Table Of Contents -

• Introduction
• History
1. History Of Notation
• Terms
• Types Of Polynomials
• Uses
• Zeroes Of Polynomial
• Degree
• Graphs Of Polynomial Function
• Table
• Algebraic Identities
• Arithmetic Of Polynomials
• Think Tanker ? ?
Introduction…..
~ What Is a Polynomial ??
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression
consisting of variables and coefficients, that
involves only the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative
integer-exponents.

Example : x2 − 3x + 6, which is a quadratic

polynomial.
History Of Notation
• He popularized the use of letters from the
beginning of the alphabet to denote constants and
letters from the end of the alphabet to denote
variables.

• As can be seen above, in the general formula for a

polynomial in one variable, where the a's denote
constants and x denotes a variable.

• Descartes introduced the use of superscripts to

denote exponents as well.
NEXT
Types Of Polynomials...
Monomial Binomial Trinomial

In mathematics, In algebra, A In elementary

A monomial is a binomial is a algebra, A
polynomial with polynomial, which trinomial is a
just one term. is the sum of two polynomial
monomials. consisting of three
For Example: terms or
monomials.
3x,4xy is a For Example:
monomial. 2x+5 is a For Example :
Binomial.
3x+5y+7z is a
Trinomial.
Monomial Binomial Trinomial
 Uses...
• Polynomials appear in a wide variety of areas of
mathematics and science.

~ For example, they are used to form “Polynomial”

equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from
elementary word problems to complicated problems in the
sciences.

• They are used to define “Polynomial Functions”, which

appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and
physics to economics and social science.

• They are used in calculus and numerical analysis to

approximate other functions.
Zeroes Of Polynomial
• Consider the polynomial p(x) = 5x3 – 2x3+ 3x – 2.
If we replace x by 1 everywhere in p(x), we get
p(1) = 5 × (1)3 – 2 × (1)2 + 3 × (1) – 2
= 5 – 2 + 3 –2
=4
So, we say that the value of p(x) at x = 1 is 4.
Similarly,
p(0) = 5(0)3 – 2(0)2 + 3(0) –2
= –2
 Degree
• The degree of a polynomial is the highest
degree of its terms, when the polynomial is
expressed in canonical form (i.e., as a linear
combination of monomials). The degree of a
term is the sum of the exponents of the
variables that appear in it.
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL

• Degree 0 – constant
• Degree 1 – linear
• Degree 2 – quadratic
• Degree 3 – cubic
• Degree 4 – quartic (or, less
commonly, biquadratic)
Here’s how you find the degree
of a polynomial :
Look at each term,
whoever has the most letters wins!

x2 – 4x4 + x6
This guy has 6 letters…
The degree is 6.

This is a 8th degree polynomial:

xy4 + x4y4 + 12

This guy has 8 letters…

The degree is 8
Graphs Of Polynomial
Functions ..

The graph of the zero polynomial

f(x) = 0 is the x-axis.
Graphs Of Polynomial
Functions ..

The graph of the polynomial of degree 2

 Table

Polynomial Degree Name Nos. Of Name Using

Using Terms Nos Of
Degree Terms
4 0 Constant 1 Monomial

3x+6 1 Linear 2 Binomial

3x2+2x+1 2 Quadratic 3 Trinomial

2x3 3 Cubic 1 Monomial

6x4 + 3x 4 Biquadratic 2 Binomial

 Algebraic Identities

(x - a)(x - b )= x2 +(a+b)x - ab

(a + b ) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab

(a 2 - b 2 )= (a + b)(a - b)

(a - b ) 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2 ab
Arithmetic Of Polynomials
• Addition ( + )

• Subtraction( - )

• Division ( / )
Addition Of Polynomials…..
• Polynomials can be added using the associative law of
addition (grouping all their terms together into a single
sum), possibly followed by reordering, and combining of
like terms. For example, if

Method 1: Line up like terms. Then add the coefficients.

P = 3x + 7
Q = 2x + 3
P + Q = 5x + 10
 Addition Of Polynomials…..
Method 2 :
Group like terms. Then add the coefficients.

4x2 + 6x + 7 + 2x2 – 9x + 1 = (4x2 + 2x2)+(6x – 9x)+ (7+1)

= 6x2 – 3x + 8

» The sum of two polynomials is also a polynomial.

Subtraction Of Polynomials
• Earlier you learned that subtraction means to add
the opposite. So when you subtract a polynomial,
change the signs of each of the terms to its opposite.
Then add the coefficients.

Method 1:
Line up like terms. Change the signs of the second
polynomial, then add. For Example:

4x - 7 4x - 7
-(2x + 3)  -2x – 3
2x - 10
 Subtraction Of Polynomials
Method 2:
Simplify: (5x2 – 3x) – (-8x2 + 11)

Write the opposite of each term :

5x2 – 3x + 8x2 – 11

Group like terms :

(5x2 + 8x2) + (3x + 0) + (-11 + 0) = 13x2 + 3x – 11

» The difference of two polynomials is also a polynomial

Division Of Polynomials
• The Methods Used For Finding Divison Of
Polynomials Are:

1. Long Division Method

2. Factor Theorem
Long- Division Method
• In arithmetic, long division is a standard division
algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit numbers
that is simple enough to perform by hand.

• It breaks down a division problem into a series of

easier steps.

• As in all division problems, one number, called the

dividend, is divided by another, called the divisor,
producing a result called the quotient.

Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

Long- Division Method

Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

Factorisation

• Factor Theorem : If p(x) is a polynomial of

degree n > 1 and a is any real number,

Then :
(i) x – a is a factor of p(x), if p(a) = 0,
and
(ii) p(a) = 0, if x – a is a factor of p(x).
Q.1 What is the simplified form of :
2x-3x+2??

A. -x+2

B. -5x+2

C. -10x+2

D. -2x+2
Q.2 What is the value of x when x+3=10 ??

A. 7

B. 4

C. 2

D. 9
Q 3. Solve 2x+4=108 ??

A. 32

B. 56

C. 52

D. 23