyo sabWoTa konstituciis me-6 muxli, romelic ase JRerda: `sabWo-
Ta sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneli da warmmarTveli Zala, misi politikuri sis-
temis, saxelwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis birTvia sabWoTa kavSiris
komunisturi partia~. am muxlis gauqmeba praqtikulad mravalpartiulobis
daSvebas moaswavebda.
yvela es reforma praqtikulad sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis ukuSedegis momtani
aRmoCnda.
Tavi meoTxe

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba ar momxdara. sabWoTa ekonomikis re-

formireba mxolod sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvliT SeiZleboda, rac socia-
listuri saxelmwifosaTvis ideologiurad miuRebeli iyo. 1988 wels nebadar-
Tuli kooperativebis Seqmnam xeli Seuwyo mcire masStabis kerZo warmoebis
dawyebas. magram uamravi biurokratiuli winaRoba xels uSlida kooperati-

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

266
vebis Serwymas, konglomeratebis Seqmnas,
sagareo-ekonomikur kavSirebSi kerZo damatebiTi cnoba
firmebis uSualo monawileobas. es kapi-
1980 wels londonis strate­
talizmSi dabrunebas niSnavda. kompartia
giuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso
ki amaze ver midioda.
institutSi gamosvlisas frang­
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mkveTrad ga-
ma sociologma raimon aronma
auaresa 1986 wels momxdarma Cernobilis

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

dasva kiTxva: `ra xdeba, rodesac
tragediam – ukrainaSi mdebare atomuri
mociquli, romelic ipyrobs da
eleqtrosadguris erTi blokis afeTqe-
marTavs iaraRis ZaliT, kargavs
bam. radiaciulad dabinZurda da gamousa-
Tavisi samociqulo misiis rwme­
degari gaxda didi farTobi evropul
nas?~ am kiTxvis pasuxSi aronma
sabWoTa kavSirSi; radioaqtiuli amof-
dasZina: `swored es aris gasaRe­
rqvevis gasaCereblad ZviradRirebuli
bi sabWoTa kavSiris momavlis
sarkofagis aSeneba gaxda saWiro, rasac
gagebisaTvis.~
mSenebelTa Soris didi msxverpli mohyva.
antialkoholurma kampaniam, faqtob-
rivad `mSrali kanonis~ SemoRebam, didad
daazarala sabWoTa xazina: saxelmwifos wyaro 1
mier monopoliurad warmoebuli alko-
`cudi mTavrobisaTvis yvelaze
holis gayidva mkveTrad SeizRuda. sa-
saxifaTo dro dgeba, rodesac
nacvlod, aryis momxmarebelma slavurma
is sakuTari Tavis reformire-
mosaxleobam masobrivad daiwyo `samogo-
bas iwyebs~.
nis~ – falsificirebuli aryis – Sin war-
moeba. amis gamo qveyanaSi deficitad iqca XIX saukunis frangi polito­
Saqari. logis, aleqsis de tokvilis
glasnostma SesaZlebeli gaxada daxu- es Segoneba gorbaCoviseuli
ruli arqivebis erTi nawilis gaxsna da ga- `perestroikis~ dros mTlianad
moCnda adre idealurad gamocxadebuli gamarTlda.
bolSeviki liderebis, maT Soris leninis
namdvili, uaryofiTi, saxe. leninizmSi eWvis Setana ki sabWoTa ideologiisa da
masze damyarebuli kompartiis poziciis Seryevas niSnavda. sabWoTa kavSiris
politikuri cxovrebis liberalizaciis mcdelobas ideologiuri dogmebis
moSla mohyva, rac komunisturi partiis dasustebaSi gadaizarda.
perestroika yvelas ar moswonda. bevri iyo aseTi sakuTriv ruseTis par-
tiul nomenklaturaSi, uSiSroebis organoebSi, armiaSi, romelTac miaCndaT,
rom is moaryevda sabWoeTis safuZvlebs. am adamianebs sakuTari privilegiebis
dakargvac aSinebdaT.
seriozuli subieqturi faqtori aRmoCnda mixeil gorbaCovisa da boris
elcinis, Tavidan – kompartiis politbiuros wevrisa da moskovis saqalaqo ko-
mitetis pirveli mdivnis – dapirispireba. gorbaCovma elcini partiul elitas
CamoaSora, magram swored amitom ruseTis demokratiulad ganwyobilma nawil-
ma elcini Tavis liderad aqcia. 1990 wels is ruseTis federaciis umaRlesi
sabWos Tavmjdomared airCies, 1991 wlis 12 ivniss ki sayovelTao arCevnebis
Sedegad – ruseTis federaciis pirvel prezidentad. 1990 wlis 12 ivniss ruse-
Tis saxalxo deputatebis yrilobam miiRo deklaracia `rsfsr-is saxelmwifo
267
 suverenitetis Sesaxeb~. sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlas safuZveli daudo swored ruse-
Tis mier suverenitetis gamocxadebam da
misive respublikuri kanonebis saerTo-
sakavSiro kanonebze maRla dayenebam.
radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovdnen
ararusuli nacionaluri respublikebi,
upirvelesad baltiis qveynebi, saqarTve-
lo, ukraina, moldaveTi. iq ZiriTadi mi-
zani politikuri damoukideblobis mo-
poveba iyo. liberaluri faseulobebis,
demokratiis, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
moTxovnam iq Soreul ukana planze ga-
daiwia. gaZlierda eTnosTaSorisi da-
pirispireba, romlis pirveli macne iyo
1988 wels dawyebuli seriozuli konfli-
qti somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris
mTiani yarabaRis flobasTan dakavSire-
biT, romlis daregulireba moskovma ver
SeZlo. `nacionalistur gamoxdomebs~
periferiul respublikebSi kremli jer
Tavi meoTxe
wyaro 2
nawyveti rusi ekonomistisa
da ruseTis premier-ministris
egor gaidaris werilidan:
`sabWoTa kavSiris kraxis Tar­
iRi kargadaa cnobili. es, ra
Tqma unda, ar aris arc belove­
Jies SeTanxmeba da arc agvistos
(1991 wlis) movlenebi. es aris
1985 wlis 13 seqtemberi. es aris
dRe, rodesac saudis arabeTis
navTobis ministrma iamanim
ganacxda, rom saudis arabeTi
uars ambobs navTobis mopove­
bis SezRudvis politikaze da
iwyebs sakuTari wilis aRdgenas
navTobis bazarze. momdevno 6
Tvis manZilze saudis arabeTSi
navTobis mopoveba 3,5­jer

uxeSi ZaliT pasuxobda (amis magaliTebi gaizarda. amis Semdeg [navTo­

iyo armiis gamoyeneba TbilisSi 1989 wlis bis msoflio] fasebi daeca –
9 aprils, baqosa da vilniusSi –1990 wels), SeiZleba Tveebis mixedviT naxva
mere ki problemebis ignorireba scada. – 6,1­jer~.
yvela am problemam, rasac daerTo su-
bieqturi faqtorebi qveynis marTvaSi, mZi-
me sistemuri krizisi gamoiwvia sabWoTa
kavSirSi. komunisturi partiis xelmZR-
vanelobisa da sabWoTa armiis konservatulma nawilma moskovSi gorbaCovis
aryofnis dros (is SvebulebaSi iyo), scada saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyoba
da avtoritaruli centralizebuli reJimis aRdgena. am mcdelobas mZlavri da
masobrivi saprotesto aqciebi mohyva, romelTac ruseTis federaciis prezi-
denti boris elcini edga saTaveSi. gadatrialebis mcdeloba warumateblad
damTavrda. amasTan erTad, naTeli gaxda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis dRee-
bi daTvlili iyo. ukve 1991 wlis seqtemberSi litvas, latviasa da estoneTs
sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba miecaT. amave wlis dekemberSi ki sabWoTa
kavSiri sabolood daiSala15 damoukidebel saxelmwifod.

268
 wyaro 3

nawyveti gorbaCovis 2008 wels ruseTis televiziis I arxisaTvis micemuli in-

terviudan:

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

`...iyo kidev erTi Secdoma – is, rom samudamod ar gavuSvi elcini romelime
Soreul qveyanaSi bananebis sakrefad im cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac [ce­
kas] plenumi iTxovda: `gairicxos elcini centraluri komitetidan.~

magram getyviT: Cven yvelani kidev samjer SevcdiT: davagvianeT partiis re­
formireba; meore – davagvianeT [sabWoTa] kavSiris reformireba. da mesame...
rodesac siduxWiris dro dadga, gansakuTrebiT 1989 wlis Semdeg, 1990 wels –
rodesac mTeli qveyana rigebSi idga da Cven ar gvyofnida saqoneli am moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad, rodesac CvenTan italiuri fexsacmelebisaTvis, rigSi See­
ZloT erTmaneTisaTvis Tavpiri daemtvriaT... saWiro iyo 10­15 miliardi dola­
ris moZieba, da es SesaZlebeli iyo...~
b

2009 wels evroniusisaTvis micemul interviuSi gorbaCovma aRniSna, rom misi

gegma araTu ar ganxorcielda, aramed piriqiT, `swored maSin daiwyo `demokra­
tiuli reformebi~ da perestroikam gaimarjva.

klasSi samuSao

1. ra iyo `perestroikis~ umTavresi mizani?

2. ra Sedegi mohyva politikuri liberalizaciis mcdelobas?
3. ram ganapiroba reformebis ukuSedegi?
4. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. imsjeleT navTobis fasis vardnis
mniSvnelobaze sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. iyo es saxelmwifos daSlis mTavari
Tu erT-erTi mizezi?
5. wyaroebis (3a, 3b) mixedviT moawyveT diskusia gorbaCovis mosazrebebis
Sesaxeb. ramdenad damajerebelia gorbaCovis sityvebi? ramdenad eTanxmeba
erTmaneTs wyaro 3 a-sa da 3 b-Si gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezebi~.

269
 50. socialisturi banakis daSla

socialisturi banakis da `varSavis paqtis~ Seqmna

II msoflio omis Semdeg im evropul qveynebSi, romlebic nacistur germa-
niasTan brZolisas sabWoTa kavSirma daikava, maT Soris germaniis aRmosavleT
nawilSi, dasavleTis mokavSireebis TanxmobiT, droebiT sabWoTa okupacia
unda ganxorcielebuliyo. magram male daiwyo `civi omi~ da sabWoTa kavSirma
gazarda kidec Tavisi saokupacio Zalebi aRmosavleT germaniaSi, poloneTSi,
ungreTSi, erTi xanoba – CexoslovakiaSi, rumineTsa da bulgareTSi. germaniis
sabWoTa saokupacio zonaSi Seiqmna germaniis demokratiuli respublika (gdr).
gayofil germaniaSi gaiyo misi dedaqalaqic ki: aRmosavleT berlins, gdr-is
dedaqalaqs da dasavleT berlins 1961 wlidan betonis maRali kedeli aSoreb-
da, romlis gadalaxvis mcdelobas gdr-is mesazRvreebi sroliT pasuxobdnen.
sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna `socialisturi banaki~, romelic
ruseTis `gare imperiad~ iqca (`Sida imperia~ mokavSire sabWoTa respublikebi
iyvnen)A.
iq yvelgan sabWoTa okupaciis pirobebSi kremlma xelisuflebaSi moiyvana
Tavi meoTxe

Tavisi erTguli Zalebi komunisturi partiebis saxiT. am saxelmwifoebSi,

romlebic nominalurad suverenuli iyvnen da gaeros wevrebi gaxdnen (yvelaze
gvian - gdr),s damkvidrda praqtikulad erTpartiuli, prosabWoTa xelisufle-
ba, Catarda sabWoTa tipis `socialisturi gardaqmnebi~ (miwisa da mrewvelobis
nacionalizacia, erovnuli inteligenciis, burJuaziisa da samRvdeloebis
gandevna an daTrgunva da a. S.).
1949 wels dasavleTis qveynebis mier Seqmnili nato-s gasawonasworeblad
kremlma Camoayaliba samxedro bloki, cnobili araoficialuri saxeliT –
`varSavis paqti~ (im qalaqis mixedviT, sadac xelmowera Sedga). 1955 wlis 1 maiss
sabWoTa kavSirma poloneTTan, CexoslovakiasTan, ungreTTan, rumineTTan,
bulgareTTan, germaniis demokratiul respublikasTan da albaneTTan erTad
xeli moawera `xelSekrulebas megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdax-
marebis Sesaxeb~. Tumca saxelma SeiZleba Seqmnas iluzia, rom xelSekruleba
Tanabar subieqtebs Soris daido, romlebic Tanasworuflebian megobrobasa
da Zmobas eswrafodnen, es ase ar iyo.
sinamdvileSi, `varSavis paqti~ sabWoTa batonobis iaraRi gaxda. Seiqmna
erTiani samxedro xelmZRvaneloba, Stab-biniT moskovSi. xelSekrulebaSi
monawile zogierTi qveynis teritoriaze ganlagebul sabWoTa jarebs miznad
daesaxaT ara mxolod gareSe Zalisagan mTeli blokis dacva, aramed adgilob-
rivi xalxebis Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis CaxSobac.

270
 sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde
berlinis kedeli
dangrevis win (1989)

amboxebebi sabWoTa kavSiris batonobis winaaRmdeg

rodesac 1956 wels ungreTma scada varSavis paqtidan gasvla, rac misi su-
verenuli ufleba iyo, budapeStSi sabWoTa tankebi Sevidnen da didi sisxlis-
Rvris fasad ungreTSi `komunisturi wesrigi~ aRadgines.
rodesac 1968 wels Cexoslovakiam scada damoukidebeli saSinao da saga-
reo politikis gatareba, imave wlis 21 agvistos iq varSavis paqtis samxedro
nawilebi Sevidnen da praRaSi isev prosabWoTa mTavroba dasves. Tumca amje-
rad sabrZolo moqmedeba ar yofila, magram CexoslovakiaSi sabWoTa tankebis
gamoCena mTel msoflioSi dagmes. dasavleT evropis qveynebSi moqmedi bevri
komunisturi partiac ki gaemijna sabWoTa kavSiris kompartias.
socialistur banaks `ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis sabWoc~ hqonda,
romelic ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gegmebs aTanxmebda erTmaneTTan da saxel-
mwifo kontroliT warmoebul sagareo vaWrobas aregulirebda. magram es or-
ganizacia evropuli kavSiris realuri konkurenti ar iyo.
`socialistur banakSi~ sulac ar iyo erTsulovneba. misi erTianoba eyrd-
noboda sabWoTa armiis nawilebis yofnas maT teritoriaze. rumineTis socia-
listuri respublika, sadac sabWoTa jari ar idga, komunisti diqtatoris,
nikolae CauSeskus xelmZRvanelobiT, sanaxevrod damoukidebel sagareo po-
271
 litikas axorcielebda, Tumca `varSavis paqtidan~ is ar gasula da arc socia-
lizmze ambobda uars.
1968 wels `varSavis paqtidan~ gavida albaneTi, sadac sabWoTa armia arc Se-
sula. am patara qveyanam gadawyvita esargebla komunistur CineTsa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris warmoqmnili uTanxmoebiT da CineTis mxare daiWira, romelic mas
didad exmareboda. magram socializmze albaneTsac ar uTqvams uari.
damoukideblobas eswrafvoda poloneTi. 1979 wels iq oficialuri vizitiT
pirvelad Cavida romis papi – rva TviT adre arCeuli ioane pavle II – warmoSo-
biT poloneli. morwmune kaTolike polonelebisaTvis maTi Tanamemamulis
arCeva romis papad erovnuli aRmavlobis udides stimulad iqca. momdevno, 1980
wels poloneTSi Seiqmna masobrivi aralegaluri moZraoba `solidarnosti~,
romelic jer adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad aRdga, sabolood ki komunisturi
ruseTis uRlisagan poloneTis gaTavisuflebas Seuwyo xeli.
perestroikam da, gansakuTrebiT, glasnostma sabWoTa kavSiris gare impe-
riaze radikalurad imoqmeda. `moZme socialistur qveynebSi~ Zalian swrafad
aRorZinda nacionaluri idea. socialisturi banakis qveynebis mTavrobebisad-
mi opoziciurad ganwyobili wreebma moiTxoves TavianT qveynebSi liberaluri
reformebis gatareba, rasac adgilobrivi
komunisturi partiebi didad ewinaaRmde-
gebodnen. es winaaRmdegoba gansakuTre- damatebiTi cnoba
biT mkveTrad Canda gdr-Si, romlis komu-
gaerTianebuli germaniis
Tavi meoTxe

nist liderebsac TavianTi privilegiebis

dakargvis eSinodaT. amave dros gdr-is
germanel xalxs germaniis federaciul
respublikaSi mcxovreb TavianT TanamoZ-
meebTan undoda gaerTianeba.
qveyanaSi dawyebuli krizisis gamo sab-
WoTa kavSiri Zveleburad veRar axerxebda
ZaliT daeTrguna centraluri evropis
xalxebis swrafva damoukideblobisaken.
socialisturi banakis aRsasruli
da germaniis gaerTianeba
1989 wlis 27 ivniss daiwyo `socialis-
turi banakis~ sazRvrebis moSla. es re-
Jimis dacemis preludia gaxda. im dRes
komunistur ungreTsa da kapitalistur
avstrias Soris ungreTis mosaxleobam
moSala sazRvari. ungreTis sasazRvro
dacvas winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia. isini
upirvelesad ungrelebi iyvnen da mxolod
Semdeg – komunistebi.
es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rom iqamde
uryevi da sazRvarSeuvali `varSavis paq-
ekonomika
1990 wlis 1 ivliss, gaer­
Tianebis Sedegad, ori germaniis
ekonomika erTianad iqca. es pir­
veli SemTxveva iyo istoriaSi,
rodesac kapitalisturi da so­
cialisturi ekonomikebi uecrad
erTiandeboda. bunebrivia, ar
arsebobda zusti gegma imisa, Tu
rogor unda momxdariyo aseTi
gaerTianeba. amitomac Seiqmna
uamravi problema, risi upirve­
lesi mizezic iyo aRmosavleT
germaniis ekonomikis dabali
produqtiuloba da misi mWidro
kavSirebis moulodneli rRveva
yofili socialisturi blokisa
da sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikeb­
Tan, romlebic kolafsis mdgo­
mareobaSi aRmoCndnen, maT Soris
erTmaneTTan savaWro­sawarmoo
kavSirebis rRvevis gamoc.

