Name: John Michael D.

Bulgado Grade and Section: 12 - Molave

Date: 01/01/2021

GEN BIO Q1M2

Activity 5.1
A.

1. Population – a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a
given area.
2. Species – a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and
produce fertile offspring.
3. Classification – the process of grouping various living organisms based on the standard
features that they share.
4. Speciation – is how a novel kind of plant or animal species is created.
5. Interbreeding – the act of mixing distinct species or varieties of animals or plants and thus
producing hybrids.
6. Sympatric – is the term employed to describe populations, varieties, or species that occur
in a similar place at the same time.
7. Isolating Mechanism – intrinsic characteristics of species that reduce or prevent
successful reproduction with members of other species.
8. Zygote – is the first diploid cell that is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes
resulting in the formation of an embryo.
9. Parapatric – 'Parapatric' derives from 'para' meaning 'near' and 'patria' meaning 'country'.
Parapatric speciation thus occurs when a scantier population is isolated, usually at the
periphery of a more enormous group, and becomes carefully differentiated to the specific
point of becoming a new species.
10. Allopatric – meaning 'in another place', it describes a population or species physically
isolated from other similar groups by an extrinsic barrier to dispersal.

B.

Activity 5.2
A.
 Example: Gartner snakes live in the same
region
1. Crocodiles live in different regions
2. Birds live in different regions
3. Bears live in different regions
4. Ostriches live in the same region
5. African lions live in the same region
B.
MECHANISMS
1. Geographic Isolation
2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation
One lives in Water
One lives in Land
One lives in saltwater
One lives in freshwater
One can swim
One can’t fly
One can stay in cold places
One can stay in humid places
One is small as a rat
One is tall as a camel
Males have an iconic mane
Females don’t have a mane
EXAMPLES
1. The populations of finches found on the
Galápagos Islands evolved independently,
resulting in roughly 15 different species.
They all have various appearances and eat
different foods.
2. As bizarre as it may appear, human
communities can experience this form of
isolation. This has happened in particular
with isolated tribes all across the planet.
3. Until now, there has existed an Amazon
tribe that has had no interaction with the
rest of Brazil, let alone the rest of the globe.
We can only assume that their allele
frequencies and acquired mutations are
vastly different from ours, despite the fact
that we know nothing about them.
1. The American toad and the Fowler's toad
are the two types of toads. Although these
two species are closely related, the
American toad mates in the early summer
while the Fowler's toad mates later in the
season.
2. Flowers do not reproduce at the same
 time, therefore they cannot cross-pollinate.
This indicates a temporal separation
between the two flower groupings. The two
groups may eventually split up into two
separate species that will be unable to
interbreed.

3. The American toad (Anaxyrus

americanus) and the Fowler's toad
(Anaxyrus fowleri) are two toad species that
have experienced reproductive isolation
due to variations in mating season (Bufo
fowleri).

3. Behavioral Isolation 1. Behavioral isolation keeps newly

divergent species from interbreeding. This
prevents the two species from reuniting to
form a new species.

2. Prevent a species' members from

mating. It's one of a number of processes
that lead to speciation.

3. Consider the following scenario. In the

same environment, two frog species
coexist. Technically, two individuals of this
closely related species may mate. However,
due to behavioral limitations, they do not
mate.

4. Mechanical Isolation 1. Most species of snails also express

mechanical isolation. If a female of one
species of snail tries to mate with the male
of another species, their reproductive
organs won’t match with one another and
the two species won’t be able to mate. The
reproductive organs of a snail are within the
shell of the snail and if one species has a
short, disc-like shell it won’t be able to mate
with a snail that has a tall, cone-shaped
shell.

2. Bushbabies, also known as galagos, are

found on the continent of Africa.
Bushbabies are found throughout the
continent and there are over 20 various
species of animal located there. Even
though some species of bushbaby have an
overlapping habitat, they cannot interbreed
with one another.

3. One of the most notable examples of

mechanical isolation in plants is the
 isolation that exists between white sage and
black sage. While the two species of sage
share a geographical range, the two
species can't interbreed because they rely
on various pollinators.

5. Gametic Isolation 1. It is sometimes difficult to determine

whether gametic isolation is a prezygotic or
postzygotic barrier. In the event of such
uncertainty, it is important to remember that
mating in the case of gametic isolation is
unsuccessful because the sperm cell does
not reach the egg.

2. Despite the fact that numerous sympatric

coral species release their gametes at the
same time in the Caribbean Sea,
hybridization is extremely rare; this is due to
gametic isolation.

3. In plants, the pollen produced by one

species may come into contact with the
stigma of a different species, but the
chances of it germinating are slim to none.
Similarly, in other circumstances, the pollen
tube fails to form, preventing fertilization.

Activity 6.1
A.

1. Kingdom - a taxonomic category of the second-highest rank, just below domain: in a

traditional five-kingdom classification scheme, separate kingdoms are assigned to
animals (Animalia), plants (Plantae), fungi (Fungi), protozoa and eukaryotic algae
(Protista), and bacteria and blue-green algae (Monera).
2. Species – a group or living organism consisting of similar individuals capable of
exchanging genes or interbreeding.
3. Phylum – a principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom.
4. Taxonomy – the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of an
organism or systematic.
5. Order – the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other
according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method.
6. Family – a taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms between genus and
order.
7. Class – a set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and
differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality.
8. Genus – a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family,
and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name, e.g Leo.
9. Natural Selection – the process whereby organisms better adapted to their
environment tent to survive and produce more offspring.
 10. Artificial Selection – is the identification by human or desirable traits in plants and
animals.
B.
1.

2.

Scientist Contributions

Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural

selection

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed his theory of the transmutation of

species, the first fully formed theory of
evolution

Ernst Mayr known for his important contributions to the

science of geology (uniformitarianism and
the great age of the earth). However, Hutton
was also the first person to propose a
mechanism of natural selection to account
for evolutionary change over time.

James Hutton helped define the modern synthesis of

 evolutionary theory, proposing the
"Biological Species Concept."

George Cuvier was the first to demonstrate that the

different strata of rock in the Paris basin
each had their own mammal fauna.
Furthermore, he showed that the lower a
stratum was, the more different its fossil
animals were from species living in the
present. Yet Cuvier rejected the idea of
organic evolution.

Activity 6.2

a. What is evolution? Why is referred to as a theory?

Evolution is the process by which the traits of a species change over numerous
generations and is based on natural selection. Evolution in biology is the change in a
species' features over numerous generations that is based on the process of natural
selection. The theory of evolution is founded on the assumption that all species are
connected and evolve over time.

b. What did Darwin’s travels reveal to him about the number and variety of living species?
Darwin's trips revealed that the diversity of living organisms was far higher than he
had previously realized.

c. Darwin found fossils of many organisms that were different from any living species. How
would this finding have affected his understanding of life’s diversity?
After witnessing a plethora of fossils, Darwin decided that creatures must be
changing to better match their environment and therefore become more diversified. It would
have greatly increased his estimates of biological diversity.

d. How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos?
The tortoises in the Galapagos Islands all had different-shaped shells, hence they
were all separate species of tortoises. Darwin discovered a variety of small, plain brown
birds. The majority of them have unusually formed beaks.

True 1. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve.

False 2. The individual Galápagos Islands are all similar to each other.
False 3. According to Darwin, natural selection is what occurs, and evolution is how it
happens.
True 4. During his journey aboard the Beagle, Darwin found fossils from the seas in the
mountains
False 5. The term fitness to refer to an organism’s ability to outrun its hunters.
True 6. As recently as 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth was only 6,000 years
old.
True 7. Lyell was one of the first to say that Earth must be far older than most people
believed.
False 8. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England from the voyage of the
Beagle.
False 9. Artificial selection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.
True 10. Galápagos tortoises have differently shaped shells depending on where they live.
True 11. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics is has become a widely accepted
scientific theory.
True 12. Darwin’s book changed science forever.
True 13. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose that species evolve by natural
selection.
True 14. Alfred Russel Wallace developed a theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin.
True 15. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than their resources.

Activity 7.1

1. Fossils – is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a
past geological age.
2. Transcription – is the first of several steps of DNA-based gene expression in which a
particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
3. Modification - are changes or differences between organisms' DNA in the same species
that are due to differences in their environment. This is in contrast to mutations, which are
changes in the genomes of organisms.
4. Translation – translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or
endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA
in the cell's nucleus.
5. Biogeography - is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic
space and through geological time.
6. Genetic code – is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded
within genetic material into proteins.
7. Analogous – similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have
different origins.
8. Evolution – change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of
generations. It embraces everything from slight changes in the proportions of different forms
of a gene within a population to the alterations that led from the earliest organism to
dinosaurs, bees, oaks, and humans.
9. Molecular Biology – the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the
macromolecules.
10. Homologous – similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily
in function.

1. Watch the following link: Fossils & Evidence for Evolution:

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=evidences+of+evolution&docid=6080126606097152
6 0& mid=541B9708317332E32B4B541B9708317332E32B4B&view=detail&FORM=VIREh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYr3sYS9e0w

2. List down 5 evidences of evolution, and a short description of it.

a. The fossil record of change in earlier species - Fossils are important evidence for
evolution because they show that life on earth was once different from life found on earth
today.
b. Direct observation - we can directly observe small-scale evolution.
c. Biogeography - The global distribution of organisms and unique features of the island.
d. Molecular biology - DNA and genetic code reflect the shared ancestry of life.
e. The chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms - highly complex organisms
with billions of cells, they all begin as single cells that reproduce themselves by similar
division processes

Activity 7.2

Picture 1

The evidence that the picture given is anatomy is that it illustrates the structure of a body
and many species of animals in order for us to know and grasp this. Anatomical evidence
supports evolution by demonstrating how body parts of one species resemble body parts of
another species, as well as accumulating adaptations until structures grow more similar on
unrelated species.

Picture 2

The image depicts the ancestry of each organism as determined by their DNA, as well as
how each organism is linked to the others. Darwin was able to deduce what happened in the
lineage that led to contemporary mammals due to common ancestry. The presence of
sutures in modern birds and reptiles but no live birth suggests that sutures existed in the
lineage leading to modern mammals before live birth emerged.

Picture 3

Embryology because it shows how the structure of an organism is shared for basic forms.
Embryology lends support to the hypothesis that all species shared a common ancestor (in
accordance with the theory of evolution). According to evolution theory, not every trait of an
ancestor's embryo is present in its progeny.

Picture 4

The evidence involves fossils related to evolution, and it provides actual evidence
demonstrating that organisms now are not the same as those in the past. Fossils are
essential evidence for evolution because they reveal that life on Earth used to be very
different from life on Earth today. Paleontologists can use technologies such as radiometric
dating to establish the age of fossils and categorize them to identify the evolutionary links
between organisms.

Activity 8.1
1. Polytomy – refers to an internal node of a cladogram with more than two immediate
descendants.

2. Phylogenetic Tree – also known as a Dendrogram, a diagram that depicts the evolutionary
interrelationships of a group of organisms that descended from a common ancestor.

3. Taxonomy - describing and classifying organisms and including all the plants, animals,
and microorganisms in the world.

4. Branch Point – A basal taxon is a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains
unbranched. When two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are called sister
taxa.

5. Phylogeny - is the study of the whole family or species of an organism in order to better
understand the pre-history of it. It might have an unconscious influence on a patient,
according to Sigmund Freud.

6. Basal Taxon – A branch point indicates where two lineages diverged. A lineage that
evolved early and remains unbranched is a basal taxon.

7. Binomial Nomenclature – is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving

each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although
they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name,
a binomen, a binominal name or a scientific name; more formally, it is also called a Latin
name.

8. Sister Taxa – A sister group or sister taxon is a phylogenetic term denoting the closest
relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.

9. Phylogenesis – a process by which a taxon (of any rank) appears. The science that
studies these processes is called phylogenetics.

10. Phylogenetics – the study of the whole family or species of an organism in order to
better understand its pre-history.

Activity 8.2
A.
B.

Animals Amino Acid Sequence

Shark gln gln phe ser thr asp lys ser lys thr gln gln hlu thr leu arg ile lys thr ala ala ser

Horse gln pro phe thr thr ala lys asn lys thr lys glu glu thr leu met glu lys ala thr asn glu

Human gln pro tyr ser thr ala lys asn lys ile gly glu asp thr leu met glu lys ala thr asn glu

Frog gln ala phe ser thr asp lys asn lys thr gly glu asp thr leu met glu ser ala cys ser lys

Chicken gln glu phe ser thr asp lys asn lys thr gly glu asp thr leu met glu lys ala thr ser lys

Activity 9.1
A.

1. Polytomy – is a term for an internal node of a cladogram that has more than two
immediate descendent.
2. Systematics – the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present,
and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized
as evolutionary trees.
3. Homology - development of different species of organisms based upon their
descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.
 4. Archaea – Archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic
organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct
molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent
group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms, including plants and
animals, whose cells contain a defined nucleus).
5. Molecular clock - A hypothesis that predicts a constant rate of molecular evolution
among species. It is also a method of genetic analysis that can be used to estimate
evolutionary rates and timescales using data from DNA or proteins.
6. Tetrapods – a superclass of animals that includes all limbed vertebrates (backboned
animals) constituting the classes Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), Aves
(birds), Mammalia (mammals), and their direct ancestors that emerged roughly 397
million years ago during the Devonian Period.
7. Biogeography – is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in
geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological
communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude,
elevation, isolation, and habitat area.
8. Phylogeny– is the study of the whole family or species of an organism in order to
better understand its pre-history. It might have an unconscious influence on a patient,
according to Sigmund Freud.
9. Developmental biology - the study of the process by which animals and plants grow
and develop.
10. Phylogenetics – the study of the whole family or species of an organism in order to
better understand its pre-history.

B.

Similarities Unique

1. Hair color Skinny body

2. Hair texture Loud voice

3. Genes Wavy hair

4. Serious Strong body

5. Smart Patient

Activity 9.2

Why do biologists care about phylogenies and the systematics on evolutionary

relationships?

Biologists can use phylogenies to compare organisms and make predictions and
conclusions based on trait similarities and differences. In order to reconstruct phylogenetic
trees, only homologous traits are used. A phylogenetic tree can depict the evolution of all life
forms.