10

PROJECT ONE
(MAIN DISCOURSE)

TITLE:
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF LANDED PROPERTY
BELONGING TO DOVE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS AT
MBAK 4, MBAK ETOI VILLAGE, UYO LOCAL GOVT.
AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE.

BY
MR NDIFREKE IME UDOEKPO
PUPIL SURVEYOR

SUBMITTED TO
SURVEYORS COUNCIL OF NIGERIA (SURCON)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

REGISTRATION AS A SURVEYOR

JULY, 2019
 11

SURVEYORS COUNCIL OF NIGERIA (SURCON)

(ESTABLISHED BY DECREE NO.44 OF 1989: CAP 425 LFN 1990)

THE SURVEY REGULATIONS

PROJECT CERTIFICATION

TITLE OF PROJECT/LOCATION:
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF LANDED PROPERTY BELONGING TO DOVE
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS, AT MBAK 4, MBAK ETOI VILLAGE, UYO LOCAL
GOVT. AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE.

I hereby certify that all the information given to this project were obtained as a result
of observations and measurements made by me and that the survey was carried out in
accordance with Survey Laws and Regulations.

I solemnly declare that I will abide by all the Rules and Regulations governing the
conduct of the Surveyors Council of Nigeria Professional Examinations and any false
information given in this project will automatically disqualify me from being
considered for Examination and the decision of the Council shall be final.

NDIFREKE IME UDOEKPO

Candidate’s Name:………………………………………………………………….…..

Signature:………………………………………………………………………………..

Date:…………………………………………………………………………………......
 12

SURVEYORS COUNCIL OF NIGERIA (SURCON)

(ESTABLISHED BY DECREE NO.44 OF 1989: CAP 425 LFN 1990)

THE SURVEY REGULATIONS

CERTIFICATE OF ATTESTATION BY SUPERVISING SURVEYOR

TITLE OF PROJECT/LOCATION:

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF LANDED PROPERTY BELONGING TO DOVE

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS, AT MBAK 4, MBAK ETOI VILLAGE, UYO LOCAL
GOVT. AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE.

This is to certify that MR NDIFREKE IME UDOEKPO has satisfactorily carried out the
survey duties contained in the above named project under my instruction and supervision.

I hereby declare that she has conducted herself with due diligence, honesty and sobriety on
the said duties and accepts liability for any false information discovered in this project report.
I will solemnly accept and abide by any sanctions instituted against me by the Surveyors
Council of Nigeria as a result of any such false information.

Name of Supervising Surveyor: SURV. OTOBONG U. NSE, mnis

Official/Business Address: BETHESDA GEO-DESIGN CONSULT, #150, IDORO

ROAD, UYO, AKWA IBOM STATE

Registration Number: 2854

Year of Registration: 2015

Date of Attestation: 1st JULY, 2019

SURCON SEAL AND SIGNATURE

 13

ABSTRACT
This topographic survey of the proposed Dove International Schools at Mbak Etoi,
Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, was performed in 2018. It entailed typical planimetric and
topographic work over a 3.035 Hectare site, with extensive terrain detailing. The
project was controlled relative to established survey control. Ground elevations were
shot at a 25 m grid spacing using a Sokkia SET 530R Total Station. Data was
processed using Microsoft Excel. Linear Errors were corrected using Bowditch's
Compass Rule and a linear accuracy of 1: 6550 was obtained. Final drawings were
delivered in metric format with a 0.5 m contour interval and Spot heights at 50 meters
intervals all plotted in AutoCAD Civil 3D 2018. A digital Terrain Model of the site
was produced with Surfer 9. The final products were a Contour Plan, Spot Heights
Plan, Overlay of the Contour and Spot heights Plan as well as a DTM plan of the site.
 14

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE
PROJECT ONE ....................................................................................................................... 10
(MAIN DISCOURSE) ............................................................................................................. 10
TITLE: ................................................................................................................................. 10
PROJECT CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................. 11
CERTIFICATE OF ATTESTATION BY SUPERVISING SURVEYOR ......................... 12
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 16
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 16
1.10 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS ................................................................................ 16
1.11 LOCATION OF THE SURVEY AND SIZE ........................................................ 18
1.12 AIM OF THE PROJECT....................................................................................... 18
1.13 ORDER OF THE SURVEY AND SCOPE OF WORK ....................................... 19
1.14 EQUIPMENT USED FOR THE PROJECT ......................................................... 19
1.15 PROJECT PERSONNEL ...................................................................................... 20
1.16 DURATION OF THE PROJECT.......................................................................... 20
1.17 CANDIDATES INVOLVEMENT........................................................................ 20
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 21
PROJECT PLANNING ....................................................................................................... 21
1.20 DATA SEARCH ................................................................................................... 21
1.21 SITE RECONNAISSANCE .................................................................................. 21
1.22 OFFICE PLANNING .................................................................................................. 22
1.22.1 Determination of Accuracy requirement of the project: ........................................ 22
1.22.2 Determination of Contouring Method ................................................................... 22
1.22.3 Determination of Scale to be used for the Drawing .............................................. 23
1.22.4 Baseline Selection.................................................................................................. 23
1.23 PRE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 23
1.23.1 Computation of Expected Misclosures .................................................................. 24
1.24 CHOICE OF INSTRUMENT ............................................................................... 24
1.25 INSTRUMENT TEST ........................................................................................... 25
1.25.1 HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL COLLIMATION TEST ............................... 25
1.25.2 EDM DISTANCE CONSTANT DETERMINATION ......................................... 28
1.25.3 PLATE LEVEL AND CIRCULAR BUBBLE TESTS ......................................... 30
1.25.4 OPTICAL PLUMMET TEST ............................................................................... 31
 15

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 32

DATA ACQUISITION ........................................................................................................ 32
1.30 PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................ 32
1.31 INSITU CHECK.................................................................................................... 32
1.32 GRID LINES CLEARING/PEGGING ................................................................. 35
1.33 SUBSIDIARY TRAVERSING PROCEDURES .................................................. 35
1.34 GRID LEVELLING .............................................................................................. 36
1.35 OBSERVATIONAL CHECKS ............................................................................. 36
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 38
DATA PROCESSING ......................................................................................................... 38
1.40 DATA DOWNLOAD............................................................................................ 38
1.41 DATA REDUCTION IN EXCEL ......................................................................... 38
1.42 LINEAR ERROR AND ADJUSTMENTS ........................................................... 39
1.43 COORDINATES COMPUTATION ..................................................................... 40
1.44 COMPUTATION OF LINEAR ACCURACY ..................................................... 41
1.45 HEIGHT MISCLOSURES AND CORRECTIONS ............................................. 42
CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 44
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 44
1.50 SUMMARY OF RESULTS .................................................................................. 44
1.51 ERROR ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 54
1.52 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE ................................................................ 54
1.53 PLOTTING THE SURVEY .................................................................................. 55
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................ 57
PROJECT COSTING .......................................................................................................... 57
1.61 COSTING OF PROJECT ...................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................................................................. 59
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................ 59
1.71 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS ........................................... 59
1.72 RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................... 59
1.73 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 60
1.74 SUBMISSIONS ..................................................................................................... 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 61
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 62
 16

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.10 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS

Surveying is a process of direct measurement and analysis of spatial data, specifically

designed to document the existence, the identity, location, and dimension or size of

natural or artificial features on land in the air, in space or water for the purpose of

producing accurate and reliable maps, suitable for visualization if needed, of such

documentation. Topographic Survey is a survey of selected natural and artificial

features of a part of the earth’s surface to determine horizontal and vertical spatial

relations.

The term Topographic surveying encompasses a broad range of surveying and

mapping products, ranging from aerial mapping to ground and underground surveys.

Topographic surveys are three-dimensional; they employ the techniques of plane

surveying and other special techniques to establish both horizontal and vertical

control. The relief or configuration of the terrain and the natural or artificial features

are located by measurement and depicted on a flat sheet to form a topographic map.

Topographic surveys are the basis for detailed plans showing the layout and utilities of

sites.

Prior to the advent of total stations, GPS, LIDAR, and other spatial data acquisition

systems, Theodolite, transit and plane table topographic surveying methods and

instruments were the standard. They are rarely used today, other than perhaps for

small surveys when a Total Station or RTK system is not available. However, the
 17

basic field considerations regarding detail and accuracy have not changed, and field

observing methods with total stations or RTK are not significantly different from the

older survey techniques.

Historically, much of topographic mapping was done by means of aerial

photogrammetry, which used stereoscopic pairs of photographs taken during aerial

surveys. These photos were then reconstituted into stereo models for drafting true-

scale maps. Photogrammetry and other Remote Sensing techniques are generally used

today, to carry out the topographic mapping of expansive areas. However for small

areas, ground based survey methods using Total Stations and GPS have been applied

for topographic surveys.

Topographic surveys are performed to determine the planimetric location and/or

elevation of surface or subsurface features, facilities, or utilities. These surveys are

normally used to prepare highly detailed site plan (and digital databases) of a project

site, facilities, or utility infrastructure; for future design, on-going construction, or as-

built condition. In residential development projects like the development of housing

units, topographic survey of the site is required to determine the rate of erosion, the

trajectory of surface run off or the volume of earthworks quantities of cut or fill.

The applications of topographical survey are diverse. Topographical maps are useful

in a variety of ways some of which include planning and site selection/feasibility

studies. It is useful for designing engineering projects like roads, railways, canals,

drainage irrigation systems, layout of industrial plans, city planning as well as the

development of water and power projects. Topographical Maps or models can be

 18

combined with other information types for the detection of areas vulnerable to

phenomena like floods, erosion, and landslides as well as volumetric/risk analysis etc.

The analytical capacity and series of information/data that can be derived from a

topographical map are enormous.

This report contains a detailed narrative of a topographic survey of a parcel of land

earmarked for the construction of a Dove International School at Iba Oku, Uyo, Akwa

Ibom State, using classical ground survey method.

1.11 LOCATION OF THE SURVEY AND SIZE

The site is located At Mbak 4, Mbak Etoi Village, Uyo Local Govt. Area, Akwa Ibom

State. The site is 3.035 Hectares in area, with an estimated terrain elevation above sea

level of 25 metres. The topography of the Mbak Etoi area is rugged, being in

proximity with the Nwaniba River, which is characterised by ridges with steep-sided

valleys. The existing climatic factors in Akwa Ibom State in general and the site in

particular favours tropical rainforests. The native vegetation is predominantly wild oil

palms, woody shrubs and various grass undergrowth.

1.12 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The intended purpose of this project was to obtain a topographic plan defining the

terrain layout of the area by locating the position of ground points and spot elevations

to make the drawing of contour lines and other terrain representation possible. The

Overall objective was to yield a field- finish information package, complete in detail

and within the parameters defined by SURCON Guidelines for Topographical

Surveys, to help in decision making, design and construction of the proposed School;
 19

and to provide information readily available for use by the client or its agents. In other

words,

1.13 ORDER OF THE SURVEY AND SCOPE OF WORK

This was a third order project, and the scope of work was as follows:

 Reconnaissance

 Line Clearing

 Grid point Pegging

 Contouring/Spot Heighting

 Data Processing

 Production of Topographic plan

 Report Writing

1.14 EQUIPMENT USED FOR THE PROJECT

The equipment used were as follows

 2 No Tersus David GNSS Receiver (Base & Rover) and accessories

 Sokkia SET 530R Total Station and accessories

 100 Meter Tapes

 50 Meter Tapes

 4 Machetes

 Ranging Poles

 Dell XPS core i7 Computer and accessories

 HP Designjet 510 Printer

 Project Vehicle
 20

1.15 PROJECT PERSONNEL

The Project was carried out by the following personnel;

Surv. Otobong U. Nse, mnis - Supervisor

Mr Ndifreke Ime Udoekpo - Pupil Surveyor/Team Leader

Mr Emmanuel Attah - Technical assistant

Mr Uyobong Ezekiel - Chainman

Unskilled labourers - Line Opening

1.16 DURATION OF THE PROJECT

The entire project was executed between July 17th and 26th, 2018. The specific tasks

were as follows.