272
tis~ qveyana Tavis mosaxleobas aRar uSlida `rkinis fardis~ gaRma gasvlas.
amas imave 1989 wels mohyva gdr-is mosaxleobis mier `berlinis kedlis~
dangreva, 1990 wels – germaniis gaerTianeba, usisxlo revoluciebi Cexoslo-
vakiaSi, poloneTSi, bulgareTSi, ungreTSi albaneTSi, sisxliani revolucia
– rumineTSi, `varSavis paqtis~ daSla, mravalpartiuli arCevnebi yvela am qveya-
naSi da arakomunisturi partiebis (an erovnul Zalad saswrafod gardaqmnili
komunistebis) xelisuflebaSi mosvla.

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

II msoflio omSi gamarjvebulma saxelwifoebma – sabWoTa kavSirma, amerikam,
didma britaneTma, safrangeTma germanias gaerTianebis oficialuri ufle-
ba misces. xelSekrulebas xeli moewera moskovSi, 1990 wlis 12 seqtembers. 3
oqtombers germaniis erTianoba da sruli suvereniteti aRdga. germaniis fe-
deraciul respublikaSi Sevida aRmosavleT germania (yofili gdr), romlis
mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba erTiani samSoblos aRdgenas aRtacebiT
Sexvda. sxva saqmea, rom gaerTianebas didxans dahyva socialur-fsiqologiuri
da ekonomikuri garTulebebi.
germaniis gaerTianebaze gorbaCovis Tanxmobam msoflios aacila mZime da,
SesaZloa, sisxlismRvreli konfrontacia. sxvaTa Soris, gaerTianebuli ger-
mania ruseTis federaciisaTvis yvelaze saimedo ekonomikuri (da, garkveulad,
politikuri) partniori gaxda. amrigad, istoriuli perspeqtivis Tvalsazri-
siT, gorbaCovma Tavis samSoblos kargi saqme gaukeTa. 1990 wels gorbaCovs
nobelis mSvidobis premia mieniWa imisaTvis, rom man aRmosavleT evropis xal-
xebs Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba misca.
komunisturi reJimebi ZiriTadad mSvidobianad daemxo. ajanyebuli xalxi-
saTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva scada mxolod rumineTis diqtatorma nikolae
CauSeskum. sabolood, mas misive gare-
mocva ganudga da is erTaderTi komu-
nisti lideri aRmoCnda, romelic ga-
asamarTles da saswrafod daxvrites.
yofili varSavis paqtis socialisturi
qveynebis yvela sxva lideri gamarjve-
bulebma daindes: isini an pensiaze gauS-
ves an emigraciaSi wasvlis saSualeba
misces.
1990 wels ` varSavis paqtidan~ gamo-
vida centraluri evropis yvela qveya-
na. organizaciis saboloo daSla ofi-
cialurad 1991 wels gamocxadda.
es yvelaferi sabWoTa kavSiris `gare
imperiis~ ngreva iyo.

panevropuli piknikis monumenti

273
 damatebiTi cnoba

`panevropuli pikniki~

avstriisa da ungreTis mTavrobebis SeTanxmebiT, 1989 wlis 27 ivniss or qveyanas So­

ris 3 saaTiT gaixsna sazRvari. am simbolur aqts `panevropuli pikniki~ daerqva. misi
organizatorebi iyvnen evropis erTianobisaTvis dauRalavi mebrZoli, avstria­
ungreTis yofili samefo dinastiis warmomadgeneli oto fon habsburgi da ungreTis
saxelmwifo ministri, reformatori imre pPoJgai. es aqti, saboloo jamSi, `rkinis
fardis~ arsebobis dasasrulis dasawyisi gamodga. im dRes ungreTSi myofma 600­ma
aRmosavleT germanelma isargebla Seqmnili SesaZlebleblobiT da avstriaSi, anu
dasavleTSi gadavida. momdevno TveebSi dasavleTSi gaqceulTa ricxvma 70 aTass
gadaaWarba. male ki berlinis kedelic daemxo. `panevropuli pikniki~ socialisturi
banakis daSlisa da aRmosavleT evropis dasavleT evropasTan gaerTianebis dasawyi­
sis simbolod miiCneva.
Tavi meoTxe

klasSi samuSao

1. ramdenad iyo Tanasworuflebianobis principze damyarebuli `varSavis

paqti~ da ra miznebs emsaxureboda is?
2. ra berketebiT akontrolebda sabWoTa kavSiri gare imperias?
3. teqstis mixedviT imsjeleT, Tu ramdenad misaRebi iyo aRmosavleT evropis
xalxebisaTvis socialistur banakSi yofna.
4. damatebiTi cnobebis mixedviT imsjeleT im problemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
Seeqmna aRmosavleT germanias (da zogadad socialisturi banakis qveynebs)
ekonomikis kapitalistur modelze gadasvlisas.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `socialisturi banakis rRvevis politikuri da ekonomikuri

mizezebi~.

274
51. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da
samoqalaqo omi

damoukideblobis gamocxadeba

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

XX saukuneSi saqarTvelos orjer mie-
ca SesaZlebloba damoukidebeli qveyana
gamxdariyo. Tu pirveli damoukideblo-
ba sul or-naxevar wels gagrZelda da im-
droindel saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi
– erTa ligaSi – saqarTvelo ar miiRes,
meore damoukidebloba, 1991 wlis bolo-
dan, saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli faqtia.
1989 wlis 9 aprilis Tbilisis tra-
gikuli movlenebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis umravlesoba ukve aRar fa-
ravda Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas
komunisturi partiisa da sabWoTa xeli-
suflebis mimarT. dRis wesrigSi dadga saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis gamocxadeba
brZola, romlis warmatebasac xeli Seuw-
yo mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare pro-
cesebma. 1990 wlis 12 ivniss ruseTis fe-
deraciis saxalxo deputatebis yrilobis
mier `rsfsr-is saxelmwifo suverenite-
tis Sesaxeb~ deklaraciis miRebam da misi
respublikuri kanonebis saerTo-sakavSi-
ro kanonebze maRla dayenebam mkveTrad
daasusta sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri
xelisufleba. baltiis qveynebSi gaZlier-
da swrafva damoukideblobisaTvis: 1990
wlis 11 marts litvis umaRlesma sabWom
gamoacxada damoukideblobis aRdgena.
imave wlis 4 maiss igive gaakeTa latviam,
xolo 8 maiss – estoneTma. aseT fonze sa-
qarTvelos erovnulma Zalebma miaRwies
uflebas, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelad
CaetarebinaT mravalpartiuli arCevne-
bi (baltiis qveynebSi umaRlesi sabWoebi
mxolod maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli
deputatebiT dakompleqtda, romlebic
Tavidan partiebs ar warmoadgendnen). saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
1990 wlis 28 oqtombers Catarebulma sa- aRdgenis aqti
275
 qarTvelos axali umaRlesi sabWos (male mas `uzenaesi sabWo~ ewoda) arCevnebma
gamarjveba moutana bloks `mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ zviad
gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT, romelmac proporciuli siiT xmebis 54 procenti
miiRo. 250-deputatian sakanonmdeblo organoSi mas 155 mandati ergo, maT Soris
81 – proporciuli da 74 – maJoritaruli sistemiT. meore adgilze gasulma
komunisturma partiam proporciuli siiT amomrCevelTa xmebis 29,6 procenti
miiRo, ramac mas 44 deputatis mandati misca (kidev 20 man maJoritaruli siste-
miT moipova). arCevnebi darRvevebis gareSe Catarda.
1991 wlis 31 marts Catarda referendumi, romelSic monawileTa 97 procen-
tma mxari dauWira sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan saqarTvelos gasvlas da
damoukideblobis aRdgenas. referendumis Sedegebis Sesabamisad, imave wlis
9 aprils uzenaesma sabWom gamoacxada saqAarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damou-
kideblobis aRdgena, Tumca sabWoTa kavSiridan is imave wlis dekembramde fa-
qtobrivad ar gasula. 26 maiss Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegad qveynis pirvel
prezidentad airCies zviad gamsaxurdia.

samoqalaqo omi
1991 wlis 18-20 agvistos moskovSi iyo mcdeloba srulad aRedginaT sabWo-
Ta xelisufleba (`agvistos putCi~), rac marcxiT damTavrda. putCis pirvel
saaTebSi gamsaxurdia daemorCila moskovis moTxovnas daeSala erovnuli
Tavi meoTxe

gvardia. realurad es ar momxdara, radgan putCi Zalian male CaifuSa, magram

zemoxsenebulma nabijma mkveTrad daZaba urTierToba prezidentsa da ero-
vnuli gvardiis meTaur Tengiz kitovans Soris. am ukanasknelma daumorCile-
bloba gamoucxada prezidents da mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT Tbiliselebis,
mTavrobisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobil nawils dauWira mxari.
21 dekembers, rodesac alma-aTaSi Seikribnen mokavSire respublikebis xel-
mZRvanelebi, raTa kanonis ZaliT daSlilad gamoecxadebinaT sabWoTa kavSiri,
TbilisSi, rusTavelis prospeqtze daiwyo SeiaraRebuli Setakeba xelisufle-
bisa da opoziciis momxreebs Soris, rac male samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda. 1992
wlis 6 ianvars zviad gamsaxurdia iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tbilisi da
jer somxeTSi gadasuliyo, xolo iqidan CeCneTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi.
1992 wlis ianvarSi Zalauflebas daeufla `samxedro sabWo~ Tengiz kitovani-
sa da jaba ioselianis SemadgenlobiT; premier-ministrad maT daabrunes zviad
gamsaxurdias mier daniSnuli da mis drosve gadamdgari Tengiz sigua. imave
wlis martSi samxedro sabWom, romelic mixvda, rom ar aris mzad saxelmwifos
samarTavad, moiwvia sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri da sa-
qarTvelos kompartiis yofili pirveli mdivani eduard SevardnaZe, raTa mas
gamoeyenebina Tavisi gamocdileba da saerTaSoriso avtoriteti saqarTvelos
gamosayvanad samoqalaqo omidan da ekonomikuri kolafsidan.
1992 wlis oqtomberSi sami wlis vadiT airCies saqarTvelos axali parlamen-
ti, romelSic 26 partiis warmomadgeneli Sevida. parlamentis ZiriTadi daniS-
nuleba iyo axali konstituciis SemuSaveba. SevardnaZe airCies parlamentis
Tavmjdomared da saxelmwifos meTaurad.

276
 separatistuli amboxebebi
ukve sabWoTa periodis miwuruls, didwilad ruseTis waqezebiT, Tumca
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebis gamoc, imZlavres
separatistulma Zalebma samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi.
ukve 1990 wlis Semodgomaze samxreT oseTis avtonomiurma olqma sabWo-
Ta kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi calke mokavSire respublikad gamoacxada Tavi,
risi konstituciuri uflebac mas ar hqonda. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

sapasuxo nabiji iyo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmeba, Tumca amas
araradikaluri, diplomatiuri moqmedeba ajobebda. samxreT oseTSi daiwyo
seriozuli konfliqti, romelic 1992 wlis zafxulSi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos
Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT (`dagomisis SeTanxmeba~) dakonservda, radgan
konfliqtis saboloo gadawyvetis gza mxareebma ver monaxes.
afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom isargebla saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omiT da
sabWos qarTveli wevrebis droebiTi boikotis pirobebSi 1992 wlis ivlisSi
miiRo `deklaracia afxazeTis assr saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis Sesaxeb~
(kvorumis uqonlobis gamo mas amis uflebamosileba ar hqonda).
imave wlis agvistos dasawyisSi Tavdacvis ministrma Tengiz kitovanma ru-
seTis armiis amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis xelmZRvanelobisagan miiRo Seia-
raRebis nawili, maT Soris tankebi. man 14 agvistos Seiyvana gvardia afxazeTSi,
sadac gaRvivda SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, romelic male samoqalaqo omSi
gadaizarda.
cudad organizebul qarTul jars, afxazi mebrZolebis garda, daupiris-
pirdnen kazakebi, moxaliseebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da ruseTis regularuli
armiis nawilebi (upirvelesad aviacia). maT xelSi aRmoCnda ruseTidan Semosu-
li didZali SeiaraRebac.
omis dros iyo SeTanxmebis miRwevis mcdelobebi. orjer, 1992 wlis seqtem-
berSi – moskovSi da 1993 wlis ivlisSi – soWSi ruseTis federaciis Suamavlo-
biTa da garantiebiT daido xelSekrulebebi cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. orive
maTgani dairRva afxazuri mxaris mier, ris Sedegadac qarTulma jarma marcxi
ganicada. qarTuli mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina afxazeTi da isini
devnilebad (`iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebad~) iqcnen sakuTar qveyanaSi.

samoqalaqo omi TbilisSi

277
 wyaro 1

`politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolam saqarTveloSi gadainacvla quCaSi.

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi ramdenime kviris manZilze Zalian daZabuli viTareba
iyo. Tbilisis mTavar quCaze, rusTavelis gamzirze, Seiqmna ori banaki, romelnic
erTmaneTisgan mxolod barikadebiT iyvnen gamoyofilni. erT mxareze iyvnen prezi­
dentis momxreebi, e.w. `zviadistebi~, meore mxareze ki – opoziciis mxardamWerni,
umetesad axalgazrdoba. is bzari, romelic gaCnda saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, gaci­
lebiT ufro Rrma iyo, vidre es rusTavelis gamzirze Canda. sazogadoeba, romelSic
TiTqosda Zalian mWidro iyo naTesauri da tradiciuli urTierTkavSirebi, gaxl­
eCili aRmoCnda or banakad: erTi mxriv – prezidentis, rogorc damoukideblobis
simbolos, mxardamWerni da meore mxriv – prezidentis, rogorc avtoritaruli
reJimis gansaxierebis, mowinaaRmdegeni...

fataluri aRmoCnda is faqti, rom pirvelma arakomunisturma mTavrobam mTeli

Tavisi Zalisxmeva mimarTa mxolod damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis da ara so­
cialur­politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebisaken. kidev ufro
sabediswero iyo is, rom iseTma politikurma Zalebma miaRwies gamarjvebas, rom­
lebic ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis mSvidobiani meTodebiT gadawyvetis perspeqti­
vas ver xedavdnen. rogorc xelisuflebis, ise opoziciis xelmZRvanelebma ar gamoi­
yenes parlamenturi da demokratiuli principebi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebisas.
Tavi meoTxe

amiT maT komunisturi reJimis Semdeg saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi gziT ganviTare­

bis diskreditacia moaxdines da qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri ganaxlebis
Sansi mravali wliT daswies ukan.~
germaneli mkvlevari iurgen bergeri, `gza samoqalaqo omisaken~.

wyaro 2

`1992 wlis 14 agvistos satransporto magistralis dacvis mizniT afxazeTSi Sevida

qarTuli policia da jari, rac politikuri Secdoma iyo. xelisuflebas winaswar
unda ganeWvrita, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilia da iq jarebis
Seyvana yovlad gaumarTlebeli iyo. angariSi unda gaewiaT imisaTvisac, rom imxanad
CvenTan saxelmwifo mxolod yalibdeboda, xelisuflebis struqturebi faqtobri­
vad an ar arsebobda, an mxolod Seqmnis procesSi imyofeboda, susti da araorganize­
buli jari saTanadod ar iyo SeiaraRebuli. provokaciebis Sedegad jari Cabmuli
aRmoCnda sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. araorganizebuli da udisciplino jari xSirad
TviTneburad moqmedebda, risi magaliTic iyo soxumis dakaveba. ase daiwyo afxazeTis
omi.~
saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune

wyaro 3

`ruseTis politikam saqarTveloSi, afxazeTsa da oseTSi meamboxeTa samxedro dax­

marebis... da ekonomikuri embargos CaTvliT, sabolood aiZula saqarTvelo Sesuli­
yo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi (dsT).~
amerikeli mecnieri stiven jonsi

278
 klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT pirvel mravalpartiul arCevnebSi blokis `mrgvali magida –

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ gamarjvebis mizezebze.
2. ramdenad kanonieri iyo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis uzenaesi sabWoebis gadawyvetilebebi?
3. ra viTarebaSi daiwyo samoqalaqo dapirispireba TbilisSi?
4. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT SeafaseT saqarTveloSi arsebuli
viTareba. gamoyaviT is ZiriTadi mizezebi, romlebmac qveyana samoqalaqo
dapirispiramde miiyvana.

omi afxazeTSi

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze (2, 3) dayrdnobiT dawereT Txzuleba saqarTvelos

marcxis mizezebsa da Sedegebze afxazeTis omSi.

279
 52. saSinao viTareba da sagareo urTierTobebi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi.
`vardebis revolucia~

saqarTvelo saukuneTa mijnaze

1990-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari sa-
qarTveloSi umZimesi ekonomikuri krizi-
siT aRiniSna. mas Tan axlda permanentuli
SinaaSliloba, SeiaraRebuli dapirispi-
rebebi yofil prezident zviad gamsaxur-
dias momxreebsa da saxelmwifos Zalovan
struqturebs Soris.
saukunis miwuruls mdgomareoba odnav
gamosworda, Tumca mosaxleobis cxovre-
bis done kvlavac ukiduresad dabali iyo. vardebis revolucia

1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sa-

qarTveloSi SedarebiTi politikuri sta-
biluroba damyarda. eduard SevardnaZe
orjer, 1995 da 2000 wlebSi airCies prezi-
Tavi meoTxe

dentad. misi xelmZRvanelobiT `moqalaqe-

Ta kavSiri~ wamyvan politikur partiad da
qveynis mmarTvel Zalad iqca.
saqarTvelom aRiareba moipova saer-
TaSoriso asparezzec. 1992 wlis dasaw-
yisidan saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
ucxoeTis qveynebma cnes; 1992 wlis 31
ivliss saqarTvelo gawevrianda gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, rac
rusuli aviaciis mier dabombili gori
saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis udides
warmatebas warmoadgenda. imave wels sa-
qarTvelo Sevida evro-atlantikuri Ta-
namSromlobis sabWoSi. 1994 wlidan qveya-
na gaxda nato-s programis `partnioroba
mSvidobisaTvis~ monawile.
1999 wels saqarTvelo miiRes evropis sabWoSi, rac qveyanaSi adamianis ufle-
bebis dacvis kuTxiT mniSvnelovani progresis maCvenebeli iyo. dsT-is mniSvne-
loba kvlavac knindeboda. saqarTvelom, uzbekeTTan da azerbaijanGTan erTad,
uari Tqva xeli moewera koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organi-
zaciis (kuxo) Seqmnaze. erTdroulad Seiqmna gaerTianeba suuami (saqarTvelos,
ukraina, uzbekeTi, azerbaijani, moldova), romlis SigniT energomatareble-
bis, usafrTxoebisa da sxva sferoebSi dadebulma xelSekrulebebma mniSvnelo-
vnad gazarda am axali kavSiris roli. male uzbekeTma datova es gaerTianeba
da misi saxeli gaxda suami.
280
 XX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis saqarTve-
lo ukve asamde saerTaSoriso organi- wyaro 1
zaciis wevri iyo. garda gaerosi da suamisa,
`omma Ziri gamouTxara saqar­
is gaxda evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamS-
Tvelos ekonomikas, romelic
romlobis organizaciis (euTo), msoflio
isedac gaaCanaga momarage­
savaWro organizaciis, Savi zRvis ekono-
bis moSlam, maT Soris gansa­
mikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

kuTrebiT energiis, marcvleu­
(BSEC) da sxva saerTaSoriso organizacie-
lis da samrewvelo nedleulis
bis wevri. ekonomikuri siZneleebis gada-
miuReblobam yofili ssrk­dan.
laxvaSi saqarTvelos daxmarebas uwevdnen
yvela resursi daixarja omis
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio
warmarTvaze, ekonomikuri
banki da sxv.
reforma gadaido gaurkveveli
droiT da afxazeTSi saqarTve­
`vardebis revolucia~
los damarcxebis Semdeg
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Sidapolitikuri saxelmwifos daawva meoTxedi
viTareba daiZaba. aWaris avtonomiur res- milioni ltolvilis rCena.~
publikaSi 1991 wels, jer kidev gamsaxur-
stiven jonsi
dias dros arCeuli, avtonomiis umaRle-
si sabWos Tavmjdomare aslan abaSiZe ar
emorCileboda centralur xelisuflebas
da avtokratiuli meTodiT marTavda sa-
qarTvelos am nawils. qveyanaSi maRaAli iyo
korufciis done. SevardnaZe ar uwyobda
xels aucilebeli reformebis Catarebas
da veRarc akontrolebda viTarebas. aseT
pirobebSi 2003 wlis noemberSi Catarda
saparlamento arCevnebi, romlis drosac
mravali darRveva da gayalbeba dafiqsir-
da. amis gamo ukmayofilebam quCaSi gadai-
nacvla. opozicia sakmaod SekavSirebuli
aRmoCnda da 23 noembers aiZula preziden-
karikatura dasavluri Jurnalidan:
ti eduardD SevardnaZe gadamdgariyo. amas
rusuli agresia saqarTveloSi
`vardebis revolucia~ ewoda da is aRmoC-

wyaro 2

`Tu soflis mosaxleoba kvlav axerxebda met­naklebad SeZlebulad cxovrebas imis

wyalobiT, rom daubrunda saukunovani tradiciuli TviTrCenis wyaroebs, qalaqis
mosaxleobis mdgomareoba [mkveTrad gauaresda]: 1993­1994 wlebis zamTarSi xalxi
moklebuli iyo eleqtroenergiasa da gaTbobas, mTeli Rameebis ganmavlobaSi idga
rigSi ramdenime grami purisTvis, rac bevrisaTvis erTaderT sakvebs warmoadgenda.
es savalalo kontrasts qmnida wina periodis keTildReobasTan SedarebiT.~

Jan radvani

281
 nda e.w. `feradi revoluciebis~ winamorbe-
di aRmosavleT evropasa da post-sabWoTa wyaro 3
sivrceSi, sadac xalxma aseve moiTxova ga-
`1998 wlis 22 seqtembers baqo­
yalbebuli arCevnebis Sedegebis Secvla:
Si xeli moewera `saqarTvelos
ase moxda ukrainaSi, yirgizeTsa da ser-
teritoriaze gamaval ZiriTad
beTSi.
saeqsporto navTobsadenTan
saqarTvelos parlamentSi propor-
(baqo­jeihani) dakavSirebiT
ciuli arCevnebis Sedegebi gauqmebulad
azerbaijanis respublikisa
gamocxadda da 2004 wels xelaxali arCe-
da saqarTvelos uflebamosil
vnebi Catarda, Tumca maJoritaruli we-
warmomadgenelTa molapar­
siT 2003 wels axalarCeuli deputatebi
akebis oqms~ da `TandarTul
parlamentis wevrebad datoves. 2004 wlis
dokumentebs~, riTac kaspiis
ianvarSi saqarTvelos axal prezidentad
navTobis transportirebis
arCeul iqna mixeil saakaSvili. premier-
saukunis proeqtis ganxor­
ministri gaxda zurab Jvania (is 2005 wlis
cieleba daiwyo. am dokumen­
martSi tragikulad daiRupa). 2008 wlis
tebis xelmoweram kidev ufro
ianvarSi mixeil saakaSvili meore vadiT
realuri gaxada da daazusta
airCies prezidentad da imave wlis 26 mai-
azerbaijanis saeqsporto
sis saparlamento arCevnebSi gaimarjva
navTobis baqo­jeihanis marSru­
misma partiam – `erTianma nacionalurma
tiT transportireba... `baqo­
moZraobam~ sakonstitucio umravlesobis
Tavi meoTxe

Tbilisi­jeihanis~ marSrutis
mopovebiT.
damtkicebam ruseTi da irani
TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi da­
reformebi da ruseTis agresia
tova. navTobis saerTaSoriso
`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg qveya- korporaciis xelmZRvanelma
naSi seriozuli Zvrebi moxda. ganmtkic- saqarTvelos yovelwliurad
da centraluri xelisufleba. 2004 wlis minimum 80 mln laris Semosava­
maisSi aslan abaSiZis gadadgoma moiTxova li uwinaswarmetyvela.~
adgilobrivma mosaxleobam da is iZulebu-
qarTuli presidan, 1998
li gaxda politikuri TavSesafari mieRo
ruseTSi. aWara da, gansakuTrebiT, baTumi
centraluri mTavrobis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad iqca.
gatarda seriozuli reforma policiaSi, sadac gauqmda korufciis bude
– avtoinspeqcia da Seiqmna arakorumpirebuli sapatrulo policia. Seiqmna
efeqtiani sajaro reestri. daiwyo intensiuri sagzao mSenebloba, qalaqebis
rekonstruqcia, saqarTvelos turistuli potencialis aTviseba. sagadasaxado
sistema gamartivda da qveynis biujetma Sevseba daiwyo. masobrivma privatiza-
ciam TiTqmis yvela adre nacionalizebuli dargi da obieqti moicva. gaizarda
ucxouri kapitalis Semodineba (investiciebi). amave dros ekonomikis produ-
qtiuli dargebis – mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis – Cqari tempiT ganviTa-
reba ver moxerxda. umuSevroba qveynis yvelaze seriozul problemad rCeboda.
sagareo politikaSi mkveTrad gaZlierda prodasavluri veqtori: mosaxle-
obis 77-ma procentma 2008 wlis 5 ianvris referendumis dros mxari dauWira
saqarTvelos swrafvas natoSi Sesasvlelad. magram swored es miswrafeba gaxda
282
ruseTis federaciis xelmZRvanelobis SeSfoTebisa da anti-qarTuli pro-
vokaciebis mizezi, maT Soris separatistul regionebSi. 2008 wlis agvistoSi
dapirispireba gadaizarda rusul-qarTul omSi, romlis Sedegad saqarTvelos
Semadgeneli nawilebi – aFfxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni (samxreT oseTi) ruse-
Tis armiis mier iqna okupirebuli, qarTuli mosaxleoba ganidevna. 2008 wlis 26
agvistos es provinciebi ruseTma `damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad~ aDRiara, ra-
sac ar cnobs ara marto saqarTvelo, aramed mTeli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba.

sabWoTa kavSirSiridan damoukideblobamde

wyaro 4

`ruseT­saqarTvelos omi nawilia sxva, gacilebiT ufro masStaburi omisa, romli­

Tac ruseTi apirebda sapasuxo dartyma mieyenebina dasavleTisaTvis... ruseTis ofi­
cialuri propagandis versia samxreT oseTis aRiarebis Sesaxeb ruseTis moqalaqeebis
dacvis motiviT veranair kritikas ver uZlebs. ruseTis mizani rom yofiliyo im
xalxTa damoukideblobis aRiareba, vinc amis survili gamoTqva, maSin moskovs, upir­
veles yovlisa, CeCneTis damoukidebloba unda eRiarebina~.

andrei ilarionovi, rusi Jurnalisti

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis (1, 2 , 3) mixedviT isaubreT saqarTvelos ekonomi-

kuri sirTuUleebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.
2. CamoTvaleT saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa wevric gaxda saqar-
Tvelo da imsjeleT amgvar organizaciebSi saqarTvelos wevrobis mniSvne-
lobaze.
3. isaubreT `vardebis revoluciis~ mizezebze.
4. imsjeleT `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg ganxorcielebuli reformebis
Sedegebze.
5. teqstisa da wyaro 4-is mixedviT SeafaseT ruseTis moqmedebebi 2008 wlis
agvistoSi.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri arCevani~.

283
 V saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi
53. azerbaijani da somxeTi
1991 wlis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris daS-
lis Sedegad damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
mezoblad xelaxla gaCnda ori saxelmwi-
fo – azerbaijani da somxeTi, romlebic
1918-1920 wlebSic arsebobdnen damouki-
debeli respublikebis saxiT. amJamad maT
erTmaneTan arc diplomatiuri da arc
ekonomikuri urTierToba ara aqvT, risi
mizezebic amave TemaSi qvemoTaa ganxilu-
li. vinaidan arc erT maTgans ara aqvs ga-
sasvleli msoflio okeaneSi, saqarTvelos
teritoria azerbaijanisa da somxeTisaT-
vis satranzitoa. saqarTvelos saxmele-
To gzebis da sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebiT
ukavSirdeba somxeTi Tavis mokavSire ru-
pirveli
seTs, xolo azerbaijani – Tavis mokavSire
Tavi mexuTe
TurqeTs. Cvens orive mezobels esaWiroe-
ba saqarTvelos sazRvao navsadgurebis
gamoyeneba import-eqsportisaTvis. sa-
qarTvelos keTilmezobluri damokide-
buleba aqvs orive saxelmwifosTan.
azerbaijani
dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze
adreul Sua saukuneebSi cxovrobdnen xa-
lxebi, romelTac yvelas erTad kavkasiis
albanelebis saxeliT icnoben. imdroin-
deli qarTvelebi maT rans uwodebdnen,
somxebi aRvank/alvanq-s, saidanac damk-
vidrda albaneTi. am xalxebmac imave IV
saukuneSi miiRes qristianoba, somxebisa
da qarTvelebis msgavsad. Seiqmna alba-
nuri damwerlobac ki. magram, albanele-
bma ver SeZles konsolidacia erT erad
da arabebis Semosevebis Semdeg sakmao
nawilma islami aRiara, nawili ki diofi-
ziti marTlmadidebeli an monofiziti
grigoriani gaxda da Seerwya, Sesabamisad,
qarTvel da somex erebs. XI saukunidan
284
leqsikoni
r transnacionaluri korpo-
racia (kompania) – kompania,
romelic ramdenime qveyanaSi
flobs sawarmoo qvedanayo-
febs an minimum or qveyanaSi
mainc awarmoebs momsaxure-
bas. zogierT vrcel transna-
cionalur kompanias biujeti
mraval qveyanaze meti aqvs.
amgvar kompaniebs Zlieri
gavlena aqvs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebze da adgilo-
briv ekonomikaze.
r investicia – kapitalis xan-
grZlivvadiani dabandeba Sem-
dgomi mogebis mizniT
r lingvo-religiuri – eno-
briv-religiuri
r diaspora (berZn. gabneva) –
eTnikuri umciresobis jgu-
fi, romelic gadasaxlda,
cxovrobs da moRvaweobs mim-
Reb qveyanaSi da amasTan aqvs
Zlieri kavSirebi warmoSobis
qveyanasTan
r lobi, lobizmi – (ingl.
lobby) dainteresebuli pire-
bis an jgufebis moRvaweoba,
romelTa mizanicaa xeli-
suflebis organoebis mia-
Rebinon maTTvis sasurveli
gadawyvetilebas
Turq-selCukebis Semosevisa da aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg
muslimi albanelebis umravlesobam asimilacia ganicada da im Turqul enaze
gadavida, romelsac amJamad azerbaijanuli ewodeba. XVI-XIX saukunis damde-
gamde am teritoriaze arsebuli saxanoebi sefianTa sparseTs emorCilebodnen
da iq iseTive Siituri mimarTulebis islami damkvidrda, romelic sparseTSi
saxelmwifo religia iyo. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis imperiam daipyro es
teritoria md. araqsamde da iq baqosa da elisavetpolis (ganjis) guberniebi
daaarsa. 1918 wels Seiqmna saxelmwifo, dedaqalaqiT baqoSi, romelmac saxelad
azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublika dairqva.
baqo da misi Semogareni, mogvianebiT ki kaspiis zRvis kontinenturi Selfi
navTobiT mdidari aRmoCnda, romlis samrewvelo mopoveba 1860-iani wlebidan
daiwyo da baqo ruseTis imperiis navTobis mTavar mimwodeblad da kavkasiis

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

umTavres industriul centrad iqca. I msoflio omisa (1914-1918) da ruseTis
samoqalaqo omis (1918-1920) dros baqos daufleba yvela meomari mxaris erT-
erTi umTavresi mizani iyo. 1920 wlis 28 aprils is rus bolSevikebs Cauvarda
xelSi. moxda azerbaijanis gasabWoeba.
rusifikaciis mcdelobis miuxedavad, sabWoTa periodSi azerbaijanuli
kultura, misi literatura viTardeboda, Tumca problema iyo XX saukune-
Si anbanis xSiri cvla: azerbaijanuli enisTvis XX saukunemde gamoyenebuli
arabuli anbani 1928 wlidan Secvala laTinur safuZvelze Seqmnilma anbanma,
romelic 1937 wels slavur (kirilica) safuZvelze gadavida, 1991 wlis Semdeg

ruseTi

kaspiis zRva

Savi zRva saqarTvelo

somxeTi
azerbaijani

TurqeTi

irani

samxreT kavkasiis ruka

285
 baqo

ki isev laTinur safuZvels daubrunda. sabWoTa azerbaijani mravaleTnikuri

saxelmwifo iyo. gansakuTrebiT `internacionaluri~ iyo baqo. 1990-iani wle-
pirveli

bis damdegidan azerbaijani sul ufro monoeTnikuri xdeba. azebaijanelebs

Tavi mexuTe

samxreT kavkasiaSi yvelaze maRali Sobadoba axasiaTebT: Tu 1950-ian wlebamde

yvelaze mravalricxovani eri kavkasiaSi qarTvelebi iyvnen, 2010 wlisaTvis
azerbaijanelebi qarTvelebze TiTqmis orjer metni arian.
1991 wels azerbaijani damoukidebeli gaxda, magram 1993 wlamde is Sida
samoqalaqo dapirispirebaSi da, imavdroulad, somxeTTan omSi iyo Cafluli
(ix. qvemoT). mxolod 1993 wlidan daiwyo viTarebam stabilizacia, rodesac
prezidenti gaxda azerbaijanis kompartiis yofili I mdivani (1969-1982) heidar
alievi. marTalia, azerbaijanma waago somxeTTan omi mTiani yarabaRs gamo,
magram misi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaumjobesda: mdidarma ener-
getikulma resursebma (navTobi da gazi) mis mimarT transnacionaluri korpo-
raciebis didi interesi gaaRviva. baqosaken investiciebis mdinare warimarTa.
aman mmarTveli reJimic welSi gamarTa da Zalian mdidari mcirericxovani
mmarTveli klasis warmoqmnac ganapiroba.
energoresursebis eqsportma, rome-
lic ZiriTadad saqarTvelos terito-
riis gavliT xorcieldeba (navTobsadeni
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani, gazsadeni baqo-
Tbilisi-erzurumi) araCveulebrivad ga-
amdidra azerbaijani, romlis qalaqebi
samSeneblo moednebad iqca.
2003 wels heidar alievis gardacva-
lebis Semdeg azerbaijanis prezidentad
airCies misi vaJi ilham alievi.
meCeTi baqoSi
286
 azerbaijanisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo TurqeTis respublikis mier
gaweuli mravalmxrivi humanitaruli, ekonomikuri, diplomatiuri daxmareba.
TurqeTi lingvo-religiur safuZvelze azerbaijanis moZme qveyanaa: Turquli
da azerbaijanuli axlo monaTesave enebia; orive qveyanaSi islamia gavrcele-
buli, Tumca sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa.

somxeTi
adreul Sua saukuneebSi samxreT kavkasiaSi da ufro samxreTiT arsebobda
ramdenime somxuri samefo. ukanaskneli somxuri saxelmwifo – anisis samefo,
bizantiis imperiam 1045 wels SeierTa. mas Semdeg somxebs sxva saxelmwifoeb-
Si cxovreba mouxdaT, maT Soris osmaleTSi, sparseTSi, qarTul samefoebSi.
bevri maTgani qalaqebSi dasaxlda, radgan maT Soris sakmaod mravlad iyvnen

