Alexandria Engineering Journal (2021) 60, 4865–4873

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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On the new fractional configurations of integro-

differential Langevin boundary value problems
Shahram Rezapour a,b, Bashir Ahmad c,*, Sina Etemad a

a
Department of Mathematics, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
b
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
c
Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM)-Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science,
King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Received 29 November 2020; revised 16 March 2021; accepted 23 March 2021

KEYWORDS Abstract In this paper, we present the existence criteria for the solutions of boundary value prob-
Fractional generalized lems involving generalized fractional integro-Langevin equation and inclusion supplemented with
integro-Langevin equation; nonlocal fractional boundary conditions. The main idea of the current research is to combine the
Inclusion configuration; integro-differential and Langevin structures together. The main tools of our study include certain
Caputo derivative; inequalities and well-known fixed point theorems. Numerical examples are constructed to demon-
Existence; strate the application of the obtained results.
Fixed point Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
(2010) licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
MATHEMATICS
SUBJECT
CLASSIFICATIONS

26A33;
34A08;
34A12

1. Introduction led to a significant progress in the subject of arbitrary order

differential equations and inclusions. Fractional order bound-
In the recent decades, the topic of arbitrary order differential ary value problems also received considerable attention and
equations received an overwhelming popularity owing to its several aspects of these problems, ranging from the existence
extensive applications in different branches of engineering and stability of solutions to numerical methods, have been
and sciences, for instance, see [25,34]. Several kinds of frac- explored. For some recent works on the existence of solutions
tional order derivative operators have been introduced to for different kinds of fractional order boundary value prob-
cover a wide class of natural processes and phenomena. This lems, for instance, see [5,7,8,10,13,19,20,28,30,32,36,37].
The Langevin equation, introduced by Langevin in 1908,
* Corresponding author. describes the evolution of certain fluctuating processes in the
E-mail addresses: bahmad@kau.edu.sa, bashirahmad_qau@yahoo. context of the Brownian motion, for details, see [16,42]. The
com (B. Ahmad). Langevin equation in the setting of fractional order operators
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexan- possesses a high flexibility to model fractal processes, for
dria University. example, see [15,29]. In view of the significant role of the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.070
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
4866 S. Rezapour et al.

fractional Langevin equation in the study of physical pro- where a1 2 ð0; 1Þ; a2 2 ð1; 2Þ; h > 0; b 2 Rþ ; RL Ih0þ and C Da0þ
cesses, it has been investigated numerically as well as theoret- denote the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral and the
ically by many authors, for instance, see Caputo fractional derivative operators of orders h and
[2,1,4,6,11,14,24,35,39–41]. að¼ a1 ; a2 Þ, respectively, and h : ½0; 1  R ! R is a continuous
Wang et al. [38] applied the monotone iterative technique function.As a second problem, we consider the inclusion ver-
together with the method of upper and lower solutions to sion of the problem (1.1) given by
prove the existence of extremal solutions for a nonlinear Lan- 8 C a1 C a2 
gevin equation involving fractional conformable derivative < D0þ D0þ xðsÞ  bxðsÞ 2 Fðs; xðsÞÞ;
>
C a2
operators complemented with non-separated integro- xð0Þ ¼ 0; D0þ xð0Þ ¼ 0; ð1:2Þ
>
:C 1
differential strip-multi-point boundary conditions. Baleanu D0þ xð1Þ þ D0þ xðtÞ ¼ 0; t 2 ð0; 1Þ;
C 1

et al. [12] presented a new form of the nonlinear Langevin

equation in terms of Atangana-Baleanu type fractional order where F : ½0; 1  R ! PðRÞ is a multifunction and the rest of
operators and studied the existence and uniqueness of its solu- the quantities are the same as defined in the problem (1.1). We
tions with the aid of standard fixed point theorems [12]. Darzi make use of the tools of fixed point theory to derive the desired
et al. [17] discussed the existence of solutions for an initial results for boundary value problems (1.1) and (1.2). It is
value problem involving a nonlinear Langevin equation with worth-mentioning that boundary value problems (1.1) and
three fractional order operators. (1.2) generalize the existing initial versions of the Langevin
In 2018, Fazli and Nieto [21] studied an anti-periodic equation and inclusion. We believe that the work established
boundary value problem involving Langevin equation of two in this paper is novel and will enrich the literature on the Lan-
fractional orders of the form: gevin equation and inclusion. The rest of the manuscript is
8
 organized as follows. In Section 2, the basic concepts related
> C a C b
> D0þ D0þ þ k xðsÞ ¼ fðs; xðsÞÞ; s 2 I ¼ ½0; 1; to our study are reviewed. Section 3 contains the existence
<
xð0Þ þ xð1Þ ¼ 0; C Db0þ xð0Þ þ C Db0þ xð1Þ ¼ 0; results for the integro-Langevin equation problem (1.1), which
>
> are obtained by means of some inequalities and fixed point the-
: C 2b
D0þ xð0Þ þ C D2b
0þ
xð1Þ ¼ 0; orems. In Section 4, we present the existence criteria for solu-
where a 2 ð1; 2; b 2 ð0; 1; k 2 R and f : I  R ! R is continu- tions of the inclusion problem (1.2). Finally, numerical
ous. The symbol C Dl0þ denotes the Caputo fractional derivative examples are presented for illustration of the obtained results.
of order l 2 fa; bg and C D2b0þ
denotes the sequential Caputo
2. Auxiliary Notions
fractional derivative. They obtained their results by using the
idea of binary fixed point for monotone mixed functions in a
metric space with partial order. Let us begin this section with some auxiliary notions used in
Hilal et al. [23] applied the fixed point theorems due to the forthcoming analysis.
Banach and Krasnoselskii to investigate the existence of solu-
tions for the following Langevin fractional differential equa- Definition 2.1. [33,34] Let a > 0. The Riemann–Liouville
tion equipped with non-separated type integral boundary fractional integral (RL-Frac integral) for a real continuous
conditions: function x on ½a; b is given by
8