Reconnaissance - 1 day

Grid Line Clearing / - 4 days

Contouring - 3 days

Data Processing/ Plotting the survey - 1 day

Report writing - 1 day

Total = 10 days

1.17 CANDIDATES INVOLVEMENT

This author was involved in planning, logistics, data collection and data processing.
 21

CHAPTER TWO
PROJECT PLANNING

1.20 DATA SEARCH

Prior to the fieldwork, Data search was performed which aim was to acquire all

relevant information for the area under the required task. Specifically, the Perimeter

Plan indicating the area to be surveyed was obtained. Another piece of valuable

information obtained was existing primary survey controls, including their physical

location and coordinates. The perimeter plan having been produced in-house was

obtained, including the coordinates of controls established during the Perimeter

Survey of the site. Also obtained was the base map showing the area and adjoining

villages.

1.21 SITE RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is useful in showing the general site layout. Recce was carried out to

enable the proper visualisation of those areas, which should be covered by the more

time-consuming and detailed topographic surveys, vis-a-vis to design the workflow so

as to guarantee a great reduction in time of survey.

Physical features relevant to the subject plot were identified and marked. The site was

covered with trees and shrubs, which would be opened during grid line clearing.

Existing survey monuments were located and marked with caution tapes for easy

identification. It was observed that the site had a cascading relief which was

susceptible to erosion.

A recce diagram (Appendix 1.5) was drawn for the site.

 22

1.22 OFFICE PLANNING

Office Planning was a pre-field operation planning sequence to consider the several

factors required for the successful completion of the survey. It was also a way of

itemizing what was needed and how to achieve them. For this project, the planning

process was carried out under the following headings.

i. Determination of accuracy requirement of the project

ii. Determination of Contouring Method

iii. Determination of scale to be used for the plotting

iv. Baseline selection

1.22.1 Determination of Accuracy requirement of the project:

The stipulated third order accuracy must be better than 1:5000 both for the vertical

and horizontal coordinates. Achievement of this accuracy standard could be

guaranteed by using precise instruments. It was decided that reasonable care must be

taken, particularly during observations to ensure that gross errors were eliminated and

systematic errors were kept as minimal as possible. It was also decided that a Total

Station with a refined least count could easily achieve the required accuracy if

carefully used.

1.22.2 Determination of Contouring Method

An indirect contouring method where a baseline was chosen, and from which grid

points would be established was planned. Contouring of the grids would be by

trigonometrical levelling using a Total Station. The method allowed for the

coordinates of the grids to be obtained simultaneously. The method was considered

 23

economic in time, since the vertical and horizontal components could be captured

simultaneously. Also, the 3D coordinates of the grid points favoured computer

assisted drafting method, which was used to plot the survey.

1.22.3 Determination of Scale to be used for the Drawing

The choice of plotting scale was dependent upon the size and shape of the area and

upon the nature of the terrain, i.e., density of information to be contained and

steepness of slope. Taking all these into consideration, the paper size of the final

output, which would represent it in a legible and aesthetically pleasing manner was

also factored in. Therefore, for a site approximately 3 hectares, a scale of 1:2500

which could be accommodated neatly on an A3 size paper, giving acceptable sizes of

fonts on plan was adopted.

1.22.4 Baseline Selection

The perimeter survey of the area had been completed and the survey plan was

available at the office. Given the methodology adopted for the project, a baseline from

which the grids would be projected was chosen. This was marked on the Perimeter

plan, preparatory for setting out on site. A line was drawn between SC/AK/C –

SC/AK/C approximately in the North West-South East direction. This line was the

longest line, and projections from it would cover the entire site, hence its choice as

baseline.

1.23 PRE ANALYSIS

Pre analysis was carried out to determine a priori the accuracy expectations from the

survey exercise. Basically, computations were carried out to determine the expected
 24

precision level that would be accepted or rejected as the case may be. Two major

Preanalysis computations were carried out, namely, computation of allowable linear

and angular misclosure, and the allowable height misclosure

1.23.1 Computation of Expected Misclosures

Grid levelling was carried out from subsidiary traverse station, which was the basis for

the coordination of grid points. To ascertain precision of data collected, the acceptable

angular misclosures for a third - order traverse was computed. Eqn 1.1 was used.

k= 30 √ n (seconds) - - - - - - - Eqn 1.1

Where;

n = the number of survey stations in the traverse

k = Acceptable angular misclosure

k = 30√n

The Maximum Allowable linear accuracy of the subsidiary traverse must not be less

than 1:5000 being a third order traverse.

The measure of precision for vertical coordinates of a 3rd Order levelling exercise was

computed using the formula;

Vertical misclosure = 24mm√k - - - - - Eqn 1.2

Where k is distance covered in kilometres.

1.24 CHOICE OF INSTRUMENT

The choice of instrument was dependent on the data type and instrument’s capability

to capture it. Contouring by Total Station was chosen for the project. This was

because Total stations combine the functions of several devices in one unit. The unit
 25

can be used for the measurement of distances, angles and differences in height

between points. It was also a digital component, which was automated, enabling data

exchange to a computer or laptop at the office.

Grid levelling was planned at 25 meters interval; hence for such a large expanse of

land, a large amount of ground relief detail was collected in the field. Therefore an

instrument that could adequately collect the sufficient shot density and store same

without loss of data was indispensable. Furthermore, the Total Station Instrument was

readily available and the expertise to use it was available; therefore it was the most

preferred.

1.25 INSTRUMENT TEST

To establish confidence in the data collected and to give weight to them, it was

appropriate to check the precision of the Total Station Instrument for the project. The

tests were necessitated by the accuracy requirements of the project. The following

tests were carried out namely;

 Total Station Horizontal and Vertical Collimation Check

 EDM Constant Calibration

 Total Station: Plate Bubble and Circular Level Bubble Tests

 Optical Plummet Test

These are explained in the following sections

1.25.1 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COLLIMATION TEST

A Total Station's Horizontal collimation is in error when its line of sight is not

perpendicular to the trunnion axis. This error affects all horizontal circle readings and
 26

increases with steep sightings. This error is modelled such that when the telescope is

rotated about the trunnion axis, it defines a conical surface instead of a true circle. To

verify that this error existed or otherwise, readings to a point on left and right face

would differ by about plus or minus 180 degrees

Likewise, a Vertical Collimation Error exists on a Total Station if the 0o vertical line

in the instrument's vertical circle is inclined and does not coincide with its true vertical

axis. This zero point error would be present in all vertical circle readings. The

presence of this error is verified if the vertical reading to a point on the instrument's

left and right faces does not sum up to 360o.

To carry out this test, the Total Station was set over a point P and temporarily

adjusted. Two tripods T1 and T2 were set up and mounted with reflectors on opposite

sides of the instrument each at approximately 100 meters from the instrument on both

sides.

(1) The reflector on tripod T1 was sighted with the Total Station on Face Left, the

horizontal and vertical circle readings were recorded in a field book. The

instrument was rotated horizontally, to sight the reflector on tripod T2 on the

opposite side. The horizontal and vertical circle readings were read and

recorded as previously done.

(2) The instrument was then rotated horizontally, and the tripod transited and

rotated through 180 degrees to read the reflector on T2, but this time on face

right. The same procedure repeated, only that this time, it was to T2 first, then
 27

to T1. Horizontal and Vertical Circle readings were recorded were as shown in

Table 1.1.

Total Station

T1 T2

Figure. 1.0: Horizontal/Vertical Collimation Test

TABLE 1.1: horizontal and vertical collimation test result

Station Sighted to Face H. C. reading Diff. V. C reading Difference

0 ‘ “ 0 ‘ “ 0 ‘ “ 0 ‘ “

Point P T1 L 00 00 00 88 09 45

R 180 00 02 00 00 02 271 50 16

360 00 01 00 00 01

T2 L 180 12 42 92 17 00

R 00 12 44 00 00 02 267 43 02

360 00 02 00 00 02

MEAN 00 00 02 00 00 1.5
From Table 1.1 it could be seen that the horizontal angle measurements as observed

on face left and face right differed by 180o with a 2 second horizontal collimation

error after a mean of three sets of readings was taken. There was also a vertical index

error of 1.5 seconds. These errors were within allowable limits. The instrument was

therefore assumed to be in good adjustment. It also meant that the instrument was

capable of giving the required accuracy for the job.

 28

1.25.2 EDM DISTANCE CONSTANT DETERMINATION

This test was carried out simultaneously with the test for horizontal and vertical

collimation. The accuracy of the distance measuring components of a Total Station is

affected by factors like age of instrument and rate of use on site. The EDM distance

constant test was carried out on the Total Station using a 3 peg test. Nominally, an

EDM error is of constant magnitude and does not depend on the length of the line

measured. The method of calibration involves taking distance measurements along a 3

point baseline as shown in figure 1.1

A simple three peg test was conducted as follows;

A line T1PT2 200 meters in length was set on a level ground with point P chosen

approximately mid-way between T1 and T2.

T1 P T1

Figure 1.1: Three Peg Test

The test procedure was carried out as follows;

(1) The Total Station instrument was set up over point P and temporarily adjusted

(2) Reflector T1 was sighted, and the distance T1-P was observed five times and the

observed values recorded.

(3) The procedure was repeated, this time to reflector T2, whose distance P-T2, was

also measured five times and the values recorded.

(4) The instrument was moved and set up at point T1 and temporarily adjusted

while the reflector previously at T1 was set up over point P. Distance

 29

measurements T1-P and T1-T2 were each made and recorded five times

respectively. The mean values were computed and are shown and are shown in

Table 1.2

TABLE 1.2: EDM constant calibration results

Instrument Station Line Observation Measured Distances

Measured Mean Distance
X T1-P 1 100.003
2 100.005
3 100.004

4 100.003
5 100.004
100.004
P-T2 1 100.009
2 100.006
3 100.008

4 100.010
5 100.009
100.008
T1 T1- T2 1 200.020
2 200.018
3 200.019
4 200.018
5 200.018

200.019

The following equation was used to determine the instrument constant/offset error.

C(Instrument Constant) =[T1- T2] -[ (T1-X) + (X-T2)] - - - Eqn 1.3

C= 200.019 – 100.004 – 100.008 = 0.007m
 30

A value of 0.007m was considered relatively insignificant, hence the Total Station's

EDM was considered suitable for distance measurements

1.25.3 PLATE LEVEL AND CIRCULAR BUBBLE TESTS

When the Plate and Circular Levels of a Total Station are not in the horizontal plane,

an effect is created in which an observed horizontal angle is not truly a horizontal

angle. However, when the bubbles in the plate a circular levels are centred

simultaneously it gives some level of confidence that they are in the horizontal plane.

If on the other hand, it is found to be off centre, the bubble must be adjusted, to ensure

that both bubbles are centred whenever the Total Station is levelled.

This test was carried out on the SOKKIA SET 530R Total Station to be used for this

project. The test was carried out as follows;

(1) The instrument was set up and levelled by ensuring that the plate and circular

levels had their bubbles in their respective bull's eyes.

(2) With the instrument firmly fixed to the tribrach, the upper part was turned

through 180 degrees repeatedly.

(3) After turning the instrument thought its horizontal axis severally, both bubbles

were found to remain centred within their respective bull's eyes.

Since both bubbles in the circular and plate levels were centred after levelling the

instrument, they were assumed to be in the horizontal plan, and there was no need for

adjustment.
 31

1.25.4 OPTICAL PLUMMET TEST

The optical plummet on the total station was also checked prior to the fieldwork. A

piece of plain paper was fixed to a level surface and a clear mark was made in pen on

it. The instrument was then set up on a tripod and centred and leveled over the mark.

