Module 13 B2 Aircraft Structures and SystemspussaTing souoeyys ‘Saues| eoMNoe) ‘Ayouine kcxan6ss euoney 0K jo uawa=nba 24 MONO, OBE FINNS HOA atepen ou He ‘souavajay © se posn 9a Waumoap ska prays saqveEUNoN® OU pun uo asd Buen J) pasha FRU WARMIEP HL !NOLLVLONNYBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual Corton 18:4 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls Construction Methods of Aeroplanes 1" eee aa mieeee 7 ‘Sense Sun Cnetuten Mano n angus Gone! (eaten soos Laser i) i Lateral Control (Rotation About the Longitudinal Axis), 5 13.3 Autoflight (ATA 22) Drectona Sort (ator Abu te Vera hes 3 uta Fight Fundamentals 2 Tan ystems trees ane fon8 Tneooucton Hi Magn tt Deuces aoe Arca es on ovens i ‘Sos : tispaing se Droog 7 Sa : Spersten nope ora Gonls a Wn Flas $ Feed Gono : og indcing Doi : ° Conte Loop ° ‘sere ° Syrewensaton * ‘vung ayer Canto " ‘enn an Deion 2 Someta Mabe ooo 3 Far sov Syste 8 ‘nord cane Suace 3 Fal pase Sen 8 Corel surace as arcing ° Fat Opeaton Sym te ‘he Speedo! Soune ° Syne tayo iennuter ° Eronois 930 ° right Spee angen ; Pa Enamel azo te uccone ripe FA Exanote D1 Ara lg System Soren eg ap B Sigeeone Ate x Sere a Entel Swccpack 2 Sona Parl 2 ote Wings cB gm ean Aorncabon FA “teccyeoics B settee = Ehocwontit » reais Se s Stet % cra Seve kexts = Tore i Rusuer seve % Yaw Oureer Sev Fa 4322 Airframe Structures - General Concepts saeco a Structural lasiteaton osc. cs 2 eens e Simeteione aed oedtons 2000 : g ‘Station identification Systems. 5 hi Aa drab bat Zonal lertesto yore &——Spwration Modes. “ Ligh Sine Protecton ; 0 Tat OF x ection Borin ° 3 a cave 13.comtentsBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual Cortes tang Stat reverten oo stati Laning sue Net So Goaroune ‘Wee Shear s ewan Hod Fig Enatope Potton 2 Heeang Stok Speed Proscton 2 inne Operatonal Seed Computation and spy 8 ‘tte Stet fright Fonse Nera i tive Gorge Fulton and Tet is Mes! Spd Seine Sugino 5 Pgnpat ange Set APS Mantonatce Pare! 5 (bra tenon eaten Dec System % se novgaton ‘omertoe 43.4 Communication / Navigation (ATA 23 34) Pach Te ao Waves 2 Aor Stable Thm Sytem saterea | 3 Pen Tom Functions eon ‘| eat te Men aso vee Mopagaton a Damping ve Propegoton Charest of ier Feasecy Rarges # aecaroer naan ® —dped ‘Ampitude Modulation (AM), 8 sty Aaenttion yon in cones. Arius Moddaion 0) ® Gave Paces tng anlar & teed (658) 2 Asorat Fag Conta yom gle Si se Wotan s Schemate ofa Conor Crome Fete x worthiness Gra for Refcopterniument Fgh... upleng ene iocltens a iy mupestaon Sater (S48) Overy Mose 7 ute ThoeerTinst nor rsaten FA adioFundomentale zs fhe thst R350 A330 AO 80 Tester 2% Thrust Lint Lengel a ras Dynamics ofthe State letrcy 3 mi Sa Ouchargers, s os Se Binepe the State Oscege = Stal Waring ft oman cae 12.ContentsBasic Maintenance ‘Module 13 Aireraft Structures and Systems Training Manual Contents HE Communication 8 Fight inerone| 8 nvegucten 3 Ccaba interpnone 2 Contale 3 Service cr MantenancsInarnone 85 \VHE Communication Str 0 Ground Grew cal 85 He COMA Transoewer a Cockpit Voice Recordar... ee 86 WHE Cont Pace 2 Inrodueson ee inoducton a Recorser 85 System ss Sold Site Cockpit Voice Recorder CVR 0 Cont Panal 6 UUndervater eater Bescon JL 0 ‘ranscever 47 Emergency Locator Transmitter ELT. 7 31 Antenne Coupler Pa ineducion 31 ‘antenna, 52 ELT Function and Operation 8 Lightning Arestor 53 Automatic Direction Finder ADF 36 SELEAL. 5 Pincle 3 Tnredicten 58 Conta! 95 System Desenstion 56 Inaction ra Satelite Communication. 7 : a Drecton Fsding 95 Teveducton sr Recover ao SATCOM System Descrgton 59 Antennas or System Operaton 3 Digtal Receiver 99 Satelite Telephone System et Bening 300 ACARS 85 VHF Navigation. 401 Triredicton 6 Ovenew qo System Arendectre 7 ILS Instrument Landing System... 403 ‘Atbome Components and Subsystems es General 103 (Operations. Requesis ona Communications wih ACARS cs ung x8 Data Format 28 Locaizer 106, AARING Communication and Reporting 7 lise Siope oe Path 108 ‘Audi integrating n System cayout m0 Trkoducten n ILS Approace wm Aecoustc Equipment R ILS Recon a Push To Talk Switches 75 VOR VHF- Omnidirectional Range M6 A Selector Pane! 8 Irveducton a6 ‘osc ent Fiter 7 VOR Iseation 7 Digtal Avda Cont 78 Rage Magnet indicator 7 Imterprone, a Navigaton Ospiay 7 “Ferrampene oy cat: 82 12.Contents -Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual Contents ‘Ground Stations 118 Radio Altimeter. 156 ‘Rrra Equipment i Fundametals 155 ‘Automate VOR m Radio Altete Inicaton 137 Manual VOR 25 Paneile 158 Cont Panel and Automate Tuning ar ‘Tanseaves se Marker Beacon 328 Ground Proximity Warning... 182 Fundamentis. 28 ‘warns 182 ‘stort 30 eat Outs 16 Indeatng on EFS 129 WindsresrAlring 183 Recover 30 EGP Terran Alrbag and Dspay te [DME Distance Measurement... eet 431 ‘System Block Dsgram 188 Pence wi [ATC Transponder coe 188 Interogaton Puises i, recipe 108 Operator 3 Phmary and Secondary Surellance Racat[PSRISSR) 168 TaCAN 133 interegaton Mede Aer C 170 DME inorogator Medes 14 Reply Mose Aor in Frequencies 135 Mowe S 12 Station Idencaten 338 interegaton Mede S i Navigation wh ON 336 Mode § Reps 178 Inaestng “37 ‘Transponcer System 176 DWE system 8 ‘Secondary Survellonce Rada’ display 179 SME interrogator 180 TEAS TraffeColision Avoidance System co 180 ‘area Navigaion oo... 7 1a inwoaucton 190 inotucion we (Cocspt resentation 133 ‘YORIDME tight a3 ‘Aural Annunciation 35 Using Azea Navigation RNAV 13 ‘stern 186 Waypoint Characteristics tae {Computer Unt 137 Block Diagram Mas ‘nna 189 Flight Management «22.0... i 148 ‘Communicaton between arcratis 190 intosueton 146 Weather Radar 7 ast ‘Computation of Postion "49 ‘Gover 19: FAS Funcbons 150 ow Radar detects Turbuences and Winsenesr 193 The Lateral Fighision 181 System 135 [AREA Navigation Systom RNAV 12 Fecever- Transmiter Unt 196 Performance Management 1 “Transmision Pubes 17 ‘The Veriza Fight Pte 354 Rademe 190 Navigation Database 155 Antenna Stabzation 200 Termonmycunaes cat: 82 *2.Contents -1VBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual onions rena San Patra 21 Transco Rate