Adaptnlon

Topical Rain forest

Plauts
Drip AIP and waxy Sohan s.
Smoo th baouk and Smooth or wa y
los &peec tho
ShalWow 1othto holp Captue nutrient

Epiphu echids raue aial

hot
oo
plant, absorb
fhat clho to he
wincaal Omo obsonb a t hoam to
atmaphue
nimals-
Camo age
pfal monkey uue m The ppo

anopy ayons h9aereet,pregoning?

undisturbed habitat
aeo dg produ toxina ih thet
d Kih Jo wand ef a pmedator

A orne anma haue adap tatcng

Home
that enabe hon to eat fot rhat
Ofne amemal
lamt
 Nemporate eciduons fonest 21

yCa
olecioluus tees loose theilcaves
Fach
bauk. Pn thetheur brard
Rummen
owthom
Sunlight and halp Hh
eaues Captuwte
r l e v a

ouotbiyuthe,u A
ood tnough
make
chvorsoplul
nees

m the al. the

jontpoatue Cool
e n a p e a t u e

daon, lauwin
ooaak dnom, la
pioment in Leaues
gnee and orunge lta
and crange a
Med, yellow
beaudi qul

Owrt kauc
ourt haue
huimal doeiclun
doisluous

bempperat
in beable
Aulmal daaons. Ihep mut
Changirg hot dummery
dummeoy
to hot
Qdapt adopt Winteu and
wirh lold r muGrale duwing
ope hibo nao
Onina
doma e Colel
do estape
e ape
tointen
he

Talgaor wnUMN
Climatey Cne
Climat, One

amimal mignale ld animal haue

-Mobt
Mpt begei ome
t e Cold eatho
hibonatir
to ie
do ris taiga j
Qdapted
twhen bemperalues doop.
extneme
aolapted to tte
haue
andnals
Otten
praduehej a layen ot
Lol tempralires bayy
to bootet fha
hsatin
in
VBlat deatue d o r
he to.
pom
 he eumune
mall mamnal, a o
a
examplo fus OdaptadLon. PtA do br
duyme1 Coat
Oumme charge do whi in h win
win
Thi Qdaptation holp tho eunne blend
nsunding Omd ake t mone di
p emine pnedatos to Spot em

Savanna hcaptadòns
n ees, moGt bonana adapttion a
cdoougri,toeent n e a h fhe
D to
ong tap
doopannual
deep
To
uIalen tablo thick boak prresistam le
ine hus palm a e prost
h
many ascas de iduuo-neyto aNO1
moistue los duing Tha
Ce Oh he rum dry Seassn, al
a
wader-Stvrose organ
numal (ay m baobab
ome dpeuies aRe m ignatory ,oyh0oy
Oome
s dont which is lornela.bed wih diet,
rocia ys tem siz ) kelel d delenua, adaptdtuay
Cran4
wido SPnad mot
d aloorb water yytm
GrOus Come dom the
OUtom 0 ie
 GTa/slonds
afmals o} Jmpenate
Animal acaptad ion ?
Omimaii. u h ay te
r e biMon
bisan
D)C pazing.
antelope,
haue langp, Hat
pronghomi
aatd rhe Coase. paiyie Qprane
Chew in
ecth
fecth p
ruauntaud mimal,,nuu pai
votecbed in
yOher

ond bacgek Juie

Protect
Pretett em pn
hom o2)
buwvow that
hat
ludeogrowid
W o l o o w U i c d

pean ranlamou
nedatvg9 n rha

0bert Adaptcclion albeoune rhe

by albeouhy hei
rhat haue actapted
planh
lalled xeophyter. y ophu
Sutwe
meany
d p e i a l mea
phupical dpeiial
W u a l l l haue haue
Cauti,
wat hoy shten
h-tn hauue
ueh as
wate hoy
and Lenenvin brapirdion
barpivatioy

91cdule
princ
Jaues, wtàh
ho
hat adaptel
adapteel
fhat haue
ae Plat
phratophyt, e n v i r h O n t a eXbemeld
o o w i n e x b u m a l d

Oud m oitw
molhtwe
e m t atauie
Qlauioe
allowim
hem to
Jarc) Yooth The
he
w
waa l
lc tulde
taude
mammal a nd
Ond
naI mammal
t Or
espeuiallyM re
animal( thoy
Man
Han hat u
att davn
dawn.
(onepuuloon

nepjlon) ano agaun a

duyeCompletely
Cli) at nottnal
iOutiue
ue
t he Coolan
hamu umau fhuein auti vitie
all
esbct nc o e night
 amima

dosent

dome maler
dunbate
the
tempeeratu e
wtg
Om.ey
below he high
tempenct

e
Ao aape
the depont durfate.