>
> D0þ C Db0þ þ k xðsÞ ¼ f s; xðsÞ; RL Ip0þ xðsÞ ;
C a
ðs 2 I ¼ ½0; 1Þ; Z s
>
> R 1
>
< xð0Þ þ bxð1Þ ¼ a1 1 h1 ðr; xðrÞÞ dr;
RL
Ia0þ xðsÞ ¼ ðs  qÞa1 xðqÞ dq:
0
R1 CðaÞ 0
> b b
> C D0þ xð0Þ þ bC D0þ xð1Þ ¼ a2 0 h2 ðr; xðrÞÞ dr;
>
>
>
: C 2b R1
D0þ xð0Þ þ bC D2b
0þ
xð1Þ ¼ a3 0 h3 ðr; xðrÞÞ dr; Definition 2.2. [33,34] Let n  1 < a < n or n ¼ ½a þ 1. The
where C
Dm0þ
denotes the Caputo fractional derivative of order Caputo fractional derivative (Cap-Frac derivative) for a func-
ðnÞ
m 2 fa; bg; a 2 ð1; 2; b 2 ð0; 1Þ; p > 0; k; 1 – b; a1 ; a2 ; a3 2 R; tion x 2 CR ð½a; bÞ is defined by
f : I  R2 ! R and h1 ; h2 ; h3 : I  R ! R are continuous Z s
1
functions. C
Da0þ xðsÞ ¼ ðs  qÞna1 xðnÞ ðqÞ dq:
Recently, Ahmad et al. [3] studied a new kind of Langevin Cðn  aÞ 0

equation involving Riemann–Liouville as well as Caputo frac- It is shown in [31] that the general solution of the equation
tional derivatives with variable coefficient, supplemented with C
Da0þ xðsÞ ¼ 0 can be written as xðsÞ ¼ c0 þ c1 s þ c2 s2 þ . . . þ
nonlocal-terminal fractional integro-differential boundary cn1 sn1 and
conditions.
Inspired by aforementioned works, in this paper, we intro- X

C  n1
duce and investigate a new boundary value problem consisting RL
Ia0þ Da0þ xðsÞ ¼ xðsÞ þ ci si
of a generalized fractional integro-Langevin equation with i¼0
constant coefficient and nonlocal fractional boundary condi- ¼ xðsÞ þ c0 þ c1 s þ c2 s2 þ . . . þ cn1 sn1 ;
tions given by
wheret c0 ; . . . ; cn1 2 R and n ¼ ½a þ 1.
8 C a1 C a2  RL h
< D0þ D0þ xðsÞ  bxðsÞ ¼ I0þ hðs; xðsÞÞ;
> s 2 ½0; 1;
xð0Þ ¼ 0; C a2
D0þ xð0Þ ¼ 0; Definition 2.3. [9,18] For the normed space ðX; k  kX Þ, let
>
:C 1 PðXÞ; Pcp ðXÞ; Pcv ðXÞ and Pcl ðXÞ respectively denote the
D0þ xð1Þ þ C D10þ xðtÞ ¼ 0; t 2 ð0; 1Þ; family of all nonempty, compact, convex and closed sets
ð1:1Þ contained in X. Then
On the new fractional configurations of integro-differential Langevin boundary value problems 4867

(i) F is upper semi-continuous if a neighborhood V 0 of supplemented with boundary conditions

x 2 X exists satisfying F ðV 0 Þ # U for F ðxÞ 2 Pcl ð X Þ, (
C a2
xð0Þ ¼ 0; D0þ xð0Þ ¼ 0;
where U is an open set containing F ðxÞ. ð3:2Þ
(ii) F : ½0; 1  R ! PðRÞ is a multifunction of the Car- C
D10þ xð1Þ þ C D10þ xðtÞ ¼ 0; t 2 ð0; 1Þ;
atheodory type if s # F ðs; xÞ is measurable for any
x 2 R and x # F ðs; xÞ is upper semi-continuous for a. if and only if the function x satisfies the following integral
e. s 2 ½0; 1. equation
Rs Rs
(iii) A Caratheodory multifunction F : ½0; 1  R ! PðRÞ is a þa 1
xðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞ 1 2 gðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq
a 1

said to be L1 -Caratheodory if there exists a map  R1 Rt

 2s 1
Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 gðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 gðqÞ dq
gs 2 L1Rþ ð½0; 1Þ for any s > 0, such that R1
0
Rt
þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq :
kFðs; xÞk ¼ sup fjzj : z 2 Fðs; xÞg 6 gs ðsÞ
s2½0;1 ð3:3Þ
for every jxj 6 s and for a.e. s 2 ½0; 1.
(iv) Fhas convex values if F ðs; xÞ 2 Pcv ð X Þ for any x 2 X .
(v) The graph of the multifunction F : X ! Pcl ðXÞ is Proof. Let us assume that x satisfies the generalized fractional
defined as integro-Langevin Eq. (3.1), that is,
GðFÞ ¼ fðx; aÞ 2 X  X : a 2 FðxÞg: C 
C
Da01þ Da02þ xðsÞ  bxðsÞ ¼ gðsÞ: ð3:4Þ

