Chapter 1

Ekadhikena Purvena
(By one more than the one before)

Introduction
Okay, first of all let us all understand what Ekadhikena purvena
means. Infact, Ekadhikena Purvena means increasing the number
at first by one, let's understand it this way 'Ek adhik' ‘Ps clws’
(one more) in previous ‘k"j{’ so now let's get into the topics.
1. Squaring a number that ends with 5.
It this part, we'll discuss the way by which, we can square
a number which has 5 at last. So now, let's list out the
steps:
(i) First divide the answer into two parts.
(ii) Write 25 at the RHS of the answer. (i.e. 5×5)
(iii) Then, multiply the number of first with the number
that exceeds it by 1.
(iv) Then, you have your answer ready.
I guess it was not quiet clear to you. Now, let's look at
some example that will help you understand it in quiet
depth and quiet easily.
Example:
Let's square 25
(i) First we divide the answers into two parts.
25
× 25
LHS RHS
(ii) Write 25 in the RHS of the answer i.e. 5×5
25
× 25
LHS 25
6 Vedic Mathematics

(iii) Then multiply the number of first by the number that

exceeds it by 1.
25
× 25
2×(2+1) 25
= 2×3 25
= 6 25
 625
(iv) Now, remove the bar between RHS and LHS and
you'll get your answer.
25
× 25
625
Yes, it really works.
So, why not look at some other examples.
Let's square '75'
(i) Let's divide the answer at first.
75
× 75
LHS RHS
(ii) Let's write 25 at RHS.
75
× 75
LHS 25
(iii) Let's now multiply 7 with 8 to get LHS of our answer.
75
× 75
7×8 25
= 56 25
(iv) Now, remove the bar and get the real answer.
75
× 75
5625
 Ekadikena Purvena 7

Let's move towards a last example:

Let's now square 115.
(i) First, let's divide the answer into two parts.
115
× 115
LHS RHS
(ii) Now, let's write 25 at the RHS of our answer.
115
× 115
LHS 25
(iii) Now, let's multiply 11 and 12 to get the LHS of our
answer [∵ 12 = 11 + 1]
115
× 115
11×12 25
132 25
(iv) Now, let's remove the bar and write our final answer.
115
× 115
13225
Similarly, now we can do other problems regarding
squaring a number having its end as '5'.
So, here are some other example, which will help you
know it more.
15 35 95 135 195
× 15 × 35 × 95 × 135 × 195
225 12 25 90 25 18225 38025
2. Multiplying numbers which has the sum of its end as
'10', '100' or '1000' and have same number in the
beginning.
Okay, now in this part, we will learn to multiply two
numbers which have the sum of last part of the number as
8 Vedic Mathematics

some power of 10 like 10, 100, 1000 (usually 10 is used

more frequently) and have same initials of the numbers.
So, now let's more towards solving it. So, why do it late,
let's move towards the steps. If you look clearly, you can
see that the previous part of this chapter is a special part of
this part.
Steps
1. First, divide the answer into two parts, LHS and RHS.
2. Then, multiply the right most numbers and write the
product in the RHS of the answer.
3. Then, move to the LHS of the question, then multiply
the digit of RHS by adding '1' to it and write the
product in LHS.
It's quiet hard to understand, just by looking at these
steps, so let's learn it by some examples:
Let's multiply 63 by 67,
(i) First, we have to divide the answer into two parts.
63
× 67
LHS RHS
(ii) Then, we multiply the digits at the back of both
numbers in the question, i.e. 7×3 = 21.
[Note that 7 + 3 = 10 which must always be fulfilled.]
63
× 67
....... 21
(iii) Then, now we multiply 6 with 6+1 i.e. 7. to get 6×7 =
42. So:
63
× 67
42 21
So, finally we got our answer. Our answer is 4221.
 Ekadikena Purvena 9

Let's now move to other example.

So, let's multiply 74 by 76.
(i) First, we divide the answer into two parts.
74
× 76
LHS RHS
(ii) We then multiply 6 and 4 to get the answer 24.
[Note that 6+4 = 10]
76
× 76
....... 24
(iii) Then, we multiply 7 with 8 to get the LHS of our
answer. We will have 7×8 = 56.
So,
74
× 76
56 24
  We have our final answer as 5624.
Now, let's move to another example:
Let's now multiply 102 and 108/
(i) Let's divide the answer into two parts.
108
× 102
LHS RHS
(ii) Let's now multiply 8 and 2 to get RHS of our answer.
8×2 = 16. So:
108
× 102
....... 16
10 Vedic Mathematics

(iii) Let's now multiply 10 with 11 to get LHS of our

answer. 10 ×11 = 110. So:
108
× 102
110 16
Our final answer is 11016.
Let's take another example which is a bit different.
Let's multiply 1037 with 1063.
(i) Let's divide our answer into two parts.
1037
× 1063
LHS RHS
(ii) Let's now multiply 37 and 63 to get RHS of our
answer. 37 × 63 = 2331.
So,
1037
× 1063
....... 2331
(iii) Now, let's multiply 10 will 11 to get LHS of our
answer. 11 × 10 = 110
1037
× 1063
110 2331
 Our answer is 1102331.
The last example is quiet difficult because use have to
multiply 37 and 63 but as we move on, we will learn
the way of multiplying numbers and it will be quiet
easy for us.
Now, let's move towards the third part of this chapter.
 Ekadikena Purvena 11

3. Converting certain fraction into decimal, whose

denominators are numbers ending with 9.
Okay, talking about division, the rule says that the
denominator must have 9 as its last digit. This concept can
be used in other denominators as well, we can multiply the
denominator with some other number that make the units
digit '9'.
1
Suppose, we have to solve 11, here, we don't have 9 as the
last digit of the denominator, but we can obtain it by
9 9
multiplying the whole fraction by 9 to get 99.
There are two ways of dividing, they are:
(i) Division method.
(ii) Multiplication method.
Division Method
1
Suppose, we are given a question to divide 1 by 19 i.e. 19
How can we do that in mind?
If you'll like to know about it, be careful and follow the
upcoming steps very carefully.
Steps:
(i) First, we round off the 19 in the denominator to 20 and
we extract 2 from it and we take it as divisor.
(ii) Then we take the number in the numerator i.e. 1 and
make it our dividend.
(iii) Then, we go on dividing.
2 1 0
–0
1
Quotient = 0 &
Remainder = 1
So,
12 Vedic Mathematics

Our answer at this part is:

Quotient
0.1 0
Remainder
(iv) Then we take 10 from the figure shown above and
divide it by our divisor '2'.
2 10 5
– 10
×
Quotient = 5
Remainder = 0.
So, our answer till now is:
0.005
(v) We keep on continuing this process until we get a
continuous order.
2 5 5
–4
1
Answer till now: 0.0512
2 12 6
– 12
0
So. answer till now: 0.05206
Again ,
2 6 3
–6
0
So, answer till now: 0.052603
Again,
2 3 1
–2
1
 Ekadikena Purvena 13

So, answer till now: 0.0526311

Again.
2 11 5
– 10
1
So, answer till now: 0.05263115
Again,
2 15 7
– 14
1
Answer till now: 0.052631517
Answer:
2 17 8
– 16
1
Answer till now: 0.0526315718
Again.
2 18 9
– 18
0
Answer till now: 0.05263157809
Again.
2 9 4
–8
1
Answer till now: 0.052631578914
Again
2 14 7
– 14
0
Answer till now: 0.0526315789407
14 Vedic Mathematics

Again.
2 7 3
–6
1
Answer till now: 0.05263157894713
Again.
2 13 6
– 12
1
Answer till now: 0.052631578947316
Again.
2 16 8
– 16
0
Answer till now: 0.0526315789473608
Again.
2 8 4
–8
0
Answer till now: 0.05263157894736804
Answer:
2 4 2
–4
0
Answer till now: 0.052631578947368402
Again.
2 2 1
–3
0
 Ekadikena Purvena 15

Answer till now: 0.0526315789473684201

Now, if we go even further, the numbers start to
repeat. So, now we simply put a bar above the answer
after the decimal.
So,
Answer = 0.052631578947368421
Let's look at another example to make it more clear.
2
Let's solve 39 .
Here, as 39 is near to 40, our divisor will be 4,
Let's take a look at the fraction with the denominator
as 40.
2 0.2
40 = 4
So, here, we'll use 4 as divisor and 2 as dividend.
So, let's get started:
4 2 0
–0
2
So,
Answer till now: 0.20
So,
4 20 5
– 20
0
Answer till now: 0.005
Again:
4 5 1
–4
1
Answer till now: 0.511
16 Vedic Mathematics