Cactu ddaptation btore wato

t u r e lOatey
t h a t lan
fhat
- Lasge
k age
5tems
Adute
oale lo
oalo lo
Skin to
Thik uaky

through arles Can

an olect
lollect
mot 6Ytem-
twides bnead
wat eary
dcaues-nddlu te
ute
pina beaol a
banspiratio m)
Owwbale
Probe t The) on pnedata

plapiattony eMent nimal

Dromacdany lamel amel cdromedaruu)
-A lamel lan dast mee month ofhat
waln, aa
dpeuial adaptatton for deet
iviw
auwnes
Onnes dtone tout im he
uwmp
ump, not
wab Th fut Con be
meta bolizeol
 mos mammAlh n healhu (nmel
nlike
enpenadc
utuatu ftnuh out rhe
34'c t H1.T'C (137-1o1
aom
day
day
lamel
amel
CDTAAUA
tu
CDnocrue t.

the
e n t Fema
1hu'
1hus
allow
aj
re
envi
nvi90Vn ment
ah n
emp
-ye
not ucatuig
hat
h at cn
a n open and
Ord
nosti

mel haue
La m e l
La the espirato tract
beProtectinap
om blowing Samol.

Mangrones tdaptallon-
a myy manqrove
margrove
uh
Many
Many mangrove Speue, e
riMer mangrove Common
pectes allerg
the
ard
ast), hauc laaucs tuirt Glad Mat
medlands
ex Creh alt

an alw nestrit the openúg b

Mangoues oue to
man 9youe
he man
a l o w s he
to
is
tratonmata,

watn, which u an abill

abil
th fnepk iD aa saline
a lne
(omenue
ft ugival io
vital do
that A
Ploney
nviyon iment haule pnaunata
pnouata
emargvDres haue
- ome Speuis aboue-otuna
Oot
Tot heje
7heje ane filltd
are filled
vhich are coilh Small
and pepponea
oith Sporn9y timue and alow
otdens
datruutuwnal dipport
wles that rhe Joot

b e
tranthemal
d
hh
e anaenebu (lovotyg
e ananebu (lon
dund
brapea below
Poop DDt dhalogo outer r a t lE)
Og
 vivipanaous mode a eproduclion

OViopoyous
Stsomn
-

Ra duues the or os b Cyclondcand tict,

Reduw mpaut on Coastau lancu. -Se
er
4qwatil Adaptakonu
Body
Dody Sbeam-Jinad in Shape whi
ouh
ndlps db minimize wa AeAÄA tanle whh haho
n twa

9ft as the vesploatort organ

lotomotor organs
a he

Bocly Covered b appendages KuaonKuown

a Scales. Thy ane Pmeant pr
frotecion.
Orome BRshes hae moclehied oim
bladdea ofth the halp h i t they Con
ConAtonbiy a t
Water 'U
at a
Costatn deph Of
-

9o Aumi nigcen
e.iRt
-
 ndcract (On
lun fvivnoy
1ivi) Piny
Pino
Th
pr echA
One
nteracltr)
benepidah
posiliu aNe oa
Tn enttdn
h vajmJul ttw any
o t VamJul
not
ae
potte and pe
oth
9adiic intemctron1
el
e rhir
rh en
a m h or
hasnhu
K
a
nderatuo
O n e b r b o t h
pee

osPve Dnoqcton

bm-+,+) G
a) Mutali mutalle)
benaittedl)
are
Both spaut
ai o +
tan Swviue
wffhouto

4,+5nei rhwi
ensto

dumblosfs bautera
bauteula m
qDma
izob ium
alizoblum

OHNitsogen
hfztng plant
bgumirnoy
i rhe Toort and other
hodules Cauhuoate
neletue
dio baueua wu
host w ie
a
fc hoot
Joom tie
fuito
bacteria
batesia
dulbiante rhe
ctle ntvogen
diaed by
plan 9et
odile and Placn bírd
Ex Cro
b) COmman 6alksm
to ho amotiatioy ef citferent
Kaberes
uin wkih only ene o rfa Ovgani
apeis
the Ohe Organtm not
nDt eneited
nefitd
netecl, ot
una, hot adveonelu abeubao
nd aln
(atte
li ne nuai
X.Cate eet Thee bids hore moueYneNA
whon he attte P1Oze,
thei insec
The bisds haue
ti P fhcch
Gund te lattte a9 unabtectec.
 one , orhor L
Nogcuttwe Trberallon injy Lobe
(Ompetton - ( Poth ae ahbectecl) -
' w h e L i n the at.
Tt the Pheuomenon
eo mare peuis each dpes aol oel
acluen

