Panic List Unit 5

 
Source Amnesia
When we mess up the  “Hey! Remember that time I 
origin of a memory. Even  drew a picture of myself but 
though the memory  then it came to life and 
terrorized the 
could be of a thing that 
neighborhood?” 
occurred, we forget that   
it didn’t actually happen  “Silly, that didn’t happen to 
to us, but rather was  you, that was a Spongebob 
something we saw or  episode!”  
were told about. 
Explicit vs. Implicit Memory

Explicit Memory​ - Things we  Implicit Memory​ - Things 

consciously bring to mind.  that automatically happen. 
  We don’t really think about 
Episodic​ - The events in our  them. 
lives.   
  Like how to ride a bicycle! 
Semantic​ - General 
knowledge about things and 
stuff. 
 
Concept & Prototype

Concept​ - When you  Prototype​ - The most 

think of “Dog,” everything  prominent example of a 
that comes to mind when  “dog” in your mind (Like, 
defining what a “Dog” is.  if you had a golden 
(Four legs, types of dogs,  retriever when you were 
etc.)   2, that’s your go-to 
example when you think 
of a dog.) Every dog-like 
thing you encounter 
moving forward gets 
judged by how closely it 
matches the prototype. 
Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

The official name for the memory model that we covered in class. It’s featured on the
Introduction to Memory handout.
Encoding Tricks

Mnemonics Method of Loci

L.L. Thurstone

Wolfgang Kohler
From Unit 4:

Shallow vs. Deep Processing

The more deeply you think about something, the better you can learn and remember it.

Declarative vs. Procedural

Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

Developed Social Development Theory - Our cognitive

development is heavily dependent on the social interactions
we have with others, especially adults.

Adults that have successful social interactions with children

(“e.g.; “You can do it!”) often find those children growing at a
faster, healthier rate.

The Zone of Proximal Development

If kids are trying hard, they can achieve more with the
assistance of an adult. If there’s no help then the child finds it
difficult to grow.

Proactive VS Retroactive Interference

Chomsky
8/22 ​Word of the Day:

Universal Grammar
Noam Chomsky

The need for grammar appears to be

"hard-wired" into the human brain

Humans will naturally use language

for communication or even create a
personal language if they don’t have Follow Noam Chomsky’s page on Facebook
it already.
Did you ever “invent” a word for
something you couldn’t name?
“Doohickey,” “Thingamajig,” “Widget”
Margret Peterson
The Peterson & Peterson Study (1959) established strongly that information that isn’t
rehearsed is quickly lost from the short term memory. That’s what you need to know, but here’s
how they did it:

Procedure​:
A ​lab experiment​ was conducted in which 24 participants (psychology students)
had to recall trigrams (meaningless three-consonant syllables, e.g. TGH, CLS).

The trigrams were presented one at a time and had to be recalled after intervals
of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds.

To prevent rehearsal participants were asked to count backwards in threes or

fours from a specified random number until they saw a red light appear. This is
known as the brown peterson technique.

Findings​:
There was a rapid increase in forgetting as the time delay increased.

● After 3 seconds 80% of the trigrams were recalled correctly.

● After 6 seconds this fell to 50%.
● After 18 seconds less than 10% of the trigrams were recalled correctly.

Conclusion​:
Short-term memory has a limited duration (of about 18 seconds) when
rehearsal is prevented. It is thought that this information is lost from
short-term memory from trace decay.

The results of the study also show the ​short-term memory​ is different from
long-term memory​ in terms of duration. Thus supporting the ​multi-store model
of memory​.

If a person is not able to rehearse information it will not transfer to their

long-term memory​ store.
Recognition vs. Recall

Recall - Remembering information just off the top of your head.

Recognition - Seeing/hearing/smelling/feeling/tasting something and realizing that you know

exactly what it is because you experienced it before.
Displacement