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

warmatebuli vaWrebi da kargi xelosnebi. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi – TbilisSi,
gorSi, TelavSi, siRnaRSi, CxarSi, cxinvalSi somxebi mosaxleobis sagrZnob
nawils, xandaxan umravlesobasac ki, warmoadgendnen.
somxebis, rogorc gamokveTili eTnosis, mTavari gamaerTianebeli iyo somxu-
ri samociqulo eklesia, romelsac sxvebi grigorianobas uwodeben, somex-
Ta gamanaTleblis, grigor parTevis (parTielis) saxelis mixedviT. es aris
qristianobis monofizituri mimarTuleba, gavrcelebuli mxolod somxebs
Soris. eklesiis meTaurs ewodeba `yovelTa somexTa kaTolikosi~ anu is xel-
mZRvanelobs ara teritoriulad, aramed eTnikurad organizebul religiur
jgufs. cxraasze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebriobis armqone somex
xalxs eqskluziurma (mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebelma) religiam Seunar-
Cuna TviTmyofadoba da erovnuli kultura. somxebma Seqmnes mdidari sasu-
liero da saero literatura, rasac xels
uwyobda sakuTar enaze morgebuli origi-
wyaro 1
naluri anbanis arseboba. sagareo vaWro-
baSi monawile somxebi afarToebdnen eris `sevris xelSekruleba iyo
Tvalsawiers. magaliTad, XIX saukunis os- dasavleT evropis TviTmpyro­
maleTisa da ruseTis imperiebSi somxebi belobiTi koleqtiuri azris
erT-erTi pirvelebi iyvnen im eTnikur um- yvelaze ufro borotebiT savse
ciresobaTa Soris, romelTac ganuviTar- namoqmedari~.
daT evropidan Semotanili nacionalizmis
qarTveli diplomati zurab
ideebi.
avaliSvili, 1924
1828 wels sparseTTan mogebuli omis
Sedegad ruseTis imperiam SeierTa erev- `rodesac Cven moviTxoveT
nisa da naxWevnis saxanoebi, sadac Sereuli, sevris xelSekrulebaSi moxse­
muslimuri da somxur-grigorianuli, mo- niebuli teritoriebi, aRmo­
saxleoba cxovrobda. ruseTis imperia sa- savleT somxeTis naxevari dav­
gangebod iwvevda da asaxlebda kavkasiis kargeT~.
teritoriaze somxebs mezobeli muslimu- levon ter­petrosiani, somx­
ri qveynebidan – sparseTidan da osmaleTi- eTis respublikis prezidenti
dan. carizmi am qristianul elements Ta- 1990­1998 wlebSi
vis erTgulad miiCnevda. ruseT-osmaleTis

287
 pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

erevani

omebSi (XIX saukuneSi aseTi xuTi omi iyo, XX saukuneSi ki es qveynebi I msoflio
omSi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs) ruseTis imperia osmaleTis somxebs Tavis
mokavSireebad iyenebda, rac ubralo xalxs sabolood Zalian Zviri dauj-
da. osmaleTis mmarTvelma wreebma somxebi mtrad daigules da wahkides maT
adgilobrivi muslimuri mosaxleoba. I msoflio omis periodSi aRmosavleT
TurqeTidan somxebis umetesoba ganidevna (adgilze darCena maT mxolod is-
lamSi gadasvliT SeeZloT), bevri maTgani daxoces. somxuri istoriografia
am movlenas `somxebis genocids~ uwodebs (somxurad `mew eRern~, rac `did
Jletas~ niSnavs).
1918 wels, mas Semdeg, rac brestis zavis pirobebiT ruseTi msoflio omidan
separatulad gamovida da praqtikulad miatova kavkasia, iq warmoSobil damou-
kidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris erT-erTi iyo somxeTis respublika, romlis de-
daqalaqad gamocxadda im dros patara (30 aTasi mcxovrebi) sagubernio centri
erevani, romelic iqamde arasodes yofila antikuri xanisa da Sua saukuneebis
romelime somxuri samefos dedaqalaqi.
I msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebi sevris xelSekrulebiT (1920
wlis agvisto) dapirdnen somxeTs teritoriis mkveTr gafarToebas omSi damar-
cxebuli osmaleTis imperiis xarjze, Sav zRvaze farTo gasasvleliT saqarTve-
los sazRvridan Tirebolumde, trapizonis dasavleTiT. magram dasavleT
evropis did saxelmwifoebs realurad araferi gaukeTebiaT somxeTis dasax-
mareblad, rodesac osmaleTis nangrevebze aRmocenebulma axalma TurqeTma
(qemalistebma) aramc Tu rame dauTmo somxeTs, aramed isic gaunaxevra, rac
288
mas ruseTis imperiisagan memkvidreobiT
xvda wilad. TurqeTTan xanmokle omSi wyaro 2
somxeTis mZime damarcxebis praqtikuli
`...sazRvargareT [somxur
Sedegi iyo somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisufle-
diasporaSi] bevri gvekiTx­
bis damyareba 1920 wlis 28 noembridan 2
eboda – xom ar dadga dro sa­
dekembramde.
marTlianad gadawydes sakiTxi
sabWoTa periodi somxeTis ayvavebis xa-
mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri
nad iqca. wminda sasoflo-sameurneo mxare
olqis, naxWevanis assr­isa da
industrializebul iqna, aSenda qarxnebi
axalqalaqis raionis Sesaxeb,
da fabrikebi, atomuri eleqtrosadguric
romlebic ZiriTadad dasaxle­
ki. gaixsna universiteti, daarsda samec-
bulia somxebiT, magram isini
niero-kvleviTi institutebi, ganviTarda

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

ganagrZoben yofnas sabWoTa
kultura. patara qalaqi erevani 40-50 wlis
somxeTis sazRvrebs gareT.
ganmavlobaSi milionian qalaqad gadaiqca.
amrigad, sazRvargareTeli
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis
somxebi imeds gamoTqvamen,
dros, jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi,
rom keTilganwyobili sab­
dRevandeli somxeTis teritoria mrava-
WoTa mTavroba Seqmnis saTa­
lerovani iyo, 1990-iani wlebis damdegi-
nado pirobebs teritoriuli,
dan ki mosaxleobis 98 procenti somxuri
ekonomikuri da sabinao Tval­
erovnebisaa. somxeTis ssr gadaiqca iqam-
sazrisiT samSobloSi maT
de gafantuli somexi eris konsolidaciis
dasabruneblad, imisaTvis,
centrad. iq gadasaxlda bevri somexi, ma-
rom isini SeuerTdnen TavianT
galiTad, Tbilisidan da baqodan, mcire
RviZl Zmebs mSobliur miwaze~.
raodenobiT – `Soreuli diasporidanac~
(evropis, axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebidan). yovelTa somexTa kaTolikos
amave dros, sakmaod didi somxuri mo- vazgen I­is 1956 wlis weri­
saxleoba rCeboda somxeTis farglebs ga- lidan ssrk ministrTa sabWos
reT. azerbaijanis ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi Tavmjdomare n. bulganinis
1923 wels Seiqmna mTiani yarabaRis avto- saxelze
nomiuri olqi, romlis mosaxleoba 110-125
aTass ar aWarbebda. maTgan somxebi 75-85
procents Seadgendnen. pirveli damoukideblobis dros, 1918-1920 wlebSi,s
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis respublikebi seriozul oms eweodnen am terito-
riis flobisaTvis. omi Sewyvita bolSevikuri wiTeli armiis Semosvlam da orive
respublikis gasabWoebam, rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva – droebiT. sabWoTa pe-
riodSi somxeTis komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba da maSinac ki didad gavleniani
somxuri eklesia cdilobdnen daerwmunebinaT sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri
xelmZRvaneloba moskovSi, rom somxeTis ssr-isaTvis SeeerTebinaT mezobeli
respublikebis somxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi, rac, bunebrivia, imave me-
zobeli respublikebis komunisturi xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdegobas iwvevda.
1988 wels, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri xelisuflebis dasusteba
naTeli gaxda, mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiur olqSi daiwyo saxalxo moZraoba
somxeTTan gaerTianebis moTxovniT. amas mohyva erTaSorisi dapirispireba,
xSirad – sisxliani SedegiT, romelic sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam ver SeaCera.

289
 sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki
axalwarmoqmnil somxeTisa da azer-
baijanis respublikebs Soris srul-
masStabianma omma ifeTqa, romelic
1994 wels Sewyvita droebiTma daza-
vebam (da ara srulmasStabianma zavma).
somxeTi saprezidento respu-
blikad Camoyalibda. 1998 wels pir-
veli prezidenti levon ter-petro-
siani, romelic TiTqos cdilobda
kompromisis miRwevas azerbaijan-
Tan, iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo.
eCmiaZini. somxeTis sakaTedro taZari
prezidentad airCies robert qoCa-
riani (1998-2008), romelic warmoS-
obiT mTiani yarabaRidanaa. 2008 wlidan is Secvala aseve yarabaRelma serJ
sargsianma.
1999-iani wlebis dasawyisis ekonomikuri stagnacia da ukusvlac ki, rodesac
emigraciis gamo mosaxleoba swrafad klebulobda, XXI saukunis dasawyisidan
ekonomikurma aRmavlobam Secvala. bunebrivi resursebiT Raribi somxeTis
mTavari ekonomikuri dasayrdeni aRmoCnda misi `axali diaspora~ – ZiriTadad
pirveli

ruseTsa da dsT-is sxva qveynebSi sabWoTa da post-sabWoTa periodSi sakuTriv

Tavi mexuTe

somxeTidan wasuli adamianebi, romlebic Sin darCenil ojaxis wevrebs wliuradD

miliard dolarze mets awvdidnen. sazRvargareTuli investiciebi upiratesad
ruseTSi gamdidrebuli somxebisagan modis. `Zveli diaspora~ – osmaleTis
imperiis teritoriidan XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi ZiriDTadad amerikaSi
wasuli somxebi – vaSingtonSi sakmaod mZlavr lobis flobs da somxeTis res-
publikas exmareba sagareo politikis gatarebaSi. magram 2008 wlis msoflio
ekonomikurma krizisma Zalian daazarala somxeTi da ukan daswia misi ekono-
mikuri ganviATareba.
Tavis sagareo politikaSi somxeTi iZulebulia ZiriTadi imedi daamyaros
ruseTis federaciaze, romlis did samxedro bazas q. giumriSi, samxreT ka-
vkasiaSi erTaderTs (Tu ar CavTvliT ukanono samxedro bazebs afxazeTsa da
`samxreT oseTSi~), yofnis vada xelSekrulebiT 2044 wlamde gaugrZelda.

mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis Sedegad azerbaijanis teritoriis mexuTeda-

mde – sakuTriv mTiani yarabaRi da mimdebare Svidi administraciuli raioni
dRemde ukavia somxeTis armiasa da mTiani yarabaRis SeiaraRebuli Zalebs. am
teritoriidan ganidevna yvela azerbaijaneli (SefasebiT – milionamde) da isini
ZiriTadad cxovroben danarCen azerbaijanSi ganlagebul ltolvilTa banakeb-
Si. erTdroulad, azerbaijanidan ganidevna praqtikulad yvela somexi, romelTa
umetesoba ruseTSi an evropis qveynebsa da aSS-Si gadasaxlda.
es konfliqti, bunebrivia, zemoqmedebs orive qveynis sagareo politikaze
da qveynisSida sazogadoebriv azrze, romelic mezobel erSi dauZinebel
mters xedavs. saomari mdgomareobis SenarCuneba arapirdapiri gziT xels uS-

290
lis sazogadoebis demokratizacias: orive mxaris xelmZRvanelobas SeuZlia
gamoiyenos sagareo safrTxe, rogorc sazogadoebis `Tavis irgvliv~ sruli
konsolidaciis faqtori.
miuxedavad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mcdelobisa, dRemde ver moxerxda
mxareebis interesebis daaxloeba da axali omis Tavidan acilebis garantiebis
miReba. e.w. `minskis jgufi~, romelsac ruseTis, safrangeTis da aSS-is warmo-
madgenlebi TanaTavmjdomareoben, TiTqmis ori aTeuli welia, amaod cdilobs
xeli Seuwyos or qveyanas Soris samSvidobo SeTanxmebis miRwevas. orive mxare
iaraRdeba sul ufro daxvewili iaraRiT da biujetis sagrZnob nawils Tav-
dacvaze xarjavs. sademarkacio xazis gaswvriv gaTxril sangrebSi somexi da
azerbaijaneli jariskacebi TiTqmis oci welia erTmaneTis pirispir sxedan.

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

klasSi samuSao

1. ra ganapirobebs saqarTvelos gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas somxeTisa da

azerbaijanisaTvis?
2. ram Seuwyo xeli baqos mniSvnelobis gazrdas jer kidev mefis ruseTis
arsebobis periodSi?
3. axseniT, ratom iwodeba somexTa kaTalikosi `yovelTa somexTa~ da ara
somxeTis kaTalikosad.
4. imsjeleT mizezebze, romlebmac ganapiroba azerbaijanSi anbanis samjer
Secvla.
5. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, Tu ratom ar moxerxda
sevris xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul sazRvrebSi somxuri saxelmwifos
Seqmna.
6. ratom aris saomari mdgomareobis SenarCuneba demokratizaciis
xelisSemSleli faqtori?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema `yarabaRis konfliqti: mizezebi da Sedegebi~.

291
 54. Tanamedrove TurqeTis Seqmna

osmaleTis imperiis aRsasruli

leqsikoni
dRevandeli TurqeTis respublikis
r sekularizmi (an laiciz-
winamorbedi saxelmwifo iyo osmaleTi,
mi) – saero, araeklesiuri;
romlis saxeli warmodga misi mmarTveli
saxelmwifosa da religiis
dinastiis saxelisagan – osmanli (evro-
sferoebis gamijvna; racio-
pul enebSi gamoiTqmoda, rogor Ottoman).
naluri azrovnebis gancal-
osmaleTma iarseba XIII saukunidan 1923 keveba religiurisagan
wlamde. is iyo mravalerovani imperia,
romelic dapyrobebis gziT daeufla did
teritorias evropaSi – mTel balkaneTis
naxevarkunZuls, ungreTis naxevars (bu-
daSi, dRevandeli budapeStis nawilSi,
osmalebi saukune-naxevari isxdnen), da-
savleT azias da CrdiloeT afrikas. ma-
gram osmaleTis imperia TandaTan CamorCa
pirveli

socialur-ekonomikurad winwasul evro-

Tavi mexuTe

pas, romelmac osmaleTi ekonomikuradac

daiqvemdebara, maT Soris `kapitulacie-
bis reHJimiT~: am reJimis Tanaxmad, evro-
pis bevri qveynis qveSevrdoms osmaleTSi
didi ekonomikuri da iuridiuli privile-
giebi hqonda. XVIII-XX saukuneebis omebSi
osmaleTma dakarga dapyrobili terito-
riebis udidesi nawili. I msoflio omis win arabulidan laTinur anbanze
is praqtikulad gamodevnes evropidan, gadasvlis sajaro demonstrireba
aTaTurqis mier
sadac mas mcire teritoria darCa stam-
bolis irgvliv.
osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebis, ker-
Zod, nacionalisturi partia `erTianoba
da progresisa~ da misi xelmZRvanelobis,
romelTac `axalgazrda Turqebs~ uwo-
debdnen, politikuri Secdoma aRmoCnda
I msoflio omSi germaniis mxares Cabma. am
omSi osmaleTi damarcxda, mas CamoSorda
aziaSi dapyrobili teritoriebi da da-
nawevrebis safrTxe daemuqra mis birTvs,
mcire aziis naxevarkunZuls anu anato-
lias. 1919 wels dasavleT anatoliaSi Se-
vida saberZneTis armia. mustafa qemal aTaTurqi
(1930)
292
 osmaleTis ukanaskneli sulTani mehmeT VI da misi mTavroba yvelanair poli-
tikur moTxovnas usrulebda gamarjvebuli antantis saxelmwifoebs, romel-
Tac stambolis (konstantinopolis) okupacia moaxdines. sulTani daTanxmda
1920 wels sevrSi xelmowerili SeTanxmebis (`sevris zavis~) pirobebiT anato-
liis danawevrebas.