aBeebed b the noren ce ornn Spete

h e o n Sper

ah 910pect oood,Shelter , Spa te , tohte

ExCarnvore tng between themsel,
hen selve
o poc
bpredation
T an amotiattoy betuueen tu

dpeuis Cpredator) Killy t t

Speuos whwe one

on he seond Cprey).
Pre datton maintauhs populetion ballante in
oun eObyylm

Ex Lten huttng a deen for food

c)Anttblosfs
the PToductton o
2t
ecattony ban
Organisms wtich
s hanmbuuLtd 6 h e
hë pe lationchp hone of
e populatto) bernubrted
EX doma Speues bu n alaae
algae
thot rouw dn Pond procue boxe
Qulos tan Les hat kill fshe wl
hat di nk the cwle
Carle
 (dpolasilbm 35
eanasitism s an unteTaLtton betu

o0site and ahost in wlich ho tormen

olbtatn penehih t CLt ha Cost of he latte,
Ex
fx Bu n Haii, Suck the blord
awomn- Not affect
tne- abeLbed
AMENSALIS M
haums DY Mesbrf Lth The ofhen
ene euie
wofl hout itrer bing aduanne y bbdel
opecue
or hasmed b the prescnte h e Othen
b e l a k Cp
pan NO Suntotr
m e Shadow
pu
EX T ee
N e w v a W b m -
wilh ano h e
e inhenact

no 2nagit or)attaet

Ppulanon Dnberctdion :-
Name oh Lnterailiey
Speui B
Speon A
utaliom /sgmbion
Competitoy
1-
pre daatón

paonaSiti Sm
+
Eve CommonSalibn.

Amen Salism,

CheiLas
Chemilas

Seleae
®ne
lopany- a t bected.
orhen eA
 Fundimn O ecosujtom
i) Proctuctivity
i) Decom position
Ty Energy ffow
iv) Nabent Cgung

) phoductfviy
-primanuy PMoclucion
Amout ot biomam/organi mai
PeoduLed pen wnut aua oven a , Lime Peiod
plan ouung Photosynhesin.
xp0med in berms

-Rado of Biomaw pcduLUto)-produci vit

17os uroaoy Rnocluutivi ty (o1pp)
porocduttuwn organi malte
duvung photosyneu a eLosyy em,
-Ddivengi l Callulateon ot
i) Nubrents availability
rodtucti vity
v) aijeul
Rainoret, Estuau High productivty
Sout man hy lan

i m ay poduusive ty u V eindoay alho

Producvit
But &ecLondamy prodluuttvity u primaoy n
Produclivi f ak
 31
Flow un an eCosystem

Sun the onty oute ene91 for, all

eartki excop doop ea uydno-
on
etcssbenm0
thermal etReytum
Aolan Tadiation u
-
e than 50, 9 ntoming
thetitally ttiue Radiatin (PAR) wwuh
photdgn availaba tpr photbdntie
mownt og ght
he Hooto1o nanemo
isthe
d i g h t in ct
whith 2-to
e only 3/. PeR
wauelergth Tanep Plant
betuueen produe and
The fnterdeperdonuy
hain food ueb
Lonauo reato dod
Food chain
Poodluuwny
Traner o food enngy doom
Cwilh epatad
organiyu wiih repatd
Oa doub
timoun eaten nk calld a

eatig
and pei
bei
heun
ood talled
&tep un Tho jod chaun d
Fouch
deecing Positbo
bophiu lou
OYCantm u
-The tbophú luel ean
in a chain
tDtLup ood
the Posittón
matnia
dtandhg Coop-
mars ot tivic
ata Paotilas tim.
ath tophit lauel orcanlm
as u man livinc
Yeayuwccd n i t arc
a
(bioman) or e hume
 TYpes of FOocl chams

Crazeng foct chain .