Conpenaton a frewhin isa wevgeon ZB Hottearc ard Ying Soy Pracstons 33 Potiot's and Disiy 2 wis te Nave Canoga joa trata Navgton Sym 35 ‘ysicnesonecn Bot stapdown Sy Br ohare ee tor rin of Oeioioh 32 Data Corazon ie ter Gye = Spans Saal Paat ie ‘elt Pinca of Opersbon Be Aepuer Messe” a ‘inte ns Navgoton Conptcion 3B aoe nttoten zee Naver = ntserle eo inca Retro nt ie ype aviation... eo lg Breet ao Sinan ee insoecion 20 Doppler Raa is gh Ose: Fr ‘weno prc mt Chests ie Dopl Sonest mn Smile FD incaton 38 epi Nawaton Comper ae ce Globe Poston Sytem B82 _ tas ectical Power (ATA 24) ee 2 DC Generators 7 2 —— oe senerator Principles. ” . antl Segre 21% oc Generators ane Atenas 3 veer Segment 215 ‘DC Generator fe aay of Opeston 28 ectomogre Votage Repu 3 Recewer nc conecios # Gora Sem $ sei conn 8 Seer : Example of a Hand-held GPS Navigator 219 beonieaendiye aha arm M ecacre ee oar ‘Twin Engine Aircraft DC Alternator Systern a ‘Other Applications, 220 a act accerentionn ; " frst yore a Genera " ‘ib Hode Recover hi Fal ree calae: u Pea 7 Constan Speed Drive (CSD) 2 Ligwsiemene =f ste Drive Generator 6 ‘Accelerometer. 23 a (Detar 7 Biatiorm Be Brushless Generator. aw eee = ‘Variable Speed Constant Frequency temators. 1 anh Rate Compensation an ne ea ont reste (vce fe ea e2 18.conets-VBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual enters Batteries 1813.6 Equipment and Furnishings (ATA 25) friar ei 12 passenger Adress 2 een ‘Overview. 2 Legace Cis 2 Over 2 bate rer Fa Ser 3 Sater intaaten Fa sole ‘ Note’ oaima Cees x Nesecadmim te 25 passenger Entertainment and Serves Systm, ; ‘fans enetarret Str 3 Sanen Honsng ans Chargn B aan Henaing ara B Pastenger Veo nrabon Syston : Pastenge’Eneranment Sytem PES 2 "rontoroe Rect’ Un z Cemenge neta ovate Rete Unt 2% serge Sore Sytem * pte # Nason ye 2006 2 ay iva 2 catinincormncaton system ‘ ‘Switching Power Supply = tecture, 7 Emergency Power Generation a7 oe 7 Constant Speed MatorGeneratar a 13.7 Flight Controls (ATA 27) Extra Powehe ens 38 Primary Contr Sytem Operating Methods... sooo 2 To rea Powe Fal = ‘res cate cane Syn, 3 Pome Otrnation FA peronamcaty Conte Cont Stem : Spits Power Sten z ‘heavenly avssee Conta Sten 3 Fuel Power Sten is Hcraube Atuatng System wn Coto! Tab Bacup ; Power Sarees S ‘rash Power Goeated Sytem 3 pe Dentan x Pyare Stone ° Ocpsnnuten z Reaindaney Pa oe ° Erampt 2 Antica Poel System. Hiatt 2 Etec Protection 3 Gpuaion tay By Wire Acantor 8 Toes 3 Fameonet yet na ® Coca enor a rota Yow Tin % frdvnd Gare Protcion % Susanne ° Spi Bus Gout or Avon Protecton 35 igh dence x Barents Coren Metecon S Traling Cope ap ih Ofer rtectons = {cos Cove Pass x fronce Eaoonent Veriton 2 Soe is Poston indeaton Fa Ui ump, Speed rakes = =o cave ‘2¢ontens vtic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ing Manual conten Rol Spor System Operation 2 fps Crcuts 2 Speed re System opraton as ‘rermocoules a Steand Sp Sym Operon 3 Quant ndeaonSyetm... i sees utter aver s Bc estes mdcatre 3B spaciance Qarty Syste 2s 413.8 instrument Systems (ATA 31) Sia Fet Guan idan stem a Peston naming 2M ana Sanco Ainge GA eater netaine rate ais 3 hearse é % tnveacton 2 Put Snk ye x Ronan 3 fg Dat Se 2 Yarabe Ressionce Strats . ‘Types of Abtude Measureron = Sante ‘ Fan cove aude eghtand evaton * Det orquer Systeme é ee 7 Deel Sys a srwpond ions i oe, & {ve Arpeed indator % Linear Variable Diferentl Transformer LVDTs 10 i 7 oa varaboOrerertalVensorre RUDE 2 ert ® ‘Servo Motors and Tacho Rate Generators 8 ate ers eS Mae 3 apes a Mach Meer 8 credit rate gore 8 Combination Airspeed Iniator a Tactometer Rate Generator 13 onmeoton Bees tka g Pressure Measuring instruments 18 pe bem Core sas a ‘Absolute Pressure Instruments. 16 RGRaNPRRNRRRE RHEE Gage Pressure Instruments. 16 ere = Suton ove % ey Space e erent ress instoments * Daten Gros 3 Sten Cope P verteatoyrenr : a PrezoResisive Sensor, 2 ee anal oven Se ee id ‘Remote Artificial Horizon Indicator 7 “Temperature ideation 2 anc ft onstecrcalTenpectre Wessun eo ypepetaalenaen VG = “Tone Dependant Reesor Fa Oe soe s 2 Slaving of Detonal Gyro 60 ommpetngpogas cat 82 12.contnts-ViBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Tum and Sip indeeton 5 Cockpt Lighting @ Tum Coordinate Indictor 6s Emergency Lighting coe oe %_s2toonsoudanennce Ste (7445 Compass. eee = Central Maintenance m Bn eee : incision Be Poop ‘ Slaved Gyro Compass, au General = FiuxVaive 2 ‘entectue 8 Compass Systems... . 7 Ground Support Equipment GSE 10 Ught Averat ‘Structure Monitoring fa Mo: 20) Compass System 7 ‘Damage Tolerance Monitoring 8 New Technology. a adi “ Compass Exors. me heen : “4 Deviation and its Compensation a ctronic Librar if ore, : “SS 7 Flight Data Recording 82 prvorne Printer * Typical Fight Data Recording System 83 ‘General. 7 co ‘ao tigns ata st i ; melee : compmargun arte cat: 82 s8.contents vitBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual, "3.1 Aerodynamics and Fight Contos 13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls cat: 82 wa4-4ic Maintenance ‘Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual "3.1 Aerodynamics and Fight Controls Operation an Effect of Flight Controls “The developent of he aeroplane was delayed by two problems: row te achieve ‘Habity and now to achieve contol Bele te Vunght eotere suesest ght in 1908 ohers Nag own So none had her success m canting ter arc "Stabilyfeaes to mactaning te desired fight aude wih a minimum of pet fot, and cent! awovesftaing the aeroplane about one or more of te fines" Gn Figure t on page are most of me contol suraces of an noone Shown {Balanced axoaynami forces cause a property designed and summed aeroplane tory sagt and leva wih nangs and eso ot tne conta The progueea by the wings is equal cat 82 s34-2Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual "13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls, Figure *: Control Suraces of a Jot Ae Primary Flight controls risirctt _Blevator Anti Tab _-Boost Tab Ssspoiters ‘Stabiliser a Rudder Control Tab _Aileron “Frm oeven Cat: B2 a3t-3Basic