Earth and

H
R Life Science
C First Quarter

John Benedict S. Velasco

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF
STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
S.Y. 2021 – 2022
HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF
STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Previously on ELSci…

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Previously on ELSci…

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Sinalhan

Aplaya

Tagapo Market Area

Kanluran Ibaba
Malusak
Labas

Macabling Pooc Caingin

Previously on
Balibago
Dila

Dita

Pulong Sta. Cruz

ELSci… Don Jose

Malitlit

Sto. Domingo

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Lesson 12: Hazards Caused by
Coastal Processes
 Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Describe how coastal processes result in coastal
erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion
(S11/12ES-Ih-38).
• Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land
development, waste disposal, and construction of
structures on control coastal processes (S11/12ES-Ii-
41).

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Philippines as an archipelago
• The Philippines has
about 7,100 islands
and has one of the
longest coastlines in
the world,
approximately 36,289
km.
Hundred Islands, Pangasinan

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Importance of coastal ecosystem

• Provides resources
such as marine plants,
animals, crude oil,
natural gas, minerals,
salts, construction
materials. Mangroves, a coastal ecosystem

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Importance of coastal ecosystem

• Provides services such

as recreation,
shoreline protection,
sustaining biodiversity,
and source of
renewable energy.
Benham Bank – the shallowest portion of Philippine
Rise (previously Benham Rise)

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Different coastal processes
• Waves
• Evidences of water
transferring from one
area to another
• Wind is the driving
force that allows the
formation of waves.
• Can have constructive
and destructive effects Waves break as they approach the beach

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Different coastal processes
• Waves
• Constructive effects:
Addition of sediments in
the beach further
extending the shoreline
seaward.
• Destructive effects: will
erode sediments in the
beach Waves break as they approach the beach

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Different coastal processes
• Tides
• Changes in the sea
level occurring on a
daily cycle.
• Formed from the
gravitational attraction
of the Earth with the
moon.
British coast at high tide and low tide

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Different coastal processes
• Tides
• Spring tide – when the
sun and moon line up
with the earth to bring
tides.
• Neap tide – when the
sun, earth, and moon
are at a right angle
producing lower tides.
HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF
Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
What are the dangers associated with
these processes?

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 What are the dangers associated with
these processes?
• Coastal erosion - wearing away of rocks at the crust.
This is caused by wave action, and tidal and wave
currents, which dissolve chemicals in rocks.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 What are the dangers associated with
these processes?
• Submersion – when sea
levels rise (especially
during high tides), those
that are near low-coastal
areas are submerged
under coastal waters.
Ubay Islands, Bohol

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 What are the dangers associated with
these processes?
• Saltwater intrusion – due
to the movement of
seawater via waves and
tides, saltwater can be
mixed with freshwater
reservoirs. This process
can have harmful effects
in agriculture. Saltwater intrusion

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
So, what should be done to reduce the
harmful effects of these processes?

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

• Political – through legislations that define proper

zoning, better land use planning and conversion,
proper wastes disposal, and mining/quarrying
regulation

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

• Structural – through the use of hard (breakwater,

seawall, groyne) and soft structures (beach
nourishment and coastal revegetation)

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

• Seawall is a structure
that runs parallel to
the beach. It is made
of wood, steel, or rock
boulders

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

• Groyne is a shoreline
structure that is
perpendicular to the
beach. It is made up of
wood, concrete, or
steel.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…
• Beach nourishment
involves adding large
volumes of sand to the
beach. The sand may
be obtained from an
inland or offshore
source.
Manila Bay’s beach nourishment project

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

• Beach nourishment –
This requires regular
maintenance and is
usually used in
conjunction with hard
structure options
Manila Bay’s beach nourishment project

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…
• Coastal revegetation is
recommended to muddy
coastal environment or
within the tidal zone of
estuaries where
mangrove forests and
other indigenous shrub
species are commonly
Trees and shrubs are planted in coastal regions
found. to prevent erosion.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Some strategies to mitigate hazards…

• Coastal revegetation –
its main function is to
protect the disturbed
land/soil for coastal
erosion.
Trees and shrubs are planted in coastal regions
to prevent erosion.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Lesson 12 – Hazards Caused by Coastal Processes John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Attendance code: Dolomite

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.