Chah.
Foocl
De rittis
G1eaber
Blauk Yoat
TUO
Gmas land Bubtalborau-y Srlpad
stfCk7 Snake.
hest r t
BOme hsasmop?
Flame Dng
y
pond Grseen agae
TIge
moquo draqpn
aed
Ho
Biome
Fro
OCean Zoopankion-SOdure_y Tuna
Phytoplant ts) Fibh Psh
Biome

Grazing fod Chain

-TOmestal eipkintem - Cut he Base
poduw
Bequn o

Fro 8nauke

Aquau egosystm
Zopankt

Sma
h phutoplank ton
mackerel

mahf maht ange Shak

 3
ADe1ttuy Foal Chaun

edr1tu dood eha DF) begi wir

doad Organit matten.
matten Tt made up o
deuomoou
hungs and bnubeuà They meot thais
matrly

en and
hutient enuvenmont b daaradig
ane alvo cullad a 8óproboph
o c t i tus. Theie
eaten
eakeh
heaus y wood Loune - daukblauk Bisel
Bisel
pead
eeondany Detrite
seuondany Dekritu
etitu
tus
poumauy
Detri
a bf tu
Feede
Feecon

food web make aa

chaings
ntealinked ood
Multiple
ble
pobbible
poBbi
all he
Tepmesen
welo
food uh
uh an elobystem
elvbystem.

enengy
tow
tow
parhs o
Lizard

Crabshppey

Hawk.
Eagte)
Ralcbít

mowe

nare
 Eldogftal Pyamids

-Numb pyramlg
)Blomaun Pyramld

Envty Pamid .

)
Ptranidy ?
what e euclgital
ELologitaul Prramid, raphitaL
0reraphilalL

te ropic
Aructwne
ReDsstry
Einspa
Tepmeerntatión

Tropfcleuel
anerhe beecden
beecdeng
u e h as
ood chain

Pobitton brimou nnivore

nonivoreA euy
PrimaruyPTO Dra
Teri twy Conmumiy
Seondan) /
Cani vo /ouwt bnmumir

Snaue unelasy
prfmay
anivor
onmuMUN.

Primary
Yaldbit
herbtvon Gramhoppe a bit

TeseJtial

produten

Pyramucl o n u m o u

Laono F1sh

6mal ti6h

2 o p l a n k ton

phytoplamlétom

Auati
 Tove'tr PAamid in Paaytic oo chaun
pyramid oh numkbou un a paa,i c food chau
The Pyrunid

inuonted

FoX ecanp Snolo

adinolo bnoe duposy manng
Mau
suit aling bind
These ofndn dpppat
ke
bauterda
and bungi
unai
prasites

p R panasi bey

panasibej

Healbi vone

povoduw

Cnveitec purumid numbo

8)pyramicl e Btbmam
-upeight pramid :
the total doy
Blmas nomallan epPoenth
tuight ofhe vin organihrns e ditewnt Speu
Pauticulas
UPrvtftuting tach poptc louel ata
ToP Caunivone
LIon k s
x eetial Elo6ytom
primauy (aonivase ok
Fox
Heuoi vOgLej 9eos
Ralbblt oo k
ooo K
Proclute ra
 Tnueocbcel Pramid

Howeyer in a acguatu eeosyom PrOdulev

ase Small OrganiS bomau

do thoi

alho Jeu But th poumau and Sesonday

&hoiy bomau y
Lorumeu
Lenumery ae bigqe
mose
vadlue b m a u u phow
Therehore tte
Therekon înverted Pyani
nnene making tan
padual

/ 1 8 gmm
Carnivore
69m m
Herbl Vbes

Todu tenM.ee4 gm/m

3 pPy7amud Energy
alpetes branemed
de humb01
- t 0epreser roct
Jeuel
to the n et
one bophu
oom
Cteneatly it u
about lo/ ehbitent
henbf voreg v Carnevoves
rovm
yramcl
enengy upgkt
om trophi a
oues
belawye uhen eneo1y
tto next ophi leuel, o m e enengy
Jeel
0 ulwas lost as heat at each step
 Meritcn beoneanng rata o
Lonsumer
(OKLal
Beundauytonume Gneony ftos
p r i m a n u y c o n m L m e n

1000e a l
Produl

10, 000 klal.

eplgital
taunimitakcony
are Coor
ma
However
HaveveY

puyramidy

auount the Same

take into
does not bophi lauad
1) t mae
to uD b
belonguiq
Soenits omernuwrg
ooel Oan
tamumes a dinpa nalne i t cloey
hot
exist, in
nww
almot
hat ueb
a tocd
LLo modat pate un
a ot iuan anp
hapoop hyb thnaugh thuu playa
3 euwn
ecelgial PHoamids
elohytum
he elobystüm
in
vital role

Bo- 6uo hamital yle

Nuttent (yclunq movomanh 0h huurenn

elomen mough Vaoubuu Dnupova, 0
Gn eLoy,lm Dt Cm 9eheed a

pioCeochomi(al Cylej. o ving Orqanin

1Oths an uat).
Gnaseouy hule 1esevor h e atmaphee
.Hydnologrcal ycle
Caab n
 he easn
SedtnDentary cycle 9escrvofi

sulphw
phasphorus
Callium
ron.
qattans
Une oil, molstuwe
Ervivonmerctal
rate
ele, Taulaë the Q
stenperalwre
P hubren in to akmosphere
Oelease
nesetvoir ds to
The un chon h o
chuih Occcou
meet wim the depicit
he Yate oinlu
due to fmbalane in
cund ebttux .