Maintenance Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems "13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Contals Longitudinal Control (Rotation About the Lateral Axis) ‘The aeroplane canbe rtated nese upward about slater ans (pte vp by reasng the downward tls ornoae dowd pen dawn) 9y decreasing = Ditser tha movable elevator hinged os tating eage, When the contal wheel ‘rst pos bac the vaing ode ofthe eavat moves up and nereaces he Sou oad an te norzonti tal erase. The fal moves soun ana rte he = plane nose up atout fs latoral ans Figure 2: Conventional Pitch Control Some aeroplanes use a stabltr for pitch conta (ste Figure on page 4). Ths ‘2s single pace horrtal stare at pyots abt port aporoneataly ons thd" he way back For eleadng edge When the conto wheel's pulled back the leading wage of te stabator moves down and increases the downward fee produced by he tl Ths rotates ne nose up When the whee f= pusned ns foae fie sbi moves up, desennng etc, nae aeroplanes Figure 3: Aeropla with Stabitator ‘ny seroiane that 1g suraces, instead of the con Nara The Gana isthe forwara surface, and ftequent is aiso a conva surtace Figure 4 nard Aeroplane N coat: 32 saaModule 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems "13.1 Aerodynamics and Fight Controls Lateral Control (Rotation About the Longitudinal Axis) Tole accpane to tele the conte! wns turn to tho Wt The aleron on thelefl wing moves up decteseng the camber or curate of he lof wing ana ‘decreasing the i prosucesArhe same bine. he aiefOn On the ht ng moves down, szfeasng the camber of le wing ana inreasing the ik: Alice The diterence it produced bythe bo wang fl the aeroplane fo the fee Figure: Roll Movement with Ailerons Directional Control Rotation About the Vertical Axis) “The udder is used onan aeroplane only to rtae abouts veal aes. An ar {panes ured by bing te vector wih he aietens and nt by using the ra Ser Tne ddorss used ony ate beginning othe ture overcome te savers yaw and stat the nose moving inthe caveat ction andor such ight canons [Es crosswind anc one engine off operator, Figure 6: Yaw Movement wih Rudder ‘The movement of he rues controled ty rudder pedals operates by the fet of tho pot Winon the ight pedals pesced the rer swnge tothe nah thus c= ‘ing an aerodyran free that ple theta fo fhe ok cat:02 sasBasic Maintenance ‘Module 13 Aireraft Structures and Systems Training Manual "13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls, ‘Trim Systems In aisen, ming means maiiaining he eqitooum ofan acraft curing ight ‘ehout nag to use sieting force Forth Yeaton, the following ae ntaled 9 the aera ‘an adjustabahonzonta! stabiliser sabize or ning he chai (oteh om adjustable tm suraces a ruaders and alrons, ‘echeslactutors whch are neluded inthe cable system (see "Figure Ton page 2) “Te ausiable om surfaces and he actuator giv rm passbiites fr hen luo ais and ta yaw is. corgrarpam ase coat be w16Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual 13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls Figute7: Example of Tim System Layout [im Tab ‘ Trimmabie | Horizontal Stabilicer Yaw Control RoltTrin Control cate saa-7Basic Maintenance Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems "13:1 Aerodynamics and Fight Controls High Lift Devices ‘An aeroplane i a ses of engineering compromises, We must choose between ‘Sabity and manoeuvrabity and beteeen hgh eusing speed and ow lng Speed, at wed ae betwen Nigh atity ans low Gos Litmamtyng devices gue us ome good compromaes beeen hgh euisng speed ane on lanang epee te ‘Cause they may be exended ony when ey are needed and hen eked uy Into the stuctore when they are ro inger needec Figure @: Most Used High Lit Devices _ ea beers, U Ql IN C cat: 82 saeBasic Maintenance Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems. "13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls Slots ‘Slots ae nz shaped passage though a wing, designed to improve the aiow ondivons a ngh angles ofatack an slow speeds, hie normaly placed very neat {he igang edge and e ult to the ming Ast angio fata oF the 9 (Geaecs, moteat he avs defected tough te stot fs mantaning a ereanene ee sound he ang Slats ‘Since the sts of use ony at high angles of atack, at the normal angles pres tence sew on fo create crag, Th aasvantage canbe overcome by {he sot movable vo hat when not n ost ae fush aga the leading wage ot {he aig Ina cave the slat ingeo ons supporting arms 2 that ran mawe ‘oeaher the operating psiton at when a gwesenst crag, The peo sat = fly ‘utomaticin tat ts aon needs ne separate cont Wing Flaps ‘wing fap's defined by the NACAaS a hinged, putes, osiing ail usually rear thetrling edge ofthe wing Is tsigned ta nerease he fan ag hes Gofectes Wing aps ae Used fr both koa and landing phases of ight For tate-of an msmadiats eating used The gles an ineresae of i win tie (Geese paraste ora, sowng 2 shorter tao run and lower theo speed Fortanding the Raps ae owed fly The nerese ncarer andin some cases Sac area gives an rereaso oft for ary given speed This allows a ower ap proses speed. At the same me paraete dag ineeneed sgnioanty. Ths lows or soup approach witout aniereass in speed the savantges ae that tbsiales onthe approac canbe eared easly an thelanng rum be short wth ess wea" oa te tanding gear Types of Flaps ‘Tha taling edge tap has many vaiatens, ll of whch serve ta ncresee the C, max Some, however ate me esos than oters The mora aise fans ars Usuaty more complex mecneiealy and Nor vaeie restore tony wen helo 2st posi siting sped i eseonal Fowler Flap “Tris ta is constructed so tat he lowe! pat of te ang geo the wing rls baccon track hus ceasing he elective area he wing and atte same tre Towering tne waiing espe Slotted Flap Have been developedto provide even mare i than heaps described prevous'y \Wnen such flaps are exended. ether paral rcomplctey one cr more sts are formed nea’ the aling edge ate wing. Toasts slow arom te batom athe ‘ang iigh-energy af low tothe upper orion oft taps ana downwara athe train eoge of Me wing. This ai m provertng the ailew om breskng away Into trounce Whan