With the mark on the ground in clear focus and the cross hairs centred over it, the

instrument was rotated around its vertical axis roughly 90o. If the cross hairs left the

mark, then the optical plummet required calibration (i.e. the vertical axis was not truly

vertical). However, with the rotation, the instrument was still centred over the mark.

Hence it was assumed that the instrument's optical plummet was in good adjustment.
 32

CHAPTER THREE
DATA ACQUISITION

1.30 PREAMBLE

This section explains the actual data collection process. On site, the observations

began with an in-situ check to determine the integrity of the boundary beacons used

for coordinating the subsidiary traverse, which was in turn used to coordinate the grid

points. This was followed by the grid line clearing and finally with the grid levelling

process. The details are given in the next sections.

1.31 INSITU CHECK

In situ checks were carried out on three perimeter beacons two of which were the end

points of the Baseline. The test was carried out to ensure that they were in position

and undisturbed. The checks comprised carrying out back computation of the beacon

coordinates to derive the distances and angle between them, carrying out field

measurements using a Total Station to obtain angles and distances between the

beacons and comparing the two datasets for consistency.

a. Field observations were carried out as follows; the instrument was set up on

SC/AK/C59991 and temporarily adjusted. A reflector was positioned on

SC/AK/C61362 and observed on Face Left. The Horizontal Circle Reading was

recorded along with the distance between the two stations. The telescope was

then rotated horizontally to bisect another reflector mounted on

SC/AK/C59992. The horizontal circle reading and distance were recorded. The

telescope was transited and rotated through 180 degrees to Face Right and the
 33

procedure was repeated. But this time, the fore station was first observed before

the telescope was rotated horizontally to observe the back station. Recorded

values are as shown on Table 1.3

Table 1.3 insitu Check Observations

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Station SIGHT FACE Hz. Circ. R. ANGLES MEAN
Distance
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SC/AK/C1 L 000 00 00 144.096m
SC/AK/C3 L 274 52 07 274 52 07
SC/AK/C2 SC/AK/C3 R 94 52 08 274 52 07 274 52 07
SC/AK/C1 R 180 00 01 120.430

To derive the bearings/angles and distances between the stations from their

coordinates, back computations were carried out as follows;

Distance values were computed using the formula

Distance = √∆𝐸 2 + ∆𝑁 2 - - - - - - Eqn 1.4

Bearings were computed using

∆𝑁
Bearing = tan−1 - - - - - - - Eqn 1.5
∆𝐸

b. The algebraic signs and the quadrants of the respective partial coordinates were
noted accordingly.

Where;

∆E and ∆N were the differences in Easting and Northing Coordinates respectively.

c. The two data sets were compared and tabulated as shown in Table 1.4
 34

TABLE 1.4: Insitu Check

Checks Stations Observed Computed Diff Allowabl Remarks

e diff

Angular SC/AK/C61362 274 o 52’ 07 " 274 o 52’ 25 " -00 0’ 18” 00 0’ 30” Accepted
< SC/AK/C59991
SC/AK/C59992

Linear SC/AK/C 59991 120.430m 120.411m 0.019m 0.025 Accepted

- SC/AK/C59992

Linear SC/AK/C61362 144.096m 144.073m 0.023m 0.028 Accepted

- SC/AK/C59991

From Table 1.3, the calculated angular difference of -0o 0’ 18” was within the

acceptable limit of 30” for a 3rd Order survey and the calculated linear differences of -

0.019m and 0.028m were insignificant. Thirdly the height differences obtained from

insitu check was quite encouraging, and it meant the vertical component can be relied

upon when making observations. Based on the above results it was concluded that the

beacons were in-place.

SC/AK/C59992

SC/AK/C59991
SC/AK/C61362

Figure 1.2: Insitu Check

 35

1.32 GRID LINES CLEARING/PEGGING

Baseline clearing was carried out by chainmen using Ranging Poles. Line clearing

was approximately 1 meter wide. All undergrowth, shrubs and obstacles were cleared

using cutlasses, after which pegs were planted at 10 meter intervals. The pegs were

positioned in straight lines. Perpendicular offsets were set out from the pegs and

cleared of obstacles, obstructions and bushes until they intersected a boundary line.

The perpendicular offsets were also pegged at 10 meter intervals to establish a grid

system for contouring.

1.33 SUBSIDIARY TRAVERSING PROCEDURES

Grid levelling was carried out from subsidiary traverse stations, to enable a precision

check of the contouring exercise. The following procedure for data collections was

observed with the Total station.

 The Total Station instrument was set up on beacon SC/AK/C59991, temporary

adjustment (centering and levelling of instrument) was carried out and the total

station switched on and set in "Coordinates Mode"

 Instrument station orientation settings were made by inputting the instrument

station and back sight station SC/AK/C61362 coordinates with their respective

heights. Also keyed in were the instrument and reflector heights (which were

measured with a pocket tape.

 The instrument's microprocessor automatically computed the back azimuth by

default.
 36

 To set the computed azimuth as the starting bearing. The reflector on the back

station was observed and its coordinates (N, E and Z) were recorded.

 The telescope was then rotated horizontally to sight and take measurements to

the reflector on the forward station. The coordinates observed were recorded.

 The instrument was then moved to the next station and the process was

repeated.

 In this project, subsidiary traversing was done on one face only.

1.34 GRID LEVELLING

Grid levelling commenced at SC/AK/C59991, whose height was determined as 16.977

from the perimeter survey. A back sight observation was made to SC/AK/C 61362

while foresight was observed to P1, a subsidiary traverse station. The intermediate

pegs were observed and their coordinates and heights were recorded. The traverse

continued from point to point until all the grids were observed and their coordinates

were recorded. The traverse closed at its starting point. This gave room for an

assessment of the accuracy of the traverse as well as the heights.

1.35 OBSERVATIONAL CHECKS

The following precautions were taken during observations to ensure precise results;

 Levelling distances were kept within 150 meters of the instrument to avoid

errors that arise during trigonometrical levelling over long distances.

 All observations were recorded in the Total Station's electronic field book to

eliminate booking errors.

 37

 Differences between observed and recorded back coordinates were noted and

repeated if the difference exceeding 10 mm.

 During observation, the reflector was kept truly vertical by using its bubbles
 38

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PROCESSING

1.40 DATA DOWNLOAD

Data download was done using the SOKKIA Downlink Software. The following were

observed during this process

1. The Laptop Computer was powered on and the SOKKIA Software interface was

launched

2. The Instrument was connected to the Laptop using a USB cable

3. “Comms” Port settings on the laptops were set to synchronise with “comms” port

settings on the instrument

4. The data was then downloaded from instrument to computer and stored as a

SDR33 file. Downloaded file was then copied and saved as an Excel file

1.41 DATA REDUCTION IN EXCEL

Direct coordinates (N,E,Z) were obtained from the field observation. In Microsoft

Excel, the coordinates of each occupied point was arranged in cells Intermediate grid

points were not computed at this stage. The instrument Stations were selected for

adjustment, which would be applied to the grid points which were observed from each

station. Since the traverse commenced and closed at the same point, it was easy to

appreciate the misclosures in both the coordinates and heights.

Data reduction was carried out to derive the partial coordinates, distances and bearings

of each line, which would then be recomputed to adjust the traverse.

 39

To compute the partial coordinates the cell values were subtracted in excel,

Figure 1.2: Print Screen of Excel Data Processing

As follows;

∆N = (=Kn-K n-1) - - - - - - - - Eqn 1.6

∆E = (=Ln-L n-1) - - - - - - - - Eqn 1.6

Distances were computed as follows

D = [SQRT(∆E^2+∆N^2)] - - - - - - - Eqn 1.8

And bearings were computed as

BRG = [=MOD(DEGREES(ATAN2((∆N),(∆E))),360)] - - Eqn 1.9

Where

∆N and ∆E are the partial Northings and Eastings Coordinates respectively

K and L are the Column values in Excel, while n is the row number

1.42 LINEAR ERROR AND ADJUSTMENTS

The use of the Total Station gave rise to field finish coordinates, hence there was no

need to adjust bearings, only to apply correction values to the partial coordinates. The

algebraic summation of partial coordinates for an adjusted closed loop traverse is

 40

equal to zero. However the summation of the traverses resulted in misclosures. The

misclosures were computed as follows;

⅀∆E = 𝜺𝑬 = 0.131

⅀∆N = 𝜺𝑵 = -0.153

These values were adjusted using Bowditch's rule given as

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑔

δE’ = 𝜺𝑬 * - - - - - Eqn 1.10
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑔

δN’= 𝜺𝑵 * - - - - - - Eqn 1.11
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

Since the linear errors had negative and positive values, the corrections were added to

and subtracted from the partial coordinates respectively. The corrections due to a

particular instrument station was applied to all intermediate points observed from the

instrument station

1.43 COORDINATES COMPUTATION

Computation for the final coordinates commenced from the starting station. The

coordinates of the first Subsidiary Station P1 was obtained by the sum of the starting

coordinate, the Partial coordinate and the adjustment computed by Bowditch rule.

E P1= E SC/AK/C59991 + ∆E + δE - - - - - - Eqn 1.12

N P1= N SC/AK/C59991 + ∆N + δN - - - - - - Eqn 1.13

Where;

E SC/AK/C59991 = Easting Coordinated of previous beacon

 41

N SC/AK/C59991 = Northing Coordinate of previous beacon

E PEG1= Computed Final Easting of grid point

N PEG1= Computed Final Northing of grid point

δE = adjustment factor applied to departure

δE = adjustment factor applied to latitude

1.44 COMPUTATION OF LINEAR ACCURACY

To check the precision of horizontal coordinates obtained during the survey, the linear

accuracy of the traverse was computed. The first step was to obtain the linear

misclosure. This was computed using the formula;

Linear Misclosure = √𝜺𝑵𝟐 + 𝜺𝑬𝟐 -- - - - - Eqn 1.14

Where;

εN = linear error (Northing) = -0.153

εE = linear error (Easting) = 0.131

Linear Misclosure = 0.201

Secondly, the linear accuracy of the traverse was computed using the formula

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

1: ( 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
) - - - - - - Eqn 1.15

𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖.𝟒𝟕𝟕
Where Total Length of Traverse was = 1288.4771: ( 0.201
)

= 1: = 1: 6395~ 1:6400
 42

1.45 HEIGHT MISCLOSURES AND CORRECTIONS

The project was mainly to determine the configuration of the terrain, and this required

height measurements. Hence to check the precision of measured heights and to

determine if it met the required accuracy standards, a comparison was made. Recall

that the grid levelling exercise commenced and terminated at the same point.

The height of Beacon SC/AK/C59991 at start of grid levelling = 16.977 meters. The

height of same beacon at closing = 16.998 meters

Misclosure = Starting height – closing height- - - - - Eqn 1.16

= 16.998 - 16. 977 = 0.021m

This value was checked for its allowability using Eqn 1.2 (see Preanalysis)

Allowable vertical misclosure = 24mm√k,

Where;

k = 1.28848km, (total length covered during grid levelling in kilometres)

= 24mm*√ 2.726258km = 0.027242696m ~ 0.030m to the nearest centimetre.

The value 0.021m was less than the allowable value of 0.030m; hence the result was

accepted and the misclosure was distributed equally among the numbers of observed

points

= 0.021meters / 27 = 0.001 meters.

The correction value was subtracted cumulatively from each observed height as

measured from each instrument stations.

