Hindawi

Complexity
Volume 2021, Article ID 8824935, 36 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8824935

Research Article
Existence and Stability of Implicit Fractional Differential
Equations with Stieltjes Boundary Conditions Involving
Hadamard Derivatives

Danfeng Luo ,1 Mehboob Alam,2 Akbar Zada ,2 Usman Riaz,2 and Zhiguo Luo 3

1
Department of Mathematics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2
Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
3
Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education), School of Mathematics and Statistics,
Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Akbar Zada; akbarzada@uop.edu.pk

Received 4 September 2020; Revised 7 November 2020; Accepted 22 February 2021; Published 23 March 2021

Academic Editor: Peter Giesl

Copyright © 2021 Danfeng Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In this article, we make analysis of the implicit fractional differential equations involving integral boundary conditions associated
with Stieltjes integral and its corresponding coupled system. We use some sufficient conditions to achieve the existence and
uniqueness results for the given problems by applying the Banach contraction principle, Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, and
Leray–Schauder result of the cone type. Moreover, we present different kinds of stability such as Hyers–Ulam stability, generalized
Hyers–Ulam stability, Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability, and generalized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability by using the classical
technique of functional analysis. At the end, the results are verified with the help of examples.

1. Introduction economics, control theory [4], chemistry, biophysics, and

Fractional-order derivatives are the generalization of inte-
ger-order derivatives. The idea of fractional-order deriva-
tives has been introduced at the end of the sixteen century
when Leibniz used the notation (dα /dσ α ) for αth -order
derivative. It is well known that if ϕ(σ) � (1/2)σ 2 , then
ϕ′ (σ) � σ and ϕ″ (σ) � 1, respectively. But, if the order is in
the fractional form, i.e., α � (1/2), α � (1/3), and so on, then
what would be the result? This question was mentioned in a
letter to L’Hospital by Leibniz in (1695) [1]. Since then,
several mathematicians such as Fourier, Laplace, and Let-
nikov contributed to the development of the fractional
calculus. Riemann and Liouville had worked on this problem
and introduced the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative,
which was further generalized by Caputo and can be con-
sidered as the fundamental concept in fractional calculus.
Fractional calculus has many applications in many scientific
disciplines, e.g., in the fields of signal and image processing
[2], mathematical biological systems [3], electronics,
blood flow phenomena. For more applications of fractional
differential equations, we refer the reader to [5, 6] and the
references cited therein.
In 1892 [7], Hadamard presented a concept of fractional
derivative, which is different from Caputo- and Rie-
mann–Liouville-type fractional derivatives. An important
feature of the Hadamard fractional derivative is that it
contains a logarithmic function of an arbitrary exponent in
its definition. Here, we stress that the studies about Hada-
mard fractional differential equations are still at the early
stage and need additional analysis. For more details and
recent contributions to the topic, see [8–11].
In the field of fractional differential equations, the area
which received great attention from researchers is the ex-
istence of solutions of different boundary-value problems.
Many researchers used different fixed-point theorems and
developed different approaches for the existence of solutions
of complicated boundary-value problems. For details, we
refer the reader to [12–14]. The study of coupled systems of
2 Complexity

differential equations is also very significant because these where J � [0, 1] and Dαq denote the standard Rie-
types of systems appear naturally in many problems of mann–Liouville fractional q-derivatives of order α, with
applied nature. For details and examples, the reader may see α ∈ (2, 3], φ ∈ L1 [0, 1] being nonnegative.
[15–18] and the references cited therein. Benchohra and Lazreg [8] studied the existence and
Another area of research which has received great at- Hyers–Ulam stability of the following implicit fractional
tention from researchers in the field of fractional differential differential equations (FDE′ s) involving Hadamard
equations is the notion of stability in the sense of Ulam. derivatives:
There are different kinds of Ulam’s stabilities, i.e., α
HD u(σ) � ϕ1 σ, u(σ), Dα u(σ)􏼁, α ∈ (0, 1),
Hyers–Ulam stability (HUS), generalized Hyers–Ulam 􏼨 (2)
stability (GHUS), Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability u(1) � u1 , u1 ∈ R,
(HURS), and generalized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability
(GHURS). The Ulam-type stability was first introduced where σ ∈ [1, T], T > 1 and H Dα denotes the Hadamard
by Ulam [19] in 1940 and then was studied and generalized fractional derivative of order α.
by many mathematicians with different approaches Riaz et al. [10] studied the existence, uniqueness, and
[10, 20–29]. stability of the solution of a nonlinear coupled system of
Ren and Zhai [30] discussed the existence of a unique impulsive FDEs using Hadamard derivatives of the fol-
solution and multiple positive solutions with nonlocal lowing form:
boundary conditions for the system involving standard
Riemann–Liouville fractional q-derivatives:
⎧
⎪
⎪ Dαq u(σ) + ϕ(σ, u(σ)) � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u(σ)| � Dα− 2 u(σ)| � 0,
σ�0 q σ�0 (1)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ
⎪
⎩ Dα− 1 β
q u(σ)|σ�1 � α[u] + 􏽚 φ(σ)Dq u(σ)dq σ,
0

α
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ H D u(σ) − f(σ, u(σ), v(σ)) � 0, σ ∈ J, σ ≠ σ i , i � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ β
⎪
⎪ H D v(σ) − g(σ, u(σ), v(σ)) � 0, σ ∈ J, σ ≠ σ j , j � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 􏽥 i u σ i 􏼁􏼁, i � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ Δu σ i 􏼁 � Ii u σ i 􏼁􏼁, Δu′ σ i 􏼁 � I
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 􏽥
⎨ Δv􏼐σ j 􏼑 � Ij 􏼐v􏼐σ j 􏼑􏼑, Δv′ 􏼐σ j 􏼑 � Ij 􏼐v􏼐σ j 􏼑􏼑, j � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ (3)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ μ ln 2u(2) + ] ln 2u′ (2) � ϕ(u),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ μu(T) + ]u′ (T) � φ(u),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ μ ln 2v(2) + ] ln 2v′ (2) � ϕ(v),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
μv(T) + ]v′ (T) � φ(v),
Complexity 3

where 1 <α, β ≤ 2,f,g: J × R2 ⟶ R and ϕ, φ: C(J, R) ⟶ R Riaz et al. [31] studied the existence, uniqueness, and
are continuous functions. stability of solution of coupled implicit impulsive fractional
differential equations using Hadamard derivatives:

α β
⎪
⎧
⎪ H D u(σ) − f􏼐σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼑 � 0, σ ∈ J, σ ≠ σ i , i � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ H Dβ v(σ) − g σ, v(σ), H Dα u(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J, σ ≠ σ j , j � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 􏽥 i u σ i 􏼁􏼁, i � 1, 2, . . . , m,
Δu σ i 􏼁 � Ii u σ i 􏼁􏼁, Δu′ σ i 􏼁 � I
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪ (4)
⎪ Δv􏼐σ 􏼑 � I 􏼐v􏼐σ 􏼑􏼑, Δv′ 􏼐σ 􏼑 � I
⎪ 􏽥 j 􏼐v􏼐σ j 􏼑􏼑, j � 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ j j j j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ T (ln(T/π))α− 1
⎪
⎪ dπ
⎪
⎪ u(T) � 􏽚 ϕ(π, u(π)) , u′ (T) � φ(u),
⎪
⎪ 1 Γ(α) π
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ T (ln(T/π))β− 1 dπ
⎪
⎪
⎩ v(T) � 􏽚 ϕ(π, v(π)) , v′ (T) � φ(v),
1 Γ(β) π
where 1 < α, β ≤ 2, f, g: J × R2 ⟶ R and Stieltjes integral condition instead of the Riemann–Liouville
ϕ, φ: C(J, R) ⟶ R are continuous functions. fractional q-derivative and present its existence, uniqueness,
In this article, we extend the system of Ren and Zhai [30] at least one solution, and different kinds of Ulam’s stabilities.
to implicit Hadamard fractional derivatives having the We study the following system:

α α
⎪
⎧
⎪ H D u(σ) + ϕ σ, u(σ), H D u(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u(σ)| � Dα− 2 u(σ)| � 0,
σ�1 H σ�1 (5)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ
⎪
⎩ H Dα− 1 u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 φ(σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ,
1

where α ∈ (2, 3], ϕ: J � [1, 2] × R × R ⟶ R is the con- involving the Stieltjes integral with respect to the function
tinuous function and H Dα , H Dβ are the Hadamard frac- μ: [1, 2] ⟶ R, μ(σ) is right continuous on [1, 2), left con-
tional derivatives of order α, with α − 1 − β > 0, φ ∈ L1 [1, 2] tinuous at σ � 2. Particularly, μ is a nondecreasing function
being non-negative, and α[u] is a linear function given by with μ(1) � 0; then, dμ is a positive Stieltjes measure.
We also extend system (5) to the coupled system and
2
discuss its existence, uniqueness, at least one solution, and
α[u] � 􏽚 u(σ)dμ(σ), (6)
1 different kinds of Ulam’s stabilities of the problem:
4 Complexity

⎪
⎧
α c
H D u(σ) + ϕ1 σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J, (M6 ): let Ψ ∈ C(J, R) be an increasing function; then,
⎪
⎪ there is ΩΨ > 0 such that, for each σ ∈ J, the inequality
⎪
⎪ c α
⎪
⎪
⎪ H D v(σ) + ϕ2 σ, v(σ), H D u(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
α
⎪
⎪ HI Ψ(σ) ≤ ΩΨ Ψ(σ), (12)
⎪ α− 2
⎪ u(σ)|σ�1 � H D u(σ)|σ�1 � 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ ζ
(7) holds.
⎪
⎪ H Dα− 1 u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 φα (σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ, ζ
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 (M7 ): Δα � Γ(α − β) − 􏽒1 φα (σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β
dσ − Γ (α −
⎪
⎪ v(σ)| � Dc− 2 v(σ)| � 0, α− 1
⎪
⎪ β)/Γ(α) 􏽒 21 (lnσ) dμ(σ), and
⎪
⎪ σ�1 H σ�1
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎩ H Dc− 1 v(σ)|σ�2 � c[v] + 􏽚 φc (σ)H Dδ v(σ)dσ, 1− ξ
1 Δc � Γ(c − ξ) − 􏽚φc (σ)(ln σ)c− dσ
1
where α, c ∈ (2, 3], ϕ1 , ϕ2 : J � [1, 2] × R × R ⟶ R are the (13)
continuous functions and H Dα , H Dβ , H Dc , and H Dδ are the 2
Hadamard fractional derivatives of orders α, c, respectively Γ(c − ξ)
− 􏽚(ln σ)c− 1 dμ(σ).
with α − 1 − β > 0, c − 1 − δ > 0, φα , φc ∈ L1 [1, 2] being Γ(c)
1
nonnegative, and α[u], c[v] are linear functions given by
2 (M8 ): ϕ1 , ϕ2 : J × R × R ⟶ R are continuous.
α[u] � 􏽚 u(σ)dμ(σ),
1 (M9 ): for σ ∈ J and u, z ∈ X, there are
2
(8) π4 , π5 , π6 ∈ C(J, R+ ) such that
c[v] � 􏽚 v(σ)dμ(σ), 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
1 􏼌􏼌ϕ (σ, u(σ), z(σ))􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ π4 (σ) + π5 (σ)|u(σ)| + π6 (σ)|z(σ)|,
1

involving the Stieltjes integral with respect to the function (14)

μ: [1, 2] ⟶ R, μ(σ) is right continuous on [1, 2), left
continuous at σ � 2. Particularly, μ is a nondecreasing with π∗4 � supσ∈J π4 (σ), π∗5 � supσ∈J π5 (σ), and
∗
function with μ(1) � 0; then, dμ is a positive Stieltjes π6 � supσ∈J π6 (σ) < 1.
measure. Similarly, for σ ∈ J and v, y ∈ X, there are
The rest of the article is arranged as follows: In Section 2, π 7 , π8 , π9 ∈ C(J, R+ ) such that
we present some basic definitions, lemmas, and theorems 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
that are used in our main results. In Section 3, we use 􏼌􏼌ϕ (σ, v(σ), y(σ))􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ π7 (σ) + π8 (σ)|v(σ)| + π9 (σ)|y(σ)|,
2
different conditions and some standard fixed-point theo- (15)
rems for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the
given system (5) and its corresponding coupled system (7). with π∗7 � supσ∈J π7 (σ), π∗8 � supσ∈J π8 (σ), and
In Section 4, we present Ulam’s stabilities for the given π∗9 � supσ∈J π9 (σ) < 1.
systems (5) and (7) under some specific conditions. At the (M10 ): for all u, z, u􏽢, z􏽢, v, y, v 􏽢 , y􏽢 ∈ R and for each σ ∈ J,
end, examples are given to illustrate the main results. there exist constants Lϕ1 , Lϕ2 > 0, 0 < L∗ϕ1 , L∗ϕ2 < 1 such
Throughout the paper, we assume that that
ζ
(M1 ): Δ � Γ(α − β) − 􏽒1 φ(σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α − β) 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
2
/Γ(α) 􏽒1 (lnσ)α− 1 dμ(σ). 􏼌􏼌ϕ (σ, u, z) − ϕ (σ, u􏽢, z􏽢)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ Lϕ |u − u􏽢| + L∗ |z − z􏽢|,
1 1 1 ϕ1
􏼌􏼌 􏼌
(M2 ): ϕ: J × R × R ⟶ R is continuous. 􏼌􏼌ϕ (σ, v, y) − ϕ (σ, v􏽢, y􏽢)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ Lϕ |v − v􏽢| + L∗ |y − y􏽢|.
2 2 2 ϕ2
(M3 ): for σ ∈ J and u, z ∈ X, there are (16)
π1 , π2 , π3 ∈ C(J, R+ ) such that
|ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ))| ≤ π1 (σ) + π2 (σ)|u(σ)| + π3 (σ)|z(σ)|, (M11 ): for σ ∈ J, there exist constants Eα , Ec such that
􏼌􏼌 􏼌
(9) 􏼌􏼌φ (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ Eα ,
α
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 (17)
with π∗1 � supσ∈J π1 (σ), π∗2 � supσ∈J π2 (σ), and 􏼌􏼌􏼌φc (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ Ec .
∗
π3 � supσ∈J π3 (σ) < 1.
(M4 ): for all u, z, u􏽢, z􏽢 ∈ R and for each σ ∈ J, there exist (M12 ): let Ψα , Ψc ∈ C(J, R) be increasing functions,
constants Lϕ > 0, 0 < L∗ϕ < 1 such that and there exist ΩΨα , ΩΨc > 0 such that, for each σ ∈ J,
the inequalities
|ϕ(σ, u, z) − ϕ(σ, u 􏽢 | + L∗ϕ |z − z􏽢|.
􏽢 , z􏽢)| ≤ Lϕ |u − u (10)
α
(M5 ): for σ ∈ J, there exists a constant E such that HI Ψα (σ) ≤ ΩΨα Ψα (σ), H Ic Ψc (σ) ≤ ΩΨc Ψc (σ), (18)
|φ(σ)| ≤ E. (11) hold.
Complexity 5

