+0)26-4

Basic Principles of Hydraulic

Flow and Jet Theory

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic machines handle water. Machines changing fluid energy into
mechanical energy are called hydraulic turbines or hydraulic motors. Machines
designed to more liquids and add energy to them are called pumps. There are also
special systems dealing with the transmission of hydraulic power. The hydraulic
machines are classified in Fig. 2.1.

Hydraulic machines

Fluid Hydraulic Fluid Fluid Pumps

Fluid Systems: Motor +
P. E. turbines P. E. Pump + Piping

Work Work

1. Pelton wheel 1. Centrifugal pump 1. Hydraulic ram

2. Francis turbine 2. Reciprocating pump 2. Hydraulic accumulator
3. Propeller turbine 3. Axial flow pump 3. Hydraulic jack
4. Tubular turbine 4. Others 4. Intensifier
5. Hydraulic press

Fig. 2.1 Classification of hydraulic machines

The hydraulic mechanics are designed on the principles of fluid machanics,

hydraulic flow and water jet forces.

2.2 PRINCIPLES OF FLUID MECHANICS

Important principles of fluid mechanics required for the design of fluid (hydraulic)
machines are summarized below.
16 Hydraulic Machines

2.2.2 Kinematics of Fluid Flow

For a steady flow, the fluid properties like pressure, density, velocity, etc., do not
change at a point with respect to time
dV
= 0, steady flow
dt
For uniform flow of fluid, the velocity does not change with respect to space
(length of direction of flow)
dV
= 0, uniform flow
ds
The density of fluid remains constant for incompressible flow.
r = constant: Incompressible flow.
For laminar flow in a pipe, Reynolds number is less than 2000. For turbulent
flow in a pipe, Reynolds number is more than 4000, Volumetric flow rate,
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 [m3/s]
This is called continuity equation.

2.2.3 Dynamics of Fluid Flow

1. Equation of motion (Newton’s second law of motion)
Fx = m ax [N]
2. Euler’s equation of motion along a stream line,
¶p
+ g¶z + V ¶V = 0
r
3. Bernaulli’s equation (integration of Euler’s equation of motion for a steady,
ideal flow of an incompressible fluid), states that total energy consisting of
pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy at any point of fluid is
constant.

p1 V12 p V2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL [m]
rg 2 g rg 2 g

p1
where = pressure head = pressure energy per unit weight,
rg
V12
= kinetic head = kinetic energy per unit weight
2g
z1 = datum head = datum energy per unit weight
h L = loss of energy head between sections 1 and 2
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 17

4. Momentum equation states that net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to
change in momentum per second in that direction
d
F= (mV) [N]
dt
5. The impulse momentum equation is given as:
F dt = d (mV) [N-s]
6. The force exerted by the nozzle on water
Fx = rQ(V2x – V1x ) [N]
7. Moment of momentum equation states that the resultant torque on a
rotating fluid is equal to the rate of change of moment of momentum
T = rQ(V2r2 – V1r1) [N-m]
8. Loss of pressure head for viscous flow through circular pipe
32muL
hf = [m]
rg D 2
where m = coefficient of viscosity
u = average fluid velocity
Q
= (m/s)
pR 2
D = diameter of pipe [m].
9. Darcy formula. Energy loss due to friction,

4 fLV 2
hf = [m]
2 gD
10. Darcy Weisbach Equation. Head loss due to friction in pipes,

4 fLV 2
hf = [m]
2 gD

where f = Coefficient of friction

16
= for laminar flow
Re

0.0791
= for turbulent flow.
(Re)1/ 4
11. The velocity of water at the outlet of the nozzle,
18 Hydraulic Machines

2 gH
V= [m/s]
4 fL a 2
1+ .
D A2
where H = head at inlet of pipe [m]
L = length of pipe [m]
D = diameter of pipe [m]
a = area of nozzle outlet [m2]
A = area of pipe [m2]
12. The power transmitted through nozzle,

P=
rg Q
H-
LM
4 fLV 2 OP [kW]
1000 N2 gN Q
2.3 BASIC CONCEPTS OF HYDRAULIC FLOW
The hydraulic turbines utilize the potential energy of water to produce mechanical
work. The pumps are required to transfer water and other liquids. The fluid
couplings, torque converters and fluid system work with special oils.