 43

The Relative Precision of height measurements was computed by dividing the total

length of the level run by the misclosure

Length of Traverse
Relative Precision = ( ) - - - - - Eqn 1.17
Misclosure

1288.477
( )
0.021

Height Accuracy = 1: 61356 ~ 1:61,000

 44

CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

1.50 SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The final results obtained in this project, included the height of boundary beacons and

the height of grid points. The aim was to determine the configuration of the terrain

within third order accuracy standards. Hence the Linear accuracies in heights and

horizontal coordinates are also presented. The Final coordinates resulting from

computations and adjustments of field data are presented. Table 1.5 shows the

coordinates of subsidiary traverse stations while the coordinates of boundary beacons

points are listed in Table 1.6. This is followed by the coordinates of grid points Table

1.7.

Table 1.5: Subsidiary traverse station coordinates

S/NO NORTHINGS EASTINGS HEIGHT POINT ID

(m) (m) (m) ASL
1 SC/AK/C59991 389570.909 554406.836 16.977
2 P1 389507.756 554462.661 18.129

3 P2 389517.853 554470.03 15.433

4 P3 389467.337 554509.799 15.681

5 P4 389476.432 554518.375 19.335

6 P5 389528.208 554477.583 20.170

7 P6 389538.294 554484.967 17.020
8 P7 389486.14 554529.69 18.913
9 P8 389494.887 554538.619 22.003
10 P9 389549.205 554493.468 23.182

11 P10 389559.393 554500.71 21.320

12 P11 389505.897 554548.739 24.112
13 P12 389514.777 554557.536 28.400
 45

14 P13 389571.927 554509.031 28.169

15 P14 389581.57 554516.985 27.355
16 P15 389529.814 554562.608 30.008

17 P16 389538.769 554571.329 33.099

18 P17 389595.582 554526.444 36.225

19 P18 389605.341 554534.254 34.208

20 P19 389551.787 554583.461 36.223

21 P20 389561.398 554591.454 39.682

22 P21 389618.474 554544.514 42.003
23 P22 389626.721 554549.807 42.068

24 P23 389572.566 554606.009 43.318

25 P24 389581.831 554614.401 46.511
26 SC/AK/C60013 389599.996 554606.376 46.213
27 SC/AK/C61362 389664.308 554516.534 46.469

Table 1.6: Boundary beacon coordinates

S/NO POINT ID EASTINGS NORTHINGS HEIGHT

(m) (m) (m) ASL
1 SC/AK/C59991 389570.909 554406.836 16.977
2 SC/AK/C59992 389486.190 554492.402 15.110
3 SC/AK/C59993 389474.039 554491.724 16.969
4 SC/AK/C59994 389446.096 554486.771 18.003
5 SC/AK/C59995 389442.074 554500.022 19.594
6 SC/AK/C59996 389431.828 554511.496 22.615
7 SC/AK/C59997 389428.525 554539.990 32.711
8 SC/AK/C59998 389431.870 554548.288 35.812
9 SC/AK/C59999 389465.868 554536.222 37.718
10 SC/AK/C60000 389473.235 554555.570 38.207
11 SC/AK/C60001 389488.138 554558.153 41.199
12 SC/AK/C60002 389482.465 554569.034 43.301
13 SC/AK/C60003 389485.640 554584.911 45.041
 46

14 SC/AK/C60004 389471.922 554592.066 46.213

15 SC/AK/C60005 389458.035 554621.491 46.945
16 SC/AK/C60006 389478.527 554627.461 47.405
17 SC/AK/C60007 389500.374 554639.443 48.262
18 SC/AK/C60008 389519.807 554646.048 48.806
19 SC/AK/C60009 389518.664 554663.491 49.026
20 SC/AK/C60010 389538.013 554663.745 49.012
21 SC/AK/C60011 389573.534 554650.790 48.456
22 SC/AK/C60012 389570.444 554636.098 46.213
23 SC/AK/C60013 389599.996 554606.377 48.047
24 SC/AK/C61355 389594.280 554599.645 46.103
25 SC/AK/C61356 389587.548 554594.479 43.102

26 SC/AK/C61357 389601.943 554585.715 44.577

27 SC/AK/C61358 389606.008 554578.306 46.051

28 SC/AK/C61359 389632.088 554561.710 47.525

29 SC/AK/C61360 389644.409 554544.435 49.000

30 SC/AK/C61361 389657.364 554528.516 47.984

31 SC/AK/C61362 389664.308 554516.534 46.469

32 SC/AK/C61363 389615.957 554481.732 48.284

33 SC/AK/C61364 389598.514 554462.976 48.433

34 SC/AK/C61365 389584.712 554429.487 48.583

TABLE 1.7: GRID POINT COORDINATES

S/NO POINT ID EASTINGS NORTHINGS HEIGHT

(m) (m) (m) ASL
1 SH1 389562.344 554390.807 17.487
2 SH2 389548.453 554412.284 17.199
3 SH3 389540.328 554419.292 17.653
4 SH4 389530.490 554432.795 18.153
5 SH5 389519.475 554445.339 19.214
6 SH6 389506.527 554460.096 20.878
7 SH7 389492.431 554477.277 22.814
 47

8 SH8 389480.398 554492.131 25.802

9 SH9 389468.254 554508.305 29.278
10 SH10 389458.286 554522.040 32.175
11 SH11 389450.553 554532.052 34.038
12 SH12 389438.572 554548.124 36.937
13 SH13 389429.309 554559.938 39.154
14 SH14 389419.853 554572.004 41.209
15 SH15 389410.078 554584.489 42.750
16 SH16 389400.292 554594.465 43.970
17 SH17 389391.737 554605.534 45.336
18 SH18 389386.288 554611.810 46.032
19 SH19 389387.797 554622.883 46.948
20 SH20 389399.781 554619.172 47.057
21 SH21 389412.381 554600.693 44.824
22 SH22 389427.953 554585.070 42.915
23 SH23 389444.106 554583.730 42.585
24 SH24 389451.289 554566.696 39.132
25 SH25 389454.800 554551.567 36.388
26 SH26 389467.798 554532.919 32.701
27 SH27 389476.067 554537.957 32.742
28 SH28 389490.559 554529.622 30.307
29 SH29 389486.369 554518.771 29.038
30 SH30 389497.203 554500.247 25.472
31 SH31 389510.900 554501.099 24.339
32 SH32 389516.855 554482.303 21.892
33 SH33 389507.194 554475.737 21.960
34 SH34 389523.466 554457.015 19.409
35 SH35 389530.185 554459.757 18.929
36 SH36 389542.238 554455.121 17.319
37 SH37 389556.348 554451.469 16.449
38 SH38 389539.378 554444.494 17.467
39 SH39 389540.920 554432.341 17.488
40 SH40 389547.991 554421.907 17.136
 48

41 SH41 389554.564 554431.492 16.618

42 SH42 389562.245 554440.995 16.128
43 SH43 389562.623 554425.537 16.158
44 SH44 389560.856 554410.497 16.421
45 SH45 389573.772 554418.205 15.513
46 SH46 389580.468 554435.600 15.464
47 SH47 389573.120 554445.552 15.781
48 SH48 389562.965 554457.697 16.187
49 SH49 389551.110 554464.656 16.973
50 SH50 389533.550 554468.753 19.205
51 SH51 389524.702 554481.463 21.151
52 SH52 389524.376 554496.102 22.642
53 SH53 389518.447 554510.232 24.845
54 SH54 389504.268 554518.455 27.423
55 SH55 389500.458 554530.163 29.532
56 SH56 389493.153 554542.377 32.098
57 SH57 389483.271 554547.865 33.796
58 SH58 389476.195 554548.802 34.486
59 SH59 389466.176 554554.340 36.106
60 SH60 389463.318 554566.284 38.341
61 SH61 389454.404 554577.935 40.967
62 SH62 389447.831 554590.610 43.690
63 SH63 389439.837 554596.238 44.357
64 SH64 389432.841 554601.985 45.009
65 SH65 389423.250 554605.693 45.422
66 SH66 389415.393 554614.941 46.507
67 SH67 389409.386 554624.578 47.625
68 SH68 389401.198 554632.993 48.009
69 SH69 389408.083 554639.130 48.593
70 SH70 389419.492 554635.779 48.847
71 SH71 389424.243 554622.377 47.358
72 SH72 389434.584 554612.620 46.270
73 SH73 389445.931 554607.991 45.806
 49

74 SH74 389452.740 554598.616 44.759

75 SH75 389465.295 554582.552 41.147
76 SH76 389474.774 554573.848 38.911
77 SH77 389480.002 554565.208 36.991
78 SH78 389500.525 554559.357 34.296
79 SH79 389505.950 554543.137 31.083
80 SH80 389513.740 554531.498 28.486
81 SH81 389523.880 554523.087 26.162
82 SH82 389529.386 554515.332 24.435
83 SH83 389537.410 554501.055 21.955
84 SH84 389535.514 554491.361 21.098
85 SH85 389545.828 554475.599 18.496
86 SH86 389555.686 554472.192 17.053
87 SH87 389566.984 554465.833 16.009
88 SH88 389577.727 554459.978 15.672
89 SH89 389587.266 554451.923 15.419
90 SH90 389586.977 554439.402 15.347
91 SH91 389598.687 554439.166 15.123
92 SH92 389586.100 554424.260 15.136
93 SH93 389579.500 554411.486 15.314
94 SH94 389565.573 554402.802 16.193
95 SH95 389576.324 554398.155 17.459
96 SH96 389591.813 554403.566 17.932
97 SH97 389599.332 554419.768 16.340
98 SH98 389606.894 554427.859 16.071
99 SH99 389614.015 554438.912 15.478
100 SH100 389608.948 554446.420 15.050
101 SH101 389601.722 554453.021 15.150
102 SH102 389590.210 554463.687 15.331
103 SH103 389576.930 554473.993 15.596
104 SH104 389563.050 554482.356 17.066
105 SH105 389554.992 554490.841 18.913
106 SH106 389546.927 554504.141 21.306
 50

107 SH107 389537.948 554520.840 24.326

108 SH108 389528.129 554533.787 27.360
109 SH109 389522.708 554546.407 29.976
110 SH110 389520.070 554554.464 31.603
111 SH111 389514.028 554565.407 34.110
112 SH112 389504.868 554570.215 35.829
113 SH113 389490.328 554577.707 38.441
114 SH114 389479.799 554587.792 41.141
115 SH115 389472.732 554596.228 43.268
116 SH116 389463.777 554604.395 45.466
117 SH117 389452.744 554613.821 46.553
118 SH118 389443.292 554623.929 47.617
119 SH119 389437.473 554636.109 48.924
120 SH120 389440.563 554644.022 49.789
121 SH121 389450.072 554636.333 49.039
122 SH122 389463.829 554622.119 47.633
123 SH123 389476.589 554614.279 46.520
124 SH124 389487.787 554602.009 43.207
125 SH125 389501.161 554588.343 39.399
126 SH126 389515.543 554582.213 36.563
127 SH127 389526.667 554566.234 32.717
128 SH128 389536.466 554549.436 28.937
129 SH129 389546.146 554534.075 25.355
130 SH130 389555.648 554517.772 22.002
131 SH131 389564.263 554508.510 19.780
132 SH132 389571.080 554496.592 17.499
133 SH133 389581.157 554487.930 15.242
134 SH134 389590.511 554475.267 15.215
135 SH135 389602.662 554466.101 15.089
136 SH136 389611.530 554459.751 15.030
137 SH137 389619.242 554453.614 15.005
138 SH138 389621.705 554462.328 15.171
139 SH139 389615.222 554472.930 15.371
 51