Definition 2.4. [9,18] Let fxm gmP1 # X and fam gmP1 # X be Applying the RL-Frac integral operator of order a1 to both
sequences such that xm ! x0 , am ! a0 and am 2 Fðxm Þ. Then sides of (3.4), we obtain
the graph GðFÞ is closed if a0 2 Fðx0 Þ. Z s
C a2 ðs  qÞa1 1
D0þ xðsÞ ¼ gðqÞ dq þ bxðsÞ þ c0 ; ð3:5Þ
Cða1 Þ
Proposition 2.5. [18] If F : X ! Pcl ðXÞ is upper semi- 0

continuous, then GðFÞ is closed in X  X. Conversely, if F where c0 2 R. Using the conditions xð0Þ ¼ 0 and
has a closed graph and is completely continuous, then F is C
Da02þ xð0Þ ¼ 0 in (3.4) yields c0 ¼ 0. Operating the RL-Frac
upper semi-continuous. integral operator of order a2 on both sides of (3.5) leads to
The family of selections of Fat x 2 CR ð½0; 1Þ is defined by xðsÞ ¼ RL Ia01þþa2 gðsÞ þ bRL Ia02þ xðsÞ þ c1 þ c2 s; ðc1 ; c2 2 RÞ;
 
SF;x :¼ r 2 L1R ð½0; 1Þ : rðsÞ 2 Fðs; xðsÞÞ
which, in view of the condition xð0Þ ¼ 0, implies that c1 ¼ 0
for a.e. s 2 ½0; 1;for details, see [9,18]. Moreover, for any and consequently, we have
x 2 CX ð½0; 1Þ; SF;x – £ if dimðXÞ < 1 [18]. Z s
ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1
xðsÞ ¼ gðqÞ dq
Proposition 2.6. [27] Let the Banach space X be separable and 0 Cða1 þ a2 Þ
Z s
that ðs  qÞa2 1
þb xðqÞ dq þ c2 s: ð3:6Þ
0 Cða2 Þ
ða1 Þ F : ½0; 1  X ! Pcp;cv ð X Þ is L1 -Carathéodory;
ða2 Þ a linear map K ^ : L1 ð½0; 1Þ ! C X ð½0; 1Þ is continuous. Applying the Cap-Frac derivative operator C D10þ to both sides
X
of (3.6), we get
^  SF : CX ð½0; 1Þ ! Pcp;cv ðCX ð½0; 1ÞÞ is another Z s
Then K ðs  qÞa1 þa2 2
 D0þ xðsÞ ¼
C 1
gðqÞ dq
multifunction in ½CX ð½0; 1Þ2 such that x # K ^  S F ðx Þ ¼ 0 Cða1 þ a2  1Þ

 Z s
^ SF;x possesses closed graph property.
K ðs  qÞa2 2
þb xðqÞ dq þ c2 : ð3:7Þ
0 Cða2  1Þ

3. Main Theorems for the problem (1.1) Making use of the condition C
D10þ xð1Þ þ C D10þ xðtÞ ¼ 0 in
(3.7), we find that
 R1 Rt
a þa 2 a þa 2
In this section, we discuss the existence of solutions for the c2 ¼ 1
2
1
Cða1 þa2 1Þ
ð1  qÞ 1 2 gðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
0
1
2 1Þ 0
ðt  qÞ 1 2 gðqÞ dq
R1 Rt
problem (1.1). Introduce the space a 2 a 2
þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq :
X ¼ fxðsÞ : xðsÞ 2 CR ð½0; 1Þg endowed with the norm
kxkX ¼ sups2½0;1 j xðsÞ j. Obviously ðX; k  kX Þ is a Banach Inserting the value of c2 into (3.6), we get
space. In order to transform the fractional Langevin problem Rs Rs
xðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 gðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
(1.1) into a fixed point problem, we need the following lemma.  R1 Rt
 2s 1
Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 gðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ 0
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 gðqÞ dq
R1 Rt
þ
Lemma 3.1. Suppose that a1 2 ð0; 1Þ; a2 2 ð1; 2Þ; b 2 R and þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq ;
g 2 X. Then x satisfies the generalized fractional integro-
Langevin equation which shows that x satisfies the integral Eq. (3.3). On the con-
trary, it follows by direct computation that x given by (3.3)
C  satisfies the generalized fractional integro-Langevin problem
C
Da01þ Da02þ xðsÞ  bxðsÞ ¼ gðsÞ; ðs 2 ½0; 1Þ ð3:1Þ
(3.1) and (3.2).
4868 S. Rezapour et al.

By Lemma 3.1, we define an operator T : X ! X associated s 2 ½0; 1, we split the operator T : X ! X defined by (3.8) into
with the generalized fractional integro-Langevin problem (1.1) as two operators h1 and h2 from B to X as
Rs a1 þa2 þh1 Rs a 1 Rs  R1
ðTxÞðsÞ ¼ Cða1 þa
1
2 þhÞ 0
ðs  qÞ hðq; xðqÞÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq h1 xðsÞ ¼ Cðba2 Þ ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq  2s b
ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq
 R
0 Cða2 1Þ 0
1 a þa þh2
 2s Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ 1 2 hðq; xðqÞÞ dq Rt
Rt ð3:8Þ þ Cða2b1Þ 0
ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq
þ Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 hðq; xðqÞÞ dq
R1 Rt
þ Cða2b1Þ 0
ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq and
Rs
h2 xðsÞ ¼ Cða1 þa 1
2 þhÞ 0
ðs  qÞa1 þa2 þh1 hðq; xðqÞÞ dq
 R
for any x 2 X and s 2 ½0; 1. Notice that the fixed points of the  2s Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 hðq; xðqÞÞ dq
1

operator T are solutions for the generalized fractional integro- Rt

Langevin problem (1.1). þ Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 hðq; xðqÞÞ dq :
In the sequel, we set the notation:
a þa þh1
Then, for arbitrary elements x1 ; x2 2 B , it follows by the
D1 ¼ Cða1 þa12 þhþ1Þ þ 1þt 1 2
2Cða1 þa2 þhÞ
; assumption ðC2Þ that

bð1þta2 1 Þ Rs R1
D2 ¼ Cða2bþ1Þ þ 2Cða2 Þ
; ð3:9Þ j h1 x1 ðsÞ þ h2 x2 ðsÞ j6 Cðba2 Þ 0
ðs  qÞa2 1 j x1 ðqÞ j dq þ 2s Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 j x1 ðqÞ j dq
Rt
b a2 2
a þa 1 þ Cða2 1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ j x1 ðqÞ j dq
D3 ¼ Cða1 þa
1
2 þ1Þ
þ 1þt 1 2
2Cða1 þa2 Þ
: Rs a1 þa2 þh1
þ Cða1 þa 1
þhÞ 0
ðs  q Þ j hðq; x2 ðqÞÞ j dq
 2 R1
þ 2s Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 j hðq; x2 ðqÞÞ j dq
Rt
a þa þh2
þ Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 1 2 j hðq; x2 ðqÞÞ j dq
Now we prove our first existence result for the generalized R  R
6 Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 kx1 k dq þ 2s Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 kx1 k dq
s 1
fractional integro-Langevin problem (1.1), which is based on a
b
Rt a2 2
fixed point theorem due to Krasnoselskii. þ Cða2 1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ kx1 k dq
Rs a1 þa2 þh1 
þ Cða1 þa 1
þhÞ 0
ðs  q Þ H dq
 2 R1
Theorem 3.2. (Krasnoselskii [26]) Let E be a nonempty closed, þ 2s Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 H dq
Rt
convex and bounded subset of the Banach space X. Let h1 and þ Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 1 2
a þa þh2 
H dq
h2 be the two mappings from E into X such that 6 D2 kx1 k þ D1 H
6 D2  þ D1 H 6 ;

ðb1 Þ h1 x1 þ h2 x2 2 E for any x1 ; x2 2 E;

which implies that kh1 x1 þ h2 x2 k 6 and thus
ðb2 Þ h1 is a contraction;
h1 x1 þ h2 x2 2 B for any x1 ; x2 2 B . Therefore, the condition
ðb3 Þ h2 is a continuous and compact operator.
ðb1 Þ of Theorem 3.2 holds true. Next, it will be shown that the
operator h1 is a contraction. For any x1 ; x2 2 B and s 2 ½0; 1,
Then there exists x 2 E such that x ¼ h1 x þ h2 x .
we have
Rs
Theorem 3.3. Let h : ½0; 1  X ! Xbe a continuous function j h1 x1 ðsÞ  h1 x2 ðsÞ j6 Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 j x1 ðqÞ  x2 ðqÞ j dq
satisfying the following assumptions:  R1
þ 2s Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 j x1 ðqÞ  x2 ðqÞ j dq
Rt
ðC1Þ there exists a positive constant ^b such that, for any þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 j x1 ðqÞ  x2 ðqÞ j dq
x1 ; x2 2 X and s 2 ½0; 1,
6 D2 kx1  x2 k;
j hðs; x1 Þ  hðs; x2 Þ j6 b^ j x1  x2 j;
which shows that h1 is a contraction since D2 < 1. Thus the
ðC2Þ there is a continuous function Hdefined on ½0; 1 such
condition ðb2 Þ of Theorem 3.2 is satisfied by the operator h1 .
that j hðs; xðsÞÞ j6 H ðsÞfor any s 2 ½0; 1and for each
Now we establish the continuity of h2 . Let fxn gnP1 be a
x 2 X.
sequence in the ball B with xn ! x. Then, for any s 2 ½0; 1,
Then the generalized fractional integro-Langevin problem we have
Rs
(1.1) has at least one solution on ½0; 1 if D2 < 1, where D2 is j h2 xn ðsÞ  h2 xðsÞ j6 Cða1 þa 1
2 þhÞ 0
a þa þh1
ðs  qÞ 1 2 j hðq; xn ðqÞÞ  hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
 R1
given by (3.9). þ 2 Cða1 þa2 þh1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ 1 2
s 1 a þa þh2
j hðq; xn ðqÞÞ  hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
Rt
þ Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 j hðq; xn ðqÞÞ  hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
Proof. For some  > 0, we consider a closed ball 6 Cða1 þa12 þhþ1Þ j hðq; xn ðqÞÞ  hðq; xðqÞÞ j
B :¼ fx 2 X : kxk 6 g with þ 2Cða1 þa
1
2 þhÞ
j hðq; xn ðqÞÞ  hðq; xðqÞÞ j
a þa þh1
þ 2Ct ð1a1 þa
2
2 þhÞ
j hðq; xn ðqÞÞ  hðq; xðqÞÞ j;

D1 H
P ; which, in view of continuity of h, implies that h2 is a continu-
1  D2
ous operator defined on B . Nest we claim that h2 is compact.
where H :¼ sups2½0;1 j HðsÞ j, and D1 and D2 are given in (3.9). To verify this claim, we first prove the uniform boundedness of
Observe that the ball B is bounded, convex and closed. In h2 . For each x 2 B and for s 2 ½0; 1, one can obtain the
order to verify the hypothesis of Theorem 3.2, for any estimate
On the new fractional configurations of integro-differential Langevin boundary value problems 4869
Rs
j h2 xðsÞ j6 Cða1 þa 1
2 þhÞ 0
ðs  qÞa1 þa2 þh1 j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq E with 0 2 G. Moreover, F : G ! Pcp;cv ðEÞ is upper semi-
 R1 continuous and compact. Then either:
þ 2s Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
Rt
þ Cða1 þa12 þh1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa1 þa2 þh2 j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
h i (i) F has a fixed point belonging to G, or
6 H Cða1 þa12 þhþ1Þ þ 1þt
a1 þa2 þh1
(ii) there are some x 2 @G and h 2 ð0; 1Þ such that
2Cða1 þa2 þhÞ
x 2 hF ðx Þ.
¼ D1 H
which shows that kh2 xk 6 D1 H and so h2 is uniformly
bounded. To show that h2 is equi-continuous, let s; s0 2 ½0; 1 Theorem 4.3. Assume that:
with s < s0.Then, for each x 2 B , we have
R s ½ðs0qÞa1 þa2 þh1 ðsqÞa1 þa2 þh1  ðC3Þ F ðs; xðsÞÞ 2 Pcp;cv ð X Þ is L1 -Caratheodory;
j h2 xðs0Þ  h2 xðsÞ j6 j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
0 Cða1 þa2 þhÞ
R s0 ðs0qÞa1 þa2 þh1
ðC4Þ Two continuous maps Qs : ½0; 1 ! R>0 and nonde-
þ s j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq
R
Cða1 þa2 þhÞ
1 ð1qÞa1 þa2 þh2
creasing Qx : RP0 ! R>0 exist such that
þ ðs0s
2
Þ
0 Cða1 þa2 þh1Þ
j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq

þ
Rt ðtqÞa1 þa2 þh2
j hðq; xðqÞÞ j dq : kFðs; xðsÞÞkX :¼ supfj k j: k 2 Fðs; xðsÞÞg
0 Cða1 þa2 þh1Þ

6 Qs ðsÞQx ðj x jÞ; 8ðs; xÞ 2 ½0; 1  X;

By the assumption ðC2Þ, we deduce that the right-hand side of
above inequality does not depend on x 2 B and tens to 0 ðC5Þ there exists a number s > 0 such that
when s ! s0. In consequence, h2 is equi-continuous. From
ð1  D2 Þs
the foregoing arguments, we conclude that h2 is a relatively > 1 and D2 < 1;
compact operator on x 2 B and hence the Arzelá-Ascoli the- D3 kQs kQx ðsÞ
orem guarantees the compactness of h2 . This shows that the where D2 and D3 are given in (3.9).
operator h2 satisfies condition ðb3 Þ of Theorem 3.2. As the
hypothesis of Theorem 3.2 holds true, it follows by its conclu- Then there exists at least one solution for the generalized
sion that there exists at least one solution on the interval ½0; 1 Langevin inclusion problem (4.1) on ½0; 1.
for the generalized fractional integro-Langevin problem (1.1).

Proof. Let us introduce a multifunction W : X ! PðXÞ by

4. Existence result for the Langevin Inclusion Version
8
>
> u 2 X :8
>
> Rs Rs
>
> >
>
1
ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
This section is devoted to the study of the integro-Langevin >
> >
> Cða1 þa2 Þ 0

>
< >
> R1
>
<  2 Cða þa 1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ
s 1 a1 þa2 2
rðqÞ dq
inclusion boundary value problem: WðxÞ :¼ 1 2
> uðsÞ ¼ >
> Rt
8 C a1  C a2  >
>
>
>
>
>
>
þ Cða1 þa1
1 Þ 0
ðt  qÞ a1 þa2 2
r ðq Þ dq
< D0þ D0þ xðsÞ  bxðsÞ 2 Fðs; xðsÞÞ; s 2 ½0; 1; > >
>
2
>
> >
> R1 Rt
: :þ b a 2 a 2
ð1  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq
Cða2 1Þ 0
C a2
xð0Þ ¼ 0; D0þ xð0Þ ¼ 0; ð4:1Þ
>
:C 1 for some r 2 SF;x . Notice that the solutions of the generalized
D0þ xð1Þ þ D0þ xðtÞ ¼ 0; t 2 ð0; 1Þ;
C 1
Langevin inclusion problem (4.1) are the fixed points of W. We
where a1 2 ð0; 1Þ; a2 2 ð1; 2Þ; b 2 Rþ and establish that W satisfies the hypothesis of Theorem 4.2
F : ½0; 1  R ! PðRÞ is a multi-valued map. (Leray–Schauder criterion) in the subsequent steps. First of
all, it will be shown that WðxÞ 2 Pcv ðXÞ for any x 2 X. For
Definition 4.1. Let a1 2 ð0; 1Þ; a2 2 ð1; 2Þ; b 2 Rþ and each u1 ; u2 2 WðxÞ, there exist r1 ; r2 2 SF;x such that, for every
t 2 ð0; 1Þ. A function x 2 X is called a solution for the s 2 ½0; 1, we have
Rs Rs
generalized Langevin inclusion problem (4.1) if one can find uj ðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rj ðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
 R R
r 2 L1R ð½0; 1Þ with rðsÞ 2 Fðs; xðsÞÞ a.e. on ½0; 1 for which  2s Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ 0
1
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 rj ðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ 0
t
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 rj ðqÞ dq