2.3.1 Fluid Characteristics

The following fluid characteristics are assumed for the working substance used in
hydraulic machines and systems.

1. Ideal fluid
An ideal fluid is an imaginary fluid which is both incompressible and non-viscous.
Such liquids do not exist in nature. However, water is assumed to be
incompressible and has very low value of viscosity. Therefore, it is nearly an ideal
fluid. For incompressible fluid, the water density is constant.
r = const.
2. Newtonian fluid
The oils used in power transmission machines and fluid systems are also
incompressible. These oils are assumed to be Newtonian fluids whose viscosity is
independent of velocity gradient,
du
t=m
dy

2.3.2 Closed and Open Systems

A system is a quantity of matter in space upon which attention is made in the study
of changes of properties and analysis of a problem. Everything external to the
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 19

system is called the surrounding. The boundary separating the system from the
surrounding may be real (solid) or imaginary.
There may be energy transfer into or out of the system.
1. Closed system. A closed system has fixed identity with fixed mass. There is
no mass (fluid) transfer across the system boundary.
All positive displacement machines such as reciprocating pumps, gear
pumps, etc. torque converters, fluid couplings, various fluid power systems
and fluid control systems will be analyzed as constant mass closed systems.
2. Open system. In an open system, the fluid crosses the boundary of the
system in addition to interaction of energy between the system and the
surrounding. The mass of an open system may or may not change. The
identity of the fluid changes continuously. The boundary of the open
system is kept fixed without any change in its volume. An open system is
also referred to as control volume system. The closed boundary of a control
volume is called the control surface. There is a transfer of both mass and
energy across the control surface. All types of hydraulic turbines,
centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, slurry pumps, jet pumps, pneumatic
lift pumps, various supply and disposal fluid systems will be analyzed and
studied as control volume systems.

2.3.3 Macroscopic Properties

Matter is composed of several molecules and description of the motion of a fluid
will consider the behaviour of discrete molecules which constitute the fluid. The
microscopic properties can be found out by statistical summation of properties of
individual molecules.
Liquids have extra-strong intermolecular attractive forces. Therefore,
molecular description is not required. The entire liquid mass behaves as a
continuous mass. The time-averaged values of properties are sufficiently accurate
and valid. The matter of the system is assumed as a continuous distribution of
mass with no empty space and no conglomeration of separate molecules. The fluid
machines and system will be designed and analyzed on the basis of time-averaged
macroscopic properties measured with the help of instruments. This is called the
concept of continuum model.

2.3.4 Conservation of Mass

In non-nuclear processes, the matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The
conservation of mass is inherent to the concept of a closed system. For a control
volume, the rate of mass entering the system must be equal to the rate of mass
leaving the system plus the rate of storage of mass in the system. If the fluid flow
is steady, the rate of liquid stored is zero.
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 21

2.3.6 Governing Equation

The flow of liquid through hydraulic machines is divided in imaginary stream
tubes and the behaviour of the hydraulic flow is studied with the help of the
following governing equations.
1. Continuity Equation
This is based on the principle of conservation of mass flow ( m ).
2. Energy Equation
This is derived from the principle of conservation of energy ( m V2)
3. Equation of Motion
This is based on the principle of conservation of momentum ( m V).

2.4 CONTINUITY EQUATION Dt

V2 V
The continuity equation of flow is derived on
2

the principle of conservation of mass. For an

incompressible, uniform and steady state
flow, the quantity of fluid entering at one end
of stream tube and leaving at the other must
1 Dt
V

be same provided there is no sink or source in A2

the tube.
Consider a stream tube with two arbitrary V1
cross-sections A1 and A2, the mass of fluid A1

enters the tube through A1 with a velocity V1 Fig. 2.2 Flow through a
and leaves through A2 with velocity V2. In an stream tube
increment of time Dt, the fluid particles
entering A1 have moved an infinitesimal distance V1Dt. The particle at A2 have
moved a distance V2 Dt. By the definition of a stream tube no fluid can cross the
stream tube. The mass of fluid entering the stream tube at A1 in time Dt must be
exactly equal to the mass of the fluid leaving the stream tube at A2 during the same
interval of time. For a steady flow, the rate of fluid stored is zero. Mathematically,
the statement can be expressed as follows:
m 1 = m 2
rQ 1 = rQ 2
rA1 V1 Dt = rA2 V2 Dt
For incompressible flow, density r is constant.
\ V1 A1 = V2 A2 = VA = Constant = Q [m3/s]
This is called equation of continuity and the constant Q represents the
volumetric flow rate. Therefore, the volume of fluid which passes through each
cross-section of the stream tube per unit time remains constant for a steady flow
and incompressible fluid.
22 Hydraulic Machines