Hydrological y cle Owat Cyde

o u d s

Urdensah
p m e t p í t a t o y

A l Y

anspiraltn

EvaporatiD

Run o
OCOa pe Lo latoy

GnOunc wat t uble.

Watr ttoud
 Cw1Bon yte

Lombustiom
Conbonohbbrbusm
l yim PuotaynrlajM4
h u m a n

hHRuenle
R i u
p h c t t i o y

photiSynhevh
photsy Ea owplgica)
Activi ty.
AIL, AcEivity.

le 10bLbn
omumpt
prabin
Ceumptim DiBuli
oOCtn
e m p s| f o

mpatiHK

Sedunen tdluon
Fossil

fuels O FosstHua.

Ombuttbn

Reupalio.

Gwdogias autivety
deLompbtion,
D@t veprdlo
S o i l rezpircaaÓ)

Cobonat Rock

photSyn Ifosts

Cccouloon abiorbubn
Oloon
Only in Photoseynsho
e n Þlanh
land with tenauhs paatially dütomposed
p a t l0ndn- a moistwre anc
matt... t celis tontach high
etlon br dropni Eake, Þlau fully.
does hot
ene bec cwx ob ths detompobition
Casloon int.
 pottent (oleoh purd dimehud in
eeo1 voin Tequlaty
Dlan
Olean This
Jn e t mosphera
a e o n deouito
Amount

Nibogentyde
the Largetaejeovoir l18)
mosphene
dne nitragen
ppro ncmalety) ot
annot le ned
Uned
The Witrace uh
this o
it o be lonuetbe
Aivtn Gysfem ,

Knouwn aa
Koon
fhough a prol
Lno hitrat sOwatlable
wailable dr
dr
and fhon
s
nivogen olaalio
,we anh N I e n ycle .

Ne

ttr
tou

Ammoni-Jf Catton Denibifilatuoy

bautel
> (NO)
Togen
fiaatiom
Bauteia

Niiylg
Bautersa
 yjcle
Consis the o lowinr t

Nitg colitn, dutmilalío, f¥rT

fxalion, itii monital
Nitro
and DenibifiCattom)

u n d

QlLDmplihdd un e a
n easrh i
ditatio

Nitben
dhenenE ways

bautiuà and
blus- qnean algae)
mioTo oTganism
BL hdubria proLDres
(fertiliserjati

man wng anc

hinr
g phoit
atmesphwu pinomona
atmes
mited
ex.bend
exbend by
3.To
a and tghtinc)
duih as Thunder

UKe d
zzo
o ttoba.tter
obatter,
bauteia
ikc
Ntsgen
diaing the tmos pheil
Te
Ltmosphoi nitrooea
nitroo

Convert
Convert
aste oluble iaiin
Rhizobiu),
el
hitrate That wed
wed oy he plant
uno a m i m i L a t e l

mainy pdtinu
mainly pdlin
Thus lompourdl,
Nibrmen trogeno.

orm fhe Chain

that enter

Atmtephoná Nivagn Na)

Rabbi Dentidyin
plan A s t milatio Bauteria

PSeudprho nay
nibrale NOs) ThibBailu l1
DeLomp0hes

tToen-Rin.
(aiobtc ardanvadic NtrobQ Lter_
a u t e a Iivíng,m OCTcbor Ta melfun) iridying Buteria.
r b d n a l n ) N i t r i d i latton
EK Ammoium Nibtenoa
NbsoSomony k
Bautesta. Niaooe
O NH iTfyi
M o0Pntra Aorobtc Azobatherk
oil bacteria. Betiemickia,anerbic
Closo f dium
Rhodocririllum
 NiOOgeo oetLenecd to ho Soil through manu
xeret ca ancl earthy memain o plant
and anuhalh and mioo OTganin
6
-

ibopn in Ganic orm i insolu ble Cencla

anne
be
be unecd by aninas origin i dbom posed t
Amonia ano httctey by micr- Opnism
obi though fhe prote oamniitatuon ano
ni bilf te tion epecti ey

Ammoni ff Lcetton The roLe O Cm moma

ormatton Canrned Dut by all orgamil ms
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