CHAPTER 3

Review of Related Literature

 Review write-ups, readings and studies related to the study to determine similarities and differences of the
findings.
 Gives insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial
 Provide a background about the aspects which have been investigated and those which have not yet been
investigated
 3 parts: related legal bases, related literature and related studies
Related Legal Basis

 Determines the relevance of the study to the government’s thrusts

 Major sources are laws and department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda
 Arrange chronologically from the most recent to the oldest
Example 1:
Utilization and commercialization of Milkfish Bones as Offal of Boneless Milkfish (Chanos Chanos Forsskal) into
Luncheon Meat
 Related legal bases: RA 9003 National Solid Waste Management Act of 1999, RA No. 8550 The
Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
Related Legal Basis – Illustration 1
Illustration 1
Related Literature

 Written materials published in a book, journal, and magazine.

 Cite sources such as published books with ISBN (international Standard Book Number) and journals,
magazines, novels and poetry with ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).

Example 2:
Seaweed Puto with and without Moringa: its Acceptability, Salability and Profitability
Related Literature: published articles in Wikipedia about Puto and published article in Philippine Star about
Seaweed Puto

Related Studies

 Research studies which have direct bearing on the present study segregated into foreign and local studies
 Foreign studies are researches conducted and completed outside the country even if the researcher is a
Filipino
 Local studies are researches conducted and completed in the Philippines wherein the subjects of the study are
Filipinos residing in the Philippines even if the researchers are Filipinos
 Arranged in chronological order from recent to the oldest

Example 1:
Seaweed Puto with and without Moringa: its Acceptability, Salability and Profitability
Related Study: Calmorin (2007) published a study on the acceptability and shelf life of puto with and without
seaweed.
 CHAPTER 4
Experimental Method
 Focuses on the future (what will be) when the variables are carefully controlled or manipulated
 It could be basic, applied or developmental research
 Usually given priority for grants-in-aid because research output can be converted into small and medium. It
is expected to reveal cause and effect relationships.
 Outputs of experimental research can be patented

Example: Ice Cream from Buko, Kappaphycus and Gracilaria: Its Acceptability, Salability and Profitability
 Find out if the quality attributes (color, odor, flavor and texture) can compete with the commercial quality
attributes of buko (control group). If acceptable then sell the ice cream to determine which is more salable
and profitable.

Types of Experimental Research

1. Single-group design
 Design which involves on treatment with two or more levels
 It is univariate analysis because there is only one variable but with two or more levels

Example: Effect on the Yield of Koi Cultured in Aquaria When Different Levels of Shrimp Meal are used as
Supplemental Feed

 Used three levels, 10%, 15% and 20% of shrimp meal and three replications
 Used ANOVA one-factor or F test one factor as statistical tool

2. Two-group design

 Design has two comparable groups employed as control and experimental groups or two groups that are
both experimental groups.
 It is bivariate analysis because it has two variables

Example 1: Acceptability of Pork Siopao and Milkfish Bones Siopao

 Pork siopao is the control group since it is already commercialized and milk fish bones siopao is the
experimental group
 Used mean and t-test to compare acceptability as rated by 25 panelists

Example 2: Effect of Shrimp Meal and Bread Meal as Supplemental Feeds of Catfish Cultured in Fishpond

 Shrimp meal and bread meal are both experimental groups because they are new
 Used mean and t-test on weight of catfish
Example 3:

 Traditional is the control and Modern is the Experimental group

 Used mean and t-test on scores on tests

Example 3: Effectiveness of Teaching Mathematics Using Traditional and Modern Methods to Grade 7
Student s in Certain Private Schools in Dipolog City

3. Two-pair group design

 Design is an extension of the two-group design wherein there is one pair of control group and one pair
of experimental group
Example 1: General Acceptability of Ube Ice Cream and Mango Ice Cream (Control Group) and Seaweed
Ice Cream and Squash Ice Cream (Experimental Group)

 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor

 With 20 panelists
 Example 2: Yield of Lettuce Planted in Pots Using Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers

 Used 2 kinds of inorganic fertilizers as control and two kinds of organic fertilizers as experimental
groups
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor
 Measured weight of lettuce

Example 3: Effectiveness of Teaching Science Using Two Traditional Methods and Two Modern Methods

 Two Traditional methods are the control and the two Modern methods are the Experimental
group
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor
 Compared scores in science tests

4. Three-group design
Design where there are three groups of independent variables

Example 1: Effect of Using Hanging Method, Staking Method and Broadcasting Method in Culturing
Mussel (Mytilus edulis) in Brackish Waters of Dipolog Bay and its Vicinities

 Three methods of culturing mussel (tahong) all independent variables and weight of mussel as
dependent variable
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor
 Different research stations

Example 2: Effectiveness of Teaching Physics Using Discovery Approach, Unstructured Approach and
Laboratory Method in Grade 12 Students at the Western Visayas College of Science and Technology

 The three methods of teaching are independent variables and the scores of students per method are
dependent variables.
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor

5. Parallel-group design

 Design which consists of three or more groups wherein one group is the control group with two or more
experimental groups
 The control group or parallel group serves as the basis of the experimental groups, which are
manipulated or changed.
 The experimental groups vary

Example 1: Effectiveness of Culturing Grouper P. maculatus in Fish Cages Using Pellets, Bread Meal,
Shrimp Meal and Fish Meal as Supplemental Feeds
Parallel-group design

 Pellet is the control group or parallel group and the experimental groups are bread meal, shrimp
meal and fish meal as supplemental feeds.
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor on the mean weight of grouper
(lapu-lapu)
 Different research stations

Example 2: Effect of Planting Palay Using Inorganic Fertilizer, Night Soil and Chicken Dung as Organic
Fertilizers

 The control or parallel group is inorganic fertilizer and the experimental groups are night soil
and chicken dung as organic fertilizers
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor
 Measured weight of palay
 Example 3: Effectiveness of Teaching Mathematics Using a Traditional and Two Modern Methods to Grade
7 Students at the Iloilo Central Elementary School

 The Traditional method is the control group and the two Modern methods are the Experimental group
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor
 Compared scores in mathematics tests

6. Counterbalanced or Latin square design

 Also called rotation design

 Design involves two or more treatments taken by the subjects during the experiment
 The arrangement employed in this design is the Latin square wherein each variable is a form of square
occurring once in each row or column.

Example 1: Yield of Culturing Kappaphycus Using Four Methods in Four Research Stations in the Marine
Waters in Guimaras Island

 Using Broadcasting Method M1; hanging method M2; Staking Method M3; and Lantay Method M4 in
four research stations R1 to R4 and K is the Kappaphycus
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor

Example 2: Effectiveness of Teaching Chemistry Using Three Methods of Teaching Under Three Instructors to
Three Groups of BS Chemistry Students at the University of Sto Tomas

 Students are exposed to one-and-a-half months each to the three methods of teaching chemistry under
three instructors per method
 Equal number of students with almost the same mental ability
 M stands for the Method, I is the Instructor and S for students
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor

7. Complete randomized design (CRD)

 Design in which the test plants or test animals is studied once but subsequent treatment is applied to
determine the cause of change
 There is no control in this design but the subjects will undergo randomization procedure

Example 1: Yield of Culturing Catfish (C. batrachus) Using Shrimp Meal as Supplemental Feed in the
Fishpond

 Used 3,000 pieces of fingerlings were placed in a pond, 1000 per compartment
 Different levels of feed supplement per compartment, 10% 12% and 15%
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor on the mean weight of catfish
 Different samples

8. Randomized complete block design (RCBD)

 Design uses a group of test plants and test animals as subjects of the study which are studies once but
subsequent treatments applied are replicated to determine cause of change.
 No control in this design but the subjects undergo randomization process

Example 1: Effect of Culturing Prawn in Fishpond Using Fish Meal, Bread Mill, Shrimp Meal and Fish
Silage as Supplemental Feeds

 4 supplemental feeds with 3 replications hence 12 compartments was used

 Used 3,000 pieces of fingerlings were placed in a pond, 1000 per compartment
 Used mean and ANOVA: two factor or F-test: two factor on the mean weight of prawn (sugpo)

9. Correlational design

 Design is used to determine the relationship between two dependent variables, X and Y, on how they
are manipulated by the independent variable
 Example 1: Relationship Between the weight (x) and Length (Y) of Mud Crab (S. serrata) Cultured in the
Fishpond Using Bread Meal as Supplemental Feed

 Independent variable supplemental feed (bread meal); dependent variables weight (x) and
Length (Y)
 30 mud crabs were studied
 Used Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

Case Study Design

 It is a problem solving technique that studies the past, present and future,
 It is an intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution, community or any group
considered as unit.
 Usually applied by guidance counselors, psychologists, educators, midwives, nurses and physicians
 Usually applied by guidance counselors, psychologists, educators, midwives, nurses and
physicians
Steps
1. Recognition and determination of the status of the phenomenon to be investigated
2. Collection of data
3. Diagnosis or identification of the causal factors as basis of remedial or developmental treatment
4. Application of remedial or adjustment measures
5. Subsequent follow-up to determine the effectiveness of corrective or developmental measures applied.

Example 1: Determine the Mathematical Disability of the Grade 12 Student

 Collect data through interview, observation and tests

 Analyzes factors associated with mathematical disability
 Diagnose causal factors as basis for remedial treatment
 Applies remedial measures to remove cause of disability
 Subsequent Follow-up