140 SH140 389604.894 554484.848 15.569

141 SH141 389587.982 554497.567 15.781
142 SH142 389575.982 554513.547 19.329
143 SH143 389570.796 554523.580 21.289
144 SH144 389561.444 554542.398 24.643
145 SH145 389547.374 554557.140 28.596
146 SH146 389539.822 554570.095 31.508
147 SH147 389533.249 554579.393 33.758
148 SH148 389522.586 554588.682 36.572
149 SH149 389513.008 554600.396 39.674
150 SH150 389500.938 554611.350 42.988
151 SH151 389486.806 554618.436 45.923
152 SH152 389480.912 554625.622 47.447
153 SH153 389471.734 554638.267 48.676
154 SH154 389477.203 554645.821 49.045
155 SH155 389490.032 554637.574 47.943
156 SH156 389504.068 554621.537 44.216
157 SH157 389518.992 554608.270 40.104
158 SH158 389535.380 554594.375 35.678
159 SH159 389545.817 554580.216 32.198
160 SH160 389560.573 554565.712 28.086
161 SH161 389567.916 554551.645 25.035
162 SH162 389578.475 554536.037 22.376
163 SH163 389588.431 554522.378 19.879
164 SH164 389598.359 554511.154 17.682
165 SH165 389603.991 554502.844 16.689
166 SH166 389612.887 554495.130 16.473
167 SH167 389616.847 554486.414 16.050
168 SH168 389624.400 554475.515 15.661
169 SH169 389630.416 554469.051 15.469
170 SH170 389639.518 554474.107 15.667
171 SH171 389634.668 554481.525 16.026
172 SH172 389629.035 554496.004 16.873
 52

173 SH173 389618.634 554503.474 17.242

174 SH174 389609.490 554516.416 18.184
175 SH175 389591.165 554536.063 21.571
176 SH176 389580.212 554552.316 24.066
177 SH177 389571.234 554566.096 26.707
178 SH178 389561.007 554578.912 29.963
179 SH179 389548.390 554590.854 33.411
180 SH180 389538.537 554605.658 36.970
181 SH181 389526.681 554615.318 40.171
182 SH182 389518.766 554625.156 42.849
183 SH183 389510.748 554633.833 45.353
184 SH184 389503.244 554643.162 47.801
185 SH185 389511.051 554650.293 47.993
186 SH186 389520.193 554637.548 44.706
187 SH187 389541.228 554618.848 38.694
188 SH188 389553.305 554602.419 34.447
189 SH189 389567.540 554588.299 30.461
190 SH190 389573.775 554574.133 27.543
191 SH191 389592.633 554557.654 23.774
192 SH192 389604.128 554542.910 21.811
193 SH193 389615.024 554530.049 20.013
194 SH194 389623.034 554517.245 18.549
195 SH195 389634.221 554505.098 17.606
196 SH196 389643.298 554496.910 16.958
197 SH197 389649.894 554493.137 16.610
198 SH198 389652.394 554500.796 17.130
199 SH199 389643.754 554515.895 18.531
200 SH200 389649.846 554511.521 18.114
201 SH201 389656.626 554511.112 18.086
202 SH202 389656.292 554523.922 19.094
203 SH203 389643.207 554545.061 20.388
204 SH204 389636.379 554556.511 22.434
205 SH205 389625.016 554566.539 24.631
 53

206 SH206 389611.570 554581.660 27.733

207 SH207 389588.876 554607.399 33.258
208 SH208 389578.088 554621.541 36.225
209 SH209 389570.178 554639.646 39.682
210 SH210 389562.604 554653.445 42.323
211 SH211 389558.184 554660.562 43.659
212 SH212 389571.214 554652.636 41.563
213 SH213 389583.376 554639.065 38.853
214 SH214 389603.480 554607.255 33.098
215 SH215 389609.018 554596.240 30.896
216 SH216 389633.356 554570.516 24.958
217 SH217 389653.782 554536.041 19.849
218 SH218 389667.748 554514.558 18.514
219 SH219 389663.508 554504.320 17.537
220 SH220 389636.224 554524.611 19.331
221 SH221 389626.509 554532.277 20.168
222 SH222 389614.662 554545.293 21.820
223 SH223 389602.686 554559.625 23.669
224 SH224 389591.800 554574.785 25.913
225 SH225 389581.567 554584.157 28.399
226 SH226 389571.834 554595.375 31.324
227 SH227 389563.193 554607.669 34.377
228 SH228 389552.227 554620.279 37.690
229 SH229 389543.311 554630.321 40.484
230 SH230 389536.567 554640.245 42.980
231 SH231 389530.395 554649.365 45.211
232 SH232 389537.556 554655.930 45.242
233 SH233 389545.847 554658.295 44.598
234 SH234 389554.764 554644.086 41.629
235 SH235 389562.857 554628.500 38.315
236 SH236 389569.196 554615.264 35.501
237 SH237 389585.701 554600.154 31.853
238 SH238 389597.339 554585.088 28.356
 54

239 SH239 389610.296 554568.400 25.185

240 SH240 389626.331 554549.807 22.047
241 SH241 389634.745 554536.342 20.121

These values form the basis for the production of plans and maps required for design,

inventory or decision making.

1.51 ERROR ANALYSIS

In numerical analysis, accuracy is also the nearness of a calculation to the true value;

in this project, the accuracy standard was third order, which implied that the linear

accuracy must not be less than 1:3000. Table 1.8 shows the height misclosure and

linear accuracy obtained during the survey.

TABLE 1.8: LINEAR ERROR AND ACCURACIES

No. of Total Misclosure Linear Height Remarks

Stns distance εh εE εN Accuracy Accuracy
27 1288.477 0.021 0.131 -0.153 1:6400 1:61,000 Accepted

The Linear accuracy showed that the traverse and leveling exercises met the accuracy

requirements for a third order survey.

1.52 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

Informed planning is made possible by the availability of facts and data. This project

generated height information that shows by way of visual representation, the terrain of

the site. From the data, an elevation range could be readily computed. The

lowest point is 15.005m, while the highest is 49.789m. This showed a range of 34.784

meters. This range is considered large enough to support high speed storm water

discharge that could enhance erosion. Therefore, the Engineer, Architect, Town
 55

Planner or decision maker is provided with the necessary facts to help in arriving at an

advantageous design or decision. This project also densified the height framework,

which could guide during earth works, design/setting out of roads and drainages

including future surveys in the immediate vicinity of the site.

1.53 PLOTTING THE SURVEY

To plot the survey, AutoCAD Civil 3d 2018 and Surfer were employed. The contour

and spot heights were plotted and overlaid on the 2D plot of the previously surveyed

boundary points. The following procedures were used for the plotting:

 A point file (Tab delimited), containing the grid coordinates and heights

was created in Notepad.

 AutoCAD Civil 3D was launched, and the Unit settings were made

 Layers were created for each of the drawing items. On the Layer Properties

tab different layers were created for spot heights, contour lines, plan border,

Grids etc.

 Next, a Surface was created in AutoCAD Civil 3D with the point intervals

set to 25 meters.

 The Point file containing the grid points was imported into the Surface.

 The created surface was overlaid on the perimeter drawing in AutoCAD

Civil 3D to produce the spot heights plan.

 In Surfer 7, a grid was created using the point file containing the grid point

coordinates.

 A Contour map and Wireframe (DTM) were created in Surfer and exported

to AutoCAD as a .dxf
 56

 The contour lines were overlaid on the perimeter drawing to derive the

contour plan.

 In AutoCAD, The drawing was labelled accordingly and the different

components of the drawing i.e. Contour, Spot heights were overlaid to form

a topographic map.

The height range on the contour map was 34.784 meters therefore a contour interval

(vertical interval) of 0.5 meters was chosen. Finally the contour and spot heights plan

were produced at a scale of 1:2000 while the DTM was not drawn to scale. See

Appendices 1D and 1F
 57

CHAPTER SIX
PROJECT COSTING

1.61 COSTING OF PROJECT

The cost of the project was based on Consultancy Cost Part 1 Scale of Fees (2008)

Table 29 and Direct Field Cost Part 2 of Scale of Fees (2008) Page 14

Estimated unit value of Land = N5000/m2

Value of Land = 5000x 3.035x10,000 = N 151,750,000

[A] CONSULTANCY (Based on value of Land)

First N 500,000 at 2.5% = N 12,500.00

Next N 500,000 at 1.5% = N 7,500.00

Next N 4000,000 at 0.15% = N 6,000.00

Above N 5,000,000 i.e. remaining

N 146,750,000 at 0.10% = N 146,750

[A] = N 172,750

[B] DIRECT COST

First 1 hectare at N 300,000 = N300,000.00

Next 2.035 hectares at N N 125,000/HA = N 254,375

Total [b] = N554,375.00

For deciduous region= 1.5 X [b] = [B] = N831,562.50

 58

Reimbursables/Contingencies and

Mobilisation/Demobilisation=10% of [B] =[C] = N83,156.25

A+B+C = [D] = N 1,086,968.75

VAT = 5% of [D] = [E] = N 54,348.44

GRAND TOTAL = [D]+ [E] = N 1,141,317.19

(One Million, One Hundred and Forty One Thousand, Three Hundred and

Seventeen Naira, Nineteen Kobo Only).

 59

CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1.71 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS

Minimal problems were encountered on site because the client had given ample

information to the community leaders in whose domain the project site was situate.

Persons who were still using the land for cultivation were given prior notice to harvest

their crops to avoid them being destroyed.

Rainfall was a major challenge as it hampered smooth flow of work from time to

time. This challenge was met by provision of safety and rain kit to the personnel

involved at site, as well as large umbrellas for the equipment.

No injury of any kind was reported on site. Furthermore, safety pep talks were given

on a daily basis on how to minimise accidents and injuries on site.

1.72 RECOMMENDATION

Informed planning of infrastructural projects requires adequate geospatial information

of different kinds including topographic information. Hence it is recommended that;

1. SURCON and policy makers in the Geoinformatics and survey sector should

push for the implementation of the building code in all government and private

sector developments

2. It is also recommended that the enforcement of laws protecting established

beacons be widely publicised, so as to provide framework which would allow

them to be tied to future surveys, rather than being lost, removed arbitrarily or

covered.
 60

3. All contractors handling infrastructural project should as a matter of policy be

required to present all the horizontal and vertical survey control needed, duly

established and endorsed by registered surveyors, with which they would

translate design to reality.

1.73 CONCLUSION

The project was aimed at producing a topographic plan of the proposed Dove

International School. The Grid Contouring method yielded highly precise terrain data

of the present relief configuration of the site. There was no man-hour loss due to

accident or incidents resulting from the field operations, only by natural causes. The

project was executed in strict compliance with survey rules and regulations.

