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Variation Between Accents
Variation Between Accents
Variation Between Accents
INTRODUCTION
A. An Overview
Every speaker of English has particular system of his or her own, known by
linguists as that individual’s idiolect. To understand this, we must identify higher-
level groupings, and investigate geographical and social accents. Individuals adopt a
particular mode of speech depending on who they want to identify with, who they are
talking to, and what impression they want to make. Small children learn to speak as
their immediate family members do; but quite soon, the peer group at school becomes
at least equally important; and later, older children, then television presenters, actors
or sporting heroes may become role models, leading to modifications in accent.
B. Purposes
After taking this paper, there are some goal that we may get hopefully, as follow:
1. Get knowledge what Variation is,
2. Get knowledge what Variation between Accents means,
3. To know the Systematic Differences,
4. To know Realisational Differences, and
5. To know Distributional Differences.
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CHAPTER 2
CONTENTS
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B. Systemic Differences
Consonantal examples in English are relatively rare. As we have seen, some
varieties of English, notably SSE, Scots and NZE, have a contrast between /w/
and / /, as evidenced by minimal pairs like Wales and whales , or witch and which.
Similarly, SSE and Scots have the voiceless velar fricative /x/, which contrasts with
/k/ for instance in loch versus lock, but which is absent from other accents. Scot an
SSE speakers two more, than the norm for accents of English. Some accents have
fewer consonants phonemes than most accents of English. For instance, in Cokney
and various other inner-city English accents.
Systemic differences in the case of vowel phonemes can be read easily from
lists of Standard Lexical Sets. If for the moment we stick to the four reference acents
introduced in the last chapter, namely SSBE, GA, SSE, and NZE, we can see that
SSBE has the largest number of oppositions, withh the others each lacking a certain
number of these. Comparing GA to SSBE, we find that GA lacks / /, so that LOT
words are produced with / /, as are PALM words, while CLOTH has the / / of
THOUGHT.
In systemic terms, NZE lacks only one of the opposition found in SSBE,
namely that between /I/ and / / ; in NZE, both KIT and LETTER words have schwa.
There are more differences in symbols between the SSBE and NZE lexical set lists.
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SSE is rhotic, it lacks the centring diphthongs.
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C. Realisational Differences
In ssecond type of accent difference, part of the system of phonemes may be
the same for two or more accents, but the relalisations of that phoneme or set of
phonemes will vary. For instance, in SSBE, SSE, and GA, /I/ has two main
allophones, being clear, or alveolar [1] before a stressed vowel, as in light, clear, but
dark, velarised [ ] after a stressed vowel, as in dull, hill. In Australia and New
Zealand, /1/ is consistenly pronounced dark. In London English, there is a further
allophone of /1/, namely a vocalized (or vowel-like) realisation finally or before a
consonant: in sell, tall, people, help, /1/ is typically realised as high or high mid back
vowel like [ ] or [o]. In other areas northen England, this time notably Yorkshire,
Tyneside and Liverpool, [ ] appears as an allophone of /t/, typically between vowels
and across a word-boundary, as in not on [ ], lot of lauhgs [ ], get a job
[ ]. Turning to vowels, one particularly sailent example the FACE and GOAT,
which SSBE, NZE, and Australian English are pronounced consistenly as diphthongs.
Realisational differences have no impact on the phoneme system. In some varieties at
least, the diphthong in keys is central [ ], which will therefore favour a velar
allophone of /k/.
D. Distribution Differences
First differences in lexical indence: certain individual lexical items will simply
have no vowel phoneme in some accents, and another in others. A difference in
distribution of two phonemes may depend on the phonological context rather thatn
having to be learned as an idiosyncacy of individual lexical items.
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CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
After learning this paper, In defining how accents differ, then, we must consider three
types of variation: sytemic, realisational, and distributioanl. In any case, all of these types of
variation will work together in distinguishing the phonological systems of different
accents,and as we have seen, variation at one level very frequently has furhther implications
for orther areas of the phonology.
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SUGGESTIONS
In this case, refference is the important thing before going to make paper. We have to
prepare for this side. There is no score, If we have no refference. We do hope that for the next
time there are more that refferences that builds a paper.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY