Classroom Worksheet Chapter 7 Nutrition in Humans: The Processes of Nutrition and The Human Digestive System

Classroom worksheet
Chapter 7 Nutrition in humans
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
7.1 The processes of nutrition and the human digestive system

 Humans obtain nutrients and energy from food in several stages:
(1) (攝食)
Food is taken in through the mouth.
(2) (消化)
Food is chewed into smaller pieces. Enzymes
act on food pieces to catalyse the breakdown
of complex food molecules into simple,
soluble molecules.
(3) (吸收)
Simple, soluble molecules in the intestines are
absorbed into the bloodstream.
(4) (同化)
The absorbed food molecules are used to

provide energy and make new cells and
tissues.
faeces
(5) (排遺)
Any undigested and unabsorbed materials are

passed out of the body as faeces.
 The above stages occur in different regions of the digestive tract, also called the
(6) (消化道). Assimilation takes place in all body cells.
HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

© 2019 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 7-1
Classroom worksheet 7 Nutrition in humans
 The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and several associated glands.
 The alimentary canal receives (7) (消化液) secreted by

salivary glands (唾腺), gastric glands (胃腺), the pancreas (胰), the liver (肝) and intestinal
glands (腸腺).
(8) (18)
pharynx
(9)
(10)
(contains gastric glands)

(19)
(20)
(11)
(12)
(21)
(15)
(14) (16)
(13)
(17)
 The (22) (小腸) consists of the duodenum and ileum.
 The (23) (大腸) consists of the appendix, caecum, colon

and rectum.
Practical 7.1 Examination of the alimentary canal and its associated glands of a
dissected rat
Refer to Coursebook p.7-5 and SBA Practical Workbook p.7-1.

7.2 Ingestion
 Food is ingested through the mouth. Inside the mouth cavity, solid food is chewed and cut
into small pieces by (24) .
A. Different types of teeth in humans
 Humans have four types of teeth:
Type of tooth Features Functions
(25)  Chisel-shaped Biting and cutting food

(門齒)  With flat sharp edges
 With one root
(26)  Pointed Tearing food (especially

(犬齒)  With one root flesh)
(27)  Broad top with two cusps Crushing and grinding

(前臼齒)  With one or two roots food
(28)  Larger than premolars Crushing and grinding

(臼齒)  Broad top with four cusps food
 With two or three roots

B. The structure of a tooth
(29) (琺瑯質)
crown
(30) (牙本質)
neck (31) (牙骨質)
(32)
(髓腔)
root
periodontal membrane (牙周膜)
nerve
Structure Features and functions
Enamel  The outermost, hardest layer covering the crown
 A non-living substance, made up mostly of (33) salts
 Protects the tooth from the wear of biting and chewing
Cement  Replaces enamel at the root of the tooth
 Fixes the tooth into the jaw bone through the (34)
, which allows the tooth to move slightly and acts as a
shock absorber
Dentine  The middle layer of a tooth
 A bone-like, living structure
 Contains extensions of the cells in the pulp cavity
Pulp cavity  The innermost part of a tooth, containing living cells which produce
dentine
 Contains (35) which detect

temperature and pressure
 Contains (36) which supply

oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products

C. Dentition and dental formula
 Dentition (齒系) describes the (37) and (38) of the

different types of teeth in a mammal.
 Dentition can be expressed in the form of a (39) (齒式)

which shows the types and numbers of teeth on one side of the upper and lower jaws.
 The dental formula of a human adult is:
 Humans have two successive sets of teeth during their lives. The first set is the
(40) (乳齒). These teeth gradually fall out and are
replaced by the (41) (恆齒).
Practise…
 Checkpoint (Coursebook p.7-10)
 5-minute quiz: Ch 7, Quiz 1
7.3 Digestion in the mouth cavity
 Large food molecules must be broken down into smaller, soluble molecules in a process
called digestion. The products of digestions can pass through the walls of the alimentary canal
and enter the blood.
A. Digestion begins in the mouth cavity
Physical and chemical digestion of food occurs in the mouth cavity.
1. Physical digestion (物理消化)
 Physical digestion refers to the breaking up of food into smaller pieces by physical means.
This increases the (42) of the food for the action of
digestive enzymes. However, physical digestion does not change the chemical structure of
food.
 The chewing action of teeth is an example.