lowered thee increased foreman angi facet the base aos and the maximum it content gresty noreasea Krliger Flap ‘nether method fe providing he lacing edge Rap iso design an exerci sur face hat orianty fe smectite oar pa of heading wage. When the Pap is requires, the sursce extn forward snd domwara cat 82 saoBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual "13.1 Aerodynamics and Fight ontrols Drag Inducing Devices 3 aeron astance hey act onthe “mr” wing though a mer system ang ‘move i proportn othe aren. The spor stom can aso act as 3 backup a ‘erosynamie brgkos a cevcos which when deplayed distr the pattems ct Ion system snoud the primar) system ever fhe unston of spots ‘oath arPow Ths produces anincreasmantot rag and aso gecreacnant of ‘named “rl spoles” Gepenaing of he nf dence : : ‘They ae wo kind of devices may n use + Wing stale (ag ereasment and IR dereasment) + Fuselegeinsatid (drag ineeasment) Figure 8: Diffrent Aerodynamic Brakes Spoilers ‘A spoe'sa contol device hat estos I ver apa othe wing. The ost com ‘mon spote’s are used on sa'planes. They afe popped uo fo slow arapd rate o| ‘Seecent whe sl rtanng fl ear! This unean of spor s neal ned “speed-brako” They canbe etactea to regan il when the dered alte ieroaches (nthe ground, spies ean be raised othe maximum to help itcease baking ‘ticencybyinereaing contact pressure othe est he groans ans proving ‘sional dag. hus becom aoredyrane ground spollers Srna nos Cat: B2 sa410Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual "13.1 Aerodynamics and Fight Controls Boundary Layer Control Figure 10: Al Flow ov 2 Swopt Wieg Asis descrbed in Sub Modul 8.2 "Aerodynamics, separator of boundary ayer ‘tthe cause of wing sal Balore this happens. {turns rove wich caves an Unwanted ncreasment of orp Much sudy hs been made ind ways cl Mi- mang Notony high ange tack causes turbulent Boundary layers, also shock waves Seng he wing upper surface, fying near sped of sound, cause turbulent bound aylayers Toretardseparaton during high angle o tack ing, sos and sits ae used. ‘went weg s the most used method to retard shock waves fom emergg. The ‘movement of hea ow praia ioleacing edge atects the tounsary yer This {Chuse The boundary layer one energy ron Picker an turbulent Vortex generators ae ow-sspect“atoaifows arranged in pais, The ip vortces fies pt honey a oun me Dunder aa oven he ep Fences ana other dovces xe saa-cuto 90th may alg be used o prevent arto fouing toward wing bp (ee Figure TT" on page 12) congzrargam tase cat: 82 sanBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual "3.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Contols Figure 11: Examples of Boundary Layer Contr! Vortex Generator Dog-Tooth iano eee PeoBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems "3.1 Aerodynamics ard Fight Controls Control Aids / Tabs Figure 13: Servo Tab Balanced Control Surface Even on smal ight aeroplanes, serodynamic assistance in the movement ofthe amos used. he smplst orm of ths assistance isthe balanced contol sur a face. in the case of he ddr te bance pation, oF overhang, defects the {ppaste ide of te useage famine msn nddersuacet poise an 2203) fame force tat ads the plot” in movng De surface See Sub Modus 1.1'3"14 34 Fight Cone Surfaces Figure 12: Balanced Control Panels Control Tabs Large aerate usualy equppad win a power operated reversible ight contol system in thes ystems, Secon surtaces ae opera by hydrauie aud’. Ertl by valves moved the cond yore and russe pedals. An aica fel Sytam ges the pet resstance iat preporona tothe fight loads an the Sr faces The corral fooes are too great forthe pot fo manaaly move he surfaces, fc. n the event ofa hydraulic yt fare they are conoid wih convo tabs Inthe manual mode af aperaton, the ight earl column moves the tab on te Eentl stave ana he aoredynamveoreescauseaty the detested sb move ram conto auitace rrreyeone a fiiiasBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual "13.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls, Balance Tabs The cont! ovees may be excessvaly high in some aeroplanes, anda cxder'o Stabs surtaces do nt nave fed stabilise! in ont of tem, athe loaton of normal shoce wave forse A pashng trough this normal shack wave sows 23 Subsone speed thou! changing ts direction The sock wave can cause thet ‘hat pastes vough i 6 be turbulent and Yo separate fom the wing surace ‘Shockingced separation can create serous drag and cota grobeme Figure 2: Transonic Ai Flow Norma Shook Wave supersonic / pasion Subsonic m=o8s Supersonic Airflow ‘We ar flows ove a surtace at a supersonic spead, pressure wave form. The sare dees lypes of presse waves. normal and baue shock aves. nd expan Normal Shock Waves. ‘Ar oaing over an aio acts i he same way # dos as tows trough aro ‘orang and eging Suc Figure Son pago 21 shows that ar approaching 3 tte Dunno subsonic aor aa Supersonic spec fom 8 val shock stove when washes energy Figure 3: Normal shock wave sub Sonic Oblique Shock Waves nen a supersonic arsream stikes a sharpedged afl the ai forced to un, forming a obique shook wavelsee'Figue on page 22) Expansion Waves \inen a flows at 2 supersonic speed over 9 double-wedge aitol ike that in Figure # on page 22 the aril urn to flow te surface and an exoanion wav tome wazBasic Maintenance ‘Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems. 13.4 Theory of Fight Figure 4: Expansion and Oblique shock wove Expansion Effect of Sweepback (One of he ost common ways to prevent rag ie and cont! problems whan ‘setoplanefvng nthe arson range sto sweep the wings tack Ths Wl Crease te cten Mach number by eflechel dacroasing te thexness (ato! he tang In Figure 3 on page 22. ts seen thatthe ar towing acs the wn ne Ihe of fight vavel ater than the distance perpendiatar to helen edge "Ts longer ave! fof he sare thickness has the Same eflec one ef on he Gril ach ruber a8 ange ning hone yet atows omit wg er Figure 5: Supersonic Airflow on a swept wing cy ‘cat 62 sazBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual 43.1 Theory of Flight Figure 6 Notes: oman” eat e2 pawBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual 1311 Theory of Fight compa ra ‘cat 82 saa-28Basic Maintenance Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 12.1 Theory of Flight Rotary Wings Aerodynamics ike fos wing aera, the helcoptefes because ofits arto The aos ofthe fea wings ae preariy the wings However the tal surfaces and sometimes the leselage. a8 wellathe propel: may sito Se actole. The pay aio! oe he copes ne main olor Fart raton te helene’ sohen ferred asa" ‘ary wing sean Span ‘The span of the bade isthe estance from he cea ofthe blade tothe bp of he ‘ade: measures along tne corte ine see" Figure on page 25), The ats which are used for hecopers are usualy eee to 36 synetical affes Some suozessll designs ave becn built wih an essymmetien a0 ‘Some oft are being made to change he ari shape along he span oachieve oto grt enaractenetes nthe blog (ee Figure £ on page 25) Figure 2: Actual Rotor Blade Relative Wind As the rte blade moves, is subject 10 lave wind Ths i always oppose the ght pam of he bide Figure 3: Relative Wind onthe Rotor Relative winds considredin elation thenose ofthe helicopter For this eason the forward moving tage veered to a he aorancing lade. we fe backs ‘ward blade scaled he oteatng blade The Teaive wind may be afected by ‘aver eco such as mavemento! he rte Slade, honzontal mevemant he t34-25Basic Maintenance ‘Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 131 Theory of Fight heteopler fapping of he olor side, wind speed and drecion The reative wind te heopteris he flow ofa wih expect ote oor ade For examte wet therolorsslopped he wind owing ove he oor Bsdes creates a eatwe wind Vine ne nescopte i hoverag nano. conion. the felave yes created bythe meton athe roe blades I he helooptere hovering ma wind the relative ‘sigs combinaton of he wind and tha rir dae movement hen he at ‘Soper isin forwara ight the relate win created by he rot lad rrentof te helicopter, ard possibly awed factor Pitch Angle Pitch angle isthe acute angle betveen tho rote blade cho and 2 erence pane. The elerence plane ofthe helcooter wl be determined byt an rte fib. The ten angi vane by movement ofthe colecive cn which wil o- 1s the Bade. about the nub ani. mereasing or decreasing the pion (S20 gue «on page 20, Psyc Angle of Attack “The angle of attacks the acute angle beeen the chord ine the ato ane the ‘The lot can increase or decraaee tha angle of atck ay moving he pch angle Srhe ole Iihonine panies nceased ine ange catiacksincested ah “nen te pin ange decreases the angle of stack s ao decreased Figure 5: Angle of Attack ES Centar of P ‘Tne canter of pressures animsginaty pont where he resulta te arodynam: \ctorees of te aol are consiered tp be concentated This cate of presse tan ove ss forbes change (On some unsymmstialarfots tis movement can cover agreatastance of the chord ote ara (On lcopters, because the rotor blades are moved rom a fad axe (he hub) the stuatn cou ead to mst ne olor wih he rtr blades constant changing pitch. For ths reason, the prefered aol symmetrical where the center of pressure has vay lite mavement. Accompanying it and frags sat compe nen coat: 2 134-26Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 1g Manual 13.1 Theory of Fight Figure 6: Rotor Blade Aros Relationship between Vertical Forces Effects on Lift ‘The itdevelopment by the nalcopter has tobe suient ta overcome the weight ‘The heswer te wought the greater ne pen ange and power fequremert "oe" ome the wont ve Mk acon Hover ‘Als acting onthe nescopter wil be stan drag, Three orca moving he heteopier inthe eared srecton whe Sag the force which tends to rest thrust, Theetore.Eelore any movement may tke place Hust must overcome Gag see Figure 7” on page 27), rt weightBasic Maintenance ‘Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 43.1 Theory of Fight Thrust ‘Thus far we have discussed he taht of he heleopter ony in vegas to obtaining It tie mention of ust Sse the fotor wil ody Mt fren and athe ‘rw tine propel the heicoptraetonly thrusts most important. tet that ques ths Sectoral movement ‘Thastis obtained by movement ofthe Wp pat lane ofthe color o Flo ef the hetcoper@ ascending veriealy ral a Rover ian Bust ae both the fame diecton. vere However i order to oban forma, Rachwat.o sie. ‘ward ditional ig the ator ase wl be ie nthe Seton of he movement esr. Ths resin tars thrust bong erpansievarto each oer gung the netcgper he abit io maintain hight and move Srectonaly (see gue © on page 28) Figure 8: Thrust and Fight Diections > vsicorne concern carne ade aatiBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems. ‘Training Manual, 13:1 Theory of Fight he dracton of he nekeoner is accom Bished by cranging the angle of aac of he inst laces as they pase long {herds nord aesompie he the hue must nave provisions 3 fatherng 23ni. wher Simply lows e pich oe moved as shown Figure Son page 29 Figure 9: Featheing Axia 8y nanging he pen angle fhe bade, more ores itil be casted The pitch ‘hange canbe aecompsted by the pict by use of ia calectve orale or owe ‘herneicopetn the a This sec lowers te pten angle fal he blade he Same amount thoughout he i pat pane this ts increased atone pt ana ecreaces at another pont 180" pan. to Blass il elma ana dvs, thus Mowng ‘he disc Tas i aocomplaned as the piot moves the cyl sono. ahch uh { ‘moves each bade a predetermine ara equal amount as shen in Figure 10 on cs age28 sono \ Collective Pteh Movement !Basic Maintenar Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual 43.4 Theory of Fight Gyroscople Forces Precession nthe property ofthe ror must be dcusced before te ta drectonal canto {an be understood, Since the fio pall fs considered as adic, has the seme Properties a that of ary ote: rlang macs. The propery of mast inert sa Fostopie precession wrich means thal acon oscte 8 om he fores applied in Figure 11: Precession ‘ne same arecion a8 rotation This means tat he blades do not raise an ower "he makinum deftecten uni a pont 80" ler than the np abe Figure 1 oP age 30) Fortis reason a die which is caee0 a waenpine or star