TurqeTis respublikis Seqmna

magram kapitulacias ar apirebdnen general mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT
darazmuli Turqi oficrebi (qemalistebi). TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam,
romelSic Sevidnen patriotulad ganwyobili deputatebi, bina daido anato-
liis patara qalaq ankaraSi. iq daiwyes sityva `TurqeTis~ (Türkiye) gamoyeneba
saxelmwifos saxelad da iqve 1923 wlis 23 oqtombers gamocxadda TurqeTis

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

respublikis Seqmna. ankara axali respublikis dedaqalaqi gaxda. muslimTa
sulieri xelmZRvaneli – xalifa – (1922 wlamde is erTdroulad osmaleTis
sulTanic iyo), 1924 wels qveynidan gaaZeves.
amas win uZRoda mZime omebi anatoliaSi. qemalistebma moaxerxes daSlili
armiis aRdgena da moqnili diplomatiiT osmaleTis yofili mtrebis, didi
britaneTisa da safrangeTis rigebSi uTanxmoebis Setana: maSin, roca didi
britaneTi mxars uWerda berZnebis brZolas Turqebis winaaRmdeg, safrangeTma,
qemalistebTan ramdenime Setakebis Semdeg, xelSekruleba dado maTTan, scno
ankaris mTavrobis kanoniereba da iaraRic ki gadasca mas.
qemalistebi gaurigdnen osmaleTis imperiis dauZinebel mters – ruseTis
imperiis nangrevebze warmoqmnil bolSevikur ruseTs da misganac miiRes daT-

Savi zRva

edirne

samsuni
stamboli trabzoni

Canakale bursa ankara

egeosis erzurumi
sivasi
zRva

afioni vani
izmiri

konia diarbaqiri
adana
antalia

TurqeTisaTvis datovebuli teritoriebi

savaraudo qurTuli teritoriebi
gadacemuli teritoriebi
somxeTs saberZneTs safrangeTs britaneTs
xmelTaSua zRva gavlenis zonebi
safran­ brita­
geTis neTis italiis

demilitarizebuli saerTaSoriso kontrolis zona

TurqeTis sazRvrebi 1923 wlidan

osmaleTis teritoriebis gadanawileba sevris xelSekrulebis mixedviT

293
 mobebi da daxmareba. 1921 wlis 16 marts TurqeTma sabWoTa ruseTTan dado
`xelSekruleba megobrobisa da Zmobis Sesaxeb (`moskovis xelSekruleba~).
formalurad TurqeTsa da ruseTs saerTo sazRvari ar hqondaT: maT Soris
saqarTvelo iyo, romlis damoukidebloba iqamde orive qveyanam aRiara. magram
realurad saqarTvelo ruseTs ukve dapyrobili hqonda da am xelSekrulebiT
(romlis muxlebi imave 1921 wlis 13 noembers gameorda `yarsis xelSekrule-
baSi~: is adre ganvixileT) man daadgina saqarTvelos (agreTve – somxeTis, ro-
melic TurqeTma 1920 wels daamarcxa) sazRvrebi TurqeTTan. am ukanasknelma
SeierTa im teritoriis didi nawili, romelsac 1878 wlamde osmaleTis imperia
flobda (garda baTumisa da aWarisa).
1923 wlis 24 ivliss q. lozanaSi daido xelSekruleba erT mxares TurqeTsa
da meore mxares – did britaneTs, safrangeTs, italias, iaponias, saberZneTs,
rumineTs da iugoslavias Soris, romlis ZaliTac TurqeTs daumkvidrda is
teritoria, romelic axlac mis SemadgenlobaSia (1939 wels mas damatebiT
SeuerTda aleqsandretas sanjayi, igive haTais ili, 4,7 aTasi kv. km farTo-
biT). lozanis xelSekrulebiT TurqeTSi uqmdeboda kapitulaciebis reJimi,
xdeboda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTTan: iq mcxovrebi 400 aTasi Turqi da
TurqeTSi mosaxle 1,3 milioni berZeni (stambolSi mcxovreb berZenTa garda)
iZulebuli gaxades `gaecvalaT samSoblo~.
jer kidev osmaleTis imperiis xanaSi, 1915-1916 wlebSi, nawilobriv mas Se-
pirveli

mdegac aRmosavleT anatoliidan ganidevna an moikla qristiani (somxuri,

Tavi mexuTe

asiriuli) da iezidi mosaxleoba. TurqeTis respublika sakmaod homogenuri

(erTgvarovani) gaxda eTnokulturuli (ufro religiuri, vidre eTnikuri)
TvalsazrisiT. imperiis adgili daikava erovnulma saxelmwifom.
1936 wlis 20 ivliss daido dRemde moqmedi montrios konvencia, romelic
aregulirebs Savi zRvis sruteebis – bosforis, dardanelis da maT Soris
mdebare marmarilos zRvis – statuss. sruteebi TurqeTis suverenitetis
qveSaa, magram Riaa yvela qveynis savaWro gemebisaTvis mSvidobian an saomar
viTarebaSi (Tu TurqeTi araa omis monawile). isini Riaa Savi zRvis qveynebis
samxedro flotebisTvisac. ucxo qveynebis samxedro xomaldebis Sesvla ki
SezRudulia tonaJiTa da drois xangrZlivobiT. saomar viTarebaSi TurqeTs
Tavisi suverenitetis ganxorcieleba ufro mkacrad SeuZlia.

aTaTurqis reformebi
TurqeTis respublikis pirveli prezidenti 1923 wels gaxda mustafa qemali,
romelmac 1935 wels dairqva qemal aTaTurqi (TurqTa mama). gardacvalebam-
de (1938) is avtokratiuli meTodebiT marTavda qveyanas da atarebda mraval
reformas, romlebic mowodebuli iyo garegnulad daemsgavsebina TurqeTi
evropuli saxelmwifosTvis, magaliTad, is eswrafvoda qalTa uflebebis ga-
farToebas, akrZala ara marto Cadris, aramed muslimi qalisaTvis aucile-
beli Tavsafris tarebac ki. magram dasavluri demokratiuli faseulobebis
danergva imdroindel Turqul sazogadoebaSi aTaTurqs ar SeeZlo. yvelaze
radikaluri mis reformebSi iyo sekularizmis damkvidreba, ris garantadac
TurqeTis armia iqca. radgan Turquli burJuazia mcirericxovani iyo, saxel-

294
mwifom Tavis Tavze aiRo ekonomikis, ZiriTadad mrewvelobisa da infrastru-
qturis, ganviTareba. TurqeTSi Camoyalibda saxelwifo kapitalizmis sistema.
aTaTurqis lozungi `mSvidoba qveyanaSi, mSvidoba msoflioSi~ upirvelesad
imas niSnavda, rom TurqeTs Tavi unda aeridebina sagareo politikuri avan-
tiurebisaTvis. marTlac, qveyanam moaxerxa, rom ar mieRo raime monawileoba
II msoflio omis sabrZolo moqmedebebSi da mxolod 1945 wlis 23 Tebervals ga-
moucxada omi praqtikulad damarcxebul germanias. amis gamo is gamarjvebuli
qveynis statusiT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli
gaxda.

TurqeTi II msoflio omis Semdeg

II msoflio omis Semdeg TurqeTi gadaurCa oms sabWoTa kavSirTan, romelsac

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

stalini gegmavda: misi realuri mizani Savi zRvis sruteebis daufleba iyo.
aseTi seriozuli safrTxis gamo TurqeTis sagareo politika neitraluridan
mkveTrad prodasavluri mimarTulebiT Seicvala. 1947 wels amerikis prezi-
dentma hari trumenma gamoucxada sruli mxardaWera (`trumenis doqtrina~)
TurqeTs, saberZneTs da irans (or ukanasknelsac emuqreboda sabWoTa agresia).
1952 wels TurqeTi nato-Si miiRes da mis teritoriaze ganlagda amerikuli
samxedro bazebi, sadac 1963 wlamde atomur iaraRsac inaxavdnen. ameriku-
li `marSalis gegmiT~ TurqeTma seriozuli ekonomikuri daxmareba miiRo.
TurqeTSi dasavluri demokratiis danergva daiwyo, rac gamoixata 1946 wels
mravalpartiulobis SemoRebiT, maSin roca iqamde qveyanaSi iyo erTaderTi
mmarTveli – saxalxo-respublikuri partia.
1950 wels pirvelad Catarda mravalpartiuli arCevnebi, romelic opozi-
ciuri demokratiuli partiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. aTi wlis Semdeg am par-
tiis mTavroba daamxo TurqeTis armiam, romelmac miiCnia, rom igi Ralatobs
aTaTurqis sekularizmis principebs.
imave sababiT TurqeTis generalitetma kidev samjer (1971, 1980 da 1997 wleb-
Si) aiZula mTavroba gadamdgariyo. Tumca armia sakmaod male ukan abrunebda
samoqalaqo xelisuflebas.
1963 wlidan TurqeTi evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis (amJamad – evropis
kavSiris) asocirebuli wevria, xolo 1987 wlidan ganacxadi aqvs Setanili evro-
pis kavSiris sruluflebian wevrobaze, rac dRemde daukmayofilebeli rCeba,
radgan evrokavSiris wamyvani qveynebis xelmZRvanelTa azriT, TurqeTi ver
akmayofilebs am gaerTianebis ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri, samarT-
lebrivi moTxovnebis (e.w `kopenhagenis kriteriumebis~) sagrZnob nawils. si-
namdvileSi ki evropis zogierT did qveyanaSi (upirvelesad, germaniasa da
safrangeTSi) TurqeTs ar miiCneven evropis nawilad.
1980-iani wlebidan TurqeTSi xorcieldeba mniSvnelovani socialur-ekono-
mikuri reformebi. qveyana ekonomikurad gaixsna gare samyarosaTvis, daCqarda
msoflio ekonomikaSi misi integracia. saxelmwifo kapitalizmze saboloo uaris
Tqmam da sabazro ekonomikis stimulirebam ramdenime aTwleulSi moitana Sedegi
mravalricxovani saSualo klasis Seqmnis saxiT, romelsac ukve SeuZlia qveynis
politikaze gavlenis moxdena. qveyanaSi praqtikulad Seqmnilia samoqalaqo

295
 sazogadoeba. misi ekonomikuri winsvli-
saTvis ZiriTadi faqtori aRmoCnda swori damatebiTi cnoba
ekonomikuri politika, biznesisaTvis Se-
axalgazrda Turquli respub­
qmnili xelsayreli samarTlebrivi garemo.
likisaTvis erT­erT mniS­
TurqeTs aqvs axlo aRmosavleTSi yve-
vnelovan problemas warmoad­
laze diversificirebuli ekonomika. 2011
genda qalTa mdgomareobis
wels Tavisi mTliani Sida produqtis
gaumjobeseba da maTi CarTva
moculobiT TurqeTi me-16 adgilze iyo
qveynis sazogadoebriv cxov­
msoflios qveynebs Soris, evropaSi me-7,
rebaSi. jer kidev osmaluri
xolo aziaSi – me-5 adgilze.
periodis miwuruls qalebisa­
2002 wlidan qveyanas saTaveSi udgas
Tvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda saSu­
`samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis par-
alo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
tia~. is `zomierad islamisturia~ da eyrd-
miReba. magram qalebs dasaqme­
noba anatoliis saSualo klasebs, romle-
bis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba
bisTvisac islami mama-papaTa religiaa;
hqondaT. [respublikis xanaSi]
isini qemalistur sekularizacias adrec
mdgomareoba TandaTanobiT
almacerad uyurebdnen, Tumca arc isla-
gaumjobesda da 1930 wels qa­
mur fundamentalizms uWeren mxars.
lebsa adgilobriv, xolo 1934
`civi omis~ damTavrebam da umTavresi
wels saparlamento arCevnebSi
safrTxis, sabWoTa kavSiris, politikuri
monawileobis ufleba mianiWes.
pirveli

rukidan gaqrobam, TurqeTs unikaluri

Tavi mexuTe

Sansi misca, dabruneboda regionuli li- qalTa sakiTxs did yuradRebas

deris rols. is didi qveyanaa farTobiTac aqcevda evropeizaciis mosurne
(783, 6 aTasi kv. km) da mosaxleobiTac (78 qemal aTaTurqi. 1925 wels
milioni 2010 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT) erT­erTi gamosvlisas man aR­
1992 wlidan TurqeTma daiwyo Tavisi niSna:
samomxmareblo saqonliTa da sursaTiT
„eWvgareSea, rom progresuli
samxreT kavkasiis, centraluri aziis, ru-
nabijebi mxolod erTad, orive
seTisa da ukrainis bazrebis aTviseba. amis
sqesis warmomadgenlebis Tanam­
Sedegad, magaliTad, swrafad ganviTarda
SromlobiT, unda gadaidgas.
saqarTvelos mimdebare, adre periferiuli
reformebic marto am
da CamorCenili, axla ki satranzito zonad
SemTxvevaSi iqneba warmatebu­
qceuli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi.
li. xSirad minaxavs, mamakacis
bolo periodSi xdeba TurqeTis mTeli
TandaswrebiT rogor malaven
sagareo politikis gadaxaliseba, romlis
saxes an Tavdaxrilad sxedan
mizania Tavisi sazRvrebis perimetrze `me-
Cveni qalebi... gana dasaSvebia
gobruli saxelmwifoebis rkalis~ Seqmna.
civilizebulma erma Tavisi
TurqeTis sagareo politikis lozungad
dedebi da qaliSvilebi aseT
iqca `nulovani problemebi mezobleb-
dReSi Caagdos. es eris sircx­
Tan~. moxda urTierTobaTa normalizacia
vilia da viTareba saswrafod
bulgareTTan, saberZneTTan, iranTan, sa-
unda Seicvalos.
qarTvelosTan da arabul qveynebTan.
TurqeTi Tanamedrove saxelmwifod da
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mniSvnelo-
van wevrad iqca.
296
 wyaro 1

`2002 wlis miwuruls 20 wlis axalgazrda qali, romelic holandiis erT patara
provinciul qalaqSi gaizarda da iqve cxovrobs, londonSi airCies `mis msofliod~.
magram is konkursSi monawileobda ara holandiis, aramed TurqeTis saxeliT, saida­
nac misi mSoblebi iyvnen, qveynisa, romelsac im dros ukve marTavda islamisturi
partia. Znelia moinaxos ufro niSandoblivi movlena, romelic ukeT gamoxatavs
TurqeTis orazrovan mdgomareobas msoflioSi. is evropis nawilia, magram amave
dros mis gareTaa; is islamuri samyaros nawilia, magram ar hgavs arc erT islamur
qveyanas.~

e. ziurCeri, TurqeTi, axali istoria

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

mis msoflio­2002
TurqeTis droSiT xelSi

wyaro 2

`prezidenti giuli [mmarTveli partiidan], romlis meuRlec pirveli iyo, vinc

saprezidento sasaxleSi [muslimuri] TavsaburaviT Sevida, frTxili da zomieri na­
bijebiT gamoCnda sazogadoebriv scenaze, rom gaeqarwylebina samxedroebis SiSi da
daedasturebina Tavisi erTguleba sekularizmisadmi, romelsac igi gansazRvravs
ara rogorc saxelmwifos dominirebas religiaze, aramed rogorc saxelmwifos neit­
ralur damokidebulebas religiuri sakiTxebis mimarT.~

g. fuleri, TurqeTis axali respublika

297
 klasSi samuSao

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs sevris zavi, moskovisa da lozanis xelSekrulebebi.

gansazRvreT TiToeuli maTganis mniSvneloba TurqeTisaTvis.
2. imsjeleT montrios konvenciis Sesaxeb.
3. teqstisa da damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT daaxasiaTeT qalTa mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebebi TurqeTSi.
4. ra safrTxe emuqreboda TurqeTs II msoflio omis Semdeg da ram Seuwyo
xeli am problemis mogvarebas?
5. teqstisa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT imsjeleT TurqeTis gansakuTrebuli
adgilis Sesaxeb dRevandel msoflioSi.
6. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeT `samarTlianobisa da gan-
viTarebis partia~.

saSinao davaleba
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

1. dawereT Tema `TurqeTis rTuli gza evropisaken~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1923 – lozanis xelSekruleba

1923, 23 oqtomberi –TurqeTis

1920 respublikis Seqmna
sevris 1963 –TurqeTis asocirebuli
xelSekruleba wevroba evropis ekono­
1936 – montrios kon­ mikur gaerTianebaSi
venciis miReba

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1950
pirveli mravalpartiu­
2002
li arCevnebi
`samarTlianobisa da ganviTa­
rebis partiis~ mosvla xeli­
1952 suflebis saTaveSi
TurqeTis Sesvla natoSi

298
55. iranis islamuri respublika

monarqia iranSi
irani msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze
leqsikoni
xangrZlivi saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis
mqone da didi kulturis matarebeli qve- r aiaTola – umaRlesi sasu-
yanaa. saukuneTa manZilze iranSi sxvadasx- liero piri islamis Siitur
va dinastia cvlida erTmaneTs. XVI sauku- mimdinareobaSi.
nidan iranSi gabatonda sefianTa dinastia.

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

swored am dros gaxda Siizmi qveynis saxelmwifo religia da amgvarad irani
TiTqos gaemijna danarCen muslimur samyaros, sadac sunitebi warmoadgendnen
umravlesobas. sefianTa dinastiis dacemisa da SinaaSlilobis periodis Semdeg,
XVIII saukunis miwuruls, xelisuflebis saTaveSi yajarTa dinastia movida. XIX
saukuneSi gaizarda didi imperiebis (upirvelesad didi britaneTisa da ru-
seTis. irani orjer damarcxda ruseTTan omebSi) daintereseba iraniT da maT
qveyana faqtobrivad naxevradkoloniad aqcies.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi irani uaRresad dasustebuli qveyana iyo, calkeuli
provinciebi da tomebi TiTqmis sruli damoukideblobiT sargeblobdnen. am
periodSi iwyeba axali liberaluri ideebis gavrceleba qveyenaSi.1905-1911

Sahis sawinaaRmdego demonstracia iranis dedaqalaq TeiranSi

299
 wlebSi iranSi mimdinareobda e.w. `konsti-
tuciuri revolucia~, romlis Sedegadac
qveyanaSi damyarda konstituciuri mo-
narqia. male, 1925 wels, yovelgvar Zalas
moklebul yajarTa dinastias Caenacvla
fahlavianTa dinastia, romlis damaarse-
belic oficeri reza xani (Semdgom reza
Sahi) gaxda.
reza Sahma (1925-1941) qveyanaSi mkacri
avtoritaruli reJimi daamyara da imav-
droulad Seecada iranis modernizebas
(gaaumjobesa qveynis infrastruqtura,
Caatara ganaTlebis, sasamarTlo siste-
mis da a.S. reformebi, gaaZliera jari da
sxv.). Tumca, II msoflio omis dasawyisSi
sabWoTa kavSirma da didma britaneTma,
romelTa jarebmac qveynis okupacia moax-
dines, aiZules reza Sahi gadamdgariyo.
mis nacvlad taxtze avida misi vaJi moha-
mad reza Sahi (1941-1979).
pirveli
XX saukunis dasawyisSi iranSi aRmoCnda
Tavi mexuTe
navTobi. male ingliselebma iranSi Seqm-
nes navTobis mrewveloba. isini mTlianad
akontrolebdnen qveyanaSi navTobis war-
moebas, irans ki navTobidan miRebuli mo-
gebis mxolod mcire nawili rCeboda.
1950-iani wlebis miwuruls, arCevnebis
Sedegad, premier-ministri gaxda doqtori
mosadeyi, romelmac miznad daisaxa ira-
nis sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena. am
mizniT man CamoarTva navTobrewveloba
britanelebs da gamoacxada misi nacio-
nalizacia, anu saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi
gadasvla. mohamad reza Sahs am viTare-
baSi TiTqmis mTlianad dakarguli hqon-
da Zalaufleba. britanelebi uaRresad
ganarisxa mosadeyis qmedebam, maT mxarSi
amoudgnen amerikelebic da swored aSS-
is centralurma sadazvervo sammarTve-
lom dagegma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba
iranSi, romelic 1953 wels mosadeyis da-
mxobiTa da Sahis xelisuflebis aRdgeniT
dasrulda. swored am periodidan iRebs
saTaves antiamerikuli ganwyoba iranSi.
sagulisxmoa, rom manamde aSS iranis mo-
300
wyaro 1
Sahis gamosvlidan radioTi
revoluciis dReebSi:
`me bevri Secdoma momivida...
magram me kargad momesma Tqve­
ni revoluciis xma. me mesmis,
rom movlenaTa mdinareba
unda Seicvalos. amieridan me
valdebulebas viReb, davicva
konstitucia. me vTxov jareb­
is generaluri Stabis ufross
xanmokle vadiT droebiTi
mTavrobis Seqmnas. am mTav­
robam unda aRadginos wesrigi
da SesaZlebeli gaxados samo­
qalaqo mTavrobis Seqmna~
wyaro 2
aiaTola xomeinis gamonaTq-
vamebidan:
`sasuliero pirebis xelisuf­
leba muslimTaTvis RvTisgan
boZebuli saCuqaria.~ `kon­
stituciis saukeTeso princips
warmoadgens sasuliero wode­
bis xelisufleba.~ `xalxs ar
SeuZlia win iaros winamZRo­
lis gareSe.~ `varwmuneb
mTlianad xalxs, mTlianad
SeiaraRebul Zalebs, rom Tu
islamuri saxelmwifos mma­
rTvelobis sadaveebi sasulie­
ro pirTa xelSi iqneba, qveyanas
ar miadgeba aranairi ziani.~
`sasuliero wodebis xelisuf­
leba diqtaturis sapirwonea.
Tu ar iarsebebs sasuliero
pirTa xelisufleba, maSin war­
moiqmneba diqtatura.~
saxleobaSi, rogorc yofili kolonia da
`antiimperialisturi~ qveyana, didi sim-
paTiebiT sargeblobda. mosadeysac, didi
britaneTTan dapirispirebis dros, aSS-is
mxardaWeris imedi hqonda.
Sahma mkacri avtoritaruli reJimi
daamyara, magram amasTanave navTobidan
miRebuli Semosavali irans gaezarda da
msoflioSi navTobze moTxovnebis zrdis
pirobebSi qveyanam uzarmazari mogeba
miiRo. Sahma mniSvnelovani reformebi Ca-
atara, magram navTobidan miRebuli Semo-

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

savlebis did nawils mainc samxedro Seia-
raRebis Sesyidvas axmarda. amis Sedegad,
iranis armia ukiduresad gaZlierda,
Tumca mosaxleobis cxovrebis done mniS-
vnelovnad ar gaumjobesebula. irani da-
savleTis erTgul mokavSiredac gadaiqca.
xomeinis dabruneba iranSi

islamuri revolucia

Sahi yovelmxriv aviwroebda opozicias,

apatimrebda reJimis yvelaze aqtiur mowi-
naaRmdegeebs, Tumca es RonisZiebebi mainc
ar gamodga sakmarisi misi xelisuflebis wyaro 3
SenarCunebisaTvis da 1978 wlidan iranSi
revoluciuri procesebi daiwyo. es pro- revoluciis SEemdeg saskolo

cesebi swored Sahis winaaRmdeg iyo mimar- saxelmZRvaneloebidan amoiRes

Tuli. monarqiisa da saero gmirebis

iranis opozicia ar iyo erTiani da sxva- dadebiT konteqstSi mox­

dasxva jgufsa Tu partias gansxvavebuli senieba. praqtikulad aikrZala

miznebi hqonda. Tumca, maT Soris Tavisi evropuli sakuTari saxelebis

ZaliT gamoiyofoda Siituri religiuri gamoyeneba. sazogadoebrivi

mimarTuleba. mis amgvar siZlieres bevri adgilebidan waSales monar­

mizezi ganapirobebda: sasuliero pire- qebis nebismieri saxiT xseneba.

bi farTo mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen isfahanSi sefianTa dros

morwmune mosaxleobaSi; es fena Zlieri aSenebul Sahis cnobil meCeTs

iyo finansurad, vinaidan mosaxleobis imamis meCeTi ewoda. qalaqebs

mniSvnelovani nawili praqtikulad neba- daubrundaT Zveli saxelebi; ma­

yoflobiT ixdida religiur gadasaxads; galiTad, fahlavis isev ewoda

mas hyavda gamorCeuli lideri – aiaTola enzeli, rezaies – urmia, Sahis

xomeini. – aliabadi.

aiaTola xomeini Sahis winaaRmdeg mo- i. riSari, irani, islamuri

ZraobaSi 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Cae- respublikis dabadeba
ba. Sahma is jer daapatimra, xolo Semdeg
301
 gaaZeva qveynidan (is xangrZlivi drois manZilze cxovrobda eraySi, xolo
1979 wels, iranSi dabrunebamde, ramdenime Tve – parizis gareubanSi). xomeinis
ucxoeTidan wlebis manZilze mWidro kavSirebi hqonda Tavis iranel momxree-
bTan. iranSi vrceldeboda misi Txzulebebi da audioCanawerebi.
demonstraciebi iranSi sul ufro da ufro masobriv xasiaTs iRebda. Sahi
cdilobda sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas da qveyanaSi wesrigis aRdge-
nas, magram amaod. demonstraciebis dros sul ufro xSirad gaismoda SeZaxile-
bi: `sikvdili Sahs!~ da `gaumarjos xomeinis!~ am pirobebSi, 1979 wlis dasawyisSi
Sahma qveyana datova, TebervalSi ki iranSi sazeimod dabrunda xomeini. mas
milionobiT adamiani Seegeba. iranSi revoluciam gaimarjva da amgvarad das-
rulda iranSi 2500 wliani monarqiis istoria.

islamuri respublika
xomeinim jer kidev eraySi yofnis dros Camoayaliba mosazreba umaRlesi
sasuliero piris mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. iranSi dabrunebis Semdeg ki is Seud-
ga sakuTari ideebis ganxorcielebas. marTlac, 1979 wlis aprilSi iranis mo-
saxleobam referendumze moiwona xomeinis mier SemoTavazebuli idea islamuri
respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. amgvarad Seiqmna iranis islamuri respublika.
revoluciaSi mravali, sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobis Zala monawileobda da
bevri maTgani sulac ar emxroboda islamuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis ideas.
pirveli

Tumca, xomeinis momxreebma TandaTanobiT SeZles yvela mowinaaRmdegis ganad-

Tavi mexuTe

gureba da mTeli Zalauflebis xelSi aReba. garda imisa, rom xomeini qveynis
uzenaesi mmarTveli iyo, sasuliero fenam moaxerxa sakuTari kontrolis dam-
yareba qveynis politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismier sferoze.
iranis islamuri respublikis konstitucia, erTi mxriv, eyrdnoba dasavlur
konstituciur ideebs, meore mxriv ki – Siitur mrwamss, romelic misadagebu-
lia sasuliero fenis interesebTan.
qveynis uzenaesi winamZRoli – rahbari aris sasuliero piri, romelsac
samudamod irCevs umaRles sasuliero pirTa mcire jgufi. rahbars emorCi-
leba qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, is niSnavs qveynis mTavarsardals. qveynis
meTaurad iTvleba sayovelTao arCevnebis safuZvelze 4 wliT arCeuli prezi-
denti, romlis xelisufleba, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SezRudulia. iranis
umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos warmoadgens mejlisi – parlamenti, romlis
makontrolebeli organo, Tavis mxriv, islamuri zedamxedvelobis sabWoa. am
ukanasknelma unda Seamowmos parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis Sesatyviso-
ba islamis normebTan da, Sesabamisad, daamtkicos an ar daamtkicos kanonebi.
xomeinis lozungi gaxda `arc dasavleTi (igulisxmeba aSS da dasavleT evro-
pa), arc aRmosavleTi (igulisxmeba im dros arsebuli sabWoTa kavSiri), aramed
islami~. axali reJimi upirvelesad aSS-s daupirispirda. 1979 wlis miwuruls
radikalurad ganwyobilma studentebma mZevlebad aiyvanes iranSi aSS-is
saelCos TanamSromlebi. isini 444 dRis manZilze iyvnen tyveobaSi. amis Semdeg
diplomatiuri urTierTobebi iransa da SeerTebul Statebsa Soris gawyda,
axladSeqmnil islamur respublikas ki metad Seelaxa saxeli saerTaSoriso
asparezze.

302
 1981-1989 wlebSi irans mouwia omi eray-
Tan. am or qveyanas Soris daZabuloba ma-
namdec arsebobda, romelic SeiaraRebul
konfliqtSic gadazrdila. uTanxmoebis
mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda ori qvey-
nis sasazRvro nawilSAi mdebare navTob-
sadoebis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. erayi uk-
mayofilo iyo arsebuli sazRvrebiT da
omis wamowyebiT Seecada maT gadasinjvas.
es xangrZlivi da sisxliani omi orive qvey-
nisaTvis uSedegod dasrulda – aRdga maT
Soris omamde arsebuli sazRvrebi.

saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebi

xomeini 1989 wels gardaicvala da misi
memkvidre gaxda ali xamenei. xomeinis Se-
mdgomi xana iranis istoriaSi xasiaTdeba
isfahani. imamis (yofilis Sahis) meCeTi
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis SedarebiTi
liberalizaciiT, Tumca irans isev daZa-
buli urTierTobebi aqvs dasavleTTan da
upirvelesad aSS-Tan.

klasSi samuSao

1. ra mniSvneloba hqonda iranisaTvis navTobmrewvelobis nacionalizacias?

2. SeafaseT Sahis mimarTva iraneli xalxisadmi (wyaro 1). Tqveni azriT, ratom
ar iqonia aranairi gavlena am mimarTvam mosaxleobaze?
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs ori movlena: 1953 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da
1979-80 wlebis `mZevlebis istoria~.
4. ram ganapiroba sasuliero pirTa Zliereba?
5. imsjeleT wyaro 3-is Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, ra miznebi edo safuZvlad
wyaroSi aRniSnul cvlilebebs?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema iranis islamuri respublikis mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxeb.

303
 VI sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

56. dasavluri sazogadoeba

da kultura XX saukuneSi

industrializaciisa da, zogadad, mo- leqsikoni

dernizaciis zegavleniT, XX saukuneSi in-
tensiuri gaxda XIX saukunis ukanasknel r sayovelTao keTildReobis

aTwleulebSi dawyebuli `masebis sazoga- sazogadoeba – am terminiT

doebis~ Camoyalibebis procesi. `masebi~,
upirveles yovlisa, rogorc socialurad
darTgunuli sazogadoebis qveda fenebi,
ise rogorc qalebi, aqtiurad erTvebian
politikur cxovrebaSi da zemoqmedeben
marTvisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis saxe-
lisuflebo procesebze, iwyeben brZolas
individualur TavisuflebaTa, socialu-
ri daculobisa Tu Tanasworuflebiano-
bis mosapoveblad.
`masebis sazogadoebis~ ganviTarebi-
Tavi meeqvse
aRiniSneba sazogadoeba,
romelSic daZleulia Sim-
Sili da siRatake, rogorc
masobrivi movlena da sadac
suladobrivi Semosavali
aSkarad aWarbebs saarsebo
minimums. sazogadoebis ke-
TildReobis xarisxi gani-
sazRvreba mis wevrTa msyid-
velobiTi unariT da samomx-
mareblo SesaZleblobebiT,
rasac uzrunvelyofs sruli

saTvis ganmsazRvrelia is, rom ama Tu dasaqmeba da socialuri

im uflebebsa da socialur garantiebs dacva.
moklebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi brZolas warmarTaven ara individualurad, aramed `maso-
brivad~, erTiandebian ra politikur da sazogadoebriv kavSirebSi, rogoricaa
politikuri partiebi Tu muSaTa moZraoba. amdenad, axali drois sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis am stadias zogjer `organizebul modernsac~ (sityva `moderni-
zaciidan~) uwodeben.
dasavleTSi es brZola, marTalia sxvadasxva dros, magram uklebliv yvelgan,
gamarjvebiT dasrulda, riTac axali drois miswrafebaTagan kidev erTi mizani
– sayovelTao Tanasworobis damyareba da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmna
dasavleTis civilizaciur sivrceSi, ganxorcielebad amocanad warmoCnda.
masebis sazogadoebrivad da politikurad gaaqtiurebas mniSvnelovan eko-
nomikur ZvrebTan erTad (msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi) saxelmwifos sapa-
suxo gaaqtiureba mohyva. Sedegad yalibdeba `intervenciuli da socialuri
saxelmwifo~. XX saukuneSi saxelmwifo iZulebuli xdeba gansakuTrebiT inten-
siurad Caerios socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebis marTvaSi,
itvirTos sakuTari moqalaqeebis keTildReobaze zrunvisa da maTi socialuri
dacvis valdebuleba.
`masebis sazogadoebis~ ganviTarebasTan erTad, XX saukuneSi yalibdeba da
viTardeba axali tipis sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri, po-
litikuri da kulturuli organizebisa da monawileobis formebi, rogoricaa
masobrivi moxmareba, masobrivi komunikacia (maT Soris, mas media), masobrivi
politika Tu masobrivi kultura.
304
 Tuki Tavdapirvelad modernizacia wminda dasavluri movlena iyo, XX sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi, upirveles yovlisa, komunikaciebis saSualebaTa revolu-
ciuri ganviTarebis wyalobiT (satransporto saSualebebis, mag., TviTmavali
etlidan (avtomobilidan) TviTmfrinavamde; informaciis gavrcelebis eleq-
tronuli saSualebis ganviTareba telegrafidan internetamde), es dasavlu-
ri modeli sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva xarisxiT msoflios yvela mxareSi
gavrcelda da damkvidrda. amdenad, XX s-Si sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis am
etaps `informaciul sazogadoebasac~ uwodeben.

sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

samecniero-teqnikuri progresi. meore industriuli
revolucia da masobrivi samomxmareblo sazogadoeba
XIX s-is ukanasknel aTwleulebSi industrializaciis procesi evropasa da
SeerTebul StatebSi meore fazaSi Sevida, rac dakavSirebuli iyo energiis
axali wyaroebis aRmoCenasa (upirveles yovlisa, eleqtroenergiis) da, zoga-
dad, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa miRwevebis Sedegad Seqmnili teqnikis
danergvasTan industriul warmoebaSi. dasrulda orTqlis manqanis epoqa
mrewvelobaSi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi axali revoluciuri teqnologiis –

wyaro 1

henri fordi axali meTodebis Sesaxeb avtoindustriaSi (1922):

9
`1913 wlis oqtomberSi Zravis awyobas sWirdeboda 9 10 saaTi; eqvsi Tvis Semdeg kon­
veieruli sistemis wyalobiT es dro 5 14
15 saaTamde Semcirda. Cvens fabrikaSi samuSaos

yoveli etapi moZravia, an ... jaWvebiT srialebs zusti, mkacri TanmimdevrobiT samon­
taJosken... an migoravs...

aseve iyo [detalis] montaJisas... adre mis awyobaze 28 kaci muSaobda. cxrasaaTiani
samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi isini 175 aseT detals awyobdnen, anu TiToeulis awyo­
bas 3 wuTsa da 5 wams andomebdnen... ostatma gamoTvala, rom aqedan 4 saaTi masalis
mosatanad muSebis aqeT­iqiT siarulsa da damzadebuli detalis gverdze gadade­
baSi ixarjeboda. mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi yovel muSas xelis 8 sxvadasxva
moZraobis gakeTeba uxdeboda... dRes ukve [konveieris danergvis Semdeg] Svidi kaci
rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi dReSi 26000 detals gamoimuSavebs.

Cveni taqtika gamiznulia fasebis Semcirebaze, produqtiulobis amaRlebaze da

saqonlis [xarisxobriv] srulyofaze... Cven, upirveles yovlisa, fass vamcirebT,
radgan safuZveli gvaqvs vimedovnoT, rom SevZlebT gasaRebis odenobis gazrdas...

minimaluri xuTdolariani saxelfaso zRvris SemoReba 8 saaTiani samuSao DdRi­

saTvis erT­erTi yvelaze Wkvianuri nabiji iyo fasebis Semcirebis politikaSi,
romelic odesme gadagvidgams...

raRa saWiroa amdeni laparaki `samuSao Zalis gaiafebaze~, xelfasis Semcirebis

momgebianobaze – es xom momxmareblis msyidvelobiTi unaris daqveiTebisa da Sida
bazris Semcirebis tolfasi iqneboda...~

305
 konveieris amoqmedebam SesaZlebeli gaxada meti produqciis warmoeba da misi
gaiafeba, Sesabamisad, nawarmi xelmisawvdomi gaxda farTo masebisaTvis. garda-
texas sawarmoo procesSi socialuri Zvrebi, kerZod, masobrivi samomxmareblo
sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba mohyva. am TvalsazrisiT pirveloba industriul
qveynebs Soris SeerTebul Statebs ekuTvnis. pirvelad swored amerikelTa
yofaSi Cndeba samecniero-teqnikuri progresis miRwevaTa warmoebaSi daner-
gvis `sikeTeebi~, rogoricaa eleqtroxelsawyoebi – mtversasruti, uTo, ma-
civari da sxv. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi – aTwleulSi, romelsac aSS-is isto-
riaSi `ayvavebis xana~ ewodeba, SeerTebuli Statebi masobrivi `samomxmareblo
cieb-cxelebiT~ iyo Sepyrobili. konveiruli sistemis warmatebis magaliTad
yvelaze xSirad henri fordis `T-fordis~ magaliTi mohyavT. 1909-1927 wlebis
ganmavlobaSi fordis qarxanam 15 milioni aseTi manqana gamouSva (am models
amerikelebma siyvaruliT `Tunuqis lizi~ Searqves), romelic kacobriobis
istoriaSi pirvel masobriv avtomobilad iqca. 1929 wlisaTvis yoveli mexuTe
amerikeli avtomobilis mflobeli gaxda.
samomxmareblo cieb-cxelebas `axurebda~ kidev erTi teqnikuri da masmediis
siaxle – radios saSualebiT gavrcelebuli saqonlis reklama.
magram samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebis mrewvelobaSi danergvas XIX s-is
bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi Tavisi `bneli mxarec~ hqonda, kerZod, am miRwe-
vebis gamoyeneba samxedro mrewvelobaSi. magaliTad, am periodSi swrafad
ganviTarebadi qimiuri mrewvelobis `warmatebis~ Sedegi iyo `masobrivi ganad-
Tavi meeqvse

gurebis~ iaraRis – momwamvleli gazis Seqmnac, romelic pirvelad gamoiyenes

germanelebma I msoflio omSi.

masebis sazogadoeba da masobrivi kultura

1900 wels erT-erTma evropulma ilustrirebulma gazeTma mimarTa mkiT-
xvelebs gasuli saukunis Sefasebis TxovniT, romelsac aTasobiT adamiani
gamoexmaura. umetesobam XIX saukunes `aRmoCenebis saukune~ uwoda, xolo
kacobriobis winaSe yvelaze did damsaxurebad antiseptikur saSualebaTa
aRmoCena daasaxela.
sazogadoebis farTo masebi samec-
niero-teqnikuri winsvlisadmi, upirve-
les yovlisa, samomxmareblo interess
avlenen.
samecniero-teqnikurma progresma
revoluciurad Secvala ara mxolod
adamianebis yofa, aramed zogadad sazo-
gadoebis kultura. XX saukunis pirvel
aTaswleulebSi dasavleTis qveynebSi
yalibdeba axali `masobrivi kultura~.
es siaxlec SeerTebul StatebSi iSva.
Carli Caplini filmSi `axali droeba~. `masobrivi kulturis~ mTavar maxasia-
es filmi iqca axali epoqis – masobrivi Teblad, rogorc wesi, kinos gamoarCe-
warmoebisa da masobrivi samomxmareblo
ven xolme.
sazogadoebis – simbolur saxed.
306
 XX s-is pirvel aTwleulebSi kinofilmi mkvidrdeba, rogorc manamde arnaxu-
lad popularuli masmediis, garTobisa da dasvenebis saSualeba.
kino masobriv sanaxaobad iqca. kinoTeatris garemo burJuaziul dramatul
Tu saopero TeatrebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro `demokratiuli~, sazo-
gadoebis dabali fenebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.
amasTanave, kino msxvil industriad Camoyalibda, romlis yvelaze metyveli
magaliTic holivudia - `ocnebaTa fabrika~.
filmi, rogorc Zlieri zemoqmedebis Zalis mqone masobrivi mediumi, XX s-is
20-30-ian wlebSi gamoiyeneboda agreTve, upirveles yovlisa, totalitaruli

sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

reJimebis mier politikuri propagandis instrumentad.
XX saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli daCqarda samecniero-teqnikuri
ganviTareba da masTan erTad Seiqmna masobrivi informaciis axali saSualebe-
bic (televizia, globaluri eleqtronuli qseli).

wyaro 2

filosofosi karl iaspersi (1883-1969) industriuli `masebis sazogadoebis~

niSnebis Sesaxeb:

`... 1800 wels dedamiwis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 850 milion adamians. dRes miliard
800 milions. mosaxleobis aqamde arnaxuli zrda mxolod erTi saukunis ganmavlo­
baSi, SesaZlebeli gaxda teqnikis SemweobiT. aRmoCenebma da gamogonebebma axali
safuZveli Seqmnes produqciis, sawarmoo procesis organizebis, Sromis efeqturobis
miRwevis meTodebis, satransporto saSualebebisa da maTi meSveobiT momaragebis,
cxovrebis mowesrigebis kanonisa da sando policiis wyalobiT, saqmiani wamowyeba
dagegmvisa da winaswari gaTvlisTvis.

Sendeba sawarmoebi, romlebic centralizebulad, gegmazomierad imarTeba, miuxeda­

vad imisa, rom iq aseul aTasobiT adamiani muSaobs...

es procesi uSualod ukavSirdeba qmedebis racionalizacias, roca gadawyvetileba

miiReba ara instinqturad, aramed codnasa da zust gaTvlebze dayrdnobiT da aseve
ukavSirdeba meqanizacias, roca Sroma danawilebuli da mkacrad reglamentire­
bulia...

Tuki uwin adamiani mxolod beds iyo mindobili, axla is momavals gegmavs...

Tumca, muSa bevr sferoSi iZulebulia Tavad gaxdes meqanizmis nawili. mosaxleobis
masebi ver uzrunvelyofen sakuTar arsebobas gigantur mwarmoebel aparatSi CarTu­
lobis gareSe, romlis muSaobaSic isini patara borblebis rols asruleben. am Tana­
monawileobisTvis gveZleva Cven uzrunvelyofa ise, rogorc arasdros kacobriobis
istoriaSi...

es monuri meurneoba ki araa, romelSic adamians, rogorc saqonels, ise eqcevian,

aramed adamianebis meurneobaa, sadac keTili nebiT maTi Tanamonawileoba mTlianis
funqcionirebas ganapirobebs.

am qmediTi aparatis politikuri struqtura moiTxovs demokratias nebismieri

formiT...~

307
 Turme, omsac SesZlebia progresis motana. samxedro teqnikis (radari, rake-
tebi `fau~, atomuri iaraRi da sxv.) srulyofam II msoflio omis dros, mSvi-
dobian xanaSi Tanamedrove samecniero-teqnikuri dargebis – eleqtronikis,
atomuri energetikis, kosmonavtikisa da sxv. ganviTarebis safuZveli moamzada.
magram samecnier-teqnikurma progresma, ukeTesi momavlis imedTan erTad,
civilizaciis mospobis SiSic aRZra. birTvuli iaraRis arseboba da indus-
trializaciiT gamowveuli ekologiuri problemebi am grZnobis gamomwvevi
mizezebia. samecniero teqnikuri revoluciisa da demokratiuli mTavrobebis
Tvisebrivad axali socialuri politikis wyalobiT, XX saukunis miwuruli-
saTvis cxovrebis done msoflios ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi imde-
nad gaumjobesda, rom Znelia Seadaro saukunis dasawyisisas. magram swored
dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi gamoCndnen Tanamedrove industriuli
sazogadoebis kritikosebi. maTi azriT, marTalia, industrializaciam misca
adamians komforti, magram ra fasad? industrilizaciam, warmoebis meqaniza-
ciam da standartizaciam sazogadoebis dehumanizacia gamoiwvia, daiTrguna
individualoba, warmoebis standartizacias mohyva yofis gaerTgvarovneba.
Tanamedrove `momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis~ saSualo moqalaqe moixmars
standartul tanisamoss, standartul sakveb produqtebs, aseve `masobriv
kulturas~ – industriuli sazogadoebis kidev erT standartul nayofs. sa-
Sualo moqalaqis `kulturuli kontaqtis~ ZiriTadi saSualeba televiziaa.
masobrivi informaciis es saSualeba ki mas `masobriv kulturas~ axvevs Tavs.
Tavi meeqvse

amdenad, industriuli sazogadoebis wevrTa keTildReoba da Tavisufleba

moCvenebiTia. maT umravlesobas gamomuSavebuli xelfasi mxolod da mxolod
sakuTari samuSao Zalis reabilitaciaze (aRdgena-ganaxlebaze) exarjeba.
industriuli sazogadoebis zogierTi socilur-politikuri xasiaTis
nakliT ukmayofileba dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi, 60-iani wlebis bolos, axal-
gazrdobis, inteleqtualebis, muSebis protestiT gamoixata. 70-iani wlebis
warmoebis recesiam (Sekvecam) da axalgazrdaTa Soris umuSevrobis zrdam
gaamZafra ukmayofileba. zogan es ganwyobileba ZaladobaSi, terorizmSi ga-
daizarda.
Tqven dainaxeT, rogor cdilobdnen sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebi ka-
cobriobis didi xnis ocnebasTan realobis daaxloebas, `maradiuli mSvidobis~,
`sayovelTao keTildReobis~ da `sayovelTao Tanasworobis~ damyarebas. magram
,maTi zrunvis miuxedavad, bevri mizani miuRweveli rCeba. dResac arsebobs
mSvidobis darRvevis safrTxe msoflioSi, adamiani yvelgan da yovelTvis ar
aris daculi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis xelyofisagan, samecniero-teqniku-
ri da socialuri progresis miuxedavad, keTildREoba ar gamxdara sayovelTao,
ar daZleula siRaribe.
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi `ukeTesi cxovrebis~ uzrunvelyofasan erTad, Cvens
Tanamedroveebs msoflios gadarCenaze, omebisgan, birTvuli Tu ekologiuri
katastrofebisagan xsnaze zrunvac uxdebaT.

308
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT fordis axal sawarmoo meTodebze.

2. rogor gesmiT sawarmoo procesis racionalizacia? daasaxeleT mizezebi,

sazogadoeba da msoflio
ris gamoc fords iafi produqciis warmoeba SeeZlo. ganmartEeT, ra kavSirs
xedavs fordi dabal fasebsa da maRal xelfass Soris. imsjeleT warmoebis
teqnikuri gaumjobesebisa da sawarmoo procesis racionalizaciis
gavlenaze zogadad sazogadoebriv procesebze.
3. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. gamoyaviT ZiriTadi debulebebi da daadgineT
maTi urTierTmimarTeba. iaspersis Tanaxmad, ram ganapiroba masebis
sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba? ra kavSirs xedavs igi industrializaciasa da
demokratizacias Soris?

kultura XIX
XX saukuneSi
masobriv samomxmareblo
sazogadoebaSi aRmocenebuli
xelovnebis mimdinareobis – pop­
artis nimuSi: amerikeli mxatvris,
endi vorholis (1928­1987) naxati

saSinao davaleba

1. paragrafis teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: `masobrivi

sazogadoeba da masobrivi kultura~ . yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, Tu ra
aris bevri analitikosisTvis miuRebeli am fenomenSi.

309
 57. sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi dasavleTis qveynebSi
XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi

leqsikoni

r isTebliSmenTi (ing.) – amerikuli sazogadoebis politikuri da biznes elita,

mmarTveli zedafena
r ernesto Ce gevara – `komandante Ce~ (1928-1967) Tavgadasavlis maZiebeli ar-
gentineli eqimi, imperializmis (upirveles yovlisa, SeerTebuli Statebis)
winaaRmdeg brZolis ideiT Sepyrobili komunisti revolucioneri. eswrafvoda
laTinuri amerikis, aseve aziisa da afrikis gaTavisuflebas. fidel kastros
TanamebrZoli. batistas reJimis damxobis Semdeg kubis erovnuli bankis direq-
tori. kastros mTavrobis ekonomikis ministri (1961-1965). surda gamxdariyo
sruliad laTinuri amerikis revoluciis lideri, piradad exelmZRvanela
brZolisaTvis. am survilma boliviaSi miiyvana, sadac aSS-is `centraluri sada-
zvervo sammarTvelos~ agentebis daxmarebiT Seipyres da mokles.
r martin luTer kingi (1929-1968) – daibada atlantaSi, baptisti pastoris
ojaxSi. daamTavra bostonis universiteti. aqve mieniWa Teologiis doqtoris
Tavi meeqvse

xarisxi. nobelis premiis laureati. mokles 1968 w. memfisSi. 1983 w. kongresma

xmebis absoluturi umravlesobiT 15 ianvari - kingis dabadebis dRe – erovnul
dResaswaulad gamoacxada.
r baptistebi (laT. berZn. – naTlismcemelni, baptizo – vnaTlav wyliT) – baptizmi
- protestantizmis erT-erTi mimdinareoba. warmoiSva inglisSi XVII saukuneSi,
aRmocenda puritanizmis safuZvelze. metad gavrcelda SeerTebul StatebSi.
baptistebi naTlaven mxolod zrdasrul adamianebs, aRiareben ra rwmenis Seg-
nebul arCevans.
r `beibi bumi~ – omis Semdeg, mSvidobisa da mzardi materialuri keTildReobis
pirobebSi, Zalian gaizarda Sobadoba. 1960-dan 1970 wlamde axalgazrda ame-
rikelebis (15-dan 24 wlamde asakis) ricxvi gaizarda 50%-iT, 24 mln-dan 36 mln-
mde.
r rasobrivi segregacia – SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis XIII SesworebiT
gauqmda monoba (ratificirebulia 1865 wlis 6 dekembers), XIV Sesworebam ki
yofili monebi SeerTebuli Statebis sruluflebian moqalaqeebad gamoacxa-
da (ratificirebulia 1868 wlis 9 ivliss). miuxedavad amisa, qveynis samxreTSi
ilaxeboda SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebi: 1896 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom segregaciuli kanonebi (kanonebi Savkanianebis `TeTrebisagan~
izolirebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv adgilebSi – skolebSi, samsaxurSi da a.S.)
ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis XIV Sesworebas, riTac qveynis samxreTSi Savka-
nianebisa da TeTrebis `gancalkevebiT~, magram Tanabrad (`Separate but equal~)
Tanaarsebobis doqtrina daakanona.
r `goSizmi~ – `goS~ frang. marcxena, aqedan goSizmi, anu `memarcxeneoba~ – troc-
kizmis, maoizmis, anarqizmisa da sxva ukiduresad memarcxene-eqstremistul
ideologiaTa uwesrigo narevi.
310
 Savkaniani amerikelebis brZola samoqalaqo
uflebebisaTvis
SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi XX s-is 60-iani wlebi samoqalaqo ufle-
bebisaTvis sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis aqtiuri brZoliT gamoirCeva.
gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda Savkaniani amerikelebis brZola Tanasworufle-
bianobisaTvis. igulisxmeba brZola xmis SeuzRudavi uflebis mosapoveblad,
miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo ganxilvis, dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobis,
Sromisa da cxovrebis Tanaswori pirobebis misaRwevad.
II msoflio omis Semdeg, ukeTesi samuSaos Sovnis, meti Tanasworuflebiano-

sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

bis miRwevis imediT, bevri Savkaniani samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlda (1940
w. samxreTSi cxovrobda amerikis Savkaniani mosaxleobis 3/4, 1970 w. – mxolod
naxevari). magram aqac maT miiRes mxolod `cudi~ samuSao, romliTac Zneli iyo
Tavis, miT umetes, ojaxis rCena da ubadruki sacxovrebeli qalaqebis `jurR-
mulebSi~. samxreTSi segregacias kanoni amkvidrebda, CrdiloeTSi ki – yofa-
cxovreba. anu, samxreTSi segregacia arsebobda iuridiulad da faqtobrivad,
CrdiloeTSi – mxolod faqtobrivad.
Savkaniani amerikelebi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis ibrZodnen, rogorc
mSvidobiani, aseve Zalismieri xerxebiT. umravlesobam brZolis pirveli forma
airCia. maTi lideri iyo baptisti moZRvari martin luTer kingi.
1963 wlis aprilSi martin luTer kingma da misma organizaciam `samxreTis
qristianuli xelmZRvanelobis konferencia~ daiwyo moqmedeba q. birminhem-
Si (alabamis Stati) segregaciis dasaZlevad. demonstrantebs adgilobrivi
policia eleqtroxiStebiT, ZaRlebiTa da saxanZro SlangebiT SeiaraRebuli
daupirispirda.
samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis brZolam miipyro presis, televiziisa, da Se-
sabamisad, sazogadoebis yuradReba. TeTrebsa da Savebs Soris arsebuli uTa-
nasworoba erovnul problemad iqca.
Tavdapirvelad prezidenti kenedi ar Cqarobda am sakiTxis gadawyvetas.
mas samxreTeli kongresmenebis xmebis dakargvisa eSinoda. magram movlenaTa
ganviTarebam aiZula prezidenti, daewyo aqtiuri moqmedeba.
magaliTad, rodesac 1962 wels, Savkaniani jeims merediTi ar miiRes misisipis
Statis universitetSi mxolod da mxolod kanis feris gamo, kenedim iq kanonie-
rebisa da wesrigis aRsadgenad federaluri jari gagzavna. 1963 wlis ianvarSi
ki, rogorc iqna, gadasca kongress `samoqalaqo uflebaTa bilis~ kanonproeqti.
kenedis bilis mxardasaWerad, 1963 w. 28 agvistos, samoqalaqo uflebebisaT-
vis mebrZolebma moawyves SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
didi demonstracia – `Tavisuflebis marSi~ vaSingtonze. dedaqalaqSi linkol-
nis memorialTan Seikriba samoqalaqo uflebebis 200 aTasi Savi da TeTri da-
mcveli. aq warmoTqva martin luTer kingma Tavisi istoriuli sityva - `me voc-
nebob~ (I have a dream). kingi ocnebobda yvela RvTisSvilis, Savisa Tu TeTris,
kaTolikesa Tu protestantis erTobaze.
magram verc xalxis nebis am grandiozulma demonstraciam imoqmeda kongres-
ze da verc birminhemis tragediam: seqtemberSi afeTqebam qalaqis eklesiaSi
oTxi Savkaniani gogona ismxverpla. kenedis bilis kanonad qceva mxolod misi

311
 mkvlelobis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. xuTi dRis Semdeg dalasis1 tragedii-
dan, axalma prezidentma, lindon jonsonma Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa kon-
gress: `verc samgloviaro sityviT, verc xotbiT ver mivagebT sakadris pativs
gardacvlil prezidents ise, rogorc samoqalaqo uflebaTa bilis miRebiT~.
kongress mainc sakmao dro dasWirda samxreTeli kongresmenebis winaaRmdego-
bis dasaZlevad da saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
1964 w. ivnisSi samoqalaqo uflebaTa bili miiRo senatma, 2 ivliss ki - war-
momadgenelTa palatam. imave dRes axal kanons xeli moawera prezidentma jon-
sonma. 1964 wlis kanoni krZalavda rasobriv diskriminacias sazogadoebriv
adgilebSi, aseve samuSaoze miRebisas. 1965 w. miiRes kanoni saarCevno uflebis
Sesaxeb. kanonma aRWurva federaluri mTavroba uflebamosilebiT, Caetarebina
amomrCevelTa registracia iq, sadac adgilobrivi administracia amaze uars
ambobda. erTi wlis Semdeg am kanonis daxmarebiT samxreTis StatebSi registra-
cia gaiara 400 aTasma Savkanianma, 1968 w. ki - 1 milionma. 1968 w. miRebuli kanoniT
aikrZala diskriminacia binis daqiravebisas.

Savkaniani eqstremistebi
axali kanonebi spobda rasobriv uTanasworobas samxreTSi, magram bevrs ara-
fers aZlevda CrdiloeTSi mcxovreb Savkanianebs, anu raodenobrivad qveynis
Savkaniani mosaxleobis naxevars. bevrma maTganma dakargma kingis mSvidobiani
Tavi meeqvse

gziT miznis miRwevis imedi da gahyva maT, vinc ZaliT apirebda faqtobrivi
Tanasworuflebianobis mopovebas. kingis qristianuli gza uaryo radikalu-
ri organizaciis `Savi muslimebi~ (Black Muslims) liderma, yofilma patimarma
malkolm iqsma (Malcolm X, mokles 1965). man da misma organizaciam brZola ga-
moucxades `eSmakebs~, anu TeTrebs. maTi azriT, Savebi ki ar unda gaerTianebu-
liyvnen TeTrebTan qristianuli Zmobisa da siyvarulis safuZvelze, rogorc

1
prezidenti kenedi mokles dalasSi (texasis Stati) 1963 wlis 22 noembers.

martin luTer kingi

312
amas kingi qadagebda, aramed piriqiT, gasclodnen eSmaks da SeeqmnaT sakuTari
eri. kidev ufro radikaluri iyo Savkaniani studentebis lideris, stokli
karlmaiklis lozungi `Zalaufleba Savebs~ (Black Power). am miznis misaRwevad
karlmaiklisa da misi momxreebisaTvis yvela xerxi misaRebi iyo, garda brZo-
lis mSvidobiani meTodebisa, rac, maTi azriT, `biZia Tomizmi~, anu `biZia Tomas
qoxis~ gmiris monuri azrovnebis nayofi iyo.
radikal liderTa moqmedebas Tan sdevda amboxebebi didi qalaqebis Savka-
nianTa getoebSi. pirvelma aseTma amboxebam ifeTqa los-anjelesSi, 1965 wels.
momdevno sami wlis ganmavlobaSi amboxebaTa raodenobam 110-s gadaaWarba.

sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

Savkanianebi wvavdnen saxlebs, iyo msxverplic. marto detroitSi, 1967 wels,
erT-erTi areulobis Sedegad 43 adamiani daiRupa, 5 aTAasi ki usaxlkarod darCa.

axalgazrdobis moZraoba. axali Taoba.

hipebi da `axali memarcxeneebi~
60-iani wlebis axalgazrdebi sruliad axali epoqis Svilebi iyvnen, dabade-
bulebi meore msoflio omis dros an omis Semdgomi `beibi bumis~ (Baby boom)
periodSi, isini komfortul garemoSi izrdebodnen, maTi mSoblebisagan gansx-

wyaro 1

nawyveti radikaluri studenturi jgufis meTauris, jeri rubinis wignidan

`gaakeTe!~ (`Do it~) (1970):

`30 wels gadaSorebuls nuravis endobi~, _ Tqva jek veinbergma (rubinis Tanameb­
rZolma) `sityvis TavisuflebisaTvis moZraobis~ Sekrebaze berkliSi da ori aTasi
adamiani fexze wamoxta. TaobaTa konfliqti iSva...

cota xanSi amay, radikalur slogans _ `30 wels gadaSorebuls nuravis endobi~
konservatorebi gamoexmaurnen. `daicadeT, sanam Tavad ar SegisruldebaT 30 weli,
naxavT, Tqvenc zustad Cvennairebi iqnebiT~, _ ambobda 30­s gadaSorebuli xalxi.
isini Cvens moZraobas uyurebdnen, rogorc saymawvilo gardatexis fazas, romelsac
nebismieri adamiani gadis TviTdamkvidrebis gzaze. amasobaSi zogierTi CvenTagani
ocdaaTi wlis gaxda, magram ar gamxdara `ufrosi~. axla Cven vambobdiT `ormoc wels
gadaSorebuls nuravis endobi~. Cven mudmivi ymawvilebi varT. ... Cvens kulturas,
grZelTmiani hipebis kulturas, asaki ara aqvs. asaki? ra aris asaki? Cven saaTic ki
ara gvaqvs. erTi grZelTmiani Zma arasdros kiTxulobs meoris asaks. es kontrrevo­
luciuri SekiTxvaa. grZeli Tma da wveri yvelas erT asaks aZlevs. Cven erTmaneTs
mxolod saxelebiT vicnobT. Cven vcxovrobT axla. Cven orjer davibadeT. meore,
revoluciuri dabadeba, mTavaria. me 1964 wels davibade berkliSi `sityvis Tavisuf­
lebis moZraobaSi~. anu me axla xuTi wlis var.

Taobebs Soris ufskruli arasdros yofila ise Rrma, rogorc dRes. Taobas, romelic
50­ian wlebamde aRizarda, araferi aqvs saTqmeli 50­iani wlebis Semdeg gazrdil­
TaTvis.

... Cven, meocnebe xalxi, ocnebebisgan daclil Zils vufrTxobT normalur amerikas.~

313
 vavebiT, romelTac gamocades didi depresiis droindeli gaWirveba. samecnie-
ro-teqnikurma progresma da Sesabamisad, ekonomikurma winsvlam, bevr axalgaz-
rdas ukeTesi, ufro harmoniuli samyaros Seqmnis imedi misca. magram yofiTma
keTildReobam ver mospo Zaladoba, sisastike, uTanasworoba, siRaribe.
axalgazrdobis imedgacrueba gadaizarda protestSi sazogadoebis, misi
moralis, cxovrebis wesis, ufrosi Taobis mimarT. axali Taoba usamarTlobis,
Zaladobisa da sxva mankierebaTa arsebobaSi Zvel Taobas, maTi mSoblebis mier
aSenebul sazogadoebas adanaSaulebda. iseve, rogorc TviTon axalgazrdoba,
misi protestis formebic araerTgvarovani iyo. maSin, rodesac axalgazrdebis
erTi nawili ar arRvevda sazogadoebis mier dawesebul normebs, bejiTad swav-
lobda da emzadeboda damoukidebeli cxovrebisa da karierisaTvis, meore nawi-
li `amovarda~ saerTo, Cveuli kalapotidan da daupirispirda sayovelTaod
miRebul cxovrebis wess. amitom maT `drofautebs~ uwodebdnen. es inglisuri
termini `amovardnilebs~ niSnavs. `drofautebma~ Seqmnes sakuTari kultura,
e.w. `kontrkultura~, anu arsebuli kulturis sawinaaRmdego kultura: soli-
duri kostiumebis nacvlad, maT Caicves farTe jinsebi, foCebiani, Tavisufali
tansacmeli, moizardes Tma da wveri, ar ibandnen tans. sakuTar Tavs isini `hi-
pebs~, an kidev `yvavilebis bavSvebs~ uwodebdnen, sakuTari cxovrebis wess ki
amerikeli indielebis bunebriv yofas adarebdnen. am axalgazrdebisTvis sruli
Tavisufleba warmoudgeneli iyo seqsualuri Tavisuflebis, narkotikebis,
mZime rokis, `bitlzisa~ da `roling stounzis~ musikis gareSe.
Tavi meeqvse

kontrkulturis STambeWdav gamoxatulebad iqca 1969 wels vudstokSi ga-

marTuli rok-musikis festivali, romelsac 400 aTasi adamiani eswreboda.
hipebis protesti deviziT `siyvaruli da ara omi~ gamokveTilad mSvidobiani
iyo, uvnebeli sazogadoebrivi wyobisaTvis da saziano mxolod hipebis janmr-
TelobisaTvis.
magram amerikel axalgazrdaTa nawilma protestis radikalur formasac
mimarTa. organizaciaSi `studentebi demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~ gaer-
Tianebuli axalgazrdebi, e.w `axali memarcxeneebi~, mouwodebdnen radikaluri
qmedebisaken SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebrivi wyobis Sesacvlelad, moiT-

vudstokis festivali
314
xovdnen `sakuTrebaze damyarebuli Zalauflebis~ `siyvarulze, inteleqtsa
da Semoqmedebaze dafuZnebuli ZalauflebiT~ Secvlas. maT sZuldaT `isTeb-
liSmenTi~. am kategorias isini mTavrobasTan erTad sakuTar maswavleblebsac
miakuTvnebdnen. `axali memarcxeneebisaTvis~ mibaZvis Rirsi gmirebi iyvnen ma-
lkolm iqsi da `komandante Ce~. studentobis es jgufi Tavs demokratiisaTvis
mebrZolad acxadebda, saqmiT ki ufro anarqistuli iyo, vidre demokratiuli.
1964 w. berklis universitetSi (kalifornia) daiwyo e.w. `sityvis Tavisuf-
lebis~ moZraoba. berklis studentebs sxva saswavleblebis studentebmac
mihbaZes. kolumbiis universitetSi (niu-iorki) studentebma daikaves adminis-

sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi

traciis Senoba, dawves erT-erTi profesoris naSromi da moiTxoves sauniver-
siteto saqmeebis gadawyvetisas xmis ufleba.

qalebis moZraoba
kanis feri ar iyo erTaderTi niSani, romlis mixedviTac amerikis moqala-
qeebi gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan uflebrivad. kidev erTi aseTi niSani
iyo adamianis sqesi. amitom, `susti sqesis~ warmomadgenlebmac, romlebic Tavs
`meorexarisxovan~ moqalaqeebad grZnobdnen, daiwyes brZola Tanasworufle-
bianobisaTvis.
amerikelma qalebma xmis ufleba mxolod 1920 wels, konstituciis XIX Seswo-
rebiT miiRes. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi sfero - politika
mamakacebis samflobelo iyo. iq qalebi `ar daiSvebodnen~. uTanasworo iyo
aseve Sromis pirobebi. erTnairi kvalifikaciis SemTxvevaSic ki, 1963 wlis
monacemebiT, qalis xelfasi mamakacis xelfasis daaxloebiT 60%-s Seadgenda.
qalebis moZraobas biZgi misca mwerali qalis - beti fridanis 1963 wels ga-
mosulma wignma `qalis saidumlo~. wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg milionobiT qalma
aRmoaCina, rom maTi funqcia sazogadoebaSi bavSvebis gaCeniT, aRzrdiT, mamaka-
cebis, qmrebis movliTa da momsaxurebiT Semoifargleboda. pirvel warmatebas
amerikelma qalebma miaRwies 1964 wels, roca kongresma samoqalaqo uflebebis
bilis ganxilvisas, Seitana damateba kanonSi, romelic krZalavda diskrimina-
cias ara mxolod rasobrivi, aramed sqesobrivi niSniTac.
1966 w. Seiqmna `qalTa erovnuli asociacia~, romelmac mTavar miznad `um-
niSvnelovanes sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi qalebis srulfasovani monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa~ gamoacxada.
qalebis moZraoba TanasworuflebianobisaTvis 70-ian wlebSic gagrZelda.
amerikis qalebma miaRwies imas, rom 1972 wels kongresma miiRo konstituciis
Sesworeba qalTa sruli Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb. magram kongresis
gadawyvetileba ver iqca kanonad. mis ratifikacias 3 Statis xma daaklda. kon-
stituciis Sesworebis kanonad qcevisaTvis aucilebelia Statebis 3/4-is mier
misi ratificireba.

1968 wlis maisis movlenebi safrangeTSi. `goSizmi~

1968 wlis maisSi franguli sazogadoeba mZlavrma memarcxene saprotesto
moZraobam SeZra. yvelaferi nanterSi, parizis gareubanSi, studentebis gamos-
vlebiT daiwyo. axalgazrdebi akritikebdnen burJuaziul sazogadoebas, mis
315
 morals, cxovrebis wess, ganaTlebis sistemas, mouwodebdnen revoluciisaken.
male am ganwyobilebam, e.w. `goSizmma~, studentebis didi nawili moicva. 1968
wlis maisSi parizis quCebSi gaCnda pirveli studenturi barikadebi. moxda
Setakeba policiasa da axalgazrdebs Soris. maisis movlenebi seriozul so-
cialur krizisSi gadaizarda mas Semdeg, rac gaifica 9 mln adamiani. gaficu-
lebs araviTari kavSiri ar hqondaT `goSizmTan~. isini moiTxovdnen xelfasis
momatebasa da umuSevarTaTvis daxmarebas. maTi moTxovnebi mTavrobam daak-
mayofila maisis bolos.

radikaluri opozicia da terorizmi germaniis federaciul

respublikaSi 60-iani wlebis bolosa da 70-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi
1966 wels germaniis federaciuli respublikis ekonomika pirvelad moicva
krizisma, ramac uaryofiTad imoqmeda politikur viTarebaze qveyanaSi. eko-
nomikurma recesiam xeli Seuwyo radikaluri partiebis gaaqtiurebas. gfr-is
centralur sakanonmdeblo organoSi, bundestagSi, opozicia susti iyo. ami-
tom Seiqmna ew. `parlamentsgare opozicia~ (germanuli abreviatura `afo~),
romelsac ZiriTadad studentebi warmoadgendnen. studenturi opozicia akri-
tikebda mTavrobis politikas ganaTlebis dargSi, qveynis politikur wyobas,
mmarTveli partiebisa da biurokratiis zewolas, romelTa Zalauflebac maT
Tavi meeqvse

avtoritarulad eCvenebodaT. `parlamentsgare opoziciis~ brZolis saboloo

mizani iyo Tavisufali sazogadoeba, sadac yvelas Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
eqneboda. studenturi demonstraciebi mimarTuli iyo aseve 1968 wels miRebu-
li kanonis winaaRmdeg sagangebo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (kanoni iTvaliswinebda

wyaro 2

nawyveti germanuli `di caiTis~ 1968 wlis 18 oqtombris nomerSi gamoqveynebuli

statiidan (`adamianuri mxridan danaxuli Cveni afo~):

`maT Taobas fufunebis nayofs uwodeben ... marTlac, silaRisa da agresiis am ucnauri
nazavis, am Taobis fenomenis amoxsna warmoudgenelia Cveni sayovelTao keTildReo­
bis sazogadoebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. marTalia, axali Taoba sazogadebis
momxmareblur xasiaTsa da fufunebas aprotestebs, magram is swored am samomxmareb­
lo sazogadoebisa da ekonomikuri keTildReobis qmnilebaa ... isini keTildReobis
revolucionerebi arian.

meore, rac TvalSi gecema, maTi socialuri warmomavlobaa. maTTan saubarSi male
igeb, rom TiTqmis yvela SeZlebuli burJuaziuli ojaxidanaa ... glexebis, xelos­
nebis Svilebi, araprivilegirebulTa farTo fenis warmomadgenelebi, maT Soris ar
arian. amdenad, maTi revoluciuri miswrafeba_ ixsnan muSebi kapitalizmis mar­
wuxebidan – carieli romantikaa ... maTTvis ar arseboben avtoritetebi. isini arad
agdeben cnobil mwerlebs ... saxelmwifo moRvaweebs, rom araferi vTqvaT policiasa
da marTlmsajulebis institutebze.~

316
ZiriTadi demokratiuli uflebebis SezRudvas
sagangebo mdgomareobis pirobebSi).
`parlamentsgare opoziciidan~ gamovidnen
memarcxene radikaluri organizaciebi, romleb-
mac brZolis sastik formas – terors mimarTes.
aseTi iyo `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~. 70-iani wle-
bi gfr-is politikur cxovrebaSi terorizmis
aqtivobis aTwleuli iyo. 70-iani wlebis meore
naxevarSi terorizmma qveyanaSi saSiS masStabebs

sazogadoeba da msoflio
miaRwia. teroristebi itacebdnen da xocavdnen
cnobil pirovnebebs (politikosebs, advokatebs,
bankirebs, mewarmeebs), awyobdnen sisxlian Tav-
dasxmebs (mag., germanul saelCoze stokholmSi).
iyo TviTmfrinavis gatacebis SemTxvevac. xeli-
suflebam moaxerxa `wiTeli armiis fraqciis~
parizi, 1968 weli
liderebis, andreas baaderisa da ulrike main-
hofis dapatimreba. orivem cixeSi moikla Tavi.

kultura XIX
XX saukuneSi
klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT

axalgazrdobis moZraobebis xasiaTze dasavleTis qveYnebSi 60-ian wlebSi.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. gamoyaviT germaneli radikali axalgazrdebis
protestis ZiriTadi samizneebi. imsjeleT, ramdenad acnobierebdnen
axalgazrda radikalebi sakuTar politikur miznebs ? wyarosa da
paragrafis teqstze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT radikaluri memarcxene da
eqstremistuli moZraobebi germaniaSi 60-iani wlebis bolosa da 70-ian
wlebSi.

saSinao davaleba

1. paragrafis teqstisa da wyaroebis safuZvelze werilobiT SeajameT XX s-is

60-70-iani wlebis sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis mniSvneloba dasavluri
sazogadoebis demokratiuli da socialuri winsvlisaTvis. yuradReba
gaamaxvileT am moZraobaTa revoluciur, dasavluri sazogadoebisTvis
gardamtex Taviseburebebze.

317
 zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi

saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis sistema miznad isaxavs Seqmnas

xelsayreli pirobebi erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebe-
bis matarebeli, Tavisufali pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. amasTan
erTad, ganaTlebis sistema uviTarebs mozards gonebriv da fizikur
unar-Cvevebs, aZlevs saWiro codnas, amkvidrebs jansaRi cxovrebis
wess, moswavleebs uyalibebs liberalur da demokratiul Rirebule-
bebze damyarebul samoqalaqo cnobierebas da exmareba maT ojaxis,
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari ufleba-movaleobebis
gacnobierebaSi.

saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi miRebuli gamocdilebis

safuZvelze mozardma unda SeZlos:

a) qveynis interesebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT

sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba;
b) bunebrivi garemo pirobebis SenarCuneba da dacva;
g) teqnologiuri Tu sxva inteleqtualuri miRwevebis efeqtianad
gamoyeneba; informaciis mopoveba, damuSaveba da analizi;
d) damoukideblad cxovreba, gadawyvetilebis miReba;
e) iyos Semoqmedi, Tavad Seqmnas Rirebulebebi da ar icxovros mx-
olod arsebulis xarjze;
v) sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis uwyveti ganviTareba
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da maTi maqsimaluri realizeba
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebs gareTac;
z) komunikacia individebTan da jgufebTan;
T) iyos kanonmorCili, toleranti moqalaqe.