2. Chemical digestion (化學消化)
 Chemical digestion refers to the breakdown of large, complex food molecules into small,
simple molecules through chemical reactions (hydrolysis). The reactions are catalysed by
digestive (43) .
 (44) (唾液) is a digestive juice produced by salivary glands in the mouth. It

consists mainly of:
 Salivary (45) (澱粉酶), which catalyses the breakdown of starch into

(46) .
 Mineral salts, which maintain a slightly alkaline pH for the optimum action of salivary
amylase.
 Water which moistens and softens food; and mucus (黏液) which sticks food pieces
together and lubricates the food to make it easier to swallow.
Practical 7.2 Investigation of the action of amylase on starch

Results and discussion

A clear zone is observed on the starch-agar plate where it was covered by the filter paper disc soaked in
(47) solution. This shows that the starch has been changed by amylase which catalyses
the breakdown of starch.
B. How is food swallowed?
1. The tongue rises to force the (48) (食團)
to the back of the mouth cavity.
2. The soft palate is pushed upward, closing the nasal cavity

at the back.
3. The larynx moves upward and forward. The epiglottis

covers the entrance to the (49) .
4. The bolus enters the (50) .

C. How is food moved along the alimentary canal by peristalsis?
 The bolus is pushed along the oesophagus and the entire alimentary canal by waves of alternate
muscle contractions called (51) (蠕動).
Behind the bolus: In front of the bolus:
 Circular muscles (52) and  Circular muscles (55) and
longitudinal muscles (53) . longitudinal muscles (56) .
 The lumen becomes (54) .  The lumen becomes wider to allow the bolus to
This squeezes the bolus forward. pass through.
 Apart from pushing food forward, peristalsis also helps mix food with digestive juices to
speed up digestion.
Practise…
7.4 Digestion in the stomach

 The stomach is a muscular sac-like organ in the upper abdomen. Its entrance and exit are
guarded by two circular sphincter muscles:
The (57) sphincter (賁門括約肌)
controls the entry of food and prevents food from
going back to the oesophagus. stomach wall
The (58) sphincter

(幽門括約肌) controls the exit from the
stomach to the duodenum.

 Gastric glands in the inner wall of the stomach secrete (59)

(胃液), which contains:
 an enzyme (60) (胃蛋白酶), a type of protease that catalyses the

breakdown of proteins into peptides
 (61) , which provides an acidic pH (about 2). This pH

is optimum for the proteases to work. It also denatures proteins in food and kills most of
the bacteria taken in with food.
 The stomach wall secretes (62) which covers its inner surface. The mucus
forms a physical barrier to prevent the acid and digestive enzymes from damaging the
stomach.
 Food is churned and mixed with gastric juice by the stomach, forming (63)
(食糜).
Practical 7.3 Investigation of the action of protease on egg white


 The egg white cubes in tubes A and B (64) become smaller / remain intact. The cubes in tubes C and
D (65) become smaller / remain intact. The results show that pepsin catalyses the breakdown of
protein.
 The size of the egg white cube in tube A is smaller than that in tube B. This shows that pepsin works
better in (66) solution.
Challenge yourself
Identify which of the following processes belong to physical digestion and chemical digestion. Write
the letters in the appropriate boxes.
(i) Chewing action of teeth

(ii) Breakdown of starch by salivary amylase
(iii) Churning of the stomach
(iv) Breakdown of proteins by pepsin
(v) Peristalsis along the alimentary canal
Physical digestion Chemical digestion

Practise…
7.5 Digestion and absorption in the small intestine
A. Digestion in the small intestine
 The (67) (十二指腸) of the small intestine secretes intestinal juice (腸液),
and receives two other digestive juices: (68) (膽汁) and (69)
(胰液).
1. Bile
 Bile is produced in the (70) . It is temporarily stored in the