ss0=M0\/ tees io place the moto he cy to main rotor tthe lneston era or he Imovernent of te heleoptr int desrea cractan epied coat: 2 s34-20Basic Maintenance ‘Training Manual, Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 31 Theory of Fight Torque Newson's thd aw states that for every action there an opposite ari equal re ston Thatelore when power apled othe tr sytem he fseiage othe ha ‘Zoptr wit tend to move m the oppose recon ofthe roto. Thsfencency {atered to astorque,Thetorque rosiem es plagued designers snce the Neo tional hehelcopter Sovera designs a er systems were red to esminae Is pober ‘One such desgn was the coast hecopterin which two main ors were paced {nop of eacn oe alating in oppeate Stocione. Another eign requees ‘main olo’ places side by ae Some of Nese denis actualy used ntemashing ‘ots turing in opposte Grectons. Sir oher designs have uted sng roles fowered thet by ramets chat ar passing tough the Bade and eee {rough nol ae tp ‘The disasvantoges ofthese systams seam to outweigh the edvantges to the ‘port that mos Peicopers use one man rotor wy an Susy rete the at Eoumract gue “This system, however, abeorbs a great percentage of he power avaiable. Togve tho neteoptr feselage ths Srectonal oval avarable pon rotor veeay ‘mounted hea ore fo Keo te fuselage srg when mnereasing pave’ ‘he leh fhe aoa nereased to counters ne toreve Tiss secompished ‘by Toot pedals move bythe bac se Fogo 12" on page 31). Figure 12: Principle of Tal Retor the Many f te conventona helicopters using tl oor have found methods o help reduce ths power requremant i fight One of tesa metus fa vera! fi then i feet mover fo Feep the fuselage straight during forward fight Ts {Win ured the ta rtorBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual 43.1 Theory af FlightBasic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual 13.2 Airframe Structures - General Concepts 13.2 Airframe Structures - General Concepts cogprennmcasarnse ‘cat: 62 24Basic Maintenance Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems "13.2 Airframe Structures - General Concepts Structural Classification \Winen designng aeroplanes, ads o which he various pars are exposed must betanen fo covaderton These ads are erent or each pa ofthe construc ton. A ference made between primary and secondary consucions When Choosing maton flor maitsnanee work hs must be akan io account “The primary construction consists of tose pats of tre aeroplane construct hat bearte loads fee Figure 1 09 page 3 ‘cat: 82 492-2Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual, 13.2 Airframe Structures - General Concepts Stbiizerip Stier rice cee {reling Edge : \ Main Landing Gear Wing Leading Edge ‘Nose Landing Gear Doors (Gxept Atachments) cat:82 122-3Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual 182 Airrame Structures - General Concepis, “Te secondary constuction general gives he aerodynamic shape tthe sero jane sastucton’ On ie be ofthe main sechons the dferenceceteen gr mary ana secondary can be cleat ilusvated, For axample. a wing secon Conte ofa primary pat snd a secondary par (eee gure” on page 4) Figure 2: Wing Structural classification s2-4Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems. ‘Training Manual 132 Airframe Siructures - General Concepts Dimensions and Locations Figure 3: Axle Systems Lateral Ae Vertical Axia Lenhtuiat Axis Station identification Systems Inter to determine a parular lecaton an aroptae, te vided ino tree y 7 x ‘agra planes tat are at angie‘ G0" to each other (see Fgure on pexes) nema Cat: B2 132-5Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual, 132 Airframe Stuctures - General Concepts, ‘The fs plane cus the aeroplane horzonal (based ona cross secon) These Figure Zero Point of Stations panes ae ales walrinoe or Z stations ‘The second plane cus the aeroplane veteally (based ona ross secon} These planes are ale buttock nes 0X stations ‘The thr plana cuts the aeroplane vericaly (Qesed on a sie view) These ae Cala boaystatons or (x) statons. By means of ese tee planes, sry and very satin the aeroplane canbe gen anX a anda Zcoordnate Some er ‘plane manclacurers use abrewatians fr these coorats a olows 'BL (butece ines) =the X (Y coorenate Sta body stations) the ¥ (x) caoranate; WL (water ines) ~the 2 coordinate. (Otter manufacturers ute te folowing abbreeations Xia &% Siatons)- eX coordinate ‘Sia (Y Stations) - he ¥ coordinate, 28a. (Z Stations) ne Zcoorinate ‘There's nuroe: behind these abereviatons which indicates ne dstance ofthe pan rom tne 7e"9 port For aeroplanes bul by Beng these stances are gen Irinches. Fo" aeroplanes but by Abus. cm “The zero pont ofthe Sia. (Y Sta) sn tonto. ening oF on he point ofthe fuse- lage nos Figore 4.0n page 6) Incates where the stain numba O's bhind he Domtotthe nasa te ston number nat are Fost the Zor pet havea mi Sgn forineance. Sta 60 cat:02 2-6Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems. Training Manual 132 Airframe Siructures - General Concepts Figure S Station Examples TOP OF Foe BEAM AIRBUS eww BOEING cat: 62 w2-7‘Training Manual, Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 13.2 Airframe Stuctutes - General Concepts The 2e0poitof he W/L (2 Sta) depends on the ype of aplane The zero point the WL. na B-747 1 1 inches blow he lowest pst of he fsclage Every Seroplane hes a oferent 2era pont ‘The zro point ofthe BL. (K St ie the conte ine ofthe aeroniane soe gue &* inpage 7) Loong nthe arcton of ight. here ate lek-hanganarigh-rara but Tock nes. The ef: hana butock Ines ae ndeated by snus sign an the ght handones wh a plus sgn ‘The wing, horizontal and vericalstabizers, and powerplants of most aeroplane ‘ypes nave tha own locaton wenteation system Zonal Identification Systems ‘The ation detain system i used to pinpoint he various lesions an a Plane. The saon numbo's mae posi fondest Me oeaton of te eee Dtgrviy. the aston ofthe oad. he oes afte companments and ot pars. To eal parte move easly ano aeaize where work most be done, Ne Feroplane die to ease zones + Mar subzones Major zones are cent by hunsre as flows +100 FUSELAGE LOWER SECTION + 200 FUSELAGE TOP SECTION + 300 STABILIZERS 1 Ato NACELLES 2 SCO LEFT WING 2 BCO RIGHT YANG 700 LANDING GEAR + a00 DooRS Figure 6 Major Zones (Example) Major sub zones are rere ty the ten of he majors zones cat:02 f22-8Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems ‘Training Manual, 132 Airame Structures - General Concepts Figure 7: Major Sub Zones (Example) Figure & it Zones (Example) - VEE Unt zones are denied by 2 tree gt numer An example ofa iccaton ident \nete necassary, he uneven zone number ‘ler othe eRthand zane, and an Aton system 8212: tren number dates argh hand Zone Large constchon secions. cluding +200 upper ha af body (major zone) ‘doors and conta surfaces, have hee own zoe numbers +40: Cock ¢majrsut-zare) +2 zone numer onthe right-hand se (unt zone} ropes Cat: 82 132-9Basic Maintenance ‘Training Manual, ‘Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 13.2 Airrame Structures - General Concepts Lightning Strike Protection Areca require elcical contact between all metalic and composte partsinerder toprevent acing ober damage. Alumnum mused ie ovde aconcuctve nah forthe dssoaten ofthe elcical energy The aluminium may be provced na rurter of ways depencing onthe manufacture of be aera No matter whetne: an aera aluminum orcompaste when lightning is an a= {aR tnoeds a path or the etety to fw traugh On an aluminum sk he rciy wl Row trough the sk and cacharge out he eine wis. Snes com. postos do rot conduct elect, ighring potacbon Nato be ult no te com I ere i no ghtning protection n the composite andthe ightring exits trough the componte components the resins he composite wl evaporate leaving bre ‘oh. Carbongraphie compote was ost behved to conduct enough sete 'stociespate fe elecireal charge, buts wae laervnd nat iobe we. umn. [Unmightnng protection may be uns caroanlgraghte pare barren een 3s 2 layer of fiber gass, shuld be Use o prover a galvanic potential between he Earbongraphte an alumni Figure 8: Lightning Attachment Zones - GR] Zone2 Sent Stoke a Electrical Bonding Normaty the suuctute of sn ara consist of metalic assembles whieh ensure ‘an ewe eletre conduct however cota Inguatng intermediate parts ‘Slop the corny lsge tome8 The sonst restores by means of sp ‘sews rounaing gs fies betueon morale aeersobes. Hinge parts (con Sfaces, doors. haloes. te) removable pats lunged mepecton oor ‘| are powdedurh‘one or overs bonding means shunting each par were onli may beimeruptd For pareeular ones sven ae uel nk engines ‘3nd APU. the bondings ponde an efferent crovaon of tate potent Sonang Ships aod sorows are connected oe ma etre Exemalpronudng ars metalic ot te proves wth elect ead connect. ‘tothe man strcture. Amennas ano oer equpment are not banded eto he ‘acttat tas of ighnng eau damage ony te element suck aout endanger ‘gh ose pars of he sera Diferent manuacturers use ferent methods io dssipate the electicl charge on congontestucures. These are afew aerent mated + Alumni wres may be woven into the op layer of compost fabric Thisis {sual dove wih Hoe lasso Kelar ana not wh carbongraphita + fine sumiiom scr may be lanated under he top yar of fabric. this ‘medias used on 2caruonlraphite component. fis usualy sandwened be {Woon vo layers of et gase to prever'a galvanic potertl + Ritinalursiom fal set may be bonded othe outer layer of comsoate du ‘ag tne manvtacirng process + Asmniam may be fare sprays onto he component. Tiss molten alumi ‘umialis sprayed on he a pant Some companies wil just pant the compo. ‘non with an auimined pe + Insome seustutes. a poce of metals tended tthe compost to alow he Rate > Depavement Ditferentiating ‘The ouput proportional tothe rate of change ofthe apt Displacement» Rate Acceleration Figure 6: Resistor and Capacitor as integrator and Dtfrentiator Tf Pe Figure 8: Relations between displacement rate and acceleration oe’ fe] Relationship & 0 0° catsa2 w3a-7Basic Maintenance ‘Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 133 Autoiight (ATA 22) Operation Principle of Flight Controls Primary flight controls [leron > seers ature Rall avis, causing a heading change Eevator> steers around Puch ax, causing aatude rate change Rudder > steers around Yaw axis causing a heading change ‘Secondary fight controls Fraps > conoist and crag ‘Sate > conte and ot99 ‘Spoiler > assisingaleron and spoiing of it Flight manoeuvres ‘The peemary fight controls must be detected to inal of terminate an alice change During cmb for example the stitute fe nose up andthe elevators are centered Toinfate and termmnata acim, te levers mut be sho de ‘uring heading change the let wing sup or down, the ailerons are near can. tered Tointiate an erate acurve, the aeons must be shorty defect. Th ‘teres maybe anise by spovers sna rudder Figure 8; Deflections of Fight Contra! | — Ie | Figure 10: Fight Contots Spoilers etianepomeas Cat: B2 133-8Basic Maintenance ‘Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 19:3 Autofight (ATA 22) Feedback Controle Feedback conto a wisely use in modern automated systems. A feedback itl system consis of we base components rooess being contalles output sensing oloments ‘contoler ang actuating devices ‘The input the system's the eerence vale, o se poi othe sytem output ‘This fepesenis the destedoperaing vale ihe ouput Using hexampl aes Ing system te inputs he ested temperature seteng fora room. The process being contol isthe haat in the eecack systems, the procass mht be ouring system or he engres of alta Also te aulomoble engine A cruse Eeriel "any af avait of ther processes to whch power aplied The output isthe vanaf he pracess thats being measuted and compares to Ie MD Inthe above example room temperature Sensing elements The sensing tants are the measuring devoes used inte fedsck oop 1 ‘ronforthe ali othe output vanable nthe Meatng syst exampi: his fans fon normaly accompizhed using a temperature saneor There are many der tert knds of eeneore uses nfesoack conv! sytem for automaton Controller and actuating device ‘he purpose of te Contoler and acting dove in th feedback systom is Compare