The Pre Socratics Philosophers

- Thales, Anaxemenes, and Anaxemander

- Thales, Anaxemenes, and Anaxemander lives in the "City of

Miletus"

The Milesians - people who live in the City of Miletus

Miletus is located in Anatolia on the wester coast of Asia manor or

what today called Western Turkey

The Milesians we're " Physiologist"

- Rational account (logos)
Of nature ( Physis)
- Physis + logos = Physiologist

The fundamental question

•What is the world made of?

1. Everything is in flux
- Philosophers often call the world as a "World of becoming"
2. Infinite plurality of different things
- Single/Permanent substance
- Everything is made of the same stuff
"The Arche"
- Arche - Greek word
- The Unifying Principle
- Source of motion and all life
- "First Principle" - in English
- also can be called "origin, source, beginning, and the ruler"
- " The Arche - is the origin that persists and continues to exert
authority " - David Roochnik

The Arche as a "Ruler"

- The Arche was thought to be a material substance
- This underlying Substance was thought to be;
• Alive
• Endowed with spirit
• Divine
• Intelligent

The ruler of all things

- The Arche guides the birth, transformations, and death of all things

Hylozoism - The view that matter is imbued with life and Intelligence,
and is also Divine.
What is the Arche made of?

Philosophy begins with Thales

Thales
- First Philosopher
- He wants to find out the The Unifying Principle of Diversity
- credited with proposing the first philosophical account of the
universe.
- He concluded that the substance underlying everything the Arche is "
Water "
- Everything is made up of water

WATER
- Move by Itself
- Made life Possible
- Brought Forth Earth
- Explained States of Matter

The Greeks thought the world and everything in it was made of four
primary Elements;

• Water
• Air
• Fire
• Earth
Anaxemander

- Believes that the primary Elements is FINITE and LIMITED, so

none of them can be the Arche
- The Arche must be a substance that is UNLIMITED
- The Arche is Cosmos

The Arche of "Apeiron"

Anaxemander
- proposed that the Arche was not any material substance we
perceive in this world.
- The First Metaphysicist
- The Arche should be a non - perceptible substance
- Anaxemander calls The Arche as "The Apeiron"

Apeiron - Greek word combining;

"a" (Absence) "peras" ( Limited)

• The Apeiron - The Unlimited

- The Boundless
- The indefinite
- some suggested that a more accurate translation of
Anaxemander's Apeiron, is called the The Indefinite instead of
The Unlimited

- Anaximander thought the world we experience was made

out of two pairs of opposites: the hot and the cold and the wet
and the dry.

- These opposites correspond to the four primary elements

which as we mentioned the greeks thought the world was
made of fire, air, water, and earth

- The two pairs of opposite or four elements were proposed

by anaxemander to be originally mixed together with each
other in the Apeiron.

- All four Elements mixed together will form an "

Undifferentiated mass"

- Apeiron is engaged in Eternal motion, these opposites are

separated out of their potential state in the Apeiron and in
doing so, to form the World (Earth) as we experience it.

• primary Elements separating out from Apeiron is not ONE

TIME EVENT

- It is continuous
Anaxemenes

- The Arche is "Air"

- Many People calls him as a Dumb Philosopher
"Condensation and Evaporation"

Condensation
- occurs when water vapor condenses, changing its physical state
from Gas to Liquid.
- condensation is also the process responsible for the clouds
formation and thus rain and snow
- Anaxemenes reasoned that if air can change into mist and water,
if condensed further it can also change into earth and rock.

Vaporization
- opposite of condensation
- occurs when water changes from liquid to gas
- Anaxemenes reasoned that if water can turn back into air, then if
vaporized further it could transform into fire