xð0Þ ¼ 0; C Da02þ xð0Þ ¼ 0 and C D10þ xð1Þ þ C D10þ xðtÞ ¼ 0 and b
R1
þ Cða2 1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ
a2 2 b
Rt
xðqÞ dq þ Cða2 1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ
a2 2
xðqÞ dq ; j ¼ 1; 2:

Rs Rs Letting r 2 ½0; 1, we get

xðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
 R Rt Rs a1 þa2 1
 2s Cða1 þa1 1
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
1
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq ½ru1 þ ð1  rÞu2 ðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0
ðs  qÞ ½rr1 þ ð1  rÞr2 ðqÞ dq
2 1Þ 0 2 1Þ 0
Rs
R R þ Cðba2 Þ ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
a 2 t a 2
þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq :
1 0
 R1
 2s 1
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 ½rr1 þ ð1  rÞr2 ðqÞ dq
ð4:2Þ Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
Rt
þ Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ 0
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 ½rr1 þ ð1  rÞr2 ðqÞ dq
Now we prove an existence result for the generalized frac- R1 Rt
a2 2 a 2
tional Langevin inclusion problem (4.1) by using Leray– þ Cða2b1Þ 0
ð1  qÞ xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 2 xðqÞ dq :

Schauder criterion for multifunctions (stated below).
Theorem 4.2. (Leray–Schauder [22]) Let E be a convex closed
subset of a Banach space X and G be an open set belonging to
By the given assumption, Fðs; xÞ 2 Pcv ðXÞ, therefore SF;x is a
convex set and thus ½rr1 þ ð1  rÞr2  2 WðxÞ. Now we show
that WðxÞ maps bounded sets (balls) into bounded sets in X.
 
To this end, take BR ¼ x 2 X : kxkX 6 R as a bounded ball
4870 S. Rezapour et al.
Rs
in X with radius R > 0. For every u 2 WðxÞand x 2 BR , one kum ðsÞ  uðsÞk ¼ k Cða11þa2 Þ 0
ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 ðrm ðqÞ  r ðqÞÞ dq
can find r 2 SF;x so that Rs
Rs Rs þ Cðba2 Þ 0
ðs  qÞa2 1 ðxm ðqÞ  x ðqÞÞ dq
uðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq  R1
 R1 Rt  2s 1
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 ðrm ðqÞ  r ðqÞÞ dq
 2s Cða1 þa
1
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
1
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
2 1Þ 0 2 1Þ 0
Rt
R 1 R t
þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq : þ Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 ðrm ðqÞ  r ðqÞÞ dq
0
R1
By virtue of ðC4Þ, we obtain þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 ðxm ðqÞ  x ðqÞÞ dq
Rt
Rs Rs
a þa 1 a 1
j uðsÞ j¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞ 1 2 j rðqÞ j dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞ 2 j xðqÞ j dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 ðxm ðqÞ  x ðqÞÞ dq k ! 0:
 R R
1 a þa 2 t a þa 2
þ 2s 1
Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
ð1  qÞ 1 2 j rðqÞ j dq þ Cða1 þa1
2 1Þ 0
ðt  qÞ 1 2 j rðqÞ j dq
R R Clearly the conclusion of Proposition 2.6 applies and hence
t
þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞa2 2 j xðqÞ j dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 j xðqÞ j dq
1

h i ^  SF has a closed graph. In addition to this, for all m, we

K
a1 þa2 1
6 kQs kQx ðkxkÞ Cða1 þa 1
þ 1þt ^ ðSF;x Þ and xm ! x . Therefore r 2 SF;x

2 þ1Þ 2Cða1 þa2 Þ

 know that um 2 K m
bð1þta2 1 Þ
þkxk Cða2bþ1Þ þ 2Cða2 Þ with
Rs Rs
¼ D3 kQs kQx ðkxkÞ þ D2 kxk; u ðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 r ðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 x ðqÞ dq
 R R
1 a þa 2 t a þa 2
 2s 1
ð1  qÞ 1 2 r ðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa 1
ðt  qÞ 1 2 r ðqÞ dq
which yields kuk 6 D3 kQs kQx ðRÞ þ D2 R. This shows the uni- Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
R
2 1Þ
R
0

