ENZYMES  Substrates: Ester, Glycosyl, Ether, Peptide,

 Protein or RNA produced by living cells Acid-anhydride

 Highly specific and catalytic to substrates  Lipase, Beta-galactosidase, Arginase,
 Important type of macromolecular biological Trypsin, Pepsin, Plasmin
catalysts
4. Lyases EC4
History:  Removal of group / specific mol.
1878 – Term enzyme, coined by Friedrich Wilhelm  Aldolase, Fumarase, Histidase
Kuhne
‘Biological catalysts’ called ‘ferments’ 5. Isomerases EC5
‘Manifestation of nature’s impatience’  Convert isomer mol.
Greek: en = in, zyme = yeast  Alanine Racemase, Cis-trans isomerases,
Alcohol fermentation by zymase enzyme in yeast Retinine isomerase, glucosephosphate
isomerase
Dubrunfaut (1830) – prepared malt extract from
germinating barley seeds 6. Ligases EC6
Payen and Persoz (1833) – prepared an enzyme, the  Release energy
diastase (amylase) from malt e.  Acetyl CoA synthetase, glutamine
Horace de Saussure – prepared substance from synthetase, Acetyl CoA carboxylase
germinating wheat which acted like diastase
Theodor Schwann – succeeded in extracting pepsin 7. Translocase EC7
and later trypsin  Move ions across membrane
Jones Jacob Berzelius (1837) – recognized with  Gram positive bacteria
foresight the catalytic nature
Pasteur (1857) – demonstrated that alcoholic PROPERTIES OF ENZYME
fermentation was by the yeast
James B. Sumner (1926) – Cornell Univ. isolated 1. Colloidal Nature
and purified an enzyme, the urease, from jack bean 2. Catalytic Nature or Effectiveness
(canavalia ensiformis), confirming proteinaceous Measured by turnover number or molecular
nature of enzymes activity
3. Specificity of Enzyme Action
Nomenclature: A. Absolute specificity
“-ase” B. Group specificity
International Union of Biochemistry and C. Optical specificity
Molecular Biology – nomenclature D. Geometrical specificity
Enzyme – sequence of four numbers preceded by
“EC” (Enzyme Commission) POLYSACCHARIDE – glycan long polymer
First number – based on reaction 2 Types:
First 3 numbers – class, subclass and sub-subclass Homopolysaccharide – same single type
Fourth digit – serial number, within class Heteropolysaccharide – more than one
EC 1.2.3.4 Gkycosidic bonds –attachment from the other mono
Class 1 – Oxidoreductase (ex: disaccha)
Subclass 2 – aldehyde or oxo gr. Donors
Sub-subclass 3 – oxygen is acceptor DISACCHARIDE – 2 sugars
Serial number 4: fourth enzyme classified 2 Types:
Reducing sugar – reduce/split in simplest form
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES (maltose / lactose)
Non reducing – not reduce (sucrose)
1. Oxidoreductases EC1
 Comprises dehydrogenases, oxidases, Celebiose – 2 beta glucose
peroxidases, hydroxylases, oxygenases
 Bring oxidation-reduction reactions between
2 substrates.
 Alcohol dehydrogenase, Acetyl CoA
dehydrogenase, Cytochrome oxidase, Lactose
Catalase 2 type of mono
2. Transferases EC2 Linked by glycosidic bonds
 Transfer or exchange of groups Glucose = 1 alpha and 1 beta
 Choline Acetyltransferease, Phosphorylase, Alpha glucose – Trans to CH2OH
Hexokinase Beta – cyst to CH2O

3. Hydrolases EC3 OLIGOSACCHARIDE (3-10)

 Hydrolysis Tetrasaccharides (4) – stachyose – consists of
 More water to split glucose, galactose, and fructose
Cellulose
Beta glucose units (connect more than 10)
1,4-glycosidic
Non reducing (same as sucrose)
Can’t break down

Starch
Alpha glucose units
1,4 glycosidic units
Uses:
As antidote – iodine poisoning
Starting material – most manufacturers, barley, beer
nakakataba
Diluent – mix in tablets/powders

Amylose/Amylopectin – starch molecule

Linear, branched

Glycogen
Similar to amylopectin
Storage form of glucose
Branched poly