LEARNING KIT 1

Saint John School GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

of San Juan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Inc. Lesson: Common Isotopes and their Uses
Date: August 30 – September 3, 2021

Name: _____________________________________ Grade Level & Section: _____________________

Things to Learn
At the end of this learning kit, you will be able to:
1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses.

Think about it
WHAT TO DO: Explain the chart about the Subatomic particles.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
6000
4000
2000
0
PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tackle it Out

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Some properties of the Three Main Subatomic Particles
Subatomic particle Charge Mass, grams Location in the Atom
(symbol)
Electron (e-) -1 9.110 x 10-28 Outside the nucleus
Proton (p+) +1 1.673 x 10 -24 Nucleus
Neutron (n0) 0 1.675 x 10 -24 Nucleus

 Proton - The atomic number of an element represents the numbers of proton.

 Electron - The number of electrons is the same as the number of protons
 Neutron- The number of neutron is determined getting the difference between atomic mass and atomic number
(number of proton)
 Isotopes - Atoms of the same element however can have different numbers of neutron. This means that they
have different mass numbers but same atomic number.
 Molar mass - The mass of one mole of an element or compound is called its molar mass.
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
 Published “The ScepticalChymist” in 1661.
 In this book, he defined the “element” as the simplest composition of matter that cannot be broken down further by
any chemical means.
 He also suggested that atoms of elements combine to form different “compound”.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
 In 1808, John Dalton published his book “A New System of Chemical Philosophy”, where he proposed an atomic
theory of matter that can explain chemical observations as predicted by the three fundamentals law.
 The atomic theory comprised the following postulate:
1. Matter is made up small indivisible particles called atoms
2. Atoms of the same elements are identical, and are different from those of other elements.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in certain whole-number ratios.
4. Atoms rearrange only during a chemical reaction from new compounds.
Electrons
 In 1897, British physicist Joseph Thomson (1856-1940) discovered the electron while studying the nature of cathode
rays. He observed that cathode rays in an evacuated tube, called cathode ray tube (CRT), are deflected by a
negatively charged plate
Robert Millikan (1868-1953)
 Published the result of his oil-drop experiment through which he determined the actual charge of the electron to be
1.592x10-19 coulomb, just slightly lower than the presently accepted value of 1.602x10-19 coulomb.
Ernest Rutherford
 In 1920, Rutherford discovered the proton. He then thought that there must be another subatomic particle in the
nucleus that holds the positive protons together despite having similar charges.
James Chadwick (1891-1974)
 A former student of Rutherford, who later became his co-researcher, discovered the other type of particle in the
nucleus - the neutron.
 The nucleus at the center consists of protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons.

Task to Do

TASK 1: ZAP
Objective: To demonstrate the changes within atoms
Materials:
 Balloon
 Soda can
Procedure:
1. Inflate a balloon.
2. Place the soda can on a smooth flat surface.
3. Rub the balloon on your hair.
4. Place the balloon near the side of the can.
5. Move the balloon and watch what happens to the can.
Questions:
1. What happened when you rubbed the balloon on your hair?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened to the soda can? Why do you think this happened to the soda can?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Conclusion:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
 Things to Ponder

Research about:

What are the common applications of the fundamental laws of chemistry?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Test Yourself

Finding the Element

Objectives
 Determine the number of subatomic particles of an atom given its mass number and atomic number, and vice versa.
 Identify the element based on its atomic number.

ELEMENT Atomic Mass Number Number of

Number
Protons Electrons Neutrons

Zinc 30 35
Carbon 6 6

Silver 47 109
Copper 29 36
Titanium 48 22

Osmium 76 114

Radon 86 136
 LEARNING KIT 2
Saint John School GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Lesson: Representing compounds – Chemical,
of San Juan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Inc.
Structural and Empirical Formula
Date: September 6 – 10, 2021

Name: _____________________________________ Grade Level & Section: _____________________

Things to Learn
At the end of this learning kit, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate among atomic number, mass number, and isotopes, and which of these distinguishes one element
from another.