2. Preliminaries Theorem 2 (see [33]) (Banach Fixed-Point Theorem). Let

B be a nonempty closed subset of a Banach space X. Then,
In this section, we present some useful definitions, lemmas, any contraction mapping T from X into itself has a unique
and theorems, which will be used throughout the fixed point.
manuscript\enleadertwodots.
Theorem 3 (see [33]) (Schaefer’s Fixed-Point Theorem). Let
Definition 1 (see [31]). The Hadamard fractional integral of X be a Banach space. Suppose the operator T: X ⟶ X is a
order, of function u(σ), is defined by continuous compact mapping (or completely continuous).
σ α− 1 Moreover, suppose
α 1 σ dη
H I u(σ) � 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 u(η) , 1 ≤ σ ≤ 2, B � {u ∈ X|u � δTu, 0 < δ < 1}, (25)
Γ(α) 1 η η
(19) is a bounded set. Then, B has at least one fixed point in X.
where Γ(·) is the gamma function.
Lemma 2. Let X � {u(σ): u ∈ C(J, R)} be a Banach space
endowed with the norm ‖u‖X � sup{|u(σ)|: σ ∈ J}. Similarly,
Definition 2 (see [31]). The Hadamard fractional derivative the norm defined on the product space X × X is
of order α ∈ [n − 1, n), n ∈ Z+ of function u(σ) is defined by ‖(u, v)‖X×X � ‖u‖X + ‖v‖X . Obviously, (X × X, ‖(u, v)‖X×X )
�
1 d σ σ
n n− α+1
dη is a Banach space. Also, the cone C ⊂ X × X is defined as
α
H D u(σ) � 􏼠σ 􏼡 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 u(η) , �
Γ(n − α) dσ η η
C � {(u, v) ∈ X × X : u(σ) ≥ 0, v(σ) ≥ 0}. (26)
n

1 ≤ σ ≤ 2,
(20) Theorem
� � [34]). Let X be a Banach space containing a
4 (see
cone C. B � ⊂ C with 0 ∈ B � is a relatively open set, and the
where Γ(·) is the gamma function. � �
operator T: B ⟶ B is completely continuous. Then, one of
the following conditions holds:
Lemma 1 (see [31]). Let α > 0 and u be any function; then, � and δ ∈ (0, 1) such that
the homogeneous differential equation along with Hadamard (1) There exist (u, v) ∈zB
fractional order H Dα u(σ) � 0 has a solution (u, v) � δT(u, v)
(2) T has a fixed point in B �
n
u(σ) � 􏽘 ci (ln σ)α− i , (21)
i�1
3. Existence and Uniqueness
and the following formula holds: In this section, we give the existence and uniqueness of
n
solutions of (5) and its coupled system (7).
α α
H I H D u(σ) � u(σ) + 􏽘ci (ln σ)α− i , (22)
i�1
3.1. Existence and Uniqueness Solution for System (5).
where ci ∈ R, i � 1, 2, . . . , n, and n − 1 < α < n. Our first result is stated as follows.

Theorem 1 (see [32]) (Arzela-Ascoli’s Theorem). Let Lemma 3. Let us assume that f ∈ C(J, R) and Δ > 0; then,
B ⊂ C(J, R) be relatively compact, and the fractional differential equation
α
(A) B is a uniformly bounded set such that there exists ⎧ H D u(σ) + f(σ) � 0, α ∈ (2, 3], σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
ϖ > 0 with ⎪
⎨ u(σ)| � Dα− 2 u(σ)| � 0,
σ�1 H σ�1
‖ϕ‖ � sup |ϕ(y)| < ϖ, for every ϕ ∈ B. ⎪
⎪
(23) ⎪
⎪ 2 ζ
y∈J ⎪
⎩ H Dα− 1 u(σ)|σ�2 � 􏽚 u(σ)dμ(σ) + 􏽚 φ(σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ,
1 1
(B) B is an equicontinuous set, i.e., for every ϵ > 0, there (27)
exists δ > 0 such that, for any
has a solution
z, z ∈ J, 2 dη
for every ϕ ∈ B. u(σ) � 􏽚 G(σ, η)f(η) , σ ∈ J, (28)
|z − z| ≤ δ⇒|ϕ(z) − ϕ(z)| ≤ ε, 1 η
(24) where
6 Complexity

G(σ, η) � G1 (σ, η) + G2 (σ, η) + G3 (σ, η), Now, considering the condition H Dα− 2 u(σ)|σ�1 � 0, we
get
α− 1 α− 1
⎪
⎧ (ln σ) − (ln σ/η) α− 2
� c1H Dα− 2 (ln σ)α− 1 + c2H Dα− 2 (ln σ)α− 2
⎪
⎪ , 1 ≤ η ≤ σ ≤ 2, HD u(σ)
⎪
⎪ Γ(α)
⎪
⎨ α− 2 α
G1 (σ, η) � ⎪ − HD HI f(σ),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)α− 1
⎪
⎩ , 1 ≤ σ ≤ η ≤ 2, Γ(α) Γ(α − 1) 2
Γ(α) � c1 (ln σ) + c2 − HI f(σ),
Γ(2) Γ(1)
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ (33)
G2 (σ, η) � 􏽚 φ(σ)Q1 (σ, η)dσ,
Δ 1 in view of H I2 f(σ) ⟶ 0 as σ ⟶ 0, so we must set c2 � 0.
Then, we have
Γ(α − β)(ln σ)α− 1 2
G3 (σ, η) � 􏽚 G1 (σ, η)dμ(σ), σ α− 1
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 σ dη
u(σ) � c1 (ln σ)α− 1 − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) . (34)
Γ(α) 1 η η
⎪
⎧
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)α− 1− β − (ln(σ/η))α− 1− β
⎪
⎪ , 1 ≤ η ≤ σ ≤ 2, Furthermore, we obtain
⎪
⎪ Γ(α)
⎨ α− 1
Q1 (σ, η) � ⎪ HD u(σ) � c1H Dα− 1 (ln σ)α− 1 − HD
α− 1 α
H I f(σ),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ α− 1− β
⎪ (ln σ)
⎪
⎩ , 1 ≤ σ ≤ η ≤ 2. σ dη
Γ(α) � c1 Γ(α) − 􏽚 f(η) ,
1 η
(29)
β
HD u(σ) � c1H Dβ (ln σ)α− 1 − β α
H D H I f(σ),
Proof. Consider
Γ(α) 1
α � c1 (ln σ)α− 1− β
−
HD u(σ) + f(σ) � 0, Γ(α − β) Γ(α − β)
(30)
α ∈ (2, 3], σ ∈ J.
σ α− 1− β
σ dη
For σ ∈ J, Lemma 1 gives · 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) .
1 η η
u(σ) � c1 (ln σ)α− 1 + c2 (ln σ)α− 2 + c3 (ln σ)α− 3
(35)
σ α− 1 (31) Then, we obtain
1 σ dη
− 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) ,
Γ(α) 1 η η

for some ci ∈ R, i � 1, 2, 3. By the condition u(σ)|σ�1 � 0, we

have c3 � 0. Hence,
u(σ) � c1 (ln σ)α− 1 + c2 (ln σ)α− 2

σ α− 1 (32)
1 σ dη
− 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) .
Γ(α) 1 η η

2 ζ
􏽚 u(σ)dμ(σ) + 􏽚 φ(σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ,
1 1

2 Γ(α) ζ
� c1 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ) + c1 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β
dσ (36)
1 Γ(α − β) 1

2 σ α− 1 ζ σ α− 1− β
1 σ dη 1 σ dη
− 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) dμ(σ) − 􏽚 φ(σ) 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) dσ.
Γ(α) 1 1 η η Γ(α − β) 1 1 η η
Complexity 7

Applying the 2nd condition, we get

2
􏽒1 f(η)(dη/η)
c1 � ζ 2
Γ(α) − (Γ(α)/Γ(α − β)) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

ζ σ
􏽒1 φ(σ) 􏽒1 (ln(σ/η))α− 1− β
f(η)(dη/η)dσ
− ζ 2
(37)
α− 1− β
Γ(α)Γ(α − β) − Γ(α) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ) dσ − Γ(α − β) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)
2 σ
􏽒1 􏽒1 (ln(σ/η))α− 1 f(η)(dη/η)dμ(σ)
− ζ 2
.
Γ2 (α) − 􏼐Γ2 (α)/Γ(α − β)􏼑 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

Substituting (37) into (34), we get

2
(ln σ)α− 1 􏽒1 f(η)(dη/η)
u(σ) � ζ 2
Γ(α)Γ(α − β) − Γ(α) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α − β) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)
ζ Γ(α − β) 2
× 􏼠Γ(α − β) − 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β
dσ − 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)
1 Γ(α) 1

ζ α− 1
Γ(α − β) 2 1 σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β
dσ + 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)􏼡 − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η)
1 Γ(α) 1 Γ(α) 1 η η
ζ σ
(ln σ)α− 1 􏽒1 φ(σ) 􏽒1 (ln(σ/η))α− 1− β
f(η)(dη/η)dσ
− ζ 2
α− 1− β
Γ(α)Γ(α − β) − Γ(α) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ) dσ − Γ(α − β) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)
2 σ
(ln σ)α− 1 􏽒1 􏽒1 (ln(σ/η))α− 1 f(η)(dη/η)dμ(σ)
− ζ 2
,
Γ2 (α) − 􏼐Γ2 (α)/Γ(α − β)􏼑 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

(ln σ)α− 1
� ζ 2
Γ(α − β) − 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − (Γ(α − β)/Γ(α)) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

ζ 2 ζ σ α− 1− β
1 ⎛ ⎝􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dη σ dη ⎞
× f(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) dσ ⎠
Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

Γ(α − β)(ln σ)α− 1

+ ζ 2
Γ(α)Γ(α − β) − Γ(α) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α − β) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

1 2 2 dη
× 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 􏽚 f(η) dμ(σ)
Γ(α) 1 1 η

(ln σ)α− 1
− ζ 2
Γ2 (α)Γ(α − β) − Γ2 (α) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α)Γ(α − β) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

2 σ α− 1 2
σ dη dη
× 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 f(η) dμ(σ) + 􏽚 G1 (σ, η)f(η) ,
1 1 η η 1 η
8 Complexity

(ln σ)α− 1
� ζ 2
Γ(α − β) − 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − (Γ(α − β)/Γ(α)) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)

ζ σ α− 1− β ζ 2
1 ⎡⎢ ⎝(ln σ)α− 1− β σ ⎠f(η) dη dσ + 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dη ⎤⎥
× ⎣􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)⎛ − 􏼠ln 􏼡 ⎞ f(η) dσ ⎦
Γ(α) 1 1 η η 1 σ η

Γ(α − β)(ln σ)α− 1

+ ζ 2
Γ(α)Γ(α − β) − Γ(α) 􏽒1 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dσ − Γ(α − β) 􏽒1 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ)
α− 1
1 ⎡ 2 σ 2 2 (38)
× ⎢
⎣􏽚 􏽚 ⎛⎝(ln σ)α− 1 − 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 ⎠f(η) dη dμ(σ) + 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 f(η) dη dμ(σ)⎤⎥⎦
⎞
Γ(α) 1 1 η η 1 σ η

2 dη (ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 dη
+ 􏽚 G1 (σ, η)f(η) � 􏽚 φ(σ) 􏽚 Q1 (σ, η)f(η) dσ
1 η Δ 1 1 η
2 dη Γ(α − β)(ln σ)α− 1 2 2 dη
+ 􏽚 G1 (σ, η)f(η) + 􏽚 􏽚 G1 (σ, η)f(η) dμ(σ),
1 η ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η
2 dη 2 dη
� 􏽚 G1 (σ, η) + G2 (σ, η) + G3 (σ, η)􏼁f(η) � 􏽚 G(σ, η)f(η) .
1 η 1 η