2.5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW

In a three-dimensional fluid flow, the fluid properties (velocity, pressure, density,
viscosity) may vary in all directions.
Examples are: flow in a river, flow within a fluid machine. However, for
simplicity, the fluid machines are analyzed as one-dimensional fluid flow.

Z
Z DX
w y C
DY

u B DZ
v
X X
O
Y
D
Y

Fig. 2.3 Three-dimensional flow

Consider an elementary cube Dx, Dy, Dz in the fluid body. The difference
between the amounts of fluid which flows into and out of its faces during time Dt,
must be equal to the increase in the mass which the edges enclosed.
The mass of fluid of density r entering the cross-section across the face OB in
time Dt = ru (Dy.Dz)Dt.
The mass of fluid leaving across the face CD in time Dt = ru(Dy.Dz) Dt +
¶
(ru Dy Dz Dt)Dx
¶x
¶
\ Gain of mass across the above faces = – ru(Dx.Dy.Dz) Dt
¶x
¶
Similarly, gain of mass across the faces BD and OC = – rv(Dx.Dy.Dz)Dt
¶y

¶
And, gain of mass across the faces BC and OD = – rw(Dx.Dy.Dz)Dt
¶z
FG ¶ ru + ¶ rv + ¶ rwIJ (Dx.Dy.Dz)Dt.
Total gain = –
H ¶x ¶y ¶z K ...(1)

Mass of fluid contained at time t = r(Dx.Dy.Dz)

¶
Mass of fluid contained at time t + Dt = r(Dx.Dy.Dz) + (r.Dx.Dy.Dz)Dt
¶t
24 Hydraulic Machines

2.6 MOMENTUM EQUATION

The momentum equation is based on Newton’s second law of motion which states
that the time rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and
takes place in the direction of force.
Assume a resultant force Fx acts on a mass m Y
v
along x-axis. The change in velocity of mass m in time V
dt be dV.
u
du
\ FX = m. ...(3)
dt w
X
or FX dt = m du ...(4)
Equation (3) is called linear momentum equation.
Equation (4) is called impulse-momentum equation Z
which shows that impulse of applied force (FX.dt) is Fig. 2.6(a) Velocity
equal to change of momentum (m.du). components
Consider a stream tube. For steady state flow, mass entering the tube is equal
to mass leaving the tube.
r1 A1V1Dt = r2 A2V2 Dt
Momentum of fluid entering
= (r1 A1 V1Dt)V1
Momentum of fluid leaving
= (r2 A2 V2 Dt)V2

Dt
V2
V2
q2
x
A2

t
V 1D
q1
V1 x

A1

Fig. 2.6(b) Momentum equation

\ Change of momentum in x-direction,

= [(r2 A2 V2 Dt)V2 cos q2] – [(r1 A1V1Dt)V1 cos q1]
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 25

But for a steady state, equation of continuity:

(r1 A1V1 Dt) = (r2A2 V2 Dt) = rQDt
\ Change of momentum in x-direction,
= rQDt (V2 cos q2 – V1 cos q1)
From impulse-momentum equation,

å Fx Dt = å rQ Dt(V2 cos q2 – V1 cos q1)

Fx = rQ(V2 cos q2 – V1 cos q1) = rQ(vx2 – vx1]
Similarly, Fy = rQ(V2 sin q2 – V1 sin q1) = rQ(vy2 – vy1)
Resultant force acting on the flowing fluid,

F= Fx2 + Fy2
The angle between F and Fx can be found out as:
Fy
tan q =
Fx
The flowing fluid will also exert an equal and opposite force on the boundary
of the stream tube. The forces may include dynamic force due to change of
momentum, static pressure, weight of fluid, drag force due to friction, gravity and
inertia forces due to centrifugal force.