Think about it
Go to this link and create your own atom:

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-an-atom

. Tackle it Out

Atomic number and Mass Number

An atom of an element may be represented in a certain configuration that includes its atomic number (Z)
and mass number (A), written as the left subscript and left superscript, respectively, of the element symbol.

Mass number (A) 12

C Symbol
6
Atomic number (Z)

The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in its nucleus. The mass number
indicates the total number of protons and neutrons: it is an estimate of the elements atomic mass. For an
electrically neutral atom, the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons.

Isotopes
Atoms of the same element however can have different numbers of neutron. This means that they have different
mass numbers but same atomic number.

Empirical formula from the percent composition of a compound

Atomic Mass
To establish a universal scale for atomic mass, scientist agreed to use the most abundant isotope of carbon, carbon-
12, as a reference to express the atomic mass of each element. Carbon-12 is assigned to have exactly 12 units of mass called
atomic mass unit (amu). One amu is defined as 1/12 of the mass of c-12 isotope and is equal to 1.660539 x 10-24 grams. An
atom of the C-12 isotope has a mass of exactly 12.00 amu.

Example 1
Carbon has two stable isotopes – carbon-12 and carbon 13. Calculate the average atomic mass of the element based on the
percent abundance of its isotopes.
Isotopes Atomic Mass (amu) Percent Abundance
12

C 12.00 98.93%
6
13

C 13.0034 1.07 %
6
Solution:
Average atomic mass of C = (atomic mass of 126𝐶 x abundance of 126𝐶 ) + (atomic mass of 136𝐶 x abundance 136𝐶 )
= (12.00 amu x 0.9893) + (13.0034 amu x 0.0107)
= 11.872 amu + 0.139 amu
= 12.011 amu + 12.01 amu

Using this example, the mass (in grams) of an atom carbon can be easily calculated from the atomic mass in amu.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 12.01 𝑎𝑚𝑢 𝑋11.660539

𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑥 10−24

= 1.9943 x 10 -23 g

Percent Composition from chemical formula

The mass of each element in a chemical formula as well as its percent composition in the compound may be
obtained. The general formula for calculating the percent composition of an element in a compound is given by

(𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴)𝑥 (𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

%𝐴= 𝑋 100
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
Example 2
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is commonly used as an additive in the manufacture of glass, or as water softener and
neutralizer for chlorine in pools. It is commonly known as soda ash or washing soda. What are the percentages of each
element in the compound?
Solution:
Na2CO3
Na = 2 x 22.99 amu = 45.98amu
C = 1 x 12.01 amu = 12.01 amu
O = 3 x 16.00 amu = 48.00 amu
105.99 amu

Applying the general formula for percent composition for each constituent element,

45.98 𝑎𝑚𝑢
% 𝑁𝑎 𝑋 100 = 43.38 %
105.99 𝑎𝑚𝑢

12.01 𝑎𝑚𝑢
% 𝐶 105.99 𝑎𝑚𝑢 𝑋 100 = 11.33 %

48.00 𝑎𝑚𝑢
%𝑂 𝑋 100 = 45.29 %
105.99 𝑎𝑚𝑢

The percent composition of all the elements composing a particular compound should always add up to 100%.

Tasks to Do

TASK 1. GIVE IT A TRY

WHAT TO DO: Find the molar mass and percent composition of the different compounds. Use the back portion of this
page for your computation.

1. H2SO4 2. Mg(NO3)2

3. C2H5OH 4. C6H5NH2

5. CaBr2
 Things to Ponder

How is percent composition applied in daily life?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Test Yourself

COMPUTATION
Potassium has three stable isotopes – potassium 39, potassium-40 and potassium-41. Calculate the average atomic mass of
the element based on the percent abundance of its isotopes.

Isotope Atomic Mass (amu) Percent Abundance

39

K 38.9637 93.2581 %
19
40

K 39.9640 0.0117%
19
41

K 40.9618 6.7302%
19

Saint John School
of San Juan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Inc.
LEARNING KIT 3
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Lesson: Representing compounds – Chemical,
Structural and Empirical Formula
Date: September 13 – 17, 2021

Name: _____________________________________ Grade Level & Section: _____________________

Things to Learn
At the end of this learning kit, you will be able to:
1. Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and models.