By replacing f(σ) � ϕ(σ, u(σ),H Dα u(σ)) in Lemma 3, (1) G(σ, η)⩾0 for all (σ, η) ∈ J
we get the integral equation of problem (5) as (2) G(σ, η) is continuous over J × J
2 2
dη (3) maxσ∈J 􏽒1 |G(σ, η)|dη/η ⩽ Y,
u(σ) � 􏽚 G(σ, η)ϕ η, u(η), H Dα u(η)􏼁 . (39)
1 η where
□
Lemma 4. Green’s function G(σ, η), which is obtained in
(39), has the following properties:

α− 1− β
(ln 2)α− 1 ⎝
⎛αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
Y� (ln ζ)k
∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!
(40)

+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

⎠,

α− 1− β
1− β− k (α − 1 − β)! (ln ρ)α− 1 PΓ(α − β)
∇ � Γ(α − β) + Eζ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k +
k�0
k! Γ(α)
Complexity 9

Proof. It is very easy to prove (1) and (2), so we leave it. (3) Since we know that Green’s function of the con-
sidered problem is in the form

􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β
2 dη 􏼌􏼌􏼌(ln σ)α− 1 ⎣ ζ 2
⎡􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dη
ζ σ σ dη ⎦⎤
􏽚 |G(σ, η)| � 􏼌􏼌􏼌 dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 dσ
1 η 􏼌 ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣⎡ 2 2 dη 2 σ σ dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 dμ(σ)⎦⎤
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη􏼌􏼌􏼌
+ 􏽚 − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η 􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 (41)
􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 ⎡ ζ 2
⎣􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|(ln σ) α− 1− β dη ζ σ
􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη ⎤⎦
≤ dσ + 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌 dσ
􏼌􏼌 η
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 􏼌 η
􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡⎣ 2 2 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌 dη
α− 1 dη σ
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ) dμ(σ) + 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)⎤⎦
􏼌
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1 η 1 1􏼌 η 􏼌 η
􏼌 􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α− 1 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 ,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η 􏼌 η

using (M5 ) and mean-value theorem [35] with

ρ ∈ [1, 2] and μ(2) � P > 0, we get

α− 1− β
2 dη (ln 2)α− 1 ⎛
⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
max 􏽚 |G(σ, η)| ≤ (ln ζ)k
σ∈J 1 η ∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k (42)
α − β k�0 k!

⎠ � Y.
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

Hence, the proof of (3) is complete. If u is the solution of the given system (5) and σ ∈ J, then

(ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 dη
u(σ) � 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β
ϕ(η, u(η), z(η)) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η
α− 1− β
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ σ σ dη
− 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ(η, u(η), z(η)) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η η
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 ϕ(η, u(η), z(η)) dμ(σ) (43)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η
α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ σ dη
− 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ(η, u(η), z(η)) dμ(σ)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η η
α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 ϕ(η, u(η), z(η)) − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ(η, u(η), z(η)) ,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
10 Complexity

where We define an operator T: X ⟶ X as

α
z(σ) � H D u(σ). (44)

α− 1− β
(ln σ)α− 1 ⎡ ζ 2
⎣􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎤⎦
Tu(σ) � − z(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣ 2 2 2 σ
⎡􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 z(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− 2 z(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦ (45)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 z(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) ,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η

where z ∈ C(J, R) such that Proof. To show that the operator T is compact, we follow
several steps.
z(σ) � − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)). (46)
□ Step 1: we consider a sequence 􏼈un 􏼉 such that un ⟶ u
in X; then, for each σ ∈ J, we have
Theorem 5. Let (M2 ) − (M5 ) hold. Then, the operator T,
defined in (45), is compact.

􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 α− 1 ζ 2
􏼌􏼌T un 􏼁(σ) − T(u)(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌− (ln σ) 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β
zn (η) − z(η)􏼁
dη
dσ
􏼌􏼌 ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η
α− 1− β
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 zn (η) − z(η)􏼁 dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η η

(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη

− 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1
zn (η) − z(η)􏼁 dμ(σ)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η
α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ σ dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 zn (η) − z(η)􏼁 dμ(σ)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η η
α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη􏼌􏼌􏼌
− 􏽚 zn (η) − z(η)􏼁 + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 zn (η) − z(η)􏼁 􏼌􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η􏼌
(47)
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
≤ 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|(ln σ)α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌zn (η) − z(η)􏼌􏼌 dσ
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 η
􏼌􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌
􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌zn (η) − z(η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dσ
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η 􏼌
􏼌 η

(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη

+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 􏼌􏼌zn (η) − z(η)􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1 η
􏼌
􏼌 􏼌
α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼠 ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌zn (η) − z(η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)
2
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1􏼌 η 􏼌
􏼌 η
􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 2 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏼌zn (η) − z(η)􏼌 + 􏼌 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌zn (η) − z(η)􏼌􏼌 .
􏼌
􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1􏼌 η 􏼌 η
Complexity 11

􏼌􏼌 􏼌
From (46), we can write 􏼌􏼌T un 􏼁(σ) − T(u)(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⟶ 0, as n ⟶ ∞. (51)
zn (σ) � − ϕ σ, un (σ), zn (σ)􏼁,
(48) This implies
z(σ) � − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)). �� �
��T un 􏼁 − T(u)��� ⟶ 0, as n ⟶ ∞. (52)
X
Now, by (M4 ), we have
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌 􏼌 Hence, T is continuous.
􏼌􏼌zn (σ) − z(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌􏼌− ϕ σ, un (σ), zn (σ)􏼁 − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ))􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 Step 2: now, we are going to prove that the operator T is
≤ Lϕ 􏼌􏼌un (σ) − u(σ)􏼌􏼌 + L∗ 􏼌􏼌zn (σ) − z(σ)􏼌􏼌,
ϕ bounded in set X. For this, we show that, for any �p > 0,
(49) there exists �
q > 0 such that, for each

which implies
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 Lϕ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 u ∈ Q � 􏼈u ∈ X : ‖u‖X ≤ �
p􏼉, (53)
􏼌􏼌zn (σ) − z(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ 􏼌 􏼌
∗ 􏼌un (σ) − u(σ)􏼌. (50)
1 − Lϕ we have
Since we supposed that un ⟶ u, zn ⟶ z as n ⟶ ∞ ‖T(u)‖X ≤�
q. (54)
for each σ ∈ J. So, by Lebesgue dominated convergence
theorem [36], (47) gives From (45), for each σ ∈ J, we have

α− 1− β
(ln σ)α− 1 ⎡ ζ 2
⎣􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎤⎦
Tu(σ) � − z(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣ 2 2 2 σ
⎡􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 z(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− z(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦ (55)
ΔΓ2 (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 z(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) .
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η

‖z‖X ≤ π∗1 + π∗2 �

p + π∗3 ‖z‖X
Now, by (M3 ) and (46), we have
π∗1 + π∗2 �
p (57)
|z(σ)| � | − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ))| ≤
(56) ∗ .
1 − π3
≤ π1 (σ) + π2 (σ)|u(σ)| + π3 (σ)|z(σ)|.
Thus, (55) becomes
Taking supσ>0 , we get

α− 1− β
π∗1 + π∗2 �
p ⎡⎢ (ln 2)α− 1 ⎛
⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
‖Tu‖X ≤ 􏼢 􏼣 ⎣ (ln ζ)k
1 − π∗3 ∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!
(58)

⎠⎤⎥⎦
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

π∗1 + π∗2 �
p
≤ Y ��
q.
1 − π∗3
12 Complexity

Hence, T(Q) is uniformly bounded.

Step 3: now, to show that the operator T is equi-
continuous in X. For this, let σ 1 , σ 2 ∈ J with σ 1 > σ 2 ,
since Q is a bounded set in X, and let u ∈ Q. Then,

􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 ζ 2
􏼌􏼌T(u) σ 􏼁 − T(u) σ 􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌􏼌− 1 􏼢 ln σ 􏼁α− 1 􏽚 􏽚 φ σ 􏼁 ln σ 􏼁α− 1− β
z(η)
dη
dσ
1 2
􏼌􏼌 ΔΓ(α) 1
1 1
1 1
η 1
ζ 2 dη
α− 1 α− 1− β
− ln σ 2 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 φ σ 2 􏼁 ln σ 2 􏼁 z(η) dσ
1 1 η 2
ζ σ1 α− 1− β
α− 1 σ1 dη
− ln σ 1 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 φ σ 1 􏼁􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
1 1 η η 1

ζ σ2 α− 1− β
α− 1 σ2 dη
+ ln σ 2 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 φ σ 2 􏼁􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ ⎤⎦
1 1 η η 2

Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη
α− 1 α− 1
− 2 􏼢 ln σ 1 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 ln σ 1 􏼁 z(η) dμ σ 1 􏼁
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η
2 2 dη
α− 1 α− 1
− ln σ 2 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 ln σ 2 􏼁 z(η) dμ σ 2 􏼁
1 1 η
2 σ1 α− 1
α− 1 σ dη
− ln σ 1 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 1 􏼡 z(η) dμ σ 1 􏼁
1 1 η η
2 σ2 α− 1 (59)
α− 1 σ2 dη
+ ln σ 2 􏼁 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dμ σ 2 􏼁⎤⎦
1 1 η η
α− 1 α− 1 σ1 2 α− 1
ln σ 1 􏼁 − ln σ 2 􏼁 dη 1 σ dη
− + 􏽚 􏼠ln 1 􏼡
􏽚 z(η) z(η)
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) σ 2 η η
􏼌
􏼌
dη􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
σ2 α− 1 α− 1
1 ⎝
⎛ σ2 σ1 ⎠
⎞
− 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 − 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) 􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η η η 􏼌􏼌

α− 1 α− 1 α− 1− β
⎢ 􏼐 ln σ 1 􏼁 − ln σ 2 􏼁 􏼑 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
≤⎡
⎣ ⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α−
⎛ (ln ζ)k
∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

⎠
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇α(ln 2)⎞

α α
ln σ 1 􏼁 − ln σ 2 􏼁 􏼁 π∗1 + π∗2 �
p
+ 􏼣􏼢 􏼣.
Γ(α + 1) 1 − π∗3

The right-hand side of (59) approaches to zero as σ 1 ⟶ σ 2 . Theorem 6. Let the hypotheses (M3 ) and (M5 ) hold, and if
Hence, T(Q) is equicontinuous. As a consequence of Step 1 N < 1, the given problem (5) has at least one solution in X.
to 3, the operator T is completely continuous. Therefore, in
view of the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, the operator T is Proof. For the proof of this theorem, we are considering a set
compact. □ B ⊂ X which is defined in the following form:
Complexity 13

B � {u ∈ X | u � δTu, 0 < δ < 1}. (60) u(σ) � δTu(σ), where 0 < δ < 1. (61)

We have to show that the set B is bounded. Let u ∈ X Then, for each σ ∈ J, we have
such that

􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 (ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 dη
|u(σ)| � 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌− δ􏼠 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(ln σ)α− 1− β
z(η) dσ
􏼌 ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η

α− 1− β
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ σ σ dη
− 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η η

(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη

+ 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 z(η) dμ(σ)
ΔΓ2 (α) 1 1 η

α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ σ dη
− 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dμ(σ)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η η

􏼌􏼌 (62)
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ
α− 1
dη⎞ 􏼌􏼌
⎠ 􏼌􏼌
+ 􏽚 z(η) − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) 􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η 􏼌􏼌􏼌

α− 1− β
(ln 2)α− 1 ⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
≤ |z(η)|⎛ (ln ζ)k
∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎠

⎞.

π1 (σ) + π2 (σ)|u(σ)|
Now, by (M3 ), we have |z(σ)| ≤ . (64)
1 − π3 (σ)
|z(σ)| � | − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ))|
(63) Putting (64) in (62) and taking supσ>1 , we get
≤ π1 (σ) + π2 (σ)|u(σ)| + π3 (σ)|z(σ)|.

So, we get

α− 1− β
(ln 2)α− 1 π∗1 + π∗2 ‖u‖X ⎛ α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
‖u‖X ≤ 􏼠 􏼡⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1) (ln ζ)k
∇Γ(α + 1) 1 − π∗3 k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k (65)
α − β k�0 k!

+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

⎠.
14 Complexity

For simplicity, let

α− 1− β
π∗1 (ln 2)α− 1 ⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
M� ⎛ (ln ζ)k
∇ 1 − π∗3 􏼁Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

⎠,
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

(66)
α− 1− β
π∗2 (ln 2)α− 1 ⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
N� ⎛ (ln ζ)k
∇ 1 − π∗3 􏼁Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

⎠.
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

So, (65) becomes Theorem 7. Suppose that the hypothesis (M2 ), (M4 ), and
(M5 ) hold. Then, the given problem (5) has a unique solution
‖u‖X ≤ M + N‖u‖X , (67)
in X if
which implies Lϕ
Y < 1. (69)
M 1 − L∗ϕ
‖u‖X ≤ . (68)
1− N
This shows that the set B is bounded. So, by Theorems 3 Proof. We shall use the Banach contraction principle to
and 5, we get that the operator T has at least one fixed point. prove that the operator T has a unique fixed point, which
Therefore, the given problem (5) has at least one solution in will be the unique solution of the given system (5), by
X. □ considering the operator T: X ⟶ X defined in (45).
Let u, u be the solution of (5), and for σ ∈ J, we have

(ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 dη
|T(u)(σ) − T(u)(σ)| ≤ 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|(ln σ)α− 1− β
|z(η) − z(η)| dσ
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 η

􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|z(η) − z(η)| dσ
􏼌􏼌
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η η

(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη

+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 |z(η) − z(η)| dμ(σ) (70)
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1 η

􏼌􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌
􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|z(η) − z(η)| dμ(σ)
|Δ|Γ2 (α) 1 1􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 |z(η) − z(η)| + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|z(η) − z(η)| ,
􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η η
Complexity 15

where z, z ∈ C(J, R) such that which implies

z(σ) � − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)), Lϕ
(71) |z(σ) − z(σ)| ≤ |u − u|. (73)
z(σ) � − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)). 1 − L∗ϕ

Now, by (M4 ), we have So, (70) becomes

|z(σ) − z(σ)| � | − (ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)) − ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)))|
≤ Lϕ |u − u| + L∗ϕ |z − z|,
(72)

Lϕ (ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 dη
|T(u)(σ) − T(u)(σ)| ≤ 􏼢 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|(ln σ)α− 1− β
|u(η) − u(η)| dσ
1− L∗ϕ |Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 η

􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|u(η) − u(η)| dσ
􏼌􏼌
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η η

(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη

+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 |u(η) − u(η)| dμ(σ) (74)
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1 η

􏼌􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌
􏼌 􏼠 ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|u(η) − u(η)| dμ(σ)
|Δ|Γ2 (α) 1 1 􏼌􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 |u(η) − u(η)| + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|u(η) − u(η)| ⎤⎦.
􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η η

Using (M5 ) and taking supσ>1 on both sides, we get

α− 1− β
Lϕ ⎡ ⎢ (ln 2)α− 1 ⎛
⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
‖T(u) − T(u)‖X ≤ ∗
⎣ (ln ζ)k
1 − Lϕ ∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k (75)
α − β k�0 k!

⎠⎤⎥⎦‖u − u‖ .
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞ X

This implies that fixed point, which is a unique solution of the given problem
(5). □
Lϕ
‖T(u) − T(u)‖X ≤ Y‖u − u‖X . (76)
1 − L∗ϕ
3.2. Existence and Uniqueness Solution for System (7). In this
Hence, the operator T is a contraction. Thus, by the section, we show the existence and uniqueness of the so-
Banach contraction principle, we get that T has a unique lution of the system (7). First, we have the following:
16 Complexity

Lemma 5. The system

α c
⎪
⎧
⎪ H D u(σ) + ϕ1 σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪ c α
⎪
⎪ H D v(σ) + ϕ2 σ, v(σ), H D u(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎨ ζ
⎪
⎪ u(σ)|σ�1 � H Dα− 2 u(σ)|σ�1 � 0, HD
α− 1
u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 φα (σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ, (77)
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎪
⎪
⎩ v(σ)|σ�1 � H Dc− 2 v(σ)|σ�1 � 0, HD
c− 1
v(σ)|σ�2 � c[v] + 􏽚 φc (σ)H Dδ v(σ)dσ,
1

has a solution (u, v) if and only if where

⎪ 2 dη
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ u(σ) � 􏽚 Gα (σ, η)ϕ1 η, u(η), H Dc v(η)􏼁 ,
⎪
⎪ 1 η
⎨
⎪ (78)
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪ α dη
⎪
⎩ v(σ) � 􏽚 Gc (σ, η)ϕ2 η, v(η), H D u(η)􏼁 ,
1 η

Gα (σ, η) � G1 (σ, η) + G2 (σ, η) + G3 (σ, η),

Gc (σ, η) � G4 (σ, η) + G5 (σ, η) + G6 (σ, η),

⎪
⎧
⎪ (ln σ)α− 1 − (ln(σ/η))α− 1
⎪
⎪ , 1 ≤ η ≤ σ ≤ 2,
⎪
⎨ Γ(α)
G1 (σ, η) � ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)α− 1
⎩ , 1 ≤ σ ≤ η ≤ 2,
Γ(α)
(ln σ)α− 1 ζ
G2 (σ, η) � 􏽚 φα (σ)Q1 (σ, η)dσ,
Δα 1

Γ(α − β)(ln σ)α− 1 2

G3 (σ, η) � 􏽚 G1 (σ, η)dμ(σ),
Δα Γ(α) 1

⎪
⎧
⎪
⎪ (ln σ) − (ln(σ/η))c− 1
c− 1
⎪
⎪ , 1 ≤ η ≤ σ ≤ 2,
⎪
⎨ Γ(c)
G4 (σ, η) � ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)c− 1
⎪
⎩ , 1 ≤ σ ≤ η ≤ 2, (79)
Γ(c)
1
(ln σ)c− ξ
G5 (σ, η) � 􏽚 φc (σ)Q1 (σ, η)dσ,
Δc 1

1
Γ(c − δ)(ln σ)c− 2
G6 (σ, η) � 􏽚 G4 (σ, η)dμ(σ),
Δc Γ(c) 1

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)α− 1− β − (ln(σ/η))α− 1− β
⎪
⎪ , 1 ≤ η ≤ σ ≤ 2,
⎪
⎨ Γ(α)
Q1 (σ, η) � ⎪
⎪
⎪ α− 1− β
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)
⎪
⎩ , 1 ≤ σ ≤ η ≤ 2,
Γ(α)
⎪
⎧
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)c− 1− δ − (ln(σ/η))c− 1− δ
⎪
⎪ , 1 ≤ η ≤ σ ≤ 2,
⎪
⎨ Γ(c)
Q2 (σ, η) � ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (ln σ)c− 1− δ
⎩ , 1 ≤ σ ≤ η ≤ 2.
Γ(c)
Complexity 17

Proof. The proof is similar to that given in Lemma 3 and, where y, z ∈ X satisfying the functional equation. □
hence, is not included here.We use the following notations
for convenience:
Lemma 6. Green’s function Gα,c (σ, η) � (Gα (σ, η), Gc
y(σ) ≔ − ϕ1 σ, u(σ),H Dc v(σ)􏼁 � − ϕ1 (σ, u(σ), z(σ)), (σ, η)) of the system (7) have the following properties:
z(σ) ≔ − ϕ2 σ, v(σ),H Dα u(σ)􏼁 � − ϕ2 (σ, v(σ), y(σ)). (1 )Gα,c (σ, η) is continuous over J × J
2 2
(80) (2) maxσ∈J 􏽒1 |Gα (σ, η)|dη/ η ⩽ Yα and maxσ∈J 􏽒1 |Gc
(σ, η)|dη/η ⩽ Yc ,
Hence, for σ ∈ J, (78) becomes
2
where
⎪
⎧
⎪ dη
⎪
⎪ u(σ) � 􏽚 Gα (σ, η)y(η) ,
⎪
⎪ 1 η
⎨
⎪ (81)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 dη
⎪
⎩ v(σ) � 􏽚 Gc (σ, η)z(η) ,
1 η

α− 1− β
(ln 2)α− 1 ⎛
⎝αE ζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
Yα � α (ln ζ)k
∇α Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEα ζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇α (α(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

⎠,

c− 1− δ
(ln 2)c− 1 ⎝
⎛cEc ξ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)c− 1− δ− k (c − 1 − δ)!
Yc � (ln ξ)k
∇c Γ(c + 1) k�0
k!
(82)
c− δ
cEc ξ δ− k (c − δ)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)c− (ln ξ)k
c − δ k�0 k!

+ P(ln ρ)c− 1 Γ(c − δ)(c(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇c (c(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

⎠,

α− 1− β
1− β− k (α − 1 − β)! (ln ρ)α− 1 PΓ(α − β)
∇α � Γ(α − β) + Eα ζ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k + ,
k�0
k! Γ(α)

c− 1− δ
1− δ− k (c − 1 − δ)! (ln ρ)c− 1 PΓ(c − δ)
∇c � Γ(c − δ) + Ec ξ 􏽘 (− 1)c− (ln ξ)k + .
k�0
k! Γ(c)

Proof. (1) It is easy to prove that Gα,c (σ, η) is continuous, so (2) Since we know that Green’s functions of the con-
we leave it. sidered problem (7) is in the form
18 Complexity

􏼌
2􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌(ln σ)α− 1 ζ 2 1− β dη
ζ σ σ
α− 1− β
dη ⎤⎦
􏽚 􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⎣􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)(ln σ)α−
⎡ dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 dσ
1 η 􏼌 Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡⎣ 2 2 dη 2 σ σ dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ)α− 1 dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 dμ(σ)⎤⎦
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1
dη 21 σ σ dη􏼌􏼌􏼌
+ 􏽚 − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η 􏼌􏼌
(83)
􏼌 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ) α− 1 ζ 􏼌 2􏼌
β dη
ζ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
σ􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌 dη ⎤⎦
≤ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⎣􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌(ln σ)α−
⎡ 1− 􏼌
dσ + 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌 dσ
􏼌Δα 􏼌Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣⎡ 2 2 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 α−
􏼌􏼌 dη
α− 1 dη 􏼌 σ
+ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2 􏽚 􏽚 (ln σ) dμ(σ) + 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼠 􏼌 ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)⎤⎦
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 􏼌􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(ln σ)α− 1
dη 21 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌 ,
􏼌􏼌 η
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η

using (M5 ) and the mean value theorem [35] with

ρ ∈ [1, 2] and μ(2) � P > 0, we get

α− 1− β
2􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη (ln 2)α− 1 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
max 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌 ≤ ⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α−
⎛ (ln ζ)k
σ∈J 1 η ∇α Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β (84)
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (ln ζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇α (α(ln 2) +(ln 2))􏼑 � Yα .

Similarly, we can obtain

2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη (ln 2)c− 1 c− 1− δ
1− δ− k (c − 1 − δ)!
maxσ∈J 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌Gc (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ≤ ⎝cEξ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)c−
⎛ (ln ξ)k
1 η ∇c Γ(c + 1) k�0
k!

c− δ
cEξ δ− k (c − δ)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)c− (ln ξ)k (85)
c − δ k�0 k!

+ P(ln ρ)c− 1 Γ(c − δ)(c(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇c (c(ln 2) +(ln 2))⎞

⎠�Y .
c
Complexity 19

Hence, the proof of 2 is complete. If u, v are the solutions of the given system (7) and σ ∈ J;
then,

(lnσ)α− 1 ζ 2 dη
u(σ) � 􏽚 􏽚 φ (σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β
ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 α η

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ σ dη
− 􏽚 􏽚 φ (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 α η η

(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) dμ(σ)
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ σ dη
− 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) dμ(σ)
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) ,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
(86)
(lnσ)c− 1 ξ 2 1− δ dη
v(σ) � 􏽚 􏽚 φ (σ)(lnσ)c− ϕ2 (η, v(η), y(η)) dσ
Δc Γ(c) 1 1 c η

c− 1− δ
(lnσ)c− 1 ξ σ σ dη
− 􏽚 􏽚 φc (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ2 (η, v(η), y(η)) dσ
Δc Γ(c) 1 1 η η

(lnσ)c− 1 Γ(c − δ) 2 2 dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)c− 1 ϕ2 (η, v(η), y(η)) dμ(σ)
Δc Γ (c) 1 1 η

c− 1
(lnσ)c− 1 Γ(c − δ) 2 σ σ dη
− 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ2 (η, v(η), y(η)) dμ(σ)
Δc Γ (c) 1 1 η η

1 c− 1
(lnσ)c− 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 ϕ2 (η, v(η), y(η)) − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 ϕ(η, v(η), y(η)) .
Γ(c) 1 η Γ(c) 1 η η

Now, we transform the given system (7) into a fixed-

point problem. Let an operator T: X × X ⟶ X × X be
defined as

2 dη
􏽚 Gα (σ, η)ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η)) ⎞
⎜
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎜
⎜ 1 η ⎟
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎟ Tα (u, z)(σ)
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜
T(u, v)(σ) � ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ � ⎛
⎝ ⎞
⎠. (87)
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎟
⎜
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ T (v, y)(σ)
⎝ 2 dη ⎠ c
􏽚 Gc (σ, η)ϕ2 (η, v(η), y(η))
1 η
20 Complexity

Then, the solution of (7) coincides with the fixed point of

T, where

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ⎣ ζ 2
⎡􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎦⎤
Tα (u, z)(σ) � − y(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣ 2 2 2 σ
⎡􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 y(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− 2 y(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 y(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η) ,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
(88)
c− 1 ξ 2 ξ σ c− 1− δ
(lnσ) ⎣ ⎡􏽚 􏽚 φc (σ)(lnσ)c− 1− δ dη σ dη ⎤⎦
Tc (v, y)(σ) � − z(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φc (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
Δc Γ(c) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

c− 1
(lnσ)c− 1 Γ(c − δ) ⎣ 2 2 2 σ
⎡􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)c− 1 z(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− 2 z(η) dμ(σ)⎦⎤
Δc Γ (c) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

1 c− 1
(lnσ)c− 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 z(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) .
Γ(c) 1 η Γ(c) 1 η η
□

Theorem 8. Let ϕ1 , ϕ2 : J × R ×� R ⟶� R and (M9 ), (M11 ) Proof. In view of continuity of ϕ1�, ϕ2 and Gα,c (σ, η),
� T is
hold. Then, the operator T: C ⟶ C defined in (87) is also continuous for all (u, z) ∈ C. Suppose B⊆C � is a
completely continuous. � we have
bounded set. So, for every u ∈ B,

􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 (lnσ)α− 1 ζ 2 α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ
α− 1− β
dη ⎤⎦
􏼌􏼌Tα (u, v)(σ)􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌− ⎣
⎡ y(η) y(η)
􏼌􏼌 Δα Γ(α) 􏽚1 􏽚1 φα (σ)(lnσ) η
dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡
1 1 η η
dσ

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡ 2 2 2 σ
⎣􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 y(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− y(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦
Δα Γ2 (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1
dη2 1 σ σ dη􏼌􏼌􏼌
− 􏽚 y(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η) 􏼌􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η􏼌
(89)
􏼌 􏼌􏼌 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
(lnσ) ⎡ α− 1 􏼌 ζ 2􏼌 dη ζ 􏼌􏼌 σσ 􏼌􏼌􏼌
α−
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
⩽ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⎣􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌(lnσ)α− 1− β 􏼌
|y(η)| dσ + 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌y(η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dσ ⎤⎦
􏼌Δα 􏼌Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1􏼌 􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡ 2 2 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 α−
􏼌􏼌
+ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2 ⎣􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ) |y(η)| dμ(σ) + 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln σ 􏼡
α− 1 dη dη
􏼌􏼌|y(η)| dμ(σ)⎤⎦
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 􏼌􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 |y(η)| + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|y(η)| .
􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η η
Complexity 21

Now, by (M9 ), we have

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
|y(σ)| � 􏼌􏼌− ϕ1 (σ, u(σ), z(σ))􏼌􏼌 ⩽ π4 (σ) + π5 (σ)|u(σ)| + π6 (σ)|z(σ)|,
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
� π4 (σ) + π5 (σ)􏼌􏼌u(σ) + π6 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌ϕ2 (σ, v(σ), y(σ))􏼌􏼌 (90)

⩽ π4 (σ) + π5 (σ)|u(σ)| + π6 (σ)π7 (σ) + π6 (σ)π8 (σ)|v(σ)| + π6 (σ)π9 (σ)|y(σ)|.

So, we obtain Now, using 2 of Lemma 6, (M11 ), and (91) in (89), we get
π4 (σ) + π6 (σ)π7 (σ) π5 (σ)|u(σ)| + π 6 (σ)π8 (σ)|v(σ)|
|y(σ)| ⩽ + .
1 − π6 (σ)π9 (σ) 1 − π6 (σ)π9 (σ)
(91)

�� �
��Tα (u, v)��� π∗4 + π∗6 π∗7 π∗5 ‖u‖X + π∗6 π∗8 ‖v‖X
⩽ 􏼢 + 􏼣
X×X 1 − π∗6 π∗9 1 − π∗6 π∗9

α− 1− β
⎢ (ln 2)α− 1 ⎛ 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
×⎡
⎣ ⎝αE ζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α−
α (lnζ)k ⎞
⎠
∇α Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β (92)
αEα ζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (lnζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

+ P(lnρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(lnρ)) + ∇α (α(ln 2) +(ln 2))􏼑􏽩

π∗ + π∗ π∗ π∗ ‖u‖ + π∗ π∗ ‖v‖
⩽ 􏼢 4 ∗6 ∗7 + 5 X ∗6 ∗8 X 􏼣Yα .
1 − π6 π9 1 − π6 π9

In the same way, we obtain Thus, from (92) and (93), we get
�� � π∗7 + π∗4 π∗9 π∗5 π∗9 ‖u‖X + π∗8 ‖v‖X
��T (u, v)��� ⩽ 􏼢 + 􏼣Yc .
� c �X×X 1 − π∗ π∗ 1 − π∗ π∗
6 9 6 9
(93)

�� �� �� ��
‖T(u, v)‖X×X ⩽ ��Tα (u, v)��X×X + ���Tc (u, v)���
X×X
(94)
π∗4 + π∗6 π∗7 π∗5 ‖u‖X + π∗6 π∗8 ‖v‖X π∗7 + π∗4 π∗9 π∗5 π∗9 ‖u‖X + π∗8 ‖v‖X
⩽􏼢 + 􏼣Y + 􏼢 + 􏼣Yc � M.
1 − π∗6 π∗9 1 − π∗6 π∗9 α
1 − π∗6 π∗9 1 − π∗6 π∗9
22 Complexity

Thus, T is uniformly bounded. Now, we prove the

operator T is equicontinuous. For this, suppose σ 1 > σ 2 ∈ J
� then,
and u, v ∈ B;

􏼌􏼌 􏼌
􏼌􏼌Tα (u, v) σ 1 􏼁 − Tα (u, v) σ 2 􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌,

􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 ln σ 􏼁α− 1 ζ 2 dη
� 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌− 1 α− 1− β
􏽚 􏽚 φα σ 1 􏼁 ln σ 1 􏼁 y(η) dσ
􏼌 Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 1

α− 1
ζ 2
ln σ 2 􏼁 α− 1− β dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 φα σ 2 􏼁 ln σ 2 􏼁 y(η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 2

α− 1
ζ σ2 α− 1− β
ln σ 2 􏼁 σ dη
− 􏽚 􏽚 φα σ 2 􏼁􏼠ln 2 􏼡 y(η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η η 2

α− 1
ζ σ1 α− 1− β
ln σ 1 􏼁 σ dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 φα σ 1 􏼁􏼠ln 1 􏼡 y(η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η η 1

α− 1
ln σ 1 􏼁 Γ(α − β) 2 2 α− 1 dη
− 2 􏽚 􏽚 ln σ 1 􏼁 y(η) dμ σ 1 􏼁
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η

α− 1
ln σ 2 􏼁 Γ(α − β) 2 2 α− 1 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 ln σ 2 􏼁 y(η) dμ σ 2 􏼁
Δα Γ2 (α) 1 1 η

α− 1 α− 1 (95)
ln σ 2 􏼁 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 2 σ dη
− 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 2 􏼡 y(η) dμ σ 2 􏼁
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η η

α− 1 α− 1
ln σ 1 􏼁 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 1 σ dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 1 􏼡 y(η) dμ σ 1 􏼁
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η η

α− 1 α− 1 2 σ1 α− 1
ln σ 1 􏼁 − ln σ 2 􏼁 dη 1 σ dη
− 􏽚 y(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 1 􏼡 y(η)
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) σ 2 η η
􏼌􏼌
1 σ2 α− 1 α− 1 􏼌􏼌
− 􏽚 ⎛ ⎝􏼠ln σ 2 􏼡 σ
− 􏼠ln 1 􏼡 ⎞ dη
⎠z(η) 􏼌􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η η η 􏼌􏼌􏼌

α− 1 α− 1
π∗ + π∗ π∗ π∗ ‖u‖ + π∗ π∗ ‖v‖ 􏼐 ln σ 1 􏼁 − ln σ 2 􏼁 􏼑
≤ 􏼢 4 ∗6 ∗7 + 5 X ∗6 ∗8 X 􏼣⎡⎢⎣
1 − π6 π9 1 − π6 π9 ∇Γ(α + 1)

α− 1− β α− β
⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)! αEζ (α − β)!
×⎛ (ln ζ)k + 􏽘 (− 1)α− β− k
(ln ζ)k
k�0
k! α − β k�0 k!

α α
ln σ 1 􏼁 − ln σ 2 􏼁 􏼁
+ P(ln ρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(ln ρ)) + ∇α(ln 2)􏼑 + 􏼣.
Γ(α + 1)
Complexity 23

In the same way, we can show that

􏼌􏼌 􏼌
􏼌􏼌Tc(u, v) σ 􏼁 − T (u, v) σ 􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌
􏼌 1 c 2 􏼌

c− 1 c− 1
π∗ + π∗ π∗ π∗ π∗ ‖u‖ + π∗ ‖v‖ 􏼐 lnσ 1 􏼁 − lnσ 2 􏼁 􏼑
⩽ 􏼢 7 ∗4 ∗9 + 5 9 X ∗ ∗8 X 􏼣⎡⎢⎣
1 − π6 π9 1 − π6 π9 ∇Γ(c + 1)

c− 1− δ c− δ (96)
⎝cEξ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)c− 1− δ− k (c − 1 − δ)! cEξ δ− k (c − δ)!
×⎛ (lnξ)k + 􏽘 (− 1)c− (lnξ)k
k�0
k! c − δ k�0 k!

c c
lnσ 1 􏼁 − lnσ 2 􏼁 􏼁
+ P(lnρ)c− 1 Γ(c − δ)(c(ln 2) +(lnρ)) + ∇c(ln 2)􏼑 + 􏼣.
Γ(c + 1)

Yα 􏼐Lϕ1 + L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑 + Yc 􏼐Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 + Lϕ2 􏼑

The right-hand sides of (94) and (96) approache to zero < 1. (97)
as σ 1 ⟶ σ 2 . Hence, by the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, T is 1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2
equicontinuous and uniformly equicontinuous. Also, it is
� ⊂ B.� Therefore, T is com- The coupled system (7) has a unique solution.
very easy to prove that T(B)
pletely continuous. □ �
Proof. Let u, v, u􏽢, v􏽢 ∈ C, and we consider
Theorem 9. Under the hypothesis (M10 ), (M11 ) and

􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 α− 1 ζ 2
􏼌􏼌Tα (u, v)(σ) − Tα (􏽢u, v􏽢)(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌(lnσ) α− 1− β dη
􏼌􏼌 Δα Γ(α) 􏽚1 􏽚1 φα (σ)(lnσ) η
dσ

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 φ (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 α η η

(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 dμ(σ) (98)
Δα Γ2 (α) 1 1 η
α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ σ dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 dμ(σ)
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η η
α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη􏼌􏼌􏼌
+ 􏽚 + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌|y(η) − y
􏽢 (η)|,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η 􏼌􏼌

where Now, using (M10 ),

y(σ) � − ϕ1 (σ, u(σ), z(σ)),
(99)
y􏽢(σ) � − ϕ1 (σ, u􏽢(σ), z􏽢(σ)).

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
|y(σ) − y􏽢(σ)| � 􏼌􏼌− ϕ1 (σ, u(σ), z(σ)􏼁 − ϕ1 (σ, u􏽢(σ), z􏽢(σ))􏼁􏼌􏼌

⩽ Lϕ1 |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| + L∗ϕ1 |z(σ) − z􏽢(σ)|,

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
� Lϕ1 |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| + L∗ϕ1 􏼌􏼌ϕ2 (σ, v(σ), y(σ)) − ϕ2 (σ, u􏽢(σ), y􏽢(σ))􏼌􏼌
(100)
⩽ Lϕ1 |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| + L∗ϕ1 􏼐Lϕ2 |v(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| + L∗ϕ2 |y(σ) − y
􏽢 (σ)|􏼑,

Lϕ1 |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| + L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 |v(σ) − u􏽢(σ)|

� .
1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2
24 Complexity

Substituting (100) in (98) and taking supσ∈J , we get �� � Yc 􏼐Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 + Lϕ2 􏼑
��T (u, v) − T (􏽢u, v􏽢)��� ⩽ ⎢
⎡
⎣ ⎤⎥⎦
� c c �X×X 1 − L∗ L ∗
�� � Y 􏼐L + L∗ L 􏼑
��Tα (u, v) − Tα (􏽢u, v􏽢)��� ⩽ ⎡⎢⎣ α ϕ1 ∗ ϕ∗1 ϕ2 ⎤⎥⎦ ϕ1 ϕ2 (102)
X×X 1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 (101) · ‖(u, v) − (􏽢u, v
􏽢 )‖X×X .
· ‖(u, v) − (􏽢u, v􏽢)‖X×X .
So, from (101) and (102), we get
In the same way, we can obtain

Yα 􏼐Lϕ1 + L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑 + Yc 􏼐Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 + Lϕ2 􏼑

⎢
‖T(u, v) − T(􏽢u, v􏽢)‖X×X ⩽ ⎡
⎣ ⎤⎥⎦‖(u, v) − (􏽢u, v
􏽢 )‖X×X . (103)
1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2

Thus, T is a contraction. Therefore, by the Banach Theorem 10. In view of the continuity of the functions ϕ1 , ϕ2
contraction principle, T has a fixed point. So, we infer that and supposing (M9 ) and (M13 ) with
the given coupled system (7) has a unique solution. □

2 π∗4 + π∗6 π∗7 dη 2􏼌

􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π∗ + π∗ π∗ dη
N∗11 � 􏽚 |Gα (2, η)|􏼠 􏼡 < 1, N∗12 � 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (2, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 5 ∗6 ∗8 􏼡 < 1,
1 1 − π∗6 π∗9 η 1 1 − π6 π9 η
(104)
2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π∗ + π∗ π∗ dη 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π∗ π∗ + π∗ dη
N∗21 � 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌Gc (2, η)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠 7 ∗4 ∗9 􏼡 < 1, N∗22 � 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌Gc (2, η)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠 5 9 ∗ ∗8 􏼡 < 1
1 1 − π6 π9 η 1 1 − π6 π9 η

hold, the coupled system (7) has at least one solution. where max􏼈2N∗11 /1 − 2N∗12 , 2N∗21 /1 − 2N∗22 􏼉 < RB
� . Further-
�
� be defined as more, the operator defined by T: B � ⟶ C in (87) is
Proof. Let a set B
� then, by defi-
completely continuous. Suppose (u, v) ∈ B;
� � 􏽮(u, v) ∈ X × X: ‖(u, v)‖X×X < R � 􏽯,
B (105)
B � we have ‖(u, v)‖X×X < R � ;
nition of B, B

�� � 2􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
��Tα (u, z)��� 􏼌
􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η))􏼌􏼌
X×X ⩽ max
σ∈J η
1

2􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π (η) + π6 (η)π7 (η) dη

􏼌
⩽ max 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 4 􏼡
σ∈J 1 1 − π6 (η)π9 (η) η

2􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π (η)|u(η)| + π6 (η)π 8 (η)|v(η)| dη

􏼌
+ max 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 5 􏼡 (106)
σ∈J 1 1 − π6 (η)π 9 (η) η

2􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π∗ + π∗ π∗ dη 2􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π∗5 + π∗6 π∗8 dη
⩽ 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (2, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 4 ∗6 ∗7 􏼡 + RB 􏼌
� 􏽚 􏼌Gα (2, η)􏼌􏼠 􏼡 ,
1 1 − π6 π9 η 1 1 − π∗6 π∗9 η

RB �
� N∗11 + RB ∗
� N12 ⩽ .
2

Similarly, Therefore,
�� � RB
��T (v, y)��� �
(107) ‖T(u, v)‖X×X ⩽ RB
�, (108)
� c �X×X ⩽ 2 .
Complexity 25

so T(u, z) ∈B� . Thus, in view of Theorem 8, T: B

� ⟶B �
(u, v) � δT(u, v), δ ∈ (0, 1). (109)
is completely continuous.
Now, we consider an eigenvalue problem defined as So, in view of the solution (u, v) of (109), we obtain

�� �� 2􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
‖u‖X � ��δTα (u, z)��X ⩽ maxσ∈J 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌ϕ1 (η, u(η), z(η))􏼌􏼌
1 η

2􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π (η) + π6 (η)π7 (η) dη

􏼌
⩽ maxσ∈J 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 4 􏼡
1 1 − π6 (η)π9 (η) η

2􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π (η)|u(η)| + π6 (η)π8 (η)|v(η)| dη
+ maxσ∈J 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (σ, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 5 􏼡 (110)
1 1 − π6 (η)π9 (η) η

2􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌 π∗ + π∗ π∗ dη 2􏼌
􏼌􏼌
∗ ∗ ∗
􏼌􏼌􏼌 π5 + π6 π8 dη
⩽ 􏽚 􏼌􏼌Gα (2, η)􏼌􏼌􏼠 4 ∗6 ∗7 􏼡 + RB� 􏽚 􏼌Gα (2, η)􏼌􏼠 ∗ ∗ 􏼡 ,
1 1 − π6 π9 η 1 1 − π6 π9 η

RB �
� N∗11 + RB ∗
� N12 ⩽ .
2

|u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| ⩽ Ψ(ε), σ ∈ J. (115)

Similarly,
RB �
‖v‖X ⩽ . (111)
2 Definition 5. The problem (5) is said to be
Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable with respect to Ψ ∈ C(J, R) if
Thus, there exists some constant KΨ > 0 such that, for any ϵ > 0
‖(u, v)‖X×X ⩽ RB
�. (112) and for any solution u ∈ X of the inequality
􏼌􏼌 􏼌
� So, in view of
From equation (112), we get (u, v) ∉ zB. 􏼌􏼌 Dα u(σ) + ϕ σ, u(σ), Dα u(σ)􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Ψ(σ)ε, σ ∈ J,
H H
�.
Theorem 4, T has at least one fixed point which lies in B (116)
This shows there is at least one solution of the coupled
system (7). □ there exists a solution u􏽢 ∈ X of (5) with

|u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| ⩽ KΨ Ψ(σ)ε, σ ∈ J. (117)

4. Hyers–Ulam Stability
In this section, we provide novel characterizations of the
Hyers–Ulam stability for systems (5) and (7). For the various Definition 6. The problem (5) is said to be generalized
concepts of Hyers–Ulam stability, see, for example, [37]. Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stable with respect to Ψ ∈ C(J, R) if
there exists some constant KΨ > 0 such that, for any solution
u ∈ X of the inequality (116), there exists a solution u􏽢 ∈ X of
4.1. Hyers–Ulam Stability Concepts for System (5) (5) satisfying
|u(σ) − u
􏽢 (σ)| ⩽ KΨ Ψ(σ), σ ∈ J. (118)
Definition 3. The problem (5) is said to be Hyers–Ulam
stable if there exists some constant K > 0 such that, for any
ϵ > 0 and for any solution u ∈ X of the inequality
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 Remark 1. Clearly,
α α
H􏼌􏼌 D u(σ) + ϕ σ, u(σ), D u(σ)􏼁􏼌􏼌 ⩽ ε, σ ∈ J, (113)
H
(1) Definition 3 ⇒ Definition 4
there exists a solution u􏽢 ∈ X of (5) with (2) Definition 5 ⇒ Definition 6
|u(σ) − u
􏽢 (σ)| ⩽ Kε, σ ∈ J. (114)
Remark 2. Let u ∈ X be a solution of the inequality (113);
then, there exists a function Uϕ ∈ C(J, R) depending on u
Definition 4. The problem (5) is said to be generalized such that
Hyers–Ulam stable if there exists Ψ ∈ C(R+ , R+ ) with
Ψ(0) � 0 such that, for any solution u ∈ X of the inequality (1 )|Uϕ (σ)| ⩽ ϵ, for all σ ∈ J
(113), there exists a solution u􏽢 ∈ X of (5) satisfying (2) H Dα u(σ) + ϕ(σ, u(σ), H Dα u(σ)) � Uϕ (σ), σ ∈ J
26 Complexity

Lemma 7. Let 2 < α ⩽ 3; if u ∈ C1 (J, R) is the solution of the So, for σ ∈ J, the solution of (120) will be in the form
inequality (113), then u will be the solution of the following 2 dη
integral inequality: u(σ) � 􏽚 G(σ, η)ϕ η, u(η),H Dα u(η)􏼁
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 1 η
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Yϵ. (119) (121)
2 dη
+ 􏽚 G(σ, η)Uϕ (η) .
1 η
Proof. Let u be the solution of the inequality (113). So, in
view 2 of Remark 2, we have From equation (121), we have
α α
⎪
⎧
⎪ H D u(σ) + ϕ σ, u(σ), H D u(σ)􏼁 � Uϕ (σ), σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u(σ)| � Dα− 2 u(σ)| � 0,
σ�1 H σ�1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ
⎪
⎩ H Dα− 1 u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 φ(σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ.
1
(120)

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ⎡ ζ 2
⎣􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎤⎦
u(σ) � − z(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡ 2 2 2 σ
⎣􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 z(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− 2 z(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 z(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η)
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
(122)
α− 1 ζ 2 ζ σ α− 1− β
(lnσ) ⎣⎡􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη σ dη ⎤⎦
+ Uϕ (η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 Uϕ (η) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣ 2 2 2 σ
⎡􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 Uϕ (η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
+ 2 Uϕ (η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 Uϕ (η) − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 Uϕ (η) .
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η

For computational convenience, we use ω1 (σ) for the

sum of terms which are free of Uϕ , so we have

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ⎡ ζ 2
⎣􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎤⎦
ω1 (σ) � − z(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) dσ
ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡ 2 2 2 σ
⎣􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 z(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− 2 z(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦ (123)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 z(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 z(η) .
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
Complexity 27

From above, we have

􏼌􏼌 􏼌 α− 1 ζ 2
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ (lnσ) dη
􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|(lnσ)α− 1− β
Uϕ (η) dσ
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 η
􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η) dσ
􏼌􏼌
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η η

(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 Uϕ (η) dμ(σ)
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1 η
􏼌
􏼌 􏼌
α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌
􏼌 􏼠 ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η) dμ(σ)
|Δ|Γ2 (α) 1 1 􏼌􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η
(124)
􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 Uϕ (η) + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η)
􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η η

α− 1− β
⎢ (ln 2)α− 1 ⎝ 1− β− k (α − 1 − β)!
⩽⎡
⎣ ⎛αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α− (lnζ)k
∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (lnζ)k
α − β k�0 k!

+P(lnρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(lnρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))􏼑􏽩ϵ.

α
⎪
⎧
⎪ HD u 􏽢(σ) + ϕ σ, u􏽢(σ), H Dα u􏽢(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
Using (3) of Lemma 4 and 1 of Remark 2, we get ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u􏽢(σ)| � Dα− 2 u􏽢(σ)| � 0,
􏼌􏼌 􏼌
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Yε. (125) ⎪
σ�1 H σ�1 (127)
⎪
⎪ ζ
□ ⎪
⎪
⎩ H Dα− 1 u􏽢(σ)|σ�2 � α[􏽢u] + 􏽚 φ(σ)H Dβ u􏽢(σ)dσ.
1
Theorem 11. Under the hypothesis (M2 ), (M4 ), and (M5 )
and if Then, for σ ∈ J, the solution of (127) is
2 dη
YLϕ u􏽢(σ) � 􏽚 G(σ, η)ϕ η, u􏽢(η),H Dα u􏽢(η)􏼁 . (128)
<1 (126) η
1 − L∗ϕ 1

Consider
holds, then the given system (5) is HUS and, consequently, 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
GHUS. |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| ⩽ 􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌 + 􏼌􏼌ω1 (σ) − u􏽢(σ)􏼌􏼌. (129)

Proof. Let u ∈ C(J, R) be the solution of (113) and u􏽢 be the Using Lemma 7 in (129), we have
unique solution of the system given by

|u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)|
􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β
􏼌􏼌(lnσ)α− 1 ζ 2 (lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ
1− β dη σ dη
⩽ Yϵ + 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)(lnσ)α− dσ + 􏽚 􏽚 φ(σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 dσ
􏼌 ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η ΔΓ(α) 1 1 η η

α− 1 (130)
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 α− 1 dη (lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ σ dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ) dμ(σ) + 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 dμ(σ)
ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η ΔΓ (α) 1 1 η η

α− 1 􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2dη 1 σ σ dη􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌
+ 􏽚 + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌zu (η) − z􏽢u (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌,
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η􏼌 􏼌
28 Complexity

where zu , z􏽢u ∈ C(J, R) are of the form where

zu (σ) � − ϕ σ, u(σ), zu (σ)􏼁, Y􏼐1 − L∗ϕ 􏼑
(131) K� , (135)
z􏽢u (σ) � − ϕ􏼐σ, u􏽢(σ), z􏽢u (σ)􏼑. 1 − L∗ϕ − YLϕ

By (M4 ), we get such that

􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌zu (σ) − z (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌− ϕ(σ, u(σ), zu (σ)􏼁 − ϕ􏼐σ, u
􏽢 (σ), z􏽢u (σ)􏼑􏼑􏼌􏼌􏼌 YLϕ
􏽢u < 1. (136)
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 1 − L∗ϕ
⩽ Lϕ |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| + L∗ϕ 􏼌􏼌zu (σ) − z􏽢u (σ)􏼌􏼌,
(132) Thus, problem (5) is HUS. □
which implies
Remark 3. By setting Ψ(ϵ) � Kϵ, Ψ(0) � 0 in (134), by
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 Lϕ Definition 4, the given system (5) is GHUS.
􏼌􏼌zu (σ) − z (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ |u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)|. (133)
􏽢u 1 − L∗ϕ
Lemma 8. Let the hypothesis (M6 ) hold, and suppose
Using (3) of Lemma 4 and (133) in (130), we get
u ∈ C(J, R) is the solution of the inequality (116); then, u is a
YLϕ solution of the following inequality:
‖u − u􏽢‖X ⩽ Yϵ + ‖u − u
􏽢 ‖X , 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
1 − L∗ϕ 􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ YΩΨ Ψ(σ)ϵ. (137)
(134)
Y􏼐1 − L∗ϕ 􏼑
‖u − u􏽢‖X ⩽ ϵ � Kϵ,
1 − L∗ϕ − YLϕ Proof. From Lemma 7, we have

􏼌􏼌 􏼌 α− 1 ζ 2
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ (lnσ) dη
􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|(lnσ)α− 1− β Uϕ (η) dσ
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 η
􏼌􏼌 α− 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌
􏽚 􏽚 |φ(σ)|􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η) dσ
|Δ|Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η 􏼌
􏼌 η

(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 dη
+ 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 Uϕ (η) dμ(σ) (138)
|Δ|Γ2 (α) 1 1 η
􏼌􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌 dη
+ 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η) dμ(σ)
􏼌
|Δ|Γ (α) 1 1 􏼌 η 􏼌 η
􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌 dη
+ 􏽚 Uϕ (η) + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η) .
􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η 􏼌 η

By using (3) of Lemma 4, 1 of Remark 2, and (M6 ), we get

α− 1− β
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 ⎢ (ln 2)α− 1 (α − 1 − β)!
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ ⎡
⎣ ⎝αEζ(ln 2) 􏽘 (− 1)α−
⎛ 1− β− k
(lnζ)k
∇Γ(α + 1) k�0
k!

α− β
αEζ β− k (α − β)!
+ 􏽘 (− 1)α− (lnζ)k (139)
α − β k�0 k!

+ P(lnρ)α− 1 Γ(α − β)(α(ln 2) +(lnρ)) + ∇(α(ln 2) +(ln 2))􏼑􏽩ΩΨ Ψ(σ)ϵ

⩽ YΩΨ Ψ(σ)ϵ.
□
Complexity 29

Theorem 12. Under the hypothesis (M2 ) and (M4 )–(M6 ) 4.2. Hyers–Ulam Stability Concepts for System (7)
and if the inequality
Definition 7 (see [38]). The given system (7) has HUS if
1 − L∗ϕ − YLϕ
>0 (140) there exists Cα,c � max(Cα , Cc ) > 0 such that there exist
1 − L∗ϕ some εα,c � max(εα , εc ) > 0, and for every solution
(u, v) ∈ X × X of the inequality
holds, then the given system (5) is stable in the sense of HUR. 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
α c
⎨ 􏼌􏼌H D u(σ) + ϕ1 σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼁􏼌􏼌 ⩽ ϵα , σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎧
⎪ 􏼌 􏼌
Proof. Let u ∈ C(J, R) be the solution of (113) and u􏽢 be the ⎩ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 Dc v(σ) + ϕ σ, v(σ), Dα u(σ)􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ ϵ , σ ∈ J,
H 2 H c
unique solution of the system given by
(149)
α
⎪
⎧
⎪ HD u 􏽢 (σ) + ϕ σ, u􏽢(σ), H Dα u
􏽢 (σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪ there exists a solution (􏽢u, v􏽢) ∈ X × X with
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ u􏽢(σ)| � Dα− 2 u􏽢(σ)| � 0,
σ�1 H σ�1 (141) ‖(u, v)(σ) − (􏽢u, v􏽢)(σ)‖ ⩽ Cα,c ϵα,c , σ ∈ J. (150)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ
⎪
⎩ H Dα− 1 u􏽢(σ)|σ�2 � α[􏽢u] + 􏽚 φ(σ)H Dβ u􏽢(σ)dσ.
1 Definition 8 (see [38]). The given system (7) has GHUS if
there exists C′ ∈ C(R+ , R+ ) with C′ (0) � 0 such that, for
Then, for σ ∈ J, the solution of (141) is
any solution (u, v) ∈ X × X of the inequality (149), there
2 exists a solution (􏽢u, v􏽢) ∈ X × X of (7) satisfying
dη
u􏽢(σ) � 􏽚 G(σ, η)ϕ η, u􏽢(η),H Dα u􏽢(η)􏼁 . (142)
1 η ‖(u, v)(σ) − (􏽢u, v􏽢)(σ)‖ ⩽ C′ 􏼐ϵα,c 􏼑, σ ∈ J. (151)

Consider
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 Definition 9 (see [38]). The given system (7) has HURS
|u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| ⩽ 􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌 + 􏼌􏼌ω1 (σ) − u􏽢(σ)􏼌􏼌. (143) with respect to Ψα,c � max(Ψα , Ψc ) with Ψα,c ∈ C(J, R) if
there exists some constant CΨα,c � max(CΨα , CΨc ) > 0 such
Using (M4 ) in a similar way as used in Theorem 11, we that, for any εα,c � max(εα , εc ) > 0 and for any solution
get (u, v) ∈ X × X of the inequalities
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 YLϕ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌ω1 (σ) − u􏽢(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ |u(η) − u
􏽢 (η)|. (144) ⎧
α c
⎨ 􏼌􏼌H D u(σ) + ϕ1 σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼁􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Ψα (σ)ϵα , σ ∈ J,
1 − L∗ϕ ⎩ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 Dc v(σ) + ϕ σ, v(σ), Dα u(σ)􏼁􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Ψ (σ)ϵ , σ ∈ J,
H 2 H c c
Now, by Lemma 8 and by (144), (143) becomes (152)
YLϕ
‖u − u􏽢‖X ⩽ YΩΨ Ψ(σ)ϵ + ‖u − u􏽢‖X , (145) there exists a solution (􏽢u, v􏽢) ∈ X × X with
1 − L∗ϕ
‖(u, v)(σ) − (􏽢u, v􏽢)(σ)‖ ⩽ CΨα,c Ψα,c (σ)ϵα,c , σ ∈ J. (153)
which implies
1 − L∗ϕ
‖u − u􏽢‖X ⩽ YΩΨ Ψ(σ)ϵ. (146) Definition 10 (see [38]). The given system (7) has GHURS
1 − L∗ϕ − YLϕ with respect to Ψα,c � max(Ψα , Ψc ) with Ψα,c ∈ C(J, R) if
there exists some constant CΨα,c � max(CΨα , CΨc ) > 0 such
Thus, we have that, for any solution (􏽢u, v􏽢) ∈ X × X of the inequality (152),
there exists a solution (u, v) ∈ X × X of (7) satisfying
􏽢 ‖X ⩽ KΨ Ψ(σ)ϵ,
‖u − u (147)
‖(u, v)(σ) − (􏽢u, v􏽢)(σ)‖ ⩽ CΨα,c Ψα,c (σ), σ ∈ J. (154)
where
1 − L∗ϕ
KΨ � YΩΨ , Remark 5. Let (u, v) ∈ X × X be a solution of the inequality
1 − L∗ϕ − YLϕ
(149), if there exist functions Uϕ1 , Uϕ2 ∈ C(J, R) depending
(148) on u, v, respectively, such that
1 − L∗ϕ − YLϕ
> 0. (1 )|Uϕ1 (σ)| ⩽ ϵα , |Uϕ2 (σ)| ⩽ ϵc , σ ∈ J
1 − L∗ϕ
Dα u(σ) + ϕ1 (σ, u(σ), H Dc v(σ)) � Uϕ1 (σ), σ ∈ J
Hence, the given system (5) is HUR stable. □ (2) 􏼨 H c α
H D v(σ) + ϕ2 (σ, v(σ), H D u(σ)) � Uϕ2 (σ), σ ∈ J

Remark 4. If ϵ � 1 in (147), then by Definition 6, the given Lemma 9. Let (u, v) ∈ X × X be the solution of (149); then,
system (5) is GHURS. for σ ∈ J, we have
30 Complexity

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
⎨ 􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Yα ϵα ,
⎧ Proof. By 2 of Remark 5 and for σ ∈ J, we have
⎩ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌v(σ) − ω (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Y ϵ . (155)
2 c c

α c
⎪
⎧
⎪ H D u(σ) + ϕ1 σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼁 � Uϕ1 (σ), σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎪ c α
⎪ D v(σ) + ϕ σ, v(σ), D u(σ)􏼁 � Uϕ (σ), σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪ H 2 H
⎪
⎪ 2
⎨ ζ
⎪ u(σ)| � D α− 2
u(σ)| � 0, Dα− 1
u(σ)| � α[u] + 􏽚 φα (σ)H Dβ u(σ)dσ, (156)
⎪
⎪ σ�1 H σ�1 H σ�2
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎪
⎩ v(σ)|σ�1 � H Dc− 2 v(σ)|σ�1 � 0, H Dc− 1 v(σ)|σ�2 � c[v] + 􏽚 φc (σ)H Dβ v(σ)dσ.
1

So, for σ ∈ J, the solution of (156) will be in the form

2 dη 2 dη
⎪
⎧
⎪ c
⎪
⎪ u(σ) � 􏽚 Gα (σ, η)ϕ 1 η, u(η), H D v(η) 􏼁 + 􏽚 Gα (σ, η)Uϕ1 (η) ,
⎪
⎪ 1 η 1 η
⎨
⎪ (157)
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 2
⎪ v(σ) � 􏽚 G (σ, η)ϕ η, v(η), Dα u(η)􏼁 dη + 􏽚 G (σ, η)U (η) dη.
⎪
⎩ c 2 H c ϕ2
1 η 1 η

From the first equation of system (157), we have

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ⎡ ζ 2
⎣􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎤⎦
u(σ) � − y(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡ 2 2 2 σ
⎣􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 y(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− 2 y(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦
Δα Γ (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 y(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η)
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
(158)
α− 1 ζ 2 ζ σ α− 1− β
(lnσ) ⎣ ⎡􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη σ dη ⎤⎦
+ Uϕ1 (η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 Uϕ1 (η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎡ 2 2 2 σ
⎣􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 Uϕ (η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
+ 2 Uϕ1 (η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦
Δα Γ (α) 1 1
1
η 1 1 η η

α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
+ 􏽚 Uϕ1 (η) − 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 Uϕ1 (η) .
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η
Complexity 31

For computational convenience, we use ω1 (σ) for the

sum of terms which are free of Uϕ1 , so we have

α− 1− β
(lnσ)α− 1 ⎣ ζ 2
⎡􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)(lnσ)α− 1− β dη ζ σ σ dη ⎦⎤
ω1 (σ) � − y(η) dσ − 􏽚 􏽚 φα (σ)􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η) dσ
Δα Γ(α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) ⎣ 2 2 2 σ
⎡􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 y(η) dη dμ(σ) − 􏽚 􏽚 􏼠ln σ 􏼡 dη
− y(η) dμ(σ)⎤⎦ (159)
Δα Γ2 (α) 1 1 η 1 1 η η
α− 1
(lnσ)α− 1 2 dη 1 σ σ dη
− 􏽚 y(η) + 􏽚 􏼠ln 􏼡 y(η) .
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 η η

So, from the above and taking the absolute value, (158)
becomes

􏼌􏼌 􏼌 (lnσ)α− 1 ζ 2 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ 1− β 􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌 α−
􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dσ
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ(α) 􏽚1 􏽚1 􏼌φα (σ)􏼌(lnσ) 1
η

􏼌 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dσ
􏼌Δα 􏼌Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 1 η

(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
1 􏼌􏼌
+ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ) (160)
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ (α) 1 1
1
η

􏼌􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ (α) 1 1􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 1 η

􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌 􏼌
􏽚 􏼌􏼌Uϕ1 (η)􏼌􏼌 + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌Uϕ (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 .
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 1 η

1 − K1 K3 > 0 (163)
Using 2 of Lemma 6 and 1 of Remark 5, we get
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 holds, then the given system (7) is stable in the sense of HU.
􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Yα ϵα . (161)

In the same way, we have Proof. Let (u, v) ∈ X × X be the solution of (149) and
􏼌􏼌 􏼌
􏼌􏼌v(σ) − ω2 (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ Yc ϵc . (162) (􏽢u, v􏽢) ∈ X × X be the solution to the system
□
Theorem 13. Under the hypothesis (M10 ) and if

α
⎪
⎧ HD u 􏽢(σ) + ϕ1 σ, u􏽢(σ), H Dc v􏽢(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ HD v
c
􏽢 (σ) + ϕ2 σ, v􏽢(σ), H Dα u􏽢(σ)􏼁 � 0, σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
⎨ ζ
⎪ u􏽢(σ)|σ�1 � H Dα− 2 u􏽢 (σ)|σ�1 � 0, H Dα− 1 u􏽢(σ)|σ�2 � α[􏽢u] + 􏽚 φα (σ)H Dβ u􏽢(σ)dσ, (164)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎩ v􏽢(σ)|σ�1 � H Dc− 2 v􏽢(σ)|σ�1 � 0, H Dc− 1 v􏽢(σ)|σ�2 � c[􏽢v] + 􏽚 φc (σ)H Dβ v􏽢(σ)dσ.
1
32 Complexity

Then, for σ ∈ J, (􏽢u, v􏽢) is the solution of (164), i.e., Consider

2 dη
⎪
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 􏽢 (σ) � 􏽚 Gα (σ, η)ϕ1 η, u􏽢(η), H Dc v􏽢(η)􏼁 ,
u
⎪
⎪ 1 η
⎨
⎪ (165)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 dη
⎪
⎩v􏽢 (σ) � 􏽚 Gc (σ, η)ϕ2 η, v􏽢(η), H Dα u􏽢(η)􏼁 .
1 η

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
|u(σ) − u􏽢(σ)| ⩽ 􏼌􏼌u(σ) − ω1 (σ)􏼌􏼌 + 􏼌􏼌ω1 (σ) − u􏽢(σ)􏼌􏼌

(lnσ)α− 1 ζ 2 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
1− β 􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌 dη
⩽ Yα ϵα + 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌(lnσ)α− 􏼌y(η) − y􏽢u (η)􏼌􏼌 dσ
Δ
􏼌 α 􏼌Γ(α) 1 1 η
􏼌 1− β 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 ζ σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌φα (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌y(η) − y􏽢u (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dσ
􏼌Δα 􏼌Γ(α) 1 1 􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η

(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 2 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη (166)

+ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2 􏽚 􏽚 (lnσ)α− 1 􏼌􏼌y(η) − y􏽢u (η)􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ (α) 1 1 η
􏼌􏼌 α− 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 Γ(α − β) 2 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌 dη
+ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 2 􏽚 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌􏼌y(η) − y􏽢u (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 dμ(σ)
􏼌􏼌Δα 􏼌􏼌Γ (α) 1 1􏼌 η 􏼌􏼌 η
􏼌 1 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(lnσ)α− 1 2􏼌 􏼌􏼌 dη 1 σ 􏼌􏼌􏼌 σ
α−
􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌 dη
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌􏼌y(η) − y􏽢u (η)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ,
+ 􏼌
􏽚 􏼌y(η) − y􏽢u (η)􏼌 + 􏽚 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼠ln 􏼡 􏼌􏼌
Γ(α) 1 η Γ(α) 1 􏼌 η η

Lϕ1 ‖u − u􏽢‖X + L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 ‖v − v􏽢‖X

where y, y􏽢u ∈ X are of the form ‖u − u􏽢‖X ⩽ Yα ϵα + Yα ⎡⎣ ⎤⎦.
1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2
y(σ) � − ϕ1 (σ, u(σ)z(σ)),
(167) (170)
y􏽢u (σ) � − ϕ1 􏼐σ, u􏽢(σ), z􏽢v (σ)􏼑.
Similarly, we have
By (M10 ), we get Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 ‖u − u􏽢‖X + Lϕ2 ‖v − v􏽢‖X
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 ‖v − v􏽢‖X ⩽ Yc ϵc + Yc ⎡⎣ ⎤⎦,
􏼌􏼌y(σ) − y (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 � 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌− ϕ (σ, u(σ), z(σ)􏼁 − ϕ 􏼐σ, u􏽢 (σ), z (σ) 􏼑􏼑 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2
􏽢u 1 1 􏽢v
􏼌
∗ 􏼌􏼌
􏼌
􏼌􏼌 (171)
⩽ Lϕ1 |u(σ) − u 􏽢 (σ)| + Lϕ1 􏼌z(σ) − z􏽢v (σ)􏼌,
(168) where z, z􏽢v ∈ X in the form

and we obtain z(σ) � − ϕ2 (σ, v(σ), y(σ)),

(172)
􏼌􏼌 􏽢 (σ)| + L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 |v(σ) − v􏽢(σ)|
􏼌 L |u(σ) − u z􏽢v (σ) � − ϕ2 􏼐σ, v􏽢(σ), y􏽢u (σ)􏼑.
􏼌􏼌y(σ) − y (σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⩽ ϕ1 .
􏽢u 1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2 We write (170) and (171) as
(169)
Using 2 of Lemma 6 and (168) in (166), we get

Yα L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 Yα ϵ α
‖u − u􏽢‖X − ‖v − v􏽢‖X ⩽ ∗ ∗ ,
􏼐1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2 − Yα Lϕ1 􏼑 􏼐1 − Yα Lϕ1 /1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑
(173)
Yc Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 Yc ϵc
‖v − v􏽢‖X − ∗ ∗ ‖u − u􏽢‖X ⩽ ∗ ∗ ,
􏼐1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 − Yc Lϕ2 􏼑 􏼐1 − Yc Lϕ2 /1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑
Complexity 33

respectively. Let

Yα L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 Yα
K1 � , K2 � ∗ ∗ ,
􏼐1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2 − Yα Lϕ1 􏼑 􏼐1 − Yα Lϕ1 /1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑
(174)
Yc Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 Yc
K3 � ∗ ∗ and K4 � ∗ ∗ .
􏼐1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 − Yc Lϕ2 􏼑 􏼐1 − Yc Lϕ2 /1 − Lϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑

In the matrix form, the abovementioned inequalities can 5. Examples

be written as
In this section, we present three examples to demonstrate the
1 − K1 ‖u − u􏽢‖X K2 ϵα
􏼢 􏼣􏼢 ⎣
􏼣⩽⎡ ⎤⎦. (175) existence and stability of the obtained results.
− K3 1 ‖v − v􏽢‖X K4 ϵc
Example 1.
Solving the abovementioned inequality, we have 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
⎪
⎧ 2 +|u(σ)| + 􏼌􏼌 D8/3 u(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌
⎪
⎪ 8/3 􏼌 H 􏼌
1 K1 ⎪
⎪ H D u(σ) + 􏼌􏼌 􏼌 � 0,
⎢
⎡ ⎤⎥ ⎪
⎪ 10e σ+2
5 +|u(σ)| + 􏼌􏼌 D8/3 u(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼓
⎢
⎢ K1 K3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ K2 ϵα ⎪ 􏼒 􏼌 􏼌
⎢ 1 − K1 3
‖u − u􏽢‖X ⎢
⎢ K 1− ⎪
⎪ H
⎡⎢⎢⎣ ⎤⎥⎥⎦ ⩽ ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥⎡ ⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦. (176) ⎪
⎪
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎢ ⎢
⎣ ⎪
⎨
‖v − v􏽢‖X ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ K4 ϵc
⎢
⎣ K3 1 ⎦ ⎪
⎪ 2/3
⎪ u(σ)|σ�1 � H D u(σ)|σ�1 � 0,
⎪
1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
Further simplification gives ⎪
⎪ 5
⎪
⎩ H D5/3 u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 σ 8/3 H D2/3 u(σ)dσ,
K2 ϵα K1 K4 ϵc 1
‖u − u􏽢‖X � + , (181)
1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3
(177) where α � 8/3, β � 2/3, ζ � 5, P � 20, E � 20, ρ � 5/3, φ
K4 ϵc K2 K3 ϵα (σ) � σ 8/ 3⩾1, for σ ∈ [1, 2]. Moreover, α[u] � u(1/5)/25.
‖v − v􏽢‖X � + ,
1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3 Set
from which we have 2 +|y| +|z|
ϕ(σ, y, z) � σ+2 , σ ∈ [1, 2], y, z ∈ R.
K4 ϵc 10e (5 +|y| +|z|)
K2 ϵα
‖u − u􏽢‖X +‖v − v􏽢‖X � + (182)
1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3
(178) Now, for any y, z, y􏽢, z􏽢 ∈ R and σ ∈ [1, 2], we have
K1 K4 ϵc K2 K3 ϵα
+ + . 1 1
1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3 |ϕ(σ, y, z) − ϕ(σ, y􏽢, z􏽢)| ⩽ 2 |y − y
􏽢| + |z − z􏽢|.
10e 10e2
Let εα,c � max􏽮εα , εc 􏽯; then, from (178), we have (183)

‖(u, v) − (􏽢u, v􏽢)‖X×X ⩽ Cα,c ϵα,c , (179) Hence, (M4 ) is satisfied with Lϕ � L∗ϕ � 1/10e2 .
Also, for any y, z ∈ R, we have
where 1
|ϕ(σ, y, z)| ⩽ (2 +|y| +|z|). (184)
K2 K4 K1 K4 K2 K3 10eσ+2
Cα,c � + + + .
1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3 1 − K1 K3
Hence, (M3 ) is satisfied with
(180)
1 1
π1 (ϱ) � σ+2 , π 2 (ϱ) � π 3 (ϱ) � , (185)
□ 5e 10eσ+2

Remark 6. By setting C′ (ϵα,c ) � Cα,c ϵα,c , C′ (0) � 0 in (179), where π∗1 � 1/5e2 and π∗2 � π∗3 � 1/10e2 .
by Definition 8, the given system (7) is GHUS. From Theorem 7, we use the inequality which are found
as
Remark 7. Under the hypothesis (M12 ) and (163) and by Lϕ
Y ≈ 0.0134252 < 1. (186)
using Definitions 9 and 10, one can repeat the process of 1 − L∗ϕ
Lemma 9 and the Theorem 13, and the system (7) will be
HUR and GHURS. Hence, (181) has a unique solution.
34 Complexity

Furthermore, K > 0 with condition (126) holds, and Hence, (M4 ) is satisfied with Lϕ � L∗ϕ � 1/90.
Lϕ Also, for any y, z ∈ R, we have
Y ≈ 0.0134252 < 1. (187) 1 1
1 − L∗ϕ |ϕ(σ, y, z)| ≤ (1 +|y|) + |z|. (191)
90(σ + 4) 90 + σ 2
Hence, with the help of Theorem 11, the given system
(181) is HUS and, hence, GHUS. Also, by checking the Hence, (M3 ) is satisfied with
conditions of Theorem 12, it can be easily verified that the 1
π1 (σ) � π2 (σ) � ,
considered problem (181) is HURS and GHURS. 90(σ + 4)
(192)
Example 2. 1
􏼌􏼌 􏼌 π3 (σ) � ,
􏼌􏼌 D5/2 u(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 90 + σ 2
⎪
⎧
⎪ 5/2 1 +|u(σ)| sin 􏼌 H 􏼌
⎪
⎪
⎪ H D u(σ) + + 2 � 0, where π∗1 � π∗2 � π∗3 � 1/90.
⎪
⎪ 90(σ + 4)(1 +|u(σ)|) 90 + σ
⎪
⎪ From Theorem 7, we use the inequality which are found
⎪
⎪
⎨ as
⎪ u(σ)|σ�1 � H D1/2 u(σ)|σ�1 � 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪ Lϕ
⎪
⎪ Y ≈ 0.0160445 < 1. (193)
⎪
⎪ 1 − L∗ϕ
⎪
⎪ 50
⎪
⎩ D3/2 u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 σ 5/2 D1/2 u(σ)dσ,
H H
1 Hence, (188) has a unique solution.
(188) Furthermore, K > 0 with condition (126) holds, and
where α � 5/2, β � 1/2, ζ � 50, P � 50, E � 50, ρ � 3/2, Lϕ
Y ≈ 0.0160445 < 1. (194)
φ(σ) � σ 5/ 2 ⩾ 0, for σ ∈ [1, 2]. Moreover, α[u] � u(1/5)/15. 1 − L∗ϕ
Set
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 Hence, with the help of Theorem 11, the given system
1 +|u(σ)| sin􏼌􏼌􏼌H D5/2 u(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌 (188) is HUS and, hence, GHUS. Also, by checking the
ϕ(σ, u(σ), z(σ)) � + .
90(σ + 4)(1 +|u(σ)|) 90 + σ 2 conditions of Theorem 11, we can find that the considered
(189) problem (188) is HURS and GHURS.

Now, for any y, z, y􏽢, z􏽢 ∈ R and σ ∈ [1, 2], we have

Example 3.
1 1
|ϕ(σ, y, z) − ϕ(σ, y, z􏽢)| ≤ |y − y
􏽢 | + |z − z􏽢|. (190)
90 90

􏼌􏼌 􏼌
⎪
⎧ 5 +|u(σ)| + 􏼌􏼌 D(7/3) v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌
⎪
⎪ (8/3) 􏼌 H 􏼌
⎪
⎪ HD u(σ) + 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 � 0,
⎪
⎪ 􏼒2 +|u(σ)| + 􏼌􏼌􏼌H D v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼓
σ+45 (7/3)
⎪
⎪ 50e
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌
⎪
⎪ 􏼌􏼌 D(8/3) v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌
⎪
⎪ σ cos(u(σ)) − u(σ)sin(σ) 􏼌H 􏼌
⎪
⎪ (7/3)
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 � 0,
⎪
⎪ D v(σ) + + 􏼌 v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌
⎨ H (8/3)
80 45 + 􏼌􏼌H D
⎪ (195)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪ (2/3)
u(σ)|σ�1 � 0, H D(5/3) u(σ)|σ�2 � α[u] + 􏽚 σ (8/3) H D(2/3) u(σ)dσ,
⎪ u(σ)|σ�1 � H D
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪
⎩ v(σ)|σ�1 � H D(1/3) v(σ)|σ�1 � 0, H D(4/3) v(σ)|σ�2 � α[v] + 􏽚 σ (7/3) H D(2/3) v(σ)dσ,
1
Complexity 35

where α � 8/3, β � 2/3, c � 7/3, δ � 1/3, ζ � ξ � 2, P � 5, Set

Eα � Ec � 1, ρ � 3/2, φα (σ) � σ 8/3 ⩾0, φc (σ) � σ 7/3 ⩾0, for
σ ∈ [1, 2]. Moreover, α[u] � α[v] � u(1/5)/25.

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
c
5 +|u(σ)| + 􏼌􏼌􏼌H D(7/3) v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌
ϕ1 σ, u(σ), H D v(σ)􏼁 � 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 ,
50eσ+45 􏼒2 +|u(σ)| + 􏼌􏼌􏼌H D(7/3) v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼓
(196)
􏼌􏼌 􏼌
􏼌􏼌 D(8/3) v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌
α σ cos(u(σ)) − u(σ)sin(σ) 􏼌H 􏼌
ϕ2 σ, v(σ), H D u(σ)􏼁 � + 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌.
80 45 + 􏼌􏼌􏼌H D(8/3) v(σ)􏼌􏼌􏼌

By simple computations, we found that Acknowledgments

1 1
Lϕ1 � L∗ϕ1 � ∗
45 , Lϕ2 � Lϕ2 � . (197)
50e 45
From Theorem 9, we use the inequality which are found
as
Yα 􏼐Lϕ1 + L∗ϕ1 Lϕ2 􏼑 + Yc 􏼐Lϕ1 L∗ϕ2 + Lϕ2 􏼑
≈ 0.0254987 < 1.
1 − L∗ϕ1 L∗ϕ2
Hence, (195) has a unique solution, and
1 − K1 K3 ≈ 1 > 0.
Hence. with the help of Theorem 13, the given system
(195) is HUS. Also, by using (M12 ) and Remark 6 and 7, the
given system is GHUS, HURS, and GHURS.
6. Conclusions
We have obtained some appropriate conditions for the
existence, uniqueness, and Ulam’s stabilities of the system
(5) and its corresponding coupled system (7). The required
results are obtained using the Banach contraction principle,
Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, Arzela-Ascoli theorem, and
Leray–Schauder of the cone type. Also, with the help of some
sufficient conditions, we have derived different kinds of
Ulam’s stabilities for the solution of the problem (5) and the
coupled problem (7). Additionally, examples are given to
support the main results.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors contributed equally and significantly in writing
this paper. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
This work was jointly supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (11661016), Training Object of
High Level and Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province
[(2016)4006], and Major Research Project of Innovative
Group in Guizhou Education Department [(2018)012].
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