2.7 APPLICATIONS OF MOMENTUM EQUATION

There are two types of applications of Impulse-Momentum equation.
1. Determination of forces exerted by the flowing fluid on the boundaries of
flow passage of hydraulic machines due to change of momentum. The
examples are:
(i) Forces caused by a fluid jet striking a surface, i.e., fixed and moving
blades of hydraulic machines.
(ii) Jet propulsion.
Propulsion of ships, boats, rockets, turbojet, ramjet, etc.
(iii) Propellers.
Marine propellers, helicopters.
(iv) Pipe bends and reducers
2. Determination of flow characteristics due to energy loss in the flow
systems. The examples are:
(i) Sudden enlargement or constriction in a pipe such as orifices and
mouth pieces.
(ii) Hydraulic jump in open channel.
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 27

But rate of change of momentum is equal to torque.

m
\ T= (V2 cos a2 r2 – V1 cos a1 r1)
t
= rQ(V2 cos a2 r2 – V1 cos a 1 r1)
For a circular path, r1 = r2 = r3 and a 1 = a2 = a3 = 0
\ T = rQr(V2 – V1)
Power P = Tw = rQr (V2 – V1)w
where w = angular velocity.
Blade velocity, Vb = wr
\ P = rQ(Vw2 Vb2 – Vw1 + Vb1)
The moment of momentum equation is applied for:
1. Analysis of flow problems in turbines and centrifugal pumps.
2. Finding torque exerted by water on sprinkler.

2.9 EULER’S FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION

Euler’s fundamental equation is the equation of motion for a fluid with the
following assumptions.
Assumptions
1.Fluid is non-viscous and frictional losses are zero.
2.Fluid is homogeneous and incompressible. r = constant
3.Flow is steady.
4.Flow is one-dimensional along the streamline.
5.Velocity is uniform over the section
6.Flow is continuous
7.Except gravity and pressure forces, no other forces are involved. Other
forces like forces due to viscosity, turbulence and compressibility are
neglected.
Energy is defined as ability to do work. It manifests in various forms and can
change from one form to another.
1. Gravitational potential energy or elevation energy Z in metres of liquid
column.
V2
2. Kinetic energy due to mass and velocity of fluid in N-m.
2
3. Pressure energy required to move the fluid against its pressure.
Pressure energy = p [N/m2].
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 29

From equation (5),

¶p V ¶V
– dA dS – rg dAdS cos q = rdA dS .
¶s ¶S
Dividing throughout by rdS dA
¶p ¶V
\ – – g cos q + V =0
r¶S ¶S
dZ
But cos q =
dS
1 ¶p dZ dV
\ +g +V =0
r ¶S dS dS
¶p
or + g dZ + V dV = 0
r
¶p
or + g dZ + VdV = 0 ...(6)
r
Equation (6) is called Euler’s equation of motion.

2.9.1 Bernoulli’s Equation

Bernoulli’s equation is also called energy equation and is obtained by integration
of Euler’s equation of motion

z z z
dp
r
+ g dZ + V dV = constant

For incompressible flow, r = constant

p V2
\ + gZ + = constant
r 2

p V2
or +Z+ = constant ...(7)
rg 2g
Equation (7) is called Bernoulli’s equation.
p
= Pressure head = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid.
rg

V2
= Kinetic head = Kinetic energy per unit weight
2g
Z = Potential head = Potential energy per unit weight.
30 Hydraulic Machines

The Bernoulli’s equation can also be written as

p1 V2 p V2
+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z2 + 2 .
rg 2 g rg 2g

2.10 JET THEORY

When a nozzle is fitted at the end of a pipe, a jet of liquid comes out with high
velocity utilizing the pressure of liquid in the pipe. Applying continuity equation
to the sections 1 and 2 of the nozzle,
A1V1 = A2V2 Pipe 1 Nozzle

The velocity of liquid jet, V1 2 Liquid jet

V2
A1
V2 = V1
A2
Fig. 2.9 Liquid jet
The kinetic energy of the jet,
1
KEj = m V22
2
Let jet velocity = Vj = V2
1
\ KEj = m Vj2
2
1 1
= rAj Vj ´ Vj2 = rAj Vj3 [ j/s]
2 2
The jet power,
1
rA jV j3
Pj = 2 [kW]
1000
The efficiency of nozzle,
Jet power at outlet of nozzle
hn =
Liquid power at inlet of nozzle