Think about it

WHAT TO DO: Differentiate the following pictures below. Write your answer below the pictures.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

. Tackle it Out

Chemistry is the experimental and theoretical study of materials on their properties at both the macroscopic and microscopic
levels.
 A chemical formula is a format used to express the structure of atoms.
 The formula tells which elements and how many of each element is present in a compound. Formulas are written
using the elemental symbol of each atom and a subscript to denote the number of elements.
Types of Chemical Formula
1. An empirical formula gives the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound.
Example: Hydrogen peroxide (HO)
2. A molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound.
Example: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
3. A structural formula uses lines to represent chemical bonds and shows how the atoms in a molecule are connected
to each other.
Example: Hydrogen peroxide (H-O-O-H)

Water Hydrogen Peroxide

Molecular formula H2O H2O2
Empirical formula H2O HO
Structural formula H-O-H H-O-O-H

Others Formulas Related

1. Condensed structural formulas show the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written in a single line
to save space and make it more convenient and faster to write out.
 2. Line-angle formulas are used to write carbon and hydrogen atoms more efficiently by replacing the letters with
lines. A carbon atom is present wherever a line intersects another line. Hydrogen atoms are then assumed to
complete each of carbon's four bonds. All other atoms that are connected to carbon atoms are written out.

Formulas of Inorganic Compounds

Inorganic compounds are typically not of biological origin. Inorganic compounds are made up of atoms connected
using ionic bonds. These inorganic compounds can be binary compounds, binary acids, or polyatomic ions.
1. Binary compounds are formed between two elements, either a metal paired with a nonmetal or two nonmetals
paired together.
2. Binary acids are binary compounds in which hydrogen bonds with a nonmetal forming an acid. However, there are
exceptions such as NH3, which is a base. This is because it shows no tendency to produce a H+. Because hydrogen
is positively charged, it is placed first when writing out these binary acids.
3. Polyatomic ions are formed when two or more atoms are connected with covalent bonds. Cations are ions that have
are positively charged, while anions are negatively charged ions.

Formulas of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds contain a combination carbon and hydrogen or carbon and hydrogen with nitrogen and a few
other elements, such as phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and the halogens. Most organic compounds are seen in biological
origin, as they are found in nature.
1. Hydrocarbons are compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons that are bonded
together with only single bonds are alkanes. When hydrocarbons have one or more double bonds, they are called
alkenes.
2. Functional groups are atoms connected to carbon chains or rings of organic molecules. Compounds that are within
a functional group tend to have similar properties and characteristics. Two common functional groups are hydroxyl
groups and carboxyl groups.

Tasks to Do

TASK 1
WHAT TO DO: Write the molecular and structural formula for the following compounds.

Empirical formula Molecular formula Structural formula

CH3

CH

C2H4Cl

CH

NO2

TASK 2
WHAT TO DO: Draw a line-angle formula for the following compounds.
1. C3H8

2. C4H10

3. C5H12
 4. C6H14

5. C7H16

Things to Ponder

Research at least three examples of organic and inorganic compound that we can apply/use in our daily life.

 Organic Compound
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Inorganic Compound
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Test Yourself

Complete the table below. Write the structural formula for the following compounds.
Chemical Formula
Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula
Ethane CH3CH3
C2H6
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
C2H6O
Propane CH3CH2CH3
C3H8
 LEARNING KIT 4

Saint John School GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Lesson: Molecular Formula,
of San Juan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Inc. Balanced Chemical Equations,
and Theoretical Yield
Date: September 20 – 24, 2021

Name: _____________________________________ Grade Level & Section: _____________________

Things to Learn
At the end of this learning kit, you will be able to:
1. Calculate molecular formula given molar mass;
2. Write and balanced chemical equations;
3. Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction.

Think about it
Based on your prior knowledge about balanced chemical reaction. Label the parts of a simple chemical reaction below.

2H2 + O2 2H2O

. Tackle it Out

Empirical formulas can be determined from the percent composition of a compound. In order to determine its
molecular formula, it is necessary to know the molar mass of the compound. Chemists use an instrument called
a mass spectrometer to determine the molar mass of compounds. In order to go from the empirical formula to the
molecular formula, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the empirical formula mass (EFM), which is simply the molar mass represented by the empirical
formula.
2. Divide the molar mass of the compound by the empirical formula mass. The result should be a whole
number or very close to a whole number.
3. Multiply all the subscripts in the empirical formula by the whole number found in step 2. The result is the
molecular formula.

Example 1: Determining the Molecular Formula of a Compound

The empirical formula of a compound of boron and hydrogen is BH3. Its molar mass is 27.7 g/mol.
Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the
problem. Step 2: Calculate.

Empirical formula = BH3 1. The empirical formula mass (EFM) = 13.84 g/mol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 27.7
Molar mass = 27.7 g/mol 2. = =2
𝐸𝐹𝑀 13.84
Molecular formula = ?
3. BH3 X 2 = B2H6
BALANCED CHEMICAL REACTION
New substances are always produced during a chemical reaction, which can be represented by a chemical equation.
In chemical equation, the reactants are written at the left hand side, and the products at the right hand side.
Symbol in chemical reaction
 (+)- written between the symbols and formulas of reactant and product.
 ( ) - separates reactants from products.
 (s)- indicates a solid reactant or product.
 (l)- indicates a liquid reactant or product.
 (g)- indicates a gaseous reactant or product.
 (aq)- indicates that the reactant or product is in an aqueous solution.
 ( ) – indicates that heat must be supplied to reactants before a reaction occurs.
 ( catalyst )- the substance written above the arrow is a catalyst or a solvent.

Chemical equation - describes a chemical change.

Parts of an equation:
Reactant - The chemical(s) you start with before the reaction.
Written on left side of equation.
Product - The new chemical(s) formed by the reaction.
Right side of equation.
Subscript - shows how many atoms of an element are in a molecule.
Example: H2O
 2 atoms of hydrogen (H)
 1 atom of oxygen (O)
Coefficient - shows how many molecules there are of a particular chemical.
Example: 3 H2O
 Means there are 3 water molecules.

Theoretical Yield
Under ordinary laboratory conditions, however, this theoretical yield is not obtained because of several factors that affect
the efficiency of the reaction. Oftentimes, the actual yield is less than the theoretical yield. The ratio (in percent) between
the actual yield and the theoretical yield is referred to as the percentage yield given by:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑋 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)

Example 2: Theoretical Yield

Suppose 41.3 grams of Fe2O3 was produced during experiment. The theoretical yield of Fe2O3 is 50.0 g. What is
the percent yield of the reaction?
Solution:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑋 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)

41.3 𝑔
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑋 100
50.0 𝑔

= 82.6%
Tasks to Do

TASK 1
WHAT TO DO: Determine the molecular formula of the compounds.
A. The empirical formula of a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is C3H4O3. Its molar mass is 27.7 g/mol.
Determine the molecular formula of the compound.

B. The empirical formula of a compound of carbon and hydrogen is C2H5. Its molar mass is 26.7 g/mol. Determine
the molecular formula of the compound.
TASK 2
WHAT TO DO: Balance the following chemical equations.

Things to Ponder

When is the application of a balanced equation evidenced in everyday life?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Test Yourself

WHAT TO DO: Balance the following chemical equations.

1. ____Fe + ____Cl2 → ____FeCl3

2. ____Fe + ____O2 → ____Fe2O3
3. ____FeBr3 + ____ H2 SO4 → _____Fe2 (SO4 ) 3 + ____HBr
4. ____C4H6O3 + ____H2O → _____C2H4O2
5. ____C2H4 + ___O2 → ___CO2 + ____H2O
6. ____C4H10O + ____O2 → ___CO2 + ____H2O
7. _____C7H16 + ____O2 → ____CO2 + ____H2O
8. _____H2 SiCl2 + ____H2O → ____H8 Si4O4 + ___HCl
9. _____HSiCl3 + ____H2O → ____H10Si10O15 + ____HCl
10. _____C7H9 + ___HNO3 → _____C7H6 (NO2 ) 3 + _____H2O