a 2 t a 2
þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ 2 x ðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 2 x ðqÞ dq :
1
form boundedness of W. Now, consider x 2 BR and
u 2 WðxÞ. In order to prove the equi-continuity, we can choose
In consequence, u 2 Wðx Þ which means that W has a closed
r 2 SF;x so that, for any s1 ; s2 2 ½0; 1 with s1 < s2 , we have
graph and hence W is upper semi-continuous according to
R s1 ½ðs2 qÞa1 þa2 1 ðs1 qÞa1 þa2 1 
j uðs2 Þ  uðs1 Þ j6 0 Cða1 þa2 Þ
j rðqÞ j dq Proposition 2.5. Finally, we consider x 2 hWðxÞ; 0 < h < 1,
Rs
þ s12 ðs2Cq Þa1 þa2 1
ða1 þa2 Þ
j rðqÞ j dq and show the existence of r 2 L1R ð½0; 1Þ subject to r 2 SF;x pro-
R s1 h i Rs
þ Cðba2 Þ 0
ðs2  qÞa2 1  ðs1  qÞa2 1 j xðqÞ j dq þ Cðba2 Þ s12 ðs2  qÞa2 1 j xðqÞ j dq vided that
 R1 Rs Rs
þ ðs2 s
2
1Þ 1
Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 j rðqÞ j dq xðsÞ ¼ Cða1hþa2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rðqÞ dq þ Cðbha2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
Rt  R1 Rt
þ Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 j rðqÞ j dq
1
 2s h
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq þ Cða1 þa
h
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq
R1 Rt Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0 2 1Þ 0
b
þ Cða2 1Þ 0 ð1  qÞ a2 2
j xðqÞ j dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 j xðqÞ j dq R R
t
þ Cðabh ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cðabh ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq ;
1
!0; 2 1Þ 0 2 1Þ 0

independent of x 2 BR as s1 ! s2 . In view of the foregoing which implies that

arguments, it follows by Arzela-Ascoli result that j xðsÞ j6 D3 kQs kQx ðkxkÞ þ D2 kxk:
W : X ! PðXÞ is completely continuous. Next we show that
W has a closed graph. Let xm 2 X and there exists In consequence, we obtain
um 2 Wðxm Þ such that xm ! x and um ! u . Then we estab- ð1  D2 Þkxk
lish that u 2 Wðx Þ. We can find rm 2 SF;xm since 6 1;
D3 kQs kQx ðkxkÞ
um 2 Wðxm Þ. For s 2 ½0; 1, we have
Rs Rs which is impossible by the assumption ðC5Þ. Hence there exists
um ðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rm ðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xm ðqÞ dq
0
 R1
s > 0 such that kxk – s. Define Gs ¼ fx 2 X : kxk < sg, and
 2s Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ 0
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 rm ðqÞ dq note that W : Gs ! PðXÞ is a closed multifunction possessing
Rt a þa 2
þ Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 1 2 rm ðqÞ dq
1
the compactness, upper semi-continuity and the convexity
R1 R
þ Cða2b1Þ
t
ð1  qÞa2 2 xm ðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 xm ðqÞ dq : properties. By virtue of the choice of Gs , we cannot find
0
x 2 @Gs for which x 2 hWðxÞ is valid for some 0 < h < 1.
Now we show the existence of r 2 SF;x such that, for any Hence, by Theorem 4.2, W has a fixed point x 2 Gs ,which cor-
s 2 ½0; 1, responds to a solution of the generalized Langevin inclusion
Rs a1 þa2 1  Rs a 1 problem (4.1).
u ðsÞ ¼ Cða11þa2 Þ 0
ðs  qÞ r ðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞ 2 x ðqÞ dq
 R
ð1  qÞ 1 2 2 r ðqÞ dq
a þa
1
 2s Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ 0
R t
þ Cða1 þa
1
ðt  qÞa1 þa2 2 r ðqÞ dq 5. Examples
2 1Þ 0
R1 R
a2 2  t
þ Cða2b1Þ 0
ð1  qÞ x ðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 x ðqÞ dq :
This section is devoted to the numerical examples illustrating
^ : L1 ð½0; 1Þ ! CR ð½0; 1Þis defined
A continuous linear map K the obtained results.
R
by
Rs Rs Example 5.1. Consider the following fractional integro-
^ ðrÞðsÞ ¼ 1
r!K ðs  qÞa1 þa2 1 rðqÞ dq þ Cðba2 Þ 0 ðs  qÞa2 1 xðqÞ dq
Cða1 þa2 Þ 0
 R Langevin equation
ð1  qÞa1 þa2 2 rðqÞ dq
1
 2s Cða1 þa
1
2 1Þ
C 1:48 
0
Rt a þa 2
þ Cða1 þa2 1Þ 0 ðt  qÞ 1 2 rðqÞ dq
1 C
D0:7
0þ D0þ xðsÞ  0:009xðsÞ
R1 R 
t
þ Cða2b1Þ ð1  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq þ Cða2b1Þ 0 ðt  qÞa2 2 xðqÞ dq : 0:07s2 j sinðxðsÞÞ j
0 s
¼ I0þ
RL 0:751
þ 0:25e ; ðs 2 ½0; 1Þ;
40 þ 40 j sinðxðsÞÞ j
On the other side, if we take the limit m ! 1, then we get
ð5:1Þ
On the new fractional configurations of integro-differential Langevin boundary value problems 4871

Table 1 Values of Dj ðj ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ and the radius  for different orders of a1 and a2 .

a1 ¼ 0:1 a1 ¼ 0:2 a1 ¼ 0:3 a1 ¼ 0:4 a1 ¼ 0:5 a1 ¼ 0:6 a1 ¼ 0:7 a1 ¼ 0:8 a1 ¼ 0:9
a2 ¼ 1:1 a2 ¼ 1:2 a2 ¼ 1:3 a2 ¼ 1:4 a2 ¼ 1:5 a2 ¼ 1:6 a2 ¼ 1:7 a2 ¼ 1:8 a2 ¼ 1:9
D1 1.0791 0.92424 0.78238 0.65418 0.54017 0.44052 0.35490 0.28258 0.22245
D2 0.017005 0.016027 0.015078 0.014164 0.013284 0.012438 0.011624 0.010840 0.10086
D3 1.7808 1.5738 1.3820 1.2045 1.0400 0.88826 0.74968 0.62492 0.51444
 0.27637 0.23647 0.19998 0.16706 0.13782 0.11230 0.090398 0.071918 0.056573

supplemented with the boundary conditions D1 H

P ’ 0:11479:
( 1  D2
xð0Þ ¼ 0; D0þ xð0Þ ¼ 0;
C 1:48
ð5:2Þ Thus the hypothesis of Theorem 3.3 holds true for the problem
C
D0þ xð1Þ þ C D10þ xð0:08Þ ¼ 0:
1
(5.1) and (5.2). So the conclusion of Theorem 3.3 implies that
In the above problem, we have the nonlinear generalized fractional integro-Langevin problem
a1 ¼ 0:7; a2 ¼ 1:48; h ¼ 0:751; b ¼ 0:009; t ¼ 0:08, and (5.1) and (5.2) has at least one solution on ½0; 1. Moreover, one
can obtain different values for Dj ðj ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ and the radius 
0:07s2 j sinðxðsÞÞ j corresponding to different values of the fractional orders a1
hðs; xðsÞÞ ¼ þ 0:25es :
40 þ 40 j sinðxðsÞÞ j and a2 which are displayed in Table 1.
For x1 ; x2 2 R, we get
 2  Example 5.2. For illustrating Theorem 4.3, we consider the
 0:07s jsinðx1 ðsÞÞj 0:07s2 jsinðx2 ðsÞÞj 
j hðs; x1 Þ  hðs; x2 Þ j6 40þ40jsin ðx1 ðsÞÞj
 40þ40jsinðx2 ðsÞÞj Langevin inclusion given by

6 0:07s
2
j sin x1 ðsÞ  sin x2 ðsÞ j C 
40
C
D0:7
0þ D1:48
0þ xðsÞ  0:009xðsÞ

 
6 0:07
40
j x1 ðsÞ  x2 ðsÞ j; e s
2 0:25; pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
j sinðxðsÞÞ j
þ5
j sinðxðsÞÞ j
þ 2:75 ð5:3Þ
3 64 þ s 4 1þ j sin ðx ðs ÞÞ j 6
which yields b^ ¼ 0:07=40 ¼ 0:00175 > 0. Moreover, for any
subject to the boundary conditions
x 2 R, (
0:07s2 j sin xðzÞ j 0:07s2 xð0Þ ¼ 0; D0þ xð0Þ ¼ 0;
C 1:48

j hðs; xðsÞÞ j6 þ 0:25es 6 þ 0:25es ð5:4Þ

40 40
C
D10þ xð1Þ þ C D10þ xð0:08Þ ¼ 0:
¼ HðsÞ; Here the multifunction F : ½0; 1  R ! PðRÞ is

 
es j sinðxðsÞÞ j j sinðxðsÞÞ j
and H ¼ sups2½0;1 HðsÞ ¼ 0:25175. Using the given data, it is Fðs; xðsÞÞ ¼ 0:25; pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1þ j sinðxðsÞÞ j
þ5 þ 2:75 ;
3 64 þ s 4 6
found that D1 ’ 0:44984; D2 ’ 0:013457 < 1 and D3 ’ 0:90285. ð5:5Þ
Now we can choose a radius  > 0for the ball B so that

Fig. 1 The graph of the function hðs; xÞ.

4872
while the values of a1 ; a2 ; b and t are the same as in the last
example. In this case, D1 ’ 0:44793; D2 ’ 0:0133 and
D3 ’ 0:902846. Concerning the condition ðC4Þ, we consider
the continuous map Qs : ½0; 1 ! R>0 and nondecreasing map
Qx : RP0 ! R>0 given by
kFðs; xðsÞÞk 6 Qs ðsÞQx ðkxkÞ;
s
where Qs ðsÞ ¼ peffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi4ffi and Qx ðkxkÞ ¼ kxk þ 2:75. Obviously,
3 64þs
kQs k ¼ 241 ’ 0:04166. Regarding the condition ðC5Þ, we see
that D2 ’ 0:013457 < 1 and a number s > 0:1089814exists
for which this condition is valid. Thus the assumptions of The-
orem 4.3 are satisfied and hence its conclusion applies to the
fractional Langevin inclusion problem (5.3) and (5.4).
6. Conclusions
In the present work, we have explored the criteria ensuring the
existence of solutions for nonlinear Langevin type integro-
differential equation and inclusion subject to nonlocal frac-
tional boundary conditions by applying the standard tools of
the fixed point theory. Our results are new and significantly
contribute to the existing material on the boundary value
problems involving Langevin equation and inclusion (see
Fig. 1).
Data sharing not applicable to the present article as no
datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Funding
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
All authors express that the research study was realized in col-
laboration with equal responsibility. Also, all of them read and
approved the final version of the manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The first and third authors were supported by Azarbaijan Sha-
hid Madani University. The authors also thank the reviewers
for their useful suggestions which led to the improvement of
the original manuscript.
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