the measured output value wth he felerence pul value ano reduce the ference between them In general the contol ana stator ofthe system Bae te mechanisms by whe changes tthe process are accomplishes tne Shoe he ouput varable These mechanisms are unsaiy designed specaly for the system and cons st of Gevees sun as motors valves, sleno swees, Pe- ton eyindae gers, power screws. puley ysirs, chai ervos and obser me ‘rant and eectrca components Wher the op oem torperatre em the set pon the contol uso the heater When he temperature exceeds ne Setpont teneater tuned of Hunting and damping “The sabity ofa conto system edetemined to aa extn by ts response to 'tusseny appied egal or raneentIfaven 2 sea causes the syter to ove: orc film phencmenan led muning may Occur mich the syeom Rest ‘mrearrets team one onecon and then evercrrects Rel nthe epost ‘esto Because haning ie undeseable measures ao usa ten cree “ha most common coractiva measure the aden of demeng somewhere 0 the system. Damping slows down sysien Tesponse and avois excansve ove ‘shoals or overearectons, Damping an be nthe frm of electcal resistance © [nelectonicarcut tne appleaton ofa orabeinamechanea ereut orforerg at ‘troughs smallonfice asin smock soeorberdamang Signal proportensly othe ‘Souaing deve rae or process rate are aca sommony vend for damosnng Figure 11: Contat Loop ia cat: 82 13-9Contro! Loops “The auropiot represents two diferent conlleops Inner loop Stabizs he a ca atitude around the pth or rt ax outer toon. Conte the avcratt natal and vernal actin, (ce airspeed aie, track. intersceptionofrade beam et) Basic Maintenance ‘Training Manual Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems 13:3 Butofight (ATA 22) Figure 12: Iner- and Outer Loop sear | “Page| soem | ba cat: 02 193-40Basic Maintenance Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systems Training Manual 13.3 Autofight (ATA 22) ‘Synchronisation Figure 13: Loop, Autopilet disengaged and onganed Autopilot not engaged Dune the ime, when the human péct stars manual the acral the aude et ‘reroe provides the actual tude infomation (2) 0 he autopist computer The ‘utp ofthe internal summing pots tooded back stead amp (1 to washout ‘any bulded up signal tthe servo. 7” Thssmade i called synctvoneston. The synenronaton is necessary to pre- ‘vent any ers of he fight conto athe moment of auopiat engagement ‘Aasengaged avpiot sinevonizes wh he actual arora atitusetrereore ‘he autopl must be surays loctnealy Powered and funesona opera Autopilot engaged “Te navigation systor and sensors provides a stoering command (1) 10 he ato- plot computer ‘The summing pone fee he ieenng oer 2) te sero. The Sera ecton is soneod by he atte eforence an at 9 feecback (2) Me Surg pnt yeep eoe oe cat B2 433-11Basic Maintenance Training Manual ‘Module 13 Aircraft Structures and Systoms. 13.3 Autofight (ATA 22) Terms and Definitions “The folowing explanations covering he aufight system are held na generate 2! coverng rainy commercial afplanes. Detaled Msructons oe covered a Sat ype causes “Te thorm Automate Fight Coto System (AFCS) sto understand as 9 com plex sysorh, wih he purpose foncrease the comfofr fhe passengers 0 eat {he pote outne woloas and to ncrease the siabty of he plane DDepensing ofthe aera model. iferent devices or integrated into one computer Lin wi peter folowing tnetons Take-off ‘Tosay there & no akeratcereate for an automate tke-of cated Some felon ike Yaw damper pth in, auto rust te mist or maybe aevatee Cruise ‘The AECS conte the acral around and along al vas axes Landing ‘The AFES lands the aircraft automatcaly, nding align, fae, nose lowering snd roo Rollout "The AECS eters and maintains the apne along the runway centering Yow damper YO. ‘The YD damping teh oling, assisting the iataral steerng by tr coorsinabon And ermisios gusty wind etc close the ground. The eectionicconvoled ac- tne redder compensates every smal eatorion aud te ara yaw as. Control wee steering CWS. tin no autelot engaged” alerons and elevators re catected va elect ty ‘rau servos manualy conred by fice senso nstaled ate canto whee ‘Automatic pitch vim APT tthe sevatorisdteteg over 2 longer hme, the AFCS trims the honzonta st lnertoeumnate the evar detection laa Longitudinal stability aogmentation systom LSAS {Sige areas wth recuoe! ee of horizon sigbiers needing an electronic ‘canobad artve trator carpencating every smal storban around te eras pen avs Contr of gravity contro! Controls the cane at gravity (CG) win the alowabe its by vanelrtng fue from to regular tueltanke ad lan locstegn aor side he horzona stateer Mach pitch trim "Ran ineraasing =a spec, the cutor wing produces more Mt Ths resus in 3 nose-down efsc The mach pich tim couieracs ths eet Fight aigector FD "The AFCS calculates How fy’ that means he aleron elevator and tse com. ‘mora. This corwmands are shown at fight actor honzan ntuments EFS ‘dept Pie Pas olow ie steering odes ofeach and martin ne erect Font pah ‘The FD ean ba urea to mentor AP ractone, Mode annunciation ‘Kes preselected but momentary aot acive) and active AFCS operation maces ae oiplayed athe PFD o a separate hgh Mode anruncitor Flight envelope protection Aefarang he arerak coniguatn laning gear. ap, sat, weight and angle of ‘tact) the AFCS catulates ana asplays the mmm and maxanm operas Engin thrust Limit (NT/EPR) Depending ofthe envrenment condition temperature anda pressure) and he Selected rode of operation the AFCS calelstes the raximum thst mat. The limts are asclayed anc apied to Ne engine ust cone System Auto Throtte AT ‘The AFUS tv contre crcut moves the power levers wth a servo mater to get Ihetdesred engns trustora.sgras direct sppied ste lectrnicangine con tol (EEC) without movng tha tust levers The AT operates in speed or Bust ross. Stall warning ‘The AFCS inagers the warning the aerodyname tg ost neessing ange oF stack {The engine trust isncreased and a eae atid (areraft ase dwn) willbe es tabished) Fallure monitoring and logging "The AFCS sores ove cndtons fo analysis and Youbleshootng Tests canbe nat for maintenance purposes rane Coeked a