1.74 SUBMISSIONS

The following documents are submitted with this report

1) RECCE Diagram of site

2) Certified true copies of field (downloaded) data

3) Certified true copies of computation sheets

4) Certified true copy of Contour plan

5) Certified true copy of the Spot Height Plan

6) Certified true copy of Spot Heights and Contour Plan overlay

7) Certified true copy of plan showing DTM

 61

BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Allan, A. L., Hollwey, J. R., Mayner, J. H. B. (1980) Practical Field Surveying and
Computations. William Heinemman Ltd, London.
- Anderson James M. & Mikhail Edward M. (1998): “Surveying Theory and
Practice” 7th Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill USA.
- Bannister, A., Raymond, S., and Baker, R. (1998). Surveying. Seventh Edition,
Harlow, England: Longman, Pearson Education Ltd., Edinburgh
Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 22JE.
- Ekpete B. O. (2014): “Choosing Projects and Folio Preparation for SURCON
Professional Examinations”, workshop organized by SURCON at University
of Nigeria, Enugu Campus 7th and 8th March
- Leatherdale, J. 1992. Prospects for Mapping and Spatial, Information
Management in Developing Countries. ITC Journal , 1992-4,343-347.
- Meine, K. H. 1972. Considerations on the State of Development with regard to
Topographical Maps of the Different Countries of the Earth,
International Yearbook of Cartography, Vol. XII, pp. 182-195.
- Olorunfemi, J. F. 1992. The Topographic map. A Neglected Tool in Population
Estimation, in Balogun, O.Y.(ed.) Census and Census Mapping in Nigeria,
Spe. Publ. NCAP-2, Nig. Carto. Asso., Lagos, pp. 43-50.
- Surveyors Council of Nigeria (SURCON) (1989): Specification for Large Scale
Cadastral and Engineering Survey in Nigeria.
- Ufuah, M. E. 2000. Revision of the Nigeria 1:50,000 Topographic Maps with
SPOT Remotely Sensed Date, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Ambrose Alli
University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
- USACE (2007): Engineering and Design Control and Topographic Surveying.
Manual No. 1110-1-1005. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY US Army
Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1000
- Wolf, P. R. and Ghilani, C. D. 2006. Elementary Surveying, 11th ed,. Prentice
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
 62

APPENDICES
1) RECCE Diagram of site (Appendix 1A)

2) Certified true copies of field data (Appendix 1B)

3) Certified true copies of computation sheets (Appendix 1C)

4) Certified true copy of Contour plan (Appendix 1D)

5) Certified true copy of the Spot Height Plan (Appendix 1E)

6) Certified true copy of plan showing DTM (Appendix 1F)

 63

APPENDIX 1A: RECCE DIAGRAM

 64

APPENDIX 1B: CERTIFIED TRUE COPY OF FIELD DATA

< Coedition >

00NMSDR33 V02-04.02 22-07-19 09:25 113121
10NMDOVE121111
06NM1.00000000
01NM:SET530R V33-13 159606SET530R V33-13 15960631
0.000
Project : Mbak Etoi
Print Date : 2018-07-2520:19:39 PM
Pt. Count : 269
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pt. Azimuth Zenith S.Dist H.Dist E N Z Code
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCC2561
PCC2562 118.4216 89.5106 3825.049 3825.049 SC/AK/C61362
PCC2563 118.4216 89.5025 3827.664 3827.664 389562.344 554390.81 17.487 SH1
PCC2564 118.4216 89.5001 3829.365 3829.365 389548.453 554412.28 17.199 SH2
PCC2565 118.4216 89.5042 3821.784 3821.784 389540.328 554419.29 17.653 SH3
PCC2566 118.4216 89.4755 3816.93 3816.93 389530.49 554432.8 18.153 SH4
PCC2567 118.4216 89.5205 3831.011 3831.011 389519.475 554445.34 19.214 SH5
PCC2568 118.4216 89.5123 3826.104 3826.104 389506.527 554460.1 20.878 SH6
PCC2569 118.4216 89.5038 3821.811 3821.811 389492.431 554477.28 22.814 SH7
PCC2570 118.4216 89.492 3835.798 3835.798 389480.398 554492.13 25.802 SH8
PCC2571 118.4216 89.5356 3839.179 3839.179 389517.853 554470.03 18.129 P1
PCC2572 298.4216 89.5312 3835.375 3835.375 389468.254 554508.31 29.278 SH9
PCC2573 118.4215 89.491 3831.523 3831.523 389458.286 554522.04 32.175 SH10
PCC2574 118.4215 89.4647 3843.5 3843.5 389450.553 554532.05 34.038 SH11
PCC2575 118.4215 89.521 3864.68 3864.68 389438.572 554548.12 36.937 SH12
PCC2576 118.4215 89.5109 3861.471 3861.471 389429.309 554559.94 39.154 SH13
PCC2577 96.0645 89.5155 3659.464 3659.464 389419.853 554572 41.209 SH14
PCC2578 96.0645 89.5531 3672.627 3672.627 389410.078 554584.49 42.75 SH15
PCC2579 96.0645 89.5936 3679.65 3679.65 389467.337 554509.8 15.433 P2
PCC2580 96.0645 90.0138 3678.642 3678.642 389400.292 554594.47 43.97 SH16
PCC2581 96.0645 89.592 3671.077 3671.077 389391.737 554605.53 45.336 SH17
PCC2582 96.0645 89.5643 3658.62 3658.62 389386.288 554611.81 46.032 SH18
PCC2583 96.0645 89.5634 3660.995 3660.995 389387.797 554622.88 46.948 SH19
PCC2584 96.0645 90.5131 3682.51 3682.51 389399.781 554619.17 47.057 SH20
PCC2585 96.0645 90.593 3680.307 3680.307 389412.381 554600.69 44.824 SH21
PCC2586 96.0645 90.0034 3681.034 3681.034 389427.953 554585.07 42.915 SH22
PCC2587 305.3644 89.3145 3770.361 3770.361 389444.106 554583.73 42.585 SH23
PCC2588 104.1025 89.3548 3770.719 3770.719 389451.289 554566.7 39.132 SH24
PCC2589 104.1025 89.3607 3771.342 3771.342 389476.432 554518.38 15.681 P3
PCC2590 104.1025 89.3236 3770.25 3770.25 389454.8 554551.57 36.388 SH25
PCC2591 104.1025 89.3239 3770.072 3770.072 389467.798 554532.92 32.701 SH26
 65

PCC2592 104.1025 89.3731 3793.881 3793.881 389476.067 554537.96 32.742 SH27

PCC2593 104.1025 89.3806 3793.336 3793.336 389490.559 554529.62 30.307 SH28
PCC2594 134.4886 89.0646 3781.744 3781.744 389486.369 554518.77 29.038 SH29
PCC2595 135.3401 89.0488 3784.74 3784.74 389497.203 554500.25 25.472 SH30
PCC2596 136.1917 89.033 3787.736 3787.736 389510.9 554501.1 24.339 SH31
PCC2597 137.0432 89.0172 3790.732 3790.732 389516.855 554482.3 21.892 SH32
PCC2598 104.1025 89.3855 3794.325 3794.325 389528.208 554477.58 19.335 P4
PCC2599 104.1025 89.4026 3791.999 3791.999 389507.194 554475.74 21.96 SH33
PCC2600 284.1025 89.4318 3791.144 3791.144 389523.466 554457.02 19.409 SH34
PCC2601 104.1023 89.4223 3812.411 3812.411 389530.185 554459.76 18.929 SH35
PCC2602 104.1023 89.4107 3812.464 3812.464 389542.238 554455.12 17.319 SH36
PCC2603 104.1023 89.4324 3817.06 3817.06 389556.348 554451.47 16.449 SH37
PCC2604 104.1023 89.4138 3821.861 3821.861 389539.378 554444.49 17.467 SH38
PCC2605 104.1023 89.4549 3828.687 3828.687 389540.92 554432.34 17.488 SH39
PCC2606 125.3644 89.123 3727.44 3727.44 389547.991 554421.91 17.136 SH40
PCC2607 115.6445 88.9913 3723.201 3723.201 389538.294 554484.97 20.17 P5
PCC2608 115.9353 88.9212 3726.656 3726.656 389554.564 554431.49 16.618 SH41
PCC2609 116.2261 88.851 3730.111 3730.111 389562.245 554441 16.128 SH42
PCC2610 116.5169 88.7809 3733.566 3733.566 389562.623 554425.54 16.158 SH43
PCC2611 125.3644 89.1803 3728.083 3728.083 389560.856 554410.5 16.421 SH44
PCC2612 125.3644 89.2121 3729.056 3729.056 389573.772 554418.21 15.513 SH45
PCC2613 125.3644 89.163 3726.237 3726.237 389580.468 554435.6 15.464 SH46
PCC2614 125.3644 89.1928 3726.338 3726.338 389573.12 554445.55 15.781 SH47
PCC2615 125.3644 89.2049 3747.469 3747.469 389562.965 554457.7 16.187 SH48
PCC2616 125.3644 89.2641 3747.565 3747.565 389486.14 554529.69 17.02 P6
PCC2617 125.3644 89.275 3748.329 3748.329 389551.11 554464.66 16.973 SH49
PCC2618 125.3644 89.1533 3747.639 3747.639 389533.55 554468.75 19.205 SH50
PCC2619 125.3644 89.2202 3748.154 3748.154 389524.702 554481.46 21.151 SH51
PCC2620 276.0645 89.541 3679.137 3679.137 389524.376 554496.1 22.642 SH52
PCC2621 96.0643 89.4738 3679.196 3679.196 389518.447 554510.23 24.845 SH53
PCC2622 96.0643 89.5551 3680.685 3680.685 389504.268 554518.46 27.423 SH54
PCC2623 96.0643 89.5021 3682.749 3682.749 389500.458 554530.16 29.532 SH55
PCC2624 96.0643 89.4634 3705.119 3705.119 389493.153 554542.38 32.098 SH56
PCC2625 96.0643 89.3627 3704.402 3704.402 389494.887 554538.62 18.913 P7
PCC2626 36.0642 89.3854 3709.164 3709.164 389483.271 554547.87 33.796 SH57
PCC2627 10.3499 89.3576 3715.054 3715.054 389476.195 554548.8 34.486 SH58
PCC2628 96.0643 89.2327 3704.171 3704.171 389466.176 554554.34 36.106 SH59
PCC2629 96.0643 89.454 3705.923 3705.923 389463.318 554566.28 38.341 SH60
PCC2630 276.0643 89.1951 3707.669 3707.669 389454.404 554577.94 40.967 SH61
PCC2631 114.1993 89.21154 3706.194 3706.194 389447.831 554590.61 43.69 SH62
PCC2632 113.9249 89.20603 3704.728 3704.728 389439.837 554596.24 44.357 SH63
PCC2633 113.6504 89.20052 3703.262 3703.262 389432.841 554601.99 45.009 SH64
PCC2634 113.376 89.19502 3701.797 3701.797 389549.205 554493.47 22.003 P8
PCC2635 113.1016 89.18951 3700.331 3700.331 389423.25 554605.69 45.422 SH65
PCC2636 112.8272 89.184 3698.865 3698.865 389415.393 554614.94 46.507 SH66
PCC2637 112.5527 89.17849 3697.399 3697.399 389409.386 554624.58 47.625 SH67
 66

PCC2638 112.2783 89.17298 3695.933 3695.933 389401.198 554632.99 48.009 SH68

PCC2639 112.0039 89.16747 3694.468 3694.468 389408.083 554639.13 48.593 SH69
PCC2640 111.7295 89.16196 3693.002 3693.002 389419.492 554635.78 48.847 SH70
PCC2641 111.455 89.15645 3691.536 3691.536 389424.243 554622.38 47.358 SH71
PCC2642 111.1806 89.15095 3690.07 3690.07 389434.584 554612.62 46.27 SH72
PCC2643 110.9062 89.14544 3688.604 3688.604 389445.931 554607.99 45.806 SH73
PCC2644 110.6318 89.13993 3687.139 3687.139 389559.393 554500.71 23.182 P9
PCC2645 110.3573 89.13442 3685.673 3685.673 389452.74 554598.62 44.759 SH74
PCC2646 110.0829 89.12891 3684.207 3684.207 389465.295 554582.55 41.147 SH75
PCC2647 109.8085 89.1234 3682.741 3682.741 389474.774 554573.85 38.911 SH76
PCC2648 109.5341 89.11789 3681.275 3681.275 389480.002 554565.21 36.991 SH77
PCC2649 109.2596 89.11238 3679.81 3679.81 389500.525 554559.36 34.296 SH78
PCC2650 108.9852 89.10688 3678.344 3678.344 389505.95 554543.14 31.083 SH79
PCC2651 108.7108 89.10137 3676.878 3676.878 389513.74 554531.5 28.486 SH80
PCC2652 108.4364 89.09586 3675.412 3675.412 389523.88 554523.09 26.162 SH81
PCC2653 108.162 89.09035 3673.946 3673.946 389505.897 554548.74 21.32 P10
PCC2654 107.8875 89.08484 3672.481 3672.481 389529.386 554515.33 24.435 SH82
PCC2655 107.6131 89.07933 3671.015 3671.015 389537.41 554501.06 21.955 SH83
PCC2656 107.3387 89.07382 3669.549 3669.549 389535.514 554491.36 21.098 SH84
PCC2657 107.0643 89.06831 3668.083 3668.083 389545.828 554475.6 18.496 SH85
PCC2658 106.7898 89.0628 3666.618 3666.618 389555.686 554472.19 17.053 SH86
PCC2659 106.5154 89.0573 3665.152 3665.152 389566.984 554465.83 16.009 SH87
PCC2660 106.241 89.05179 3663.686 3663.686 389577.727 554459.98 15.672 SH88
PCC2661 105.9666 89.04628 3662.22 3662.22 389587.266 554451.92 15.419 SH89
PCC2662 105.6921 89.04077 3660.754 3660.754 389514.777 554557.54 24.112 P11
PCC2663 105.4177 89.03526 3659.289 3659.289 389586.977 554439.4 15.347 SH90
PCC2664 105.1433 89.02975 3657.823 3657.823 389598.687 554439.17 15.123 SH91
PCC2665 104.8689 89.02424 3656.357 3656.357 389586.1 554424.26 15.136 SH92
PCC2666 104.5944 89.01873 3654.891 3654.891 389579.5 554411.49 15.314 SH93
PCC2667 104.32 89.01323 3653.425 3653.425 389565.573 554402.8 16.193 SH94
PCC2668 104.0456 89.00772 3651.96 3651.96 389576.324 554398.16 17.459 SH95
PCC2669 103.7712 89.00221 3650.494 3650.494 389591.813 554403.57 17.932 SH96
PCC2670 103.4967 88.9967 3649.028 3649.028 389599.332 554419.77 16.34 SH97
PCC2671 103.2223 88.99119 3647.562 3647.562 389571.927 554509.03 28.4 P12
PCC2672 102.9479 88.98568 3646.096 3646.096 389606.894 554427.86 16.071 SH98
PCC2673 102.6735 88.98017 3644.631 3644.631 389614.015 554438.91 15.478 SH99
PCC2674 102.3991 88.97466 3643.165 3643.165 389608.948 554446.42 15.05 SH100
PCC2675 102.1246 88.96915 3641.699 3641.699 389601.722 554453.02 15.15 SH101
PCC2676 101.8502 88.96365 3640.233 3640.233 389590.21 554463.69 15.331 SH102
PCC2677 101.5758 88.95814 3638.767 3638.767 389576.93 554473.99 15.596 SH103
PCC2678 101.3014 88.95263 3637.302 3637.302 389563.05 554482.36 17.066 SH104
PCC2679 101.0269 88.94712 3635.836 3635.836 389554.992 554490.84 18.913 SH105
PCC2680 100.7525 88.94161 3634.37 3634.37 389581.57 554516.99 28.169 P13
PCC2681 100.4781 88.9361 3632.904 3632.904 389546.927 554504.14 21.306 SH106
PCC2682 100.2037 88.93059 3631.438 3631.438 389537.948 554520.84 24.326 SH107
PCC2683 99.92924 88.92508 3629.973 3629.973 389528.129 554533.79 27.36 SH108
 67

PCC2684 99.65482 88.91958 3628.507 3628.507 389522.708 554546.41 29.976 SH109

PCC2685 99.38039 88.91407 3627.041 3627.041 389520.07 554554.46 31.603 SH110
PCC2686 99.10597 88.90856 3625.575 3625.575 389514.028 554565.41 34.11 SH111
PCC2687 98.83154 88.90305 3624.109 3624.109 389504.868 554570.22 35.829 SH112
PCC2688 98.55712 88.89754 3622.644 3622.644 389490.328 554577.71 38.441 SH113
PCC2689 98.2827 88.89203 3621.178 3621.178 389529.814 554562.61 27.355 P14
PCC2690 98.00827 88.88652 3619.712 3619.712 389479.799 554587.79 41.141 SH114
PCC2691 97.73385 88.88101 3618.246 3618.246 389472.732 554596.23 43.268 SH115
PCC2692 97.45943 88.8755 3616.78 3616.78 389463.777 554604.4 45.466 SH116
PCC2693 97.185 88.87 3615.315 3615.315 389452.744 554613.82 46.553 SH117
PCC2694 96.91058 88.86449 3613.849 3613.849 389443.292 554623.93 47.617 SH118
PCC2695 96.63615 88.85898 3612.383 3612.383 389437.473 554636.11 48.924 SH119
PCC2696 96.36173 88.85347 3610.917 3610.917 389440.563 554644.02 49.789 SH120
PCC2697 96.08731 88.84796 3609.451 3609.451 389450.072 554636.33 49.039 SH121
PCC2698 95.81288 88.84245 3607.986 3607.986 389538.769 554571.33 30.008 P15
PCC2699 95.53846 88.83694 3606.52 3606.52 389463.829 554622.12 47.633 SH122
PCC2700 95.26403 88.83143 3605.054 3605.054 389476.589 554614.28 46.52 SH123
PCC2701 94.98961 88.82593 3603.588 3603.588 389487.787 554602.01 43.207 SH124
PCC2702 94.71519 88.82042 3602.122 3602.122 389501.161 554588.34 39.399 SH125
PCC2703 94.44076 88.81491 3600.657 3600.657 389515.543 554582.21 36.563 SH126
PCC2704 94.16634 88.8094 3599.191 3599.191 389526.667 554566.23 32.717 SH127
PCC2705 93.89192 88.80389 3597.725 3597.725 389536.466 554549.44 28.937 SH128
PCC2706 93.61749 88.79838 3596.259 3596.259 389546.146 554534.08 25.355 SH129
PCC2707 93.34307 88.79287 3594.793 3594.793 389595.582 554526.44 33.099 P16
PCC2708 93.06864 88.78736 3593.328 3593.328 389555.648 554517.77 22.002 SH130
PCC2709 92.79422 88.78185 3591.862 3591.862 389564.263 554508.51 19.78 SH131
PCC2710 92.5198 88.77635 3590.396 3590.396 389571.08 554496.59 17.499 SH132
PCC2711 92.24537 88.77084 3588.93 3588.93 389581.157 554487.93 15.242 SH133
PCC2712 91.97095 88.76533 3587.465 3587.465 389590.511 554475.27 15.215 SH134
PCC2713 91.69653 88.75982 3585.999 3585.999 389602.662 554466.1 15.089 SH135
PCC2714 91.4221 88.75431 3584.533 3584.533 389611.53 554459.75 15.03 SH136
PCC2715 91.14768 88.7488 3583.067 3583.067 389619.242 554453.61 15.005 SH137
PCC2716 90.87325 88.74329 3581.601 3581.601 389605.341 554534.25 36.225 P17
PCC2717 90.59883 88.73778 3580.136 3580.136 389621.705 554462.33 15.171 SH138
PCC2718 90.32441 88.73228 3578.67 3578.67 389615.222 554472.93 15.371 SH139
PCC2719 90.04998 88.72677 3577.204 3577.204 389604.894 554484.85 15.569 SH140
PCC2720 89.77556 88.72126 3575.738 3575.738 389587.982 554497.57 15.781 SH141
PCC2721 89.50113 88.71575 3574.272 3574.272 389575.982 554513.55 19.329 SH142
PCC2722 89.22671 88.71024 3572.807 3572.807 389570.796 554523.58 21.289 SH143
PCC2723 88.95229 88.70473 3571.341 3571.341 389561.444 554542.4 24.643 SH144
PCC2724 88.67786 88.69922 3569.875 3569.875 389547.374 554557.14 28.596 SH145
PCC2725 88.40344 88.69371 3568.409 3568.409 389551.787 554583.46 34.208 P18
PCC2726 88.12902 88.6882 3566.943 3566.943 389539.822 554570.1 31.508 SH146
PCC2727 87.85459 88.6827 3565.478 3565.478 389533.249 554579.39 33.758 SH147
PCC2728 87.58017 88.67719 3564.012 3564.012 389522.586 554588.68 36.572 SH148
PCC2729 87.30574 88.67168 3562.546 3562.546 389513.008 554600.4 39.674 SH149
 68

PCC2730 87.03132 88.66617 3561.08 3561.08 389500.938 554611.35 42.988 SH150

PCC2731 86.7569 88.66066 3559.614 3559.614 389486.806 554618.44 45.923 SH151
PCC2732 86.48247 88.65515 3558.149 3558.149 389480.912 554625.62 47.447 SH152
PCC2733 86.20805 88.64964 3556.683 3556.683 389471.734 554638.27 48.676 SH153
PCC2734 85.93363 88.64413 3555.217 3555.217 389561.398 554591.45 36.223 P19
PCC2735 85.6592 88.63863 3553.751 3553.751 389477.203 554645.82 49.045 SH154
PCC2736 85.38478 88.63312 3552.285 3552.285 389490.032 554637.57 47.943 SH155
PCC2737 85.11035 88.62761 3550.82 3550.82 389504.068 554621.54 44.216 SH156
PCC2738 84.83593 88.6221 3549.354 3549.354 389518.992 554608.27 40.104 SH157
PCC2739 84.56151 88.61659 3547.888 3547.888 389535.38 554594.38 35.678 SH158
PCC2740 84.28708 88.61108 3546.422 3546.422 389545.817 554580.22 32.198 SH159
PCC2741 84.01266 88.60557 3544.956 3544.956 389560.573 554565.71 28.086 SH160
PCC2742 83.73823 88.60006 3543.491 3543.491 389567.916 554551.65 25.035 SH161
PCC2743 83.46381 88.59455 3542.025 3542.025 389618.474 554544.51 39.682 P20
PCC2744 83.18939 88.58905 3540.559 3540.559 389578.475 554536.04 22.376 SH162
PCC2745 82.91496 88.58354 3539.093 3539.093 389588.431 554522.38 19.879 SH163
PCC2746 82.64054 88.57803 3537.627 3537.627 389598.359 554511.15 17.682 SH164
PCC2747 82.36612 88.57252 3536.162 3536.162 389603.991 554502.84 16.689 SH165
PCC2748 82.09169 88.56701 3534.696 3534.696 389612.887 554495.13 16.473 SH166
PCC2749 81.81727 88.5615 3533.23 3533.23 389616.847 554486.41 16.05 SH167
PCC2750 81.54284 88.55599 3531.764 3531.764 389624.4 554475.52 15.661 SH168
PCC2751 81.26842 88.55048 3530.298 3530.298 389630.416 554469.05 15.469 SH169
PCC2752 80.994 88.54498 3528.833 3528.833 389626.721 554549.81 42.003 P21
PCC2753 80.71957 88.53947 3527.367 3527.367 389639.518 554474.11 15.667 SH170
PCC2754 80.44515 88.53396 3525.901 3525.901 389634.668 554481.53 16.026 SH171
PCC2755 80.17072 88.52845 3524.435 3524.435 389629.035 554496 16.873 SH172
PCC2756 79.8963 88.52294 3522.969 3522.969 389618.634 554503.47 17.242 SH173
PCC2757 79.62188 88.51743 3521.504 3521.504 389609.49 554516.42 18.184 SH174
PCC2758 79.34745 88.51192 3520.038 3520.038 389591.165 554536.06 21.571 SH175
PCC2759 79.07303 88.50641 3518.572 3518.572 389580.212 554552.32 24.066 SH176
PCC2760 78.79861 88.5009 3517.106 3517.106 389571.234 554566.1 26.707 SH177
PCC2761 78.52418 88.4954 3515.64 3515.64 389572.566 554606.01 42.068 P22
PCC2762 78.24976 88.48989 3514.175 3514.175 389561.007 554578.91 29.963 SH178
PCC2763 77.97533 88.48438 3512.709 3512.709 389548.39 554590.85 33.411 SH179
PCC2764 77.70091 88.47887 3511.243 3511.243 389538.537 554605.66 36.97 SH180
PCC2765 77.42649 88.47336 3509.777 3509.777 389526.681 554615.32 40.171 SH181
PCC2766 77.15206 88.46785 3508.312 3508.312 389518.766 554625.16 42.849 SH182
PCC2767 76.87764 88.46234 3506.846 3506.846 389510.748 554633.83 45.353 SH183
PCC2768 76.60322 88.45683 3505.38 3505.38 389503.244 554643.16 47.801 SH184
PCC2769 76.32879 88.45133 3503.914 3503.914 389511.051 554650.29 47.993 SH185
PCC2770 76.05437 88.44582 3502.448 3502.448 389581.831 554614.4 43.318 P23
PCC2771 75.77994 88.44031 3500.983 3500.983 389520.193 554637.55 44.706 SH186
PCC2772 75.50552 88.4348 3499.517 3499.517 389541.228 554618.85 38.694 SH187
PCC2773 75.2311 88.42929 3498.051 3498.051 389553.305 554602.42 34.447 SH188
PCC2774 74.95667 88.42378 3496.585 3496.585 389567.54 554588.3 30.461 SH189
PCC2775 74.68225 88.41827 3495.119 3495.119 389573.775 554574.13 27.543 SH190
 69

