COMPARATIVE

MODELS IN
POLICING
LEA 2
 • It is the science and art of investigating and
What is comparing the police system of nations. It
Comparative covers the study of police organizations,
trainings and methods of policing of various
Police System? nations.
Transnational crime

• It is defined by the United Nations

(UN) offences whose inception,
proportion and/or direct or
indirect effects involve in more
than one country.
International crime

• Defined as crimes against the

peace and security of mankind
(Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994).
Model system

• Used to describe the countries

being used as topics of discussion.
These countries are chosen not
because they are greater than
others but because they are the
focus of comparison being
studied.
 To benefit from the experience
of others

Why do we To broaden our understanding

need to of the different cultures and
compare? approaches to problems

To help us deal with the many

transnational crime problems
that plague our world today9
TYPES OF SOCIETIES

• Folk-communal societies
• has little codification law, no specification among police, and a system of
punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until things
become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.

• Urban-commercial societies
• An urban-commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are
written down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for
enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent.
TYPES OF SOCIETIES

• Urban-industrial societies
• not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribes
good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes,
and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating
incentives and disincentives.

• Bureaucratic societies
• emphasis is upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything, with the
government
• has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep
busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.
TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE LAW IN THE WORLD
• Common Law System,
• They are distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret,
and judges are bound by precedent.
• Civil Law System
• strong inquisitorial system where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and
the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
• Socialist Systems
• distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into
fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate expression of positive
law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and
mankind.
• Islamic System
• based more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of
injustice that conflict with tradition).
Comparative Research Methods

Safari method Collaborative method

• Researcher visits the country • Researcher communicates with
with foreign researcher
 Single

Categories of Two-culture studies

published
works

Historical
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY

• Alertness to crime theory

• as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report
more crime to police and demand the police become more effective at
solving crime problems.
• Economic or migration theory
• crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population
in urban areas
• Opportunity theory
• along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
• Demographic theory
• based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born,
because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out
of the adolescent identity crisis.
• Modernization theory
• theory sees the problem as society becoming too complex
• Theory of anomie
• suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people together
GLOBALIZATION
 • a package of transnational flow
of people, production,
investment, information, ideas,
and authority.
• growing interpenetration of
states, markets, communication,
What is and ideas.
globalization?
 • The emergence of an
“international regime” for state
security and protection of
human rights, growing
Effects of transnational social movement
networks, increasing
Globalization in consciousness and information
Law politics have the potential to
Enforcement address both traditional and
emerging forms of law violations.
 • System and norms are codified
in a widely endorsed set of
How can the international undertakings:
police or law
enforcement • “International Bill of Human Rights”
• phenomenon-specific treaties on
agencies war crimes (Geneva Conventions),
safeguard life genocide, and torture
• protections for vulnerable groups
and human
dignity in a
global scale?
 • Increasing volume of human
rights violations
• Conflict between nations
• Transnational criminal networks
for drug trafficking, money
Threats on law laundering, terrorism, etc.
enforcement
 • Creation of International
tribunals
• Humanitarian interventions that
can promote universal
• Transnational professional
Opportunities network and cooperation
for law against transnational crimes;
enforcement • Global groups for conflict
monitoring and coalitions across
transnational issues.
Continents which composed the Global
Community
Forms and Types of
Government
Autocracy

• An autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is

held by a single, self-appointed ruler.

• It may be totalitarian or be a military dictatorship.

Anarchy

• “No rulership or enforced authority.”

• “Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence
of inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder.”
• “A social state in which there is no governing person or group of
persons, but each individual has absolute liberty (without the
implication of disorder).”
• “Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given
sphere.”
• ANARCHISM
• Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that
common sense would allow people to come together in agreement to form a
functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own
sense of morality, ethics or principled behavior.

• Anarchists still argue that anarchy does not imply nihilism, anomie, or the total
absence of rules, but rather an anti-authoritarian society that is based on the
spontaneous order of free individuals in autonomous communities, operating
on principles of mutual aid, voluntary association, and direct action.
Aristocracy (government)

• select few such as most wise, strong or contributing citizens rule,

often starting as a system of cooption where a council of prominent
citizens add leading soldiers, merchants, land owners, priest, or
lawyers to their number.

• The term “aristocracy” is derived from the Greek

language aristokratia, meaning ‘the rule of the best’.
Authoritarianism

• A form of government characterized by an emphasis on the

authority of the state in a republic or union. It is a political system
controlled by nonelected rulers who usually permit some degree of
individual freedom.
Communist State

• A form of government characterized by single-party rule of a

Communist party and a professed allegiance to a communist
ideology as the guiding principle of the state.

• Communism is an economic ideology that advocates for a classless

society in which all property and wealth are communally-owned,
instead of by individuals.
Democracy

• Comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein

sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to
participate.
ECONOMY
World Economy

• A vital resource for researchers, analysts and policy-advisors

interested in trade policy and other open economy issues
embracing international trade and the environment, international
finance, and trade and development.

• It also considers related areas such as economies in transition and

development economics, making The World Economy an essential
reference for in-depth knowledge on and up-to-date coverage of
international economic relations.
• This world economy description shows that economic development
and well being are linked to freedom and democracy. This
correlation is the key that explains our world society:

Freedom => Knowledge => Technical progress = Economic

development