Again:
4 11 2
–8
3
Answer till now: 0.05132
Again:
4 32 8
– 32
0
Answer till now: 0.051208
Again:
4 8 2
–8
0
Answer till now: 0.0512802
We will observe that, after 2, 051282 will keep on
repeating so, instead of doing much, we keep a bar
above the recurring decimal to make it easy.
So, answer = 0.051282
Now, let's have a look at our last example:
21
Let's divide 39.
Steps
(i) First we round off
(ii) After rounding off, we get the answer as:
21 2.1
40 = 4
So,
We take 4 as divisor and 21 as dividend.
4 21 5
– 20
1
 Ekadikena Purvena 17

Answer till now: 0.15

Again:
4 15 3
– 12
3
Answer till now: 0.533
Again:
4 33 8
– 32
1
Answer till now: 0.5318
Again:
4 18 4
– 16
2
Answer till now: 0.53824
Again:
4 24 6
– 24
0
Answer till now: 0.538406
Again:
4 6 1
–4
2
Answer till now: 0.5384621.
Now, here we observe that, it again starts to repeat,
So we put a bar behind the decimal.
So,
¯
Final answer = 0. 538461
18 Vedic Mathematics

Multiplication Method
Multiplication method is a bit easier than division method.
In division method. we start to write the answer from the
left side but in multiplication method, we'll start to do it
from the right side. Okay, let's have a look at it with the
help of an example.
1
Let's divide 19

1. Now, as I said, now we'll start from the right most

side, we write the numerator as the first number in the
right-most side.
0. …………………… 1
2. Then, we move to the denominator. We increase the
denominator by 1. i.e. 19 + 1 = 20. now, we extract 2
from 20 and we'll use it as our multiplying factor.
So,
now we multiply that '1' by our multiplying factor i.e.
'2' and write it as our second last digit. 2 × 1 = 2, So:
0. …………………….1
3. Then again we multiply this 2 by 2 and write it left
wards of '2': 2 × 2 = 4. So:
0. …………………… 421.
4. Now, we keep on doing same:
4×2=8
So,
0. ...... 8421
5. Again:
8 × 2 = 16.
Note: Here comes something new, that is carry-over.
We write the 6 in our answer and we write 1 as our
carry-over, so the answer in this stage is:
1
0. ……………………… 68421
 Ekadikena Purvena 19

6. Now, 2 × 6 = 12
Adding carry over,
12 + 1 = 13.
So, we get our answer as:
0. ......... 1368421
7. Now,
3 × 2 = 6.
Again
6+1=7
So,
Answer till now: 0. ………………… 7368421.
10. Again.
7 × 2 = 14
1
Answer till now: 0. ………………… 47368421.
11. Again, 4 × 2 = 8
8+1=9
Answer till now: 0. ………………… 947368421
12. Again, 9 × 2 = 18
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
1
8947368421.
13. Again: 8 × 2 = 16
16 + 1 = 17
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
1
78947368421.
14. Again: 7 × 2 = 14
14 + 1 = 15 0.………………….....................
1
578947368421.
20 Vedic Mathematics

15. Again: 5 × 2 = 10
10 + 1 = 11
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
1
1578947368421.
16. Again. 1 × 2 = 2
2+1=3
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
31578947368421.
17. Again. 3 × 2 = 6
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
631578947368421.
18. Again. 6 × 2 = 12.
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
1
2631578947368421.
19. Again. 2 × 2 = 4
4+1=5
Answer till now: 0.………………….....................
52631578947368421.
20. Again. 5 × 2 = 10
1
Answer till now: 0. 052631578947368421.
21. We know, 0 × 2 = 0
Now the same thing keeps on continuing so,
Our final answer will be:
0.052631578947368421
Now, let's take a last example:
1
Let's divide 13
1 3 3
1. We write it as, 13 × 3 = 39
2. So as the numerator is '3', the right most digit will be 3.
Answer till now: 0. ………………………. 3
 Ekadikena Purvena 21

3. We round off out denominator to 40, so, our

multiplying factor will be 4. So:
4 × 3 = 12.
1
Answer till now: 0. ………………………. 23.
4. Again: 4 × 2 = 8
8+1=9
Answer till now: 0. ………………………. 923
5. Again: 9 × 4 = 36
Answer till now: 0. ………………………. 6923
6. Again: 6 × 4 = 24
24 + 3 = 27
2
Answer till now: 0.………………………. 76923
7. Again: 4 × 7 = 28
28 + 2 = 30
3
Answer till now: 0. 076923
8. Now, As 0 × 4 = 0, we have to add a bar above the
digits after the decimal so.

Answer = 0.––––––
076923

***