PCC2776 74.40782 88.41276 3493.654 3493.654 389592.633 554557.65 23.774 SH191

PCC2777 74.1334 88.40725 3492.188 3492.188 389604.128 554542.91 21.811 SH192
PCC2778 73.85898 88.40175 3490.722 3490.722 389615.024 554530.05 20.013 SH193
PCC2779 73.58455 88.39624 3489.256 3489.256 389582.879 554659.36 46.511 P24
PCC2780 73.31013 88.39073 3487.79 3487.79 389623.034 554517.25 18.549 SH194
PCC2781 73.03571 88.38522 3486.325 3486.325 389634.221 554505.1 17.606 SH195
PCC2782 72.76128 88.37971 3484.859 3484.859 389643.298 554496.91 16.958 SH196
PCC2783 72.48686 88.3742 3483.393 3483.393 389649.894 554493.14 16.61 SH197
PCC2784 72.21243 88.36869 3481.927 3481.927 389652.394 554500.8 17.13 SH198
PCC2785 71.93801 88.36318 3480.461 3480.461 389643.754 554515.9 18.531 SH199
PCC2786 71.66359 88.35768 3478.996 3478.996 389649.846 554511.52 18.114 SH200
PCC2787 71.38916 88.35217 3477.53 3477.53 389656.626 554511.11 18.086 SH201
PCC2788 71.11474 88.34666 3476.064 3476.064 389656.292 554523.92 19.094 SH202
PCC2789 70.84031 88.34115 3474.598 3474.598 389643.207 554545.06 20.388 SH203
PCC2790 70.56589 88.33564 3473.132 3473.132 389636.379 554556.51 22.434 SH204
PCC2791 70.29147 88.33013 3471.667 3471.667 389625.016 554566.54 24.631 SH205
PCC2792 70.01704 88.32462 3470.201 3470.201 389577.558 554695.11 46.213 SC/AK/C60013
PCC2793 69.74262 88.31911 3468.735 3468.735 389611.57 554581.66 27.733 SH206
PCC2794 69.4682 88.3136 3467.269 3467.269 389588.876 554607.4 33.258 SH207
PCC2795 69.19377 88.3081 3465.803 3465.803 389578.088 554621.54 36.225 SH208
PCC2796 68.91935 88.30259 3464.338 3464.338 389570.178 554639.65 39.682 SH209
PCC2797 68.64492 88.29708 3462.872 3462.872 389562.604 554653.45 42.323 SH210
PCC2798 68.3705 88.29157 3461.406 3461.406 389558.184 554660.56 43.659 SH211
PCC2799 68.09608 88.28606 3459.94 3459.94 389571.214 554652.64 41.563 SH212
PCC2800 67.82165 88.28055 3458.474 3458.474 389583.376 554639.07 38.853 SH213
PCC2801 67.54723 88.27504 3457.009 3457.009 389603.48 554607.26 33.098 SH214
PCC2802 67.27281 88.26953 3455.543 3455.543 389609.018 554596.24 30.896 SH215
PCC2803 66.99838 88.26403 3454.077 3454.077 389633.356 554570.52 24.958 SH216
PCC2804 66.72396 88.25852 3452.611 3452.611 389653.782 554536.04 19.849 SH217
PCC2805 66.44953 88.25301 3451.145 3451.145 389667.748 554514.56 18.514 SH218
PCC2806 66.17511 88.2475 3449.68 3449.68 389664.308 554516.53 46.469 SC/AK/C61362
PCC2807 65.90069 88.24199 3448.214 3448.214 389663.508 554504.32 17.537 SH219
PCC2808 65.62626 88.23648 3446.748 3446.748 389636.224 554524.61 19.331 SH220
PCC2809 65.35184 88.23097 3445.282 3445.282 389626.509 554532.28 20.168 SH221
PCC2810 65.07741 88.22546 3443.816 3443.816 389614.662 554545.29 21.82 SH222
PCC2811 64.80299 88.21996 3442.351 3442.351 389602.686 554559.63 23.669 SH223
PCC2812 64.52857 88.21445 3440.885 3440.885 389591.8 554574.79 25.913 SH224
PCC2813 64.25414 88.20894 3439.419 3439.419 389581.567 554584.16 28.399 SH225
PCC2814 63.97972 88.20343 3437.953 3437.953 389571.834 554595.38 31.324 SH226
PCC2815 63.7053 88.19792 3436.487 3436.487 389563.193 554607.67 34.377 SH227
PCC2816 63.43087 88.19241 3435.022 3435.022 389552.227 554620.28 37.69 SH228
PCC2817 63.15645 88.1869 3433.556 3433.556 389543.311 554630.32 40.484 SH229
PCC2818 62.88202 88.18139 3432.09 3432.09 389536.567 554640.25 42.98 SH230
PCC2819 62.6076 88.17588 3430.624 3430.624 389530.395 554649.37 45.211 SH231
PCC2820 62.33318 88.17038 3429.159 3429.159 389537.556 554655.93 45.242 SH232
PCC2821 62.05875 88.16487 3427.693 3427.693 389545.847 554658.3 44.598 SH233
 70

PCC2822 61.78433 88.15936 3426.227 3426.227 389554.764 554644.09 41.629 SH234

PCC2823 61.5099 88.15385 3424.761 3424.761 389562.857 554628.5 38.315 SH235
PCC2824 61.23548 88.14834 3423.295 3423.295 389569.196 554615.26 35.501 SH236
PCC2825 60.96106 88.14283 3421.83 3421.83 389585.701 554600.15 31.853 SH237
PCC2826 60.68663 88.13732 3420.364 3420.364 389597.339 554585.09 28.356 SH238
PCC2827 60.41221 88.13181 3418.898 3418.898 389610.296 554568.4 25.185 SH239
PCC2828 60.13779 88.12631 3417.432 3417.432 389626.331 554549.81 22.047 SH240
 71

APPENDIX 1C: CERTIFIED TRUE COPY OF COMPUTATION SHEETS

Survey................................ Town........................... Observed Bearing from.....................to.................... Date.....................................

Traverse of ........................ District......................... Deduced Bearing from......................to.................... Surveyor...............................

Field book No...................... Province....................... Closing Error for..........Stations/Station..................... Computer.............................

Station Back Correction Corrected True Coordinates of point B referred to Origin..................................... To

From Bearing to Bearing Horizontal A& Uncorrected co-ordinates Station
A Observed Bearing Distance Arithmetic. Corrections B
Angle Final Coordinates.(in red)
dE +ve Arith dN +ve Arith
Forward
dW -ve Sum. dS -ve Sum. Eastings Northings
Bearing

389664.31 554516.53 SC/AK/C61362

220 24 42 144.073 -93.40 -109.70 389570.91 554406.84 SC/AK/C59991
389507.765 554462.651
0.009 -0.010
SC/AK/C59991 311 28 32 84.28957 -63.15 55.82 389507.756 554462.661 P1
389517.854 554470.029
0.001 -0.001
P1 53 52 38 12.50006 10.10 7.37 389517.85 554470.03 P2
389467.344 554509.791
0.007 -0.008
P2 308 12 42 64.29183 -50.52 39.77 389467.34 554509.80 P3
389476.433 554518.374
0.001 -0.001
P3 46 40 56 12.50067 9.09 8.58 389476.43 554518.38 P4
 72

389528.215 554477.575
0.007 -0.008
P4 128 13 59 65.91465 51.78 -40.79 389528.21 554477.58 P5
389538.295 554484.966
0.001 -0.001
P5 53 47 31 12.50003 10.09 7.38 389538.29 554484.97 P6
389486.147 554529.682
0.007 -0.008
P6 310 36 49 68.70361 -52.15 44.72 389486.14 554529.69 P7
389494.888 554538.618
0.001 -0.001
P7 44 24 36 12.49948 8.75 8.93 389494.89 554538.62 P8
389549.212 554493.460
0.007 -0.008
P8 129 44 4 70.63326 54.32 -45.15 389549.21 554493.47 P9
389559.394 554500.709
0.001 -0.001
P9 54 35 36 12.49968 10.19 7.24 389559.39 554500.71 P10
389505.904 554548.730
0.007 -0.009
P10 311 55 4 71.89302 -53.50 48.03 389505.90 554548.74 P11
389514.778 554557.535
0.001 -0.001
P11 45 16 8 12.49966 8.88 8.80 389514.78 554557.54 P12
389571.935 554509.022
0.008 -0.009
P12 130 19 20 74.95904 57.15 -48.51 389571.93 554509.03 P13
389581.571 554516.984
0.001 -0.001
P13 50 28 57 12.50014 9.64 7.95 389581.57 554516.99 P14
 73

389529.821 554562.600
0.007 -0.008
P14 311 23 46 68.99378 -51.76 45.62 389529.81 554562.61 P15
389538.770 554571.328
0.001 -0.001
P15 45 45 30 12.49991 8.95 8.72 389538.77 554571.33 P16
389595.589 554526.435
0.007 -0.009
P16 128 18 38 72.40428 56.81 -44.89 389595.58 554526.44 P17
389605.342 554534.253
0.001 -0.001
P17 51 19 49 12.49937 9.76 7.81 389605.34 554534.25 P18
389551.794 554583.452
0.007 -0.009
P18 312 34 40 72.72798 -53.55 49.21 389551.79 554583.46 P19
389561.399 554591.453
0.001 -0.001
P19 50 15 5 12.50037 9.61 7.99 389561.40 554591.45 P20
389618.482 554544.505
0.008 -0.009
P20 129 26 3 73.8988 57.08 -46.94 389618.47 554544.51 P21
389626.722 554549.806
0.001 -0.001
P21 57 18 26 9.799432 8.25 5.29 389626.72 554549.81 P22
389572.574 554606.000
0.008 -0.009
P22 316 3 46 78.04761 -54.16 56.20 389572.57 554606.01 P23
389581.832 554614.400
0.001 -0.001
P23 47 49 50 12.50064 9.27 8.39 389581.83 554614.40 P24
 74

389599.998 554606.374
0.002 -0.002
P24 113 50 6 19.8587 18.16 -8.02 389599.996 554606.376 SC/AK/C60013
389664.319 554516.521
0.011 -0.013
SC/AK/C60013 144 24 13 110.4881 64.31 -89.84 389664.31 554516.53 SC/AK/C61362
1288.477 0.151 -0.131
 75

APPENDIX 1D: CERTIFIED TRUE COPY OF CONTOUR PLAN

 76

APPENDIX 1E: CERTIFIED TRUE COPY OF SPOT HEIGHTS PLAN

 77

APPENDIX 1F: CERTIFIED TRUE COPY OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL