10

Circular Motion

Chapter Contents
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Kinematics of Circular Motion
10.3 Dynamics of Circular Motion
10.4 Centrifugal Force
10.5 Motion in a Vertical Circle
10.1 Introduction
Circular motion is a two dimensional motion or motion in a plane. This plane may be horizontal,
inclined or vertical. But in most of the cases, this plane is horizontal. In circular motion, direction of
velocity continuously keeps on changing. Therefore, even though speed is constant and velocity
keeps on changing. So body is accelerated. Later we will see that this is a variable acceleration. So,
we cannot apply the equations v = u + at etc. directly.

10.2 Kinematics of Circular Motion

Velocity
In circular motion, a particle has two velocities :
(i) Angular velocity
(ii) Linear velocity

Angular Velocity
Suppose a particle P is moving in a circle of radius r and centre O. Y
P′
The position of the particle P at a given instant may be described by the angle P
θ between OP and OX. This angle θ is called the angular position of the ∆θ

particle. As the particle moves on the circle its angular position θ changes. θ
X
Suppose the point rotates an angle ∆θ in time ∆t. The rate of change of angular O r

position is known as the angular velocity ( ). Thus,

∆θ dθ
ω = lim = Fig. 10.1
∆t → 0 ∆t dt
Here, ω is the angular speed or magnitude of angular velocity. Angular velocity is a vector quantity.
Direction of ω is perpendicular to plane of circle and given by screw law.

(a) (b)
Fig. 10.2
In the Fig. 10.2 (a), when the particle is rotating clockwise, direction of ω is perpendicular to paper
inwards or in ⊗ direction.
In Fig. 10.2 (b), when the particle is rotating in anticlockwise direction, direction of ω is
perpendicular to paper outwards or in O. direction.
ds dr
Linear velocity is as usual, v= or
dt dt
Magnitude of linear velocity is called linear speed v. Thus,
ds dr
v= v = or
dt dt
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 431

Relation between Linear Speed and Angular Speed

In the Fig. 10.1, linear distance PP ′ travelled by the particle in time ∆t is
∆s = r∆θ
∆s ∆θ
or lim = r lim
∆t → 0 ∆t ∆t → 0 ∆t
ds dθ
or =r or v = rω
dt dt
Acceleration
Like the velocity, a particle in circular motion has two accelerations:
(i) Angular acceleration
(ii) Linear acceleration
The rate of change of angular velocity is called the angular acceleration ( α ).
dω d 2 θ
Thus, α= =
dt dt 2
Angular acceleration is also a vector quantity. Direction of α is also perpendicular to plane of circle,
either parallel or antiparallel to ω. If angular speed of the particle is increasing, then α is parallel to ω
and if angular speed is decreasing, then α is antiparallel to ω. Angular acceleration is zero if angular
speed (or angular velocity) is constant.
In circular motion, linear speed of the particle may or may not be constant but direction of linear
velocity continuously keeps on changing. So, velocity is continuously changing. Therefore,
acceleration cannot be zero. But of course we can resolve the linear acceleration into two
components:
(i) tangential acceleration ( a t )
(ii) radial or centripetal acceleration ( a r )
Component of linear acceleration in tangential direction is called tangential acceleration ( a t ). This
component is responsible for change in linear speed. This is the rate of change of speed. Thus,
dv d v
at = =
dt dt
If speed of the particle is constant, then a t is zero. If speed is increasing, then this is positive and in the
direction of linear velocity. If speed is decreasing, then this component is negative and in the
opposite direction of linear velocity.
Tangential component of the linear acceleration and angular acceleration have following relation:
dv d ( rω ) dω
at = = =r
dt dt dt
dω
= rα (as = α)
dt
∴ at = r α
432 — Mechanics - I

Component of linear acceleration in radial direction (towards centre) is called radial or centripetal
acceleration. This component is responsible for change in direction of linear velocity. So, this
component can never be zero, as the direction continuously keeps on changing. Value of this
component is
v2
ar = = rω2 (as v = r ω)
r
These two components are mutually perpendicular. So, the net linear acceleration is at
θ
the vector sum of these two, as shown in figure.
2
 dv 
2
 v2 
a = a t2 + a r2 =   +  
 dt   r  ar a

or a = (r α ) + (r ω )
2 2 2 Fig. 10.3

ar a 
and tan θ = or θ = tan −1  r 
at  at 

Three Types of Circular Motion

For better understanding, we can classify the circular motion in following three P v
θ
types:
(i) Uniform circular motion in which v and ω are constant.
a = ar
In this motion,
v or v = constant ⇒ a t = 0 ⇒ ω = constant ⇒ α = 0
v2 θ = 90°
a = ar = = rω2 Fig. 10.4
r
a is towards centre, v is tangential and according to the shown figure, ω is perpendicular to paper
inwards or in ⊗ direction.
at
(ii) Accelerated circular motion in which v and ω are increasing. So, a t is in θ
v
the direction of v and α is in the direction of ω.
In the figure shown, α and ω both are perpendicular to paper inwards. ar a
Further,
a = a t2 + a r2
ar θ is acute
and tan θ = Fig. 10.5
at
at v
(iii) Retarded circular motion in which v and ω are decreasing. So, a t is in the θ
opposite direction of v and α is in the opposite direction of ω. a
ar
In the figure shown, ω is perpendicular to paper inwards in ⊗ direction and
α is perpendicular to paper outwards in O. direction.
Note In the above figures, θ is the angle between v and a. θ is obtuse
Fig. 10.6
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 433

Extra Points to Remember

˜ Relation between angular velocity vector ω, velocity vector v and position vector of the particle with respect
to centre r is given by
v=ω× r
˜ In circular motion, if angular accelerationα is constant then we can apply the following equations directly:
1
ω = ω0 + α t ⇒ ω2 = ω20 + 2 αθ and θ = ω0t + α t 2
2
Here, ω0 is the initial angular velocity and ω, the angular velocity at time t. Similarly, θ is the angle rotated by
position vector of the particle (with respect to centre).
˜ If angular acceleration is not constant, then we will have to take help of differentiation or integration. The
basic equations are
dθ dω dω
ω= and α = =ω
dt dt dθ
∴ ∫ dθ = ∫ ωdt , ∫ dω = ∫ α dt and ∫ ωdω = ∫ α dθ
V Example 10.1 A particle moves in a circle of radius 0.5 m at a speed that
uniformly increases. Find the angular acceleration of particle if its speed
changes from 2.0 m/s to 4.0 m/s in 4.0 s.
Solution The tangential acceleration of the particle is
dv 4.0 − 2.0
at = = = 0.5 m/s 2
dt 4.0
a 0.5
The angular acceleration is α= t = = 1rad /s 2 Ans.
r 0.5

V Example 10.2 The speed of a particle moving in a circle of radius r = 2 m

varies with time t as v = t2 , where t is in second and v in m/s. Find the radial,
tangential and net acceleration at t = 2 s.
Solution Linear speed of particle at t = 2s is
v = ( 2) 2 = 4 m/s
v 2 (4 )2
∴ Radial acceleration ar = = = 8 m/s 2
r 2
dv
The tangential acceleration is a t = = 2t
dt
∴ Tangential acceleration at t = 2 s is
a t = ( 2) ( 2) = 4 m/ s 2
∴ Net acceleration of particle at t = 2s is
a = ( a r ) 2 + ( a t ) 2 = ( 8) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 or a = 80 m/s 2

Note On any curved path (not necessarily a circular one) the acceleration of the particle has two components at
and an in two mutually perpendicular directions. Component of a along v is at and perpendicular to v is an .
Thus,
| a | = at2 + an2
434 — Mechanics - I

V Example 10.3 In circular motion, what are the possible values (zero, positive
or negative) of the following :
(a) ω ⋅ v (b) v⋅ a (c) ω ⋅ α
Solution (a) v lies in the plane of circle and ω is always perpendicular to this plane.
∴ v⊥ ω (always)
Hence, ω ⋅ v is always zero.
(b) v and a both lie in the plane of circle and the angle between these two vectors may be acute
(when speed is increasing) obtuse (when speed is decreasing) or 90° (when speed is
constant).
Hence, v⋅ a may be positive, negative or zero.
(c) ω and α are either parallel (θ = 0° between ω and α) or antiparallel (θ = 180°). In uniform
circular motion, α has zero magnitude. Hence, ω ⋅ α may be positive, negative or zero.

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 10.1

1. Is the acceleration of a particle in uniform circular motion constant or variable?
2. Which of the following quantities may remain constant during the motion of an object along a
curved path?
(i) Velocity (ii) Speed (iii) Acceleration (iv) Magnitude of acceleration
3. A particle moves in a circle of radius 1.0 cm with a speed given by v = 2 t , where v is in cm/s and t
in seconds.
(a) Find the radial acceleration of the particle at t = 1s.
(b) Find the tangential acceleration at t = 1s.
(c) Find the magnitude of net acceleration at t = 1s.
4. A particle is moving with a constant speed in a circular path. Find the ratio of average velocity to
 π
its instantaneous velocity when the particle rotates an angle θ =   .
 2
5. A particle is moving with a constant angular acceleration of 4 rad/s 2 in a circular path. At time
t = 0, particle was at rest. Find the time at which the magnitudes of centripetal acceleration and
tangential acceleration are equal.
6. A particle rotates in a circular path of radius 54 m with varying speed v = 4t 2.Here v is in m/s and
t in second. Find angle between velocity and acceleration at t = 3 s.
7. Figure shows the total acceleration and velocity of a particle
moving clockwise in a circle of radius 2.5 m at a given instant of m
5
time. At this instant, find : 2.
(a) the radial acceleration, 3 0° a v

(b) the speed of the particle and

(c) its tangential acceleration. a = 25 m/s 2

Fig. 10.7
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 435

10.3 Dynamics of Circular Motion

In the above article, we have learnt that linear acceleration of a particle in circular motion has two
components, tangential and radial (or centripetal). So, normally we resolve the forces acting on the
particle in two directions:
(i) tangential
(ii) radial
In tangential direction, net force on the particle is ma t and in radial direction net force is ma r .
In uniform circular motion, tangential acceleration is zero. Hence, net force in tangential direction is
zero and in radial direction
mv 2
F net = ma r = = mr ω 2
r
v2
as, ar = = rω2
r
This net force (towards centre) is also called centripetal force.
In most of the cases plane of our uniform circular motion will be horizontal and one of the tangent is
in vertical direction also. So, in this case we resolve the forces in:
(i) horizontal radial direction
(ii) vertical tangential direction
In vertical tangential direction net force is zero (a t =0) and in horizontal radial direction (towards
mv 2
centre) net force is or mr ω 2 .
r
mv 2
Note Centripetal force or mr ω 2 (towards centre) does not act on the particle but this much force is required
r
to the particle for rotating in a circle (as it is accelerated due to change in direction of velocity). The real
forces acting on the particle provide this centripetal force or we can say that vector sum of all the forces
mv 2
acting on the particle is equal to or mr ω 2 (in case of uniform circular motion). The real forces acting
r
on the particle may be, friction force, weight, normal reaction, tension etc.

Conical Pendulum
If a small particle of mass m tied to a string is whirled in a horizontal
circle, as shown in Fig.10.8. The arrangement is called the ‘conical θ
L
pendulum’. In case of conical pendulum, the vertical component of
tension balances the weight in tangential direction, while its horizontal T
θ
component provides the necessary centripetal force in radial direction r m
(towards centre). Thus,
mv 2 r = L sin θ mg
T sin θ = …(i)
r Fig. 10.8
and T cos θ = mg …(ii)
436 — Mechanics - I

From these two equations, we can find

v = rg tan θ
v g tan θ
∴ Angular speed ω= =
r r
So, the time period of pendulum is
2π r L cos θ
T= = 2π = 2π ( as r = L sin θ )
ω g tan θ g
L cos θ
or T = 2π
g

Motion of a Particle Inside a Smooth Cone

A particle of mass ‘m’ is rotating inside a smooth cone N cos θ
N
in horizontal circle of radius ‘r’ as shown in figure. θ
constant speed of the particle is suppose ‘v’.
r N sin θ
C m
Only two forces are acting on the particle in the shown
directions: mg mg
(i) normal reaction N θ
(ii) weight mg Fig. 10.9
We have resolved these two forces in vertical
tangential direction and horizontal radial direction. In vertical tangential direction,
net force is zero.
∴ N cos θ = mg
mv 2
In horizontal radial direction (towards centre), net force is .
r
mv 2
∴ N sin θ =
r

‘Death Well’ or Rotor

r
In case of ‘death well’ a person drives a bicycle on a vertical f
surface of a large wooden well while in case of a rotor, at a N
f
certain angular speed of rotor a person hangs resting against the r
N mg
wall without any support from the bottom. In death well walls mg
are at rest and person revolves while in case of rotor person is at
rest and the walls rotate.
In both cases, friction force balances the weight of person while (A) (B)
reaction provides the centripetal force for circular motion, i.e. Death well Rotor
mv 2 Fig. 10.10
f = mg and N = = mrω 2 ( v = rω )
r
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 437

A Cyclist Bends Towards Centre on a Circular Path

In the figure, F is the resultant of N and f . F

∴ F = N2 + f 2
N G G mv 2
When the cyclist is inclined to the centre of the θ r
rounding of its path, the resultant of N , f and θ
mg is directed horizontally to the centre of the f
circular path of the cycle. This resultant force mg mg
imparts a centripetal acceleration to the Fig. 10.11
cyclist.
Resultant of N and f , i.e. F should pass through G, the centre of gravity of cyclist (for complete
equilibrium, rotational as well as translational). Hence,
f mv 2
tan θ = , where f = and N = mg
N r
v2
∴ tan θ =
rg

Circular Turning of Roads

When vehicles go through turnings, they travel along a nearly circular arc. There must be some force
which will provide the required centripetal acceleration. If the vehicles travel in a horizontal circular
path, this resultant force is also horizontal. The necessary centripetal force is being provided to the
vehicles by following three ways:
1. By friction only.
2. By banking of roads only.
3. By friction and banking of roads both.
In real life, the necessary centripetal force is provided by friction and banking of roads both. Now, let us
write equations of motion in each of the three cases separately and see what are the constraints in each
case.
1. By Friction Only
Suppose a car of mass m is moving at a speed v in a horizontal circular arc of radius r. In this case, the
necessary centripetal force to the car will be provided by force of friction f acting towards centre.
mv 2
Thus, f =
r
Further, limiting value of f is µN .
or f L = µN = µmg ( N = mg )
Therefore, for a safe turn without sliding
mv 2 mv 2
≤ f L or ≤ µmg
r r
v2
or µ≥ or v ≤ µrg
rg
438 — Mechanics - I

Here, two situations may arise. If µ and r are known to us, the speed of the vehicle should not exceed
v2
µrg and if v and r are known to us, the coefficient of friction should be greater than .
rg
Note You might have seen that if the speed of the car is too high, car starts skidding outwards. With this, radius of
the circle increases or the necessary centripetal force is reduced (centripetal force ∝ 1 ) .
r

2. By Banking of Roads Only

Friction is not always reliable at circular turns if high speeds and sharp turns N
are involved. To avoid dependence on friction, the roads are banked at the θ
turn so that the outer part of the road is some what lifted compared to the mv 2
G
inner part. r

Applying Newton’s second law along the radius and the first law in the
vertical direction.
mv 2 θ
N sin θ = ...(i) mg
r
and N cos θ = mg ...(ii) Fig. 10.12

From these two equations, we get

v2
tan θ = or v = rg tan θ
rg
Note This is the speed at which car does not slide down even if track is smooth. If track is smooth and speed is less
than rg tan θ , vehicle will move down so that r gets decreased and if speed is more than this vehicle will
move up.

3. By Friction and Banking of Road Both

If a vehicle is moving on a circular road which is rough and banked also, then three forces may act on
the vehicle of these the first force, i.e. weight ( mg ) is fixed both in magnitude and direction. The
direction of second force, i.e. normal reaction N is also fixed (perpendicular to the road) while the
direction of the third force, i.e. friction f can be either inwards or outwards, while its magnitude can
be varied from zero to a maximum limit ( f L = µN ). So, the magnitude of normal reaction N and
direction plus magnitude of friction f are so adjusted that the resultant of the three forces mentioned
mv 2
above is towards the centre. Of these m and r are also constant. Therefore, magnitude of N and
r
direction plus magnitude of friction mainly depend on the speed of the vehicle v. Although situation
varies from problem to problem yet, we can see that
(i) Friction f is upwards if the vehicle is at rest or v = 0.
Because in this case the component of weight mg sin θ is balanced by f.
(ii) Friction f is downwards if v > rg tan θ
(iii) Friction f is upwards if v < rg tan θ
(iv) Friction f is zero if v = rg tan θ
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 439

Let us now see how the force of friction and normal reaction change as speed is gradually increased.
N cos θ + f sin θ N cos θ + f sin θ
N N
f mv 2 f
θ θ
r
θ θ
N sin θ f cos θ N sin θ f cos θ
mg mg

θ θ
(a) (b)
Fig. 10.13

In Fig. (a) When the car is at rest force of friction is upwards. We can resolve the forces in any two
mutually perpendicular directions. Let us resolve them in horizontal and vertical directions.
Σ FH = 0 ∴ N sin θ – f cos θ = 0 …(i)
Σ FV = 0 ∴ N cos θ + f sin θ = mg …(ii)
2
mv
In Fig. (b) Now, the car is given a small speed v, so that a centripetal force is now required in
r
horizontal direction towards centre. So, Eq. (i) will now become,
mv 2
N sin θ – f cos θ =
r
mv 2
or we can say that in first case N sin θ and f cos θ are equal while in second case their difference is .
r
This can occur in following three ways:
(i) N increases while f remains same.
(ii) N remains same while f decreases or
(iii) N increases and f decreases.
But only third case is possible, i.e. N will increase and f will decrease. This is because Eq. (ii),
N cos θ + f sin θ = mg = constant is still has to be valid.
So, to keep N cos θ + f sin θ to be constant N should increase and f should decrease (asθ = constant).
Now, as speed goes on increasing, force of friction first decreases. Becomes zero at v = rg tan θ and
then starts acting in downward direction, so that its horizontal component f cos θ with N sin θ now
provides the required centripetal force.

V Example 10.4 A small block of mass 100 g moves with uniform speed in a
horizontal circular groove, with vertical side walls of radius 25 cm. If the block
takes 2.0 s to complete one round, find the normal constant force by the side
wall of the groove.
Solution The speed of the block is
2π × ( 25 cm )
v= = 0.785 m/s
2.0 s
The acceleration of the block is
v 2 ( 0.785 m/s ) 2
a= = = 2.464 m/s 2
r 0.25m
440 — Mechanics - I

towards the centre. The only force in this direction is the normal contact force due to the side
walls. Thus, from Newton's second law, this force is
N = ma = ( 0.100 kg )( 2.464 m/s 2 ) = 0.246 N Ans.

V Example 10.5 A fighter plane is pulling out for a dive at a speed of 900 km/h.
Assuming its path to be a vertical circle of radius 2000 m and its mass to be
16000 kg, find the force exerted by the air on it at the lowest point.
Take, g = 9.8 m/ s2 .
Solution At the lowest point in the path, the acceleration is vertically upward (towards the
centre) and its magnitude is v 2 / r.
The forces on the plane are :
(a) weight Mg downward and
(b) force F by the air upward.
Hence, Newton's second law of motion gives
F − Mg = Mv 2 / r or F = M (g + v 2 / r )
9 × 105
Here, v = 900 km/ h = m/s = 250 m/s
3600
 62500
∴ F = 16000  9.8 +  N = 6.56 × 10 N
5
(upward).
 2000 

V Example 10.6 Three particles, each of mass m are situated at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle of side a. The only forces acting on the particles are their
mutual gravitational forces. It is desired that each particle moves in a circle
while maintaining the original mutual separation a. Find the initial velocity
that should be given to each particle and also the time period of the circular
 Gm1 m2 
motion.  F = .
 r2 
a a
Solution r= sec 30° =
2 3
Gmm
F= 2 F
a
r
 Gmm Fnet
F net = 3F =  2  ( 3 ) 30°
 a  F
v
This will provide the necessary centripetal force.
mv 2 3 Gm2 mv 2 3 Gm2 Fig. 10.14
∴ = or =
r a2 (a/ 3 ) a2
Gm
⇒ v= Ans.
a
2πr 2π ( a / 3 ) a3
T= = = 2π Ans.
v Gm/ a 3Gm
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 441

V Example 10.7 (a) How many revolutions per minute must the apparatus
shown in figure make about a vertical axis so that the cord makes an angle of
45° with the vertical?
a

45
l

°
T

r
mg
Fig. 10.15

(b) What is the tension in the cord then? Given, l = 2 m, a = 20 cm and m = 5.0 kg ?

 1
Solution (a) r = a + l sin 45° = ( 0.2) + ( 2 )   = 1.2 m
 2
Now, T cos 45° = mg ...(i)
and T sin 45° = mrω 2
...(ii)
g
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have ω = 2nπ =
r
1 g 60 9.8
∴ n= = rpm = 27.3 rpm Ans.
2π r 2π 1.2
(b) From Eq. (i), we have T = 2 mg = ( 2 ) ( 5.0) ( 9.8)
= 69.3 N Ans.

V Example 10.8 A turn of radius 20 m is banked for the vehicle of mass 200 kg
going at a speed of 10 m/s. Find the direction and magnitude of frictional force
acting on a vehicle if it moves with a speed
(a) 5 m/s
(b) 15 m/s.
Assume that friction is sufficient to prevent slipping. (g = 10 m/s 2 )
Solution (a) The turn is banked for speed v = 10 m/s y
2 2 N θ f
v (10) 1
Therefore, tan θ = = = θ x
rg ( 20)(10) 2 θ
Now, as the speed is decreased, force of friction f acts mg
θ
upwards.
mv 2 Fig. 10.16
Using the equations ΣFx =
r
and ΣF y = 0, we get
mv 2
N sin θ − f cos θ = …(i)
r
442 — Mechanics - I

N cos θ + f sin θ = mg …(ii)

 1
Substituting, θ = tan −1   , v = 5 m/s, m = 200 kg and r = 20 m, in the above equations,
 2
we get f = 300 5 N (upwards)
(b) In the second case force of friction f will act downwards. N θ
mv 2
Using ΣFx = θ
r
f mg
and ΣF y = 0, we get θ
mv 2 Fig. 10.17
N sin θ + f cos θ = …(iii)
r
N cos θ − f sin θ = mg …(iv)
 1
Substituting θ = tan −1   , v = 15 m/s, m = 200 kg
 2
and r = 20 m in the above equations, we get
f = 500 5 N (downwards)

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 10.2

1. A turn has a radius of 10 m. If a vehicle goes round it at an average speed of 18 km/h, what
should be the proper angle of banking?
2. If the road of the previous problem is horizontal (no banking), what should be the minimum
friction coefficient so that a scooter going at 18 km/h does not skid?
3. A circular road of radius 50 m has the angle of banking equal to 30°. At what speed should a
vehicle go on this road so that the friction is not used?
4. Is a body in uniform circular motion in equilibrium?
5. A car driver going at speed v suddenly finds a wide wall at a distance r. Should he apply brakes
or turn the car in a circle of radius r to avoid hitting the wall.
6. A 4 kg block is attached to a vertical rod by means of two strings of
equal length. When the system rotates about the axis of the rod, the 5m
strings are extended as shown in figure. θ
8m A
(a) How many revolutions per minute must the system make in order
for the tension in the upper string to be 200 N?
(b) What is the tension in the lower string then? Fig. 10.18
7. A car moves at a constant speed on a straight but hilly road. One section has a crest and dip of
the same 250 m radius.
(a) As the car passes over the crest the normal force on the car is one half the 16 kN weight of
the car. What will be the normal force on the car as its passes through the bottom of the dip?
(b) What is the greatest speed at which the car can move without leaving the road at the top of
the hill?
(c) Moving at a speed found in part (b) what will be the normal force on the car as it moves
through the bottom of the dip? (Take, g = 10 m /s 2)
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 443

10.4 Centrifugal Force

Newton’s laws are valid only in inertial frames. In non-inertial frames a pseudo force −ma has to be
applied. (a = acceleration of frame of reference). After applying the pseudo force one can apply
Newton’s laws in their usual form. Now, suppose a frame of reference is rotating with constant
angular velocity ω in a circle of radius ‘r’. Then, it will become a non-inertial frame of acceleration
rω 2 towards the centre. Now, if we observe an object of mass ‘m’ from this frame then a pseudo force
of magnitude mrω 2 will have to be applied to this object in a direction away from the centre. This
pseudo force is called the centrifugal force. After applying this force we can now apply Newton’s
laws in their usual form. Following examples will illustrate the concept more clearly:

V Example 10.9 A particle of mass m is placed over a horizontal circular table

rotating with an angular velocity ω about a vertical axis passing through its
centre. The distance of the object from the axis is r. Find the force of friction f
between the particle and the table.
Solution Let us solve this problem from both frames. The one is a frame fixed on ground and
the other is a frame fixed on table itself.
ω N

N = normal reaction
r f
mg = weight
f = force of friction

mg

Fig. 10.19

From Frame of Reference Fixed on Ground (Inertial)

Here, N will balance its weight and the force of friction f will provide the necessary centripetal force.
Thus, f = mrω 2 Ans.
From Frame of Reference Fixed on Table Itself (Non-inertial)
N
In the free body diagram of particle with respect to table, in
addition to above three forces (N, mg and f ) a pseudo force of
magnitude mrω 2 will have to be applied in a direction away f Pseudo force = mrω2
from the centre. But one thing should be clear that in this frame
the particle is in equilibrium, i.e. N will balance its weight in
vertical direction while f will balance the pseudo force in mg

horizontal direction. Fig. 10.20

or f = mrω 2 Ans.
2
Thus, we see that f comes out to be mrω from both the frames.
 444 — Mechanics - I

V Example 10.10 Two blocks A and B of masses ω = 2 m/s

1 kg and 3 kg are attached with two massless
strings as shown in figure. The system is kept over
a smooth table and it is rotated about the axis 1m 1m
shown in figure with constant angular speed A B
ω =2rad / s.
Find direction and magnitude of centrifugal force on
(a) A as observed by B
Fig. 10.21
(b) B as observed by A
Solution (a) Acceleration of B,
a B = rB ω 2 = ( 2) ( 2) 2 = 8 m/s 2 (towards centre)
Mass of A m A = 1 kg .
∴Centrifugal force (or pseudo force) on A,
F A = m A a B = (1) ( 8) = 8N Ans.
Direction of this force is in the opposite direction of a B . Therefore, direction of FA is radially
outwards.
(b) Acceleration of A, a A = rA ω 2 = (1) ( 2) 2 = 4 m/s 2 (towards centre)
Mass of B, mB = 3 kg
∴ Centrifugal force on B,
FB = mB a A = ( 3) ( 4 ) = 12 N Ans.
Direction of FB is also radially outwards.

10.5 Motion in a Vertical Circle

Suppose a particle of mass m is attached to an inextensible light string of length R. The particle is
moving in a vertical circle of radius R about a fixed point O. It is imparted a velocity u in horizontal
direction at lowest point A. Let v be its velocity at point B of the circle as shown in figure. Here,

O
T
v
θ
R B
h mg cos θ
A mg sin θ
u
Fig. 10.22
h = R (1 − cos θ ) …(i)
From conservation of mechanical energy
1
m( u 2 − v 2 ) = mgh
2
or v 2 = u 2 − 2gh …(ii)
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 445

The necessary centripetal force is provided by the resultant of tension T and mg cos θ
mv 2
∴ T − mg cos θ = …(iii)
R
Now, following three conditions arise depending on the value of u.

Condition of Looping the Loop (u ≥ 5gR )

The particle will complete the circle if the string does not slack even at the highest point (θ = π ).
Thus, tension in the string should be greater than or equal to zero (T ≥ 0) at θ = π. In critical case
substituting T = 0 and θ = π in Eq. (iii), we get
2
mv min
mg = or v min 2
= gR or v min = gR (at highest point)
R
Substituting θ = π in Eq. (i), h = 2R
Therefore, from Eq. (ii), we have
2
u min = v min
2
+ 2gh
or 2
u min = gR + 2g (2R ) = 5 gR
or u min = 5 gR
Thus, if u ≥ 5gR , the particle will complete the circle. At P
vmin = gR T=0
u = 5gR , velocity at highest point is v = gR and tension in the
string is zero.
O
Substituting θ = 0° and v = 5gR in Eq. (iii), we get T = 6 mg or in
the critical condition tension in the string at lowest position is R
6 mg. This is shown in Fig. 10.23. u umin = 5gR
A
If u < 5gR , following two cases are possible T = 6 mg
Fig. 10.23
Condition of Leaving the Circle ( 2gR < u < 5gR )
If u < 5gR , the tension in the string will become zero before reaching the highest point. From
Eq. (iii), tension in the string becomes zero (T = 0)
−v 2 2gh − u 2
where, cos θ = or cos θ =
Rg Rg
Substituting this value of cos θ in Eq. (i), we get
2gh − u 2 h u 2 + Rg
=1 − or h = = h1 (say) …(iv)
Rg R 3g
or we can say that at height h1 tension in the string becomes zero. Further, if u < 5gR , velocity of the
particle becomes zero when
u2
0 = u 2 − 2gh or h = = h2 (say) …(v)
2g
i.e. at height h2 velocity of particle becomes zero.
446 — Mechanics - I

Now, the particle will leave the circle if tension in the string becomes zero but velocity is not zero or
T = 0 but v ≠ 0. This is possible only when
u 2 + Rg u 2
h1 < h2 or <
3g 2g
or 2u 2 + 2Rg < 3u 2 or u 2 > 2Rg or u > 2Rg
Therefore, if 2gR < u < 5gR , the particle leaves the circle. v
P
From Eq. (iv), we can see that h > R if u 2 > 2gR . Thus, the particle will T = 0, v ≠0

leave the circle when h > R or 90° < θ < 180° . This situation is shown in
the Fig. 10.24. O θ
h>R
2gR < u < 5gR or 90° < θ < 180°
R
Note After leaving the circle, the particle will follow a parabolic path as the particle u
comes under gravity. A
Fig. 10.24
Condition of Oscillation (0 < u ≤ 2gR )
The particle will oscillate, if velocity of the particle becomes zero but tension in the string is not zero.
or v = 0, but T ≠ 0. This is possible when
h2 < h1
u 2 u 2 + Rg
or <
2g 3g
or 3u 2 < 2u 2 + 2Rg
or u 2 < 2Rg
or u < 2Rg
Moreover, if h1 = h2 , u = 2Rg and tension and velocity both becomes zero simultaneously.
Further, from Eq. (iv), we can see that h ≤ R if u ≤ 2Rg . Thus, for 0 < u ≤ 2gR , particle oscillates in
lower half of the circle (0° < θ ≤ 90° ).
This situation is shown in the figure.
O
θ P
R v =0, T ≠0
h≤R
u
Fig. 10.25

0 < u ≤ 2gR or 0° < θ ≤ 90°

Note The above three conditions have been derived for a particle moving in a vertical circle attached to a string.
The same conditions apply, if a particle moves inside a smooth spherical shell of radius R. The only
difference is that the tension is replaced by the normal reaction N.
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 447

Condition of Looping the Loop is u ≥ 5 gR

v = √gR, N = 0

u = √5gR, N = 6 mg
Fig. 10.26

Condition of Leaving the Circle is 2 gR < u < 5 gR

N=0
v v≠0

θ h>R

Fig. 10.27

Condition of Oscillation is 0 < u ≤ 2 gR

v =0, N ≠ 0
u h≤R

Fig. 10.28

V Example 10.11 A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a vertical

circle with the other end of the string at the centre. At a certain instant of time
the stone is at it lowest position and has a speed u. Find the magnitude of the
change in its velocity as it reaches a position, where the string is horizontal.
v
Solution v = u 2 − 2gh = u 2 − 2gL
| ∆v | = | v f − vi |
= v 2 + u 2 − 2v ⋅ u cos 90° h=L

= ( u 2 − 2gL ) + u 2 u
Fig. 10.29
= 2 ( u − gL )
2
Ans.
448 — Mechanics - I

V Example 10.12 With what minimum speed v must a small ball should be
pushed inside a smooth vertical tube from a height h so that it may reach the
top of the tube? Radius of the tube is R.

(2R − h) d
R

h v

d<<R
Fig. 10.30

Solution v top = v 2 − 2g ( 2R − h )
To just complete the vertical circle v top may be zero.
∴ 0 = v 2 − 2g ( 2R − h )
or v = 2g ( 2R − h ) Ans.

V Example 10.13 A particle is suspended from a fixed point by a string of

length 5 m. It is projected from the equilibrium position with such a velocity
that the string slackens after the particle has reached a height 8 m above the
lowest point. Find the velocity of the particle, just before the string slackens.
Find also, to what height the particle can rise further?
Solution At P, v
T=0 θ
P
mv 2 5m θ
∴ mg cos θ =
R 3m

v 2 4 m
or g cos θ = mg
8m
R 5m
2
 3 v
or ( 9.8)   =
 5 5 Fig. 10.31
∴ v = 5.42 m/s Ans.
After point P motion is projectile
v 2 sin 2 θ ( 5.42) 2 ( 4 / 5) 2
h= =
2g 2 × 9.8
= 0.96 m Ans.

V Example 10.14 A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a light

inextensible string of length l is projected horizontally with speed gl. Find the
speed of the particle and the inclination of the string to the vertical at the
instant of the motion when the tension in the string is equal to the weight of the
particle.
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 449

Solution Let T = mg at angle θ as shown in figure.

h = l(1 − cos θ ) …(i)
Applying conservation of mechanical energy between points
T B
A and B, we get θ
mg cos θ
1
m( u − v ) = mgh
2 2
h mg sin θ
2
Here, u 2 = gl …(ii) A u = √ gl

and v = speed of particle in position B Fig. 10.32

∴ v 2 = u 2 − 2 gh …(iii)
2 2
mv mv
Further, T − mg cos θ = or mg − mg cos θ = (T = mg )
l l
or v 2 = gl(1 − cos θ ) …(iv)
2 2
Substituting values of v , u and h from Eqs. (iv), (ii) and (i) in Eq. (iii), we get
2  2
gl(1 − cos θ ) = gl − 2gl(1 − cos θ ) or cos θ = or θ = cos −1  
3  3
2
Substituting cos θ = in Eq. (iv), we get
3
gl
v= Ans.
3

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 10.3

1. In the figure shown in Fig. 10.33, a bob attached with a light string of radius
R is given an initial velocity u = 4 gR at the bottommost point.
(a) At what height string will slack. R
(b) What is velocity of the bob just before slacking of string.
2. In the above question, if u = gR then
u = √4gR
(a) after rotating an angle θ, velocity of the bob becomes zero. Find the
Fig. 10.33
value of θ.
(b) If mass of the bob is ‘m’ then what is the tension in the string when velocity becomes zero?
3. In question number-1, if u = 7 gR then
(a) What is the velocity at topmost point ?
(b) What is tension at the topmost point ?
(c) What is tension at the bottommost point ?
4. A bob is suspended from a crane by a cable of length
l = 5 m. The crane and load are moving at a constant
v0
speed v 0. The crane is stopped by a bumper and the bob
on the cable swings out an angle of 60°. Find the initial
speed v 0. (g = 9.8 m /s 2)
Fig. 10.34
450 — Mechanics - I

Final Touch Points

1. In general, in any curvilinear motion direction of instantaneous velocity is tangential to the path, while
acceleration may have any direction. If we resolve the acceleration in two normal directions, one
parallel to velocity and another perpendicular to velocity, the first component is at while the other is an
a

θ
v

a ⋅v
Thus, at = component of a along v = a cos θ =
v
dv d | v |
= = = rate of change of speed
dt dt
and an = component of a perpendicular to v = a sin θ = a 2 − at2 = v 2 /R
Here, v is the speed of particle at that instant and R is called the radius of curvature to the curvilinear
path at that point.
2. In a t = a cos θ, if θ is acute, a t will be positive and speed will increase. If θ is obtuse a t will be negative
and speed will decrease. If θ is 90°, a t is zero and speed will remain constant.
3. If a particle of mass m is connected to a light rod and whirled in a vertical circle of radius R, then to
complete the circle, the minimum velocity of the particle at the bottommost point is not 5 gR .
Because in this case, velocity of the particle at the topmost point can be zero also. Using
conservation of mechanical energy between points A and B as shown in figure (a), we get
v=0 B

d
h = 2R
O
R R
u
A
u ≥ 2 √gR u ≥ 2 √gR d<<R
(a) (b)
1 1
m(u 2 − v 2 ) = mgh or mu 2 = mg ( 2R ) (as v = 0)
2 2
∴ u = 2 gR
Therefore, the minimum value of u in this case is 2 gR .
Same is the case when a particle is compelled to move inside a smooth vertical tube as shown in
figure (b).
4. Oscillation of a pendulum is the part of a vertical circular motion. At point A and C
since velocity is zero, net centripetal force will be zero. Only tangential force is
present. From A and B or C to B speed of the bob increases. Therefore, tangential
force is parallel to velocity. From B to A or B to C speed of the bob decreases.
Hence, tangential force is antiparallel to velocity.
C A
B
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 451

5. In circular motion, acceleration of the particle has two components

dv
(i) tangential acceleration at = = Rα
dt
v2
(ii) normal or radial acceleration an = = Rω 2
R
at and an are two perpendicular components of a. Hence, we can write a = at2 + an2
Since, circular motion, is a 2-D motion we can write
2
 dv 
2
v 2
a = a x2 + a y2 =   +  
 dt   r 

Here, v = v x2 + v y2 or v 2 = v x2 + v y2
6. Condition of toppling of a vehicle on circular tracks
While moving in a circular track normal reaction on the outer wheels (N1) is N2 N1
more than the normal reaction on inner wheels (N2 ). G
or N1 > N2 h
This can be proved as below. f
Distance between two wheels = 2a
mg
Height of centre of gravity of car from road = h a a
For translational equilibrium of car
N1 + N2 = mg …(i)
mv 2
and f = …(ii)
r
and for rotational equilibrium of car, net torque about centre of gravity should be zero.
or N1(a ) = N2(a ) + f (h ) …(iii)
From Eq. (iii), we can see that
h  mv 2   h 
N2 = N1 –   f = N1 –     …(iv)
a  r  a
or N2 < N1
From Eq. (iv), we see that N2 decreases as v is increased.
In critical case, N2 = 0
and N1 = mg [From Eq. (i)]
∴ N1(a ) = f (h ) [From Eq. (iii)]
 mv 2  gra
or (mg )(a ) =   (h ) or v =
 r  h
gra
Now, if v > ,N2 < 0, and the car topples outwards.
h
gra
Therefore, for a safe turn without toppling v ≤ .
h
7. From the above discussion, we can conclude that while taking a turn on a level road there are two
critical speeds, one is the maximum speed for sliding ( = µrg ) and another is maximum speed for
 gra 
toppling  =  . One should keep ones car’s speed less than both for neither to slide nor to
 h 
overturn.
452 — Mechanics - I

8. Motion of a ball over a smooth solid sphere

Suppose a small ball of mass m is given a velocity v u=0
over the top of a smooth sphere of radius R. The v
h
equation of motion for the ball at the topmost point N=0
will be θ θ
mv 2 mv 2
mg − N = or N = mg − R mg v
R R
From this equation, we see that the value of N
decreases as v increases. Minimum value of N can (a) (b)
be zero. Hence,
2
mvmax
0 = mg − or vmax = Rg
R
So, ball will lose contact with the sphere right from the beginning if velocity of the ball at topmost point
v > Rg . If v < Rg it will lose contact after moving certain distance over the sphere. Now, let us find the
angle θ where the ball loses contact with the sphere if velocity at topmost point is just zero. Fig. (b)
h = R (1 − cos θ ) …(i)
v = 2gh
2
…(ii)
mv 2
mg cos θ = (as N = 0) …(iii)
R
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
 2
θ = cos −1   = 48.2°
 3
 2
Thus, the ball can move on the sphere maximum upto θ = cos −1   .
 3
Exercise : Find angle θ where the ball will lose contact with the sphere, if velocity at topmost point is
v gR
u = max = .
2 2
 3
Ans. θ = cos −1   = 41.4°
 4
Hint: Only Eq. (ii) will change as,
v 2 = u 2 + 2gh (u ≠ 0)
9. In the following two figures, surface is smooth. So, only two forces N and mg are acting. But direction
of acceleration are different.
N
N a θ
a
θ
mg
θ
mg θ
a = g sin θ a = v2/R
(a) (b)

Net force perpendicular to acceleration should be zero. So, in the first figure.
N = mg cos θ
and in the second figure, N cos θ = mg
 Solved Examples
TYPED PROBLEMS

Type 1. Based on vertical circular motion

Concept
(i) Vertical circular motion is a non-uniform circular motion in which speed of the particle
continuously keeps on changing. Therefore, a t and a r both are there. In moving
upwards, speed decreases. So, a t is in opposite direction of velocity. In moving
downwards, speed increases. So, a t is in the direction of velocity.
(ii) In circular motion normally, we resolve the forces in two directions, radial and
tangential.
Here only two forces act on the particle, tension (T) and weight ( mg). Tension is always
in the radial direction (towards centre). So, resolve ‘mg’ along radial and tangential
directions.
(iii) Weight ( mg) is a constant force, while tension (T) is variable. It is maximum at the
bottommost point and minimum at the topmost point.

V Example 1 In the figure shown, u = 6 gR ( > 5 gR ) O

R v
Find h, v, ar , at , T and Fnet when θ

(a) θ = 60° M Mass of the

bob = m
(b) θ = 90° h

(c) θ = 180° P u

Solution (a) When θ = 60°

O
60°
T
ar v

60° mg cos 60°

mg sin 60° at
mg
= —–
= √3
2
mg mg 2

In the figure, we can see that,

h = PM = OP − OM = R − R cos θ
R
= R − R cos 60° = R − Ans.
2
 R
v = u 2 − 2 gh = 6 gR − 2 g   = 5 gR Ans.
 2
454 — Mechanics - I
2
v2 ( 5 g R )
ar = = =5g Ans.
R R
F 3 mg 3g
at = t = =
m 2m 2
2
 3 g 103
a = a r2 + a t2 = (5 g )2 +   = g
 2  2
mg
T− = ma r = m (5 g )
2
∴ T = 5.5 mg Ans.
103
Fnet = ma = mg Ans.
2
(b) When θ = 90° v
h=R Ans. O
T
90°
v = u 2 − 2 gh = 6 gR − 2 gR
ar
at
= 2 gR Ans. mg h

v2 (2 gR )2
ar = = =4 g u
R R
F mg
at = t = =g
m m
a = a r2 + a t2 = (4 g )2 + ( g )2 = 17 g
T = m a r = m (4 g )
= 4 mg Ans.
Fnet = ma = m ( 17 g )
= 17 mg Ans.
(c) When θ = 180° v
h = 2R Ans. ar
v = u − 2 gh
2 T+ mg
O h
= 6 gR − 2 g × 2R
= 2 gR Ans.
2
v2 ( 2 gR )
ar = = u
R R
=2 g Ans.
F
at = t = 0 (as Ft = 0, both forces are radial)
m
a = ar (as a t = 0)
=2 g Ans.
T + mg = ma r = m (2 g )
∴ T = mg
Note This is the minimum tension during the motion.
Fnet = ma = m (2 g ) = 2 mg Ans.
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 455

Note Points
(i) Fnet ( = ma) is also the vector sum of two forces. T and mg acting on the body.
(ii)
θ T v
ar

θ
at mg cos θ

mg sin θ
mg
F mg sin θ
In general, at = t = = g sin θ
m m
3
At θ = 60°, 90° and 180°, this value is g, g and zero.
2
mv 2 mv 2
Similarly, T − mg cosθ = ma r = ⇒ T = mg cosθ +
R R
(iii) At topmost and bottommost points, both forces act in radial direction.
So, Ft = 0 T2+mg
F O
⇒ at = t = 0
m T1

mg
Type 2. Based on motion of a pendulum

Concept
Motion of a pendulum is the part of a vertical circular motion.
θ0 θ0 l
It is the case of oscillation in vertical circular
motion.Therefore velocity at bottommost point C should be θ
A B
less than or equal to 2 gl.
At extreme positions A and B where, θ = ± θ 0 , v = 0, T ≠ 0,
ar = 0 ⋅ T P
Therefore, a t = g sinθ 0 and T = mg cosθ 0 C

At the bottommost point C, where θ = 0°

v = maximum
a r = maximum
T = maximum
and at = 0
At some intermediate point P, where θ = θ, neither of the terms discussed above is zero,
h = l cos θ − l cos θ 0 .
v = 2 gh
v2
a r = , a t = g sinθ, a = a r2 + a t2 ,
l
mv 2
Fnet = ma and T − mg cosθ = = ma r
l
456 — Mechanics - I

V Example 2 A ball of mass ‘m’ is released from point A where,

θ 0 = 53° . Length of pendulum is ‘ l’. Find v, a r , a t , a, T and
θ0 l
Fnet at
(a) point A θ m
(b) point C A
(c) pont P, where θ = 37°
Solution (a) At pont A P
C
v2
v = 0 ⇒ ar = = 0 (R = l )
R
4
a t = g sin θ 0 = g sin 53° = g
5
4
a = at = g
5
3
T = mg cos θ 0 = mg cos 53° = mg
5
4
Fnet = ma = mg
5
(b) At point C O
h = OC − OM = l − l cos 53° l
53°
3 2 A
=l− l= l M
5 5
T h
2  4
v = 2 gh = 2 g  l = gl v
5  5 C
2
 4  mg
 gl
v  5 
2
4
ar = = = g
R l 5
at = 0
4
a = ar = g
5
mv2 4
T − mg = = mg
R 5
9
∴ T = mg
5
4
Fnet = ma = mg
5
(c) At point P
h = OM − ON = l cos 37° − l cos 53° O
4 3 l 53°
= l− l= l
5 5 5 37° A
N
 l 2
v = 2 gh = 2 g   = gl h
 5 5 M
P
v
C
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 457

2
 2 
 gl
v  5 
2
2
ar = = = g
R l 5
3
a t = g sin θ = g sin 37° = g
5
2 2
2  3  13
a = a r2 + a t2 =  g +  g = g
5  5  5
T − mg cos θ = ma r
2 
or T − mg cos 37° = m  g
5 
6
∴ T = mg
5
13
Fnet = ma = mg
5

Miscellaneous Examples
V Example 3 A particle of mass m starts moving in a circular path of constant
radius r, such that its centripetal acceleration a c is varying with time t as
a c = k2 rt2 , where k is a constant. What is the power delivered to the particle by
the forces acting on it ?
[IIT JEE 1994]
Solution As a c = (v /r)
2
so (v /r ) = k rt
2 2 2

1 1
∴ Kinetic energy K = mv = mk2r 2t 2
2
2 2
Now, from work-energy theorem
1
W = ∆K = mk2r 2t 2 − 0 [as at t = 0, K = 0]
2
dW d 1 2 2 2
So, P= =  mk r t  = mk r t
2 2
Ans.
dt dt  2 

Alternate solution : Given that a c = k2rt 2, so that

Fc = ma c = mk2rt 2
Now, as a c = (v2 /r ), so (v2 /r ) = k2rt 2
or v = krt
So, that a t = (dv/dt ) = kr
i.e. Ft = ma t = mkr
Now, as F = Fc + Ft
dW
So, P= = F ⋅ v = (Fc + Ft ) ⋅ v
dt
458 — Mechanics - I

In circular motion, Fc is perpendicular to v while Ft parallel to it, so

P = Ft v [as Fc ⋅ v = 0]
∴ P = mk r t 2 2
Ans.

V Example 4 If a point moves along a circle with constant speed, prove that its
angular speed about any point on the circle is half of that about the centre.
Solution Let, O be a point on a circle and P be the position of the P
particle at any time t, such that
θ
∠ POA = θ. Then, ∠ PCA = 2 θ
Here, C is the centre of the circle. O θ 2θ
A
C
dθ
Angular velocity of P about O is ωO =
dt
and angular velocity of P about C is,
d dθ
ωC = (2 θ ) = 2
dt dt
or ωC = 2ωO Proved.

V Example 5 A particle is projected with a speed u at an angle θ with the

horizontal. What is the radius of curvature of the parabola traced out by the
θ
projectile at a point where the particle velocity makes an angle with the
2
horizontal.
Solution Let v be the velocity at the desired point. Horizontal component of v
velocity remains unchanged. Hence,
θ θ/2
v cos = u cos θ
2
u cos θ θ/2
∴ v= K (i)
θ g
cos
2
Radial acceleration is the component of acceleration perpendicular to velocity or
 θ
a n = g cos  
 2
v2  θ
∴ = g cos   K (ii)
R  2
Substituting the value of v from Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii), we have radius of curvature
2
 u cos θ 
 θ 
 cos   
 2  u 2 cos 2 θ
R =  = Ans.
 θ  θ
g cos   g cos3  
 2  2
 Chapter 10 Circular Motion — 459

V Example 6 A point moves along a circle with a speed v = kt, where k = 0.5 m/s2 .
Find the total acceleration of the point at the moment when it has covered the n th
1
fraction of the circle after the beginning of motion, where n = .
10
ds s t 1
Solution v=
dt
= kt or ∫ 0 ds = k ∫ 0t dt ⇒ ∴ s=
2
kt 2

For completion of nth fraction of circle,

1
s = 2πrn = kt 2 or t 2 = (4πnr ) /k …(i)
2
dv
Tangential acceleration = a t = =k …(ii)
dt
v2 k2t 2
Normal acceleration = a n = = …(iii)
r r
Substituting the value of t 2 from Eq. (i), we have
or a n = 4πnk
∴ a = (a t2 + a n2 ) = [k2 + 16π 2n 2k2]1/2

= k [1 + 16π 2n 2]1/ 2
= 0.50 [1 + 16 × (3.14)2 × (0.10)2 ] 1/2
= 0.8 m/s 2 Ans.

V Example 7 In a two dimensional motion of a body, prove that tangential

acceleration is nothing but component of acceleration along velocity.
Solution Let velocity of the particle be,
v = vx $i + vy $j

dvx $ dvy $
Acceleration a= i+ j
dt dt
dvx dvy
vx + vy ⋅
a⋅v dt dt
Component of a along v will be, = K (i)
| v| vx2 + vy2

Further, tangential acceleration of particle is rate of change of speed.

dv d  2 1  dvx dvy 
or at = = vx + vy2  or at = 2vx ⋅ dt + 2vy dt 
dt dt  2 vx2 + vy2  

dvx dvy
vx ⋅ + vy ⋅
or at = dt dt K (ii)
vx2 + vy2

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can see that

a⋅v
at =
|v|
or Tangential acceleration = component of acceleration along velocity. Hence proved.