1
rA jV j3
2 ´ 1000 V j2
=  =
rgQH 2 gH
1000
where H = total head of liquid at the inlet of nozzle.
The liquid jet exerts a force on a plate placed in front of it.
32 Hydraulic Machines

p
Solution Fj = r Q Vj = rAj Vj Vj = r Dj2 Vj2
4

p 75 FG IJ 2
= 1000 ´
4 1000 H K ´ (20)2 = 1766.8 N

= 1.767 kN

2.11.2 Inclined Plate

A fluid jet with a velocity Vj strikes a fixed plate inclined at an angle q with the
direction of jet.
The components of jet velocity,
Vjx¢ = Vj sin q
Vjy¢ = Vj cos q = 0
The jet force,
Fj = –r Q Vjx¢
= –r Q Vj sin q.
The jet force has components in X-direction and Y-direction.
Fjx = Fj sin q = –rQVj sin2 q
F = – r Q V sin q cos q = 0
iy j

Plate Y

Q1

Nozzle Fj sin q
Vj
X
q
q Fj cos q
Q2
Fj

Fig. 2.11 Jet force on inclined fixed plate

Y
Y¢
Vj sin q
Vj cos q
q
X
Vj q
X¢

Fig. 2.12 Components of jet velocity

 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 33

The volumetric discharge Q is divided into Q1 and Q2.

Q = Q1 + Q2
Q
Q1 = (1 + cos q)
2
Q
Q2 = (1 – cos q)
2

2.12 JET FORCE ON MOVING FLAT PLATE

The absolute velocity of jet issuing from the nozzle, = Vj
The velocity of moving plate in the direction of jet = U.
The jet force
F = r Q (V – U)
j j

The quantity of fluid mass striking the plate per second,

Q = A(Vj – U) Nozzle Plate
2 A
\ Fj = rA(Vj – U) U
Vj
The work done by the jet on the plate
Wj = Fj ×U = r Q (Vj – U )U.
The kinetic energy of jet Fig. 2.13 Jet force on moving
flat plate
1 1 1
KEj = m Vj2 = r Q Vj2 = rAVj3
2 2 2
The efficiency of the system,

Work done on the plate Wj

h= =
Kinetic energy of jet KE j

rA(V j - U ) 2 .U 2
= = 3 [Vj2 U + U 3 – 2UjU 2]
1 Vj
rAV j3
2
For a given Vj, maximum efficiency.
dh 2
= (Vj2 + 3U 2 – 4VjU ) = 0
dU V j3

2
¹0
V j3
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 35

FG IJ
Vj Vj

h max =
H
2 Vj -
2K 2
= 0.5 or 50%.
V j2

2.13 JET FORCE ON CURVED PLATE WHEN JET STRIKES

TANGENTIALLY
2.13.1 Stationary Vane
The fluid jet enters the curved vane with absolute velocity V1 glides along the
smooth inner surface and leaves with absolute velocity, V2, making angles a 1 and
a2 with the horizontal direction.

V1 V1 V1
a1 a1 a1 Y

a2
a2 a2
V2 V2 V2

(i) a2 < 90° (ii) a2 > 90° (iii) a1 = a2

Fig. 2.15 Jet force on stationary vane

The velocity components in the X-direction are:

VX 1 = V1 cos a 1
VX2 = V2 cos a 2.
The force exerted by the jet on the curved vane,
FX = rQ(V1 cos a1 – V2 cos a2)
But Q = AV1
where A = cross-section area of jet.
\ FX = rAV1 (V1 cos a1 – V2 cos a 2)
(i) If a 2 > 90°
FX = rAV1(V1 cos a 1 + V2 cos a2)
In order to get more power, a 2 > 90°.
36 Hydraulic Machines

(ii) For symmetrical vane, a 1 = a 2 = a and V1 = V2 = V

FX = rAV 2 (cos a + cos a) = 2rAV 2 cos a.
The hydraulic thrust in Y-direction
Fy = rAV 2 (sin a – sin a) = 0
(iii) For semicircular vane, a1 = a2 = 0.
\ FX = rAV 2 (cos 0° + cos 0°) = 2rAV 2
Fy = rAV 2 (sin 0° – sin 0°) = 0
Semicircular vanes give maximum hydraulic force and zero hydraulic thrust.

2.13.2 Moving Vane

A fluid jet of cross-sectional area A strikes a curved vane with an absolute velocity
V1. The curved vane moves with a velocity U in X-direction. The tip angles of vane
are a1 and a 2 at inlet and exit respectively. The velocity triangles at inlet and outlet
of vane are drawn.

U1
V1
W1
b1 a1

U Direction
of motion
of vane

b2 a
W1 2
V2
U2

Fig. 2.16 Jet force on moving vane.

For frictionless vane, the relative velocity does not change,

W1 = W2
Q = A(V1 – U)
FX = rA (V1 – U)(V1 cos a 1 – V2 cos a 2)
If a2 > 90°
FX = rA(V1 – U)(V1 cos a1 + V2 cos a 2)
In actual hydraulic machines, a series of vanes is mounted on the periphery of
a wheel.
38 Hydraulic Machines

The efficiency of the system,

W. D. rQ(W - U ).U 2(W - U )U
h= = =
E 1 2 W2
rQW
2
For maximum efficiency of the system
dh
=0
dU
d 2(WU - U 2 )
\ =0
dU W2
W2
But ¹0
2
W
\ U=
2

FG W W IJ
h max =
H
2 W-
2 2 K =
1
= 50%
2
W 2

QUESTION BANK NO. 2

1. How are the hydraulic machines classified?
2. Derive Euler’s equation applied to fluid machines.
3. Derive the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates.
4. Discuss the following aspects of hydraulic flow:
(a) Closed and open systems.
(b) Concept of continuum.
(c) Lagrangian and Eulerian methods.
(d) Streamline and stream tube
5. Derive momentum and angular momentum equation.
6. What are the applications of momentum and angular momentum equations
in fluid machines?
7. Establish the Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s equation of motion.
8. Explain water jet theory and how are the following principles established.
(a) Impulse principle
(b) Reaction principle
(c) Propulsion principle
9. Derive equation of a jet force for moving flat plate and moving curved
vane.
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 39

TUTORIAL SHEET NO. 2

1. A 25 cm diameter pipe carries lubrication oil of 0.9 specific gravity at a
velocity of 3 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of oil. What will be the oil
velocity at another section where diameter is reduced to 20 cm.
Solution Section 1:
D1 = 25 cm = 0.25 m
p 2 p
A1 = D1 = (0.25)2
4 4
= 0.049 m2.
V1 = 3 m/s.
r = 0.9 ´ 1000 = 900 kg/m3.
m = rA1V1 = 900 ´ 0.049 ´ 3
= 132.23 kg/s Ans.
Section 2
D2 = 20 cm = 0.20 m
p
A2 = (0.20)2 = 0.314 m2
4
Applying equation of continuity at sections 1 and 2,
A1V1 = A2V2
A1V1 0.049 ´ 3
\ V2 = = = 4.68 m/s Ans.
A2 0.0314
2. Water under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm2 (g) and velocity of 2 m/s is flowing
through a 5 cm diameter pipe. Find the total head of water at a section 5 m
above datum line.
p 29.43 ´ 104
Solution Pressure head = = = 30 m.
rg 1000 ´ 9.81

V2 2´2
Kinetic head = = = 0.204 m
2 g 2 ´ 9.81
Datum head = Z = 5 m.
\ Total head = 30 + 0.204 + 5 = 35.204 m Ans
3. A jet of water 60 mm in diameter, having a velocity of 20 m/s, strikes a flat
plate inclined at an angle of 30° to the axis of the jet. The plate moves at
5 m/s in the direction of the jet.
 Basic Principles of Hydraulic Flow and Jet Theory 41

A
W

G
q
G C
Nozzle
a D
Vj Fjn
Fjn B

Vj. The plate swings through an angle q. The plate experiences the
following forces
1. Weight W of plate acting vertically through G.
2. Normal water jet force, Fjn,
Fjn = rAVj2 sin a
where a = angle of jet with the centre line of plate.
\ Fjn = rAVj2 sin (90° – q)
= rAVj2 cos q.
The plate is in equilibrium under the two forces. Taking moments about
point A.
Fjn (AD) = W (CG)
AG
AD =
cos q
CG = AG sin q.
( AG )
\ Fjn = W(AG) sin q
cos q

( AG )
rAVj2 cos q = W(AG) sin q.
cos q

rAV j2
\ sin q = Proved.
W