(71) (膽囊) and released into the duodenum through the
(72) (膽管).
 It contains no digestive enzymes, but contains:
Components Functions
Bile salts (膽鹽)  (73) lipids into small droplets,

increasing the surface area for lipase to act on
Sodium  Neutralizes the acidic chyme

hydrogencarbonate  Provides an optimum pH for intestinal enzymes
(碳酸氫鈉)
Bile pigments  The breakdown products of (74)

(膽色素) from red blood cells in the liver
 No digestive functions

Practical 7.4 Investigation of the effect of bile salts on oil


 When oil is mixed with bile salt solution, an (75) is formed.
 When oil is mixed with distilled water, the two liquids appear as two separate layers, with oil floating
on top of distilled water.
 The results show that (76) emulsify lipids into small droplets.
2. Pancreatic juice
 Pancreatic juice is produced in the (77) . It is released into the duodenum

through the (78) (胰管).
 Pancreatic juice contains three types of digestive enzymes:
(79)  Catalyses the breakdown of any remaining starch to

maltose
Lipase  Catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and

glycerol
Proteases  Catalyse the breakdown of proteins into peptides and

amino acids
Sodium  Neutralizes the acidic chyme

hydrogencarbonate  Maintains the optimum pH for the enzymes
3. Intestinal juice
 It is secreted by the glands in the wall of the small intestine. It contains water, mucus and
sodium hydrogencarbonate.

 Enzymes are found within the membranes of epithelial cells of the small intestine:
(80)  Catalyse the breakdown of disaccharides into
(e.g. maltase, lactase, monosaccharides
sucrase)
Proteases  Catalyse the breakdown of peptides into

(81)
 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are completely digested in the small intestine. The result is a
watery emulsion called chyle (乳糜).
B. Absorption in the small intestine
 The chyle contains monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, which can be
readily absorbed from the small intestine.
1. Adaptations of the small intestine for absorption
Adaptation Significance
It is very long.  Allows sufficient time for the complete

digestion and absorption of food
Its inner wall is highly folded and has  Increases the surface area for absorption
numerous villi; epithelial cells of villi
have (82) (微絨毛).
The epithelium of villi is very thin  This (83) the distance for
(one-cell thick). transport of food molecules.
The epithelial cells of villi contain  They provide energy for active transport of
many mitochondria. certain food molecules.

Adaptation Significance
Each villus contains a lacteal (乳糜管)  Allows the absorbed food to be transported
surrounded by a dense network of away rapidly, hence maintains a
capillaries. (84) concentration
gradient for food absorption
The villi are in constant motion.  This brings the digested food molecules into
close contact with villi for rapid absorption.
2. Absorption of digested food
a. Through the blood
 Small, water-soluble molecules (e.g. monosaccharides, amino acids, minerals and certain
vitamins) are absorbed through the epithelium of the villi into the (85)
by diffusion and (86) .
 The absorption of digested food into blood decreases the water potential of blood. Water is
drawn into the blood by (87) .
b. Through the lymph
 Fatty acids and glycerol pass into the epithelial cells of the villi by (88) .
 They recombine to form small oil droplets in the epithelial cells, then pass out of the cell and
enter the (89) .
Practical 7.5 Simulation of digestion and absorption in the small intestine using dialysis
tubing

 At the beginning, no starch or reducing sugar is present in the water outside the dialysis tubing.
 After one hour, (90) is detected in the water outside the dialysis
tubing.
 The results show that (91) catalyses the breakdown of starch into a reducing sugar
(maltose) and the reducing sugar molecules are small enough to pass through the dialysis tubing. Any
unreacted starch molecules are too large to pass through the dialysis tubing.

Challenge yourself
Draw in the diagram below the path and mechanism by which digested starch and lipids are absorbed.
epithelium cell of
a villus
blood capillary
lacteal
Practise…
7.6 Absorption in the large intestine and egestion
A. Absorption in the large intestine
 The (92) (結腸) absorbs water, minerals and some vitamins from the
undigested materials as they pass along the large intestine.
B. Egestion
 The remaining undigested materials that reach the rectum form (93) (糞便).
They mainly contain dietary fibre, bile pigments, mucus and dead cells from the lining of the
alimentary canal and a large number of bacteria.
 Faeces are temporarily stored in the (94) (直腸).
 When the (95) (肛門括約肌) relax and the muscles of the

rectum contract, faeces are expelled through the (96) (肛門). This process is
called egestion or (97) (排糞).

Practise…
7.7 Assimilation
 The uptake and use of absorbed food substances by body cells is called
(98) .
A. Routes by which absorbed food substances reach body tissues
 The transport pathway for water-soluble substances:
Villi → (99) (肝門靜脈) →
(100) → hepatic vein (肝靜脈) → heart → other parts of the body
 The transport pathway for lipids and fat-soluble substances:
Villi → lacteal → (101) →
blood vessels near the heart → heart → other parts of the body
aorta
heart
hepatic vein
liver lymph vessel
hepatic villus
portal vein
monosaccharides, lipid molecules

amino acids, minerals
to different parts
or water-soluble
of the body
vitamins

B. Functions of the liver
 Regulates blood glucose level by controlling the conversion between glucose and glycogen
 Deaminates excess amino acids by removing the nitrogen-containing part of the amino acid
and converting the part into (102) (尿素)
 Produces bile
 Stores glycogen, iron and fat-soluble vitamins (e.g. vitamins A and D)
 Detoxifies (解毒) toxic substances
Practise…


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Classroom worksheet

Chapter 7 Nutrition in humans

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

7.1 The processes of nutrition and the human digestive system

Food is taken in through the mouth.

The absorbed food molecules are used to

Any undigested and unabsorbed materials are

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

 The alimentary canal receives (7) (消化液) secreted by

(contains gastric glands)

 The (22) (小腸) consists of the duodenum and ileum.

 The (23) (大腸) consists of the appendix, caecum, colon

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

A. Different types of teeth in humans

 Humans have four types of teeth:

Type of tooth Features Functions

(25)  Chisel-shaped Biting and cutting food

 With one root

(26)  Pointed Tearing food (especially

(27)  Broad top with two cusps Crushing and grinding

(28)  Larger than premolars Crushing and grinding

 With two or three roots

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

B. The structure of a tooth

neck (31) (牙骨質)

Structure Features and functions

Enamel  The outermost, hardest layer covering the crown

 A non-living substance, made up mostly of (33) salts

 Protects the tooth from the wear of biting and chewing

Cement  Replaces enamel at the root of the tooth

Dentine  The middle layer of a tooth

 A bone-like, living structure

 Contains extensions of the cells in the pulp cavity

 Contains (35) which detect

 Contains (36) which supply

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

C. Dentition and dental formula

 Dentition (齒系) describes the (37) and (38) of the

 Dentition can be expressed in the form of a (39) (齒式)

 The dental formula of a human adult is:

7.3 Digestion in the mouth cavity

A. Digestion begins in the mouth cavity

Physical and chemical digestion of food occurs in the mouth cavity.

1. Physical digestion (物理消化)

 The chewing action of teeth is an example.

2. Chemical digestion (化學消化)

 (44) (唾液) is a digestive juice produced by salivary glands in the mouth. It

 Salivary (45) (澱粉酶), which catalyses the breakdown of starch into

Practical 7.2 Investigation of the action of amylase on starch

Results and discussion

B. How is food swallowed?

1. The tongue rises to force the (48) (食團)

to the back of the mouth cavity.

2. The soft palate is pushed upward, closing the nasal cavity

3. The larynx moves upward and forward. The epiglottis

4. The bolus enters the (50) .

C. How is food moved along the alimentary canal by peristalsis?

Behind the bolus: In front of the bolus: