drastic urbanization of the Philippine society. Another example is what McCoy called the “sexual revolution” that, occurred in the 1930s. Young people, as early as that period, disturbed the conservative Filipino mindset by engaging in daring and sexual activities in public spaces like cinemas, Here we can see how that period was the meeting point between the conservative past and the liberated future of the Philippines. Lastly, the cartoons also illustrated the conditions of poor Filipinos in the Philippines now governed by the United States. From the looks of it, nothing much has changed. For example, a cartoon depicted how police authorities oppress petty Filipino criminals while turning a blind eye on hoarders who monopolize goods in their huge warehouses (presumably Chinese merchants), The other cartoon was depieting how Americans control Filipinos through seemingly harmless American objects, By controlling their consciousness and mentality, Americans got to control and subjugate Filipinos, Revisiting “Corazon Aquino Speech Before the US Congress” Corazon “Cory” Cojuangeo Aquino functioned as the symbol of the restoration of democracy and the overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in 1986. The EDSA People Power, which installed Cory Aquino in the presidency, put the Philippines in the international spotlight for overthrowing a dictator through peaceful means. Cory was easily a figure of the said revolution, as the widow of the slain Marcos oppositionist and former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. Cory was hoisted as the antithesis of the dictator. Her image as a mourning, widowed housewife who has always been in the shadow of her husband and relatives and had no experiance in politics was juxtaposed against Marcos’ statesmanship, eloquence, charisma, and cunning political skills, Nevertheless, Cory was able to capture the imagination of the people whose rights and freedom had long been compromised throughout the Marcos regime. This is despite the fact that Cory came from a rich /raciendero family in Tarlac and has owned vast estates of sugar plantation and whose relatives occupy local and national government positions. On 18 September 1986, seven months since Cory became president, she went to the United States and spoke before the joint session of the US Congress, Cory was welcomed with long applause as she took the podium and addressed the United States about her presidency and the challenges faced by the new republic, She began her speech with the story of her leaving the United States three years prior as a newly widowed wife of Ninoy Aquino, ‘Chapter 2 | Goment and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine History 33She then told of Ninoy’s character, conviction, and resolve in opposing authoritarianism of Marcos. She talked of the three times that they Ninoy including his demise on 23 August 1983, The first time was when dictatorship detained Ninoy with other dissenters. Cory related: “The government sought to break him by indignities and terror, They locked him up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him naked and held a threat of a sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up manfully under all of it. I barely did as well. For forty-three days, the authorities would not tell me what had happened to him. This was the first time my children and I felt we had lost him.” Cory continued that when Ninoy survived that first detention, he then charged of subversion, murder, and other crimes. He was tried buying a military court, whose legitimacy Ninoy adamantly questioned. solidify his protest, Ninoy decided to do a hunger strike and fasted for days. Cory treated this event as the second time that their family lost Ni She said: “When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder anda host of other crimes beforea military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority and went on a fast. If he survived it, then he felt God intended him for another fate. We had lost him again. For nothing would hold him back from his determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only when it dawned on him that the government would keep his body alive after the fast had destroyed his brain. And so, with barely any life in his body, he called off the fast on the 40th day.” Ninoy’s death was the third and the last time that Cory and ¢) children lost Ninoy. She continued: “And then, we lost him irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together. But his death was my country’s resurrection and the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again. The dictator had called him a nobody. Yet, two million people threw aside their passivity and fear and escorted him to his grave.” 34 Readings in Philippine HistoryCory attributes the peaceful EDSA revolution to the martyrdom of Ninoy. She stated that the death of Ninoy sparked the revolution and the responsibility of “offering the democratic alternative” had “fallen on (her) shoulders.” Cory’s address introduced us to her democratic philosophy, which she claims she also acquired from Ninoy. She argued: “T held fast. to Ninoy's conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I held out for participation in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if I knew it would be rigged. I was warned by the lawyers of the opposition, that | ran the grave risk of legitimizing the foregone results of elections that were clearly going to be fraudulent, But I was not fighting for lawyers but for the people in whose intelligence, I had implicit faith. By the exercise of democracy even in a dictatorship, they would be prepared for democracy when it came. And then also, it was the only way I knew by which we could measure our power even in the terms dictated by the dictatorship. The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by government thuggery and fraud. The opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear majority of the votes even if they ended up (thanks to a corrupt Commission on Elections) with barely a third of the seats in Parliament. Now, | knew our power.” Cory talked about her miraculous victory through the people's struggle and continued talking about her earliest initiatives as the president of a restored democracy. She stated that she intended to forge and draw reconciliation after a bloody and polarizing dictatorship. Cory emphasized the importance of the EDSA revolution in terms of being a “limited revolution that respected the life and freedom of every Filipino.” She also boasted of the restoration of a fully constitutional government whose constitution gave utmost respect to the Bill of Rights. She reported to the US congress: “Again as we restore democracy by the ways of democracy. so are we completing the constitutional structures of our new democracy under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill of Rights. A jealously independent constitutional commission is completing its draft which will be submitted later this year to a popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be elections for both national and local positions. So, within about a year from a peaceful but national upheaval that overturned a dictatorship, we shal] have returned to full constitutional government.” (Chapter 2 | Gontent and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine Histary 35Cory then proceeded on her peace agenda with the existing commu insurgency, aggravated by the dictatorial and authoritarian measure Ferdinand Marcos. She asserted: “My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist insurgency that numbered less than five hundred, Unhampered by respect for human rights he went at it with hammer and tongs. By the time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than sixteen thousand. I think there is a lesson here to be learned about trying'to stifle a thing with a means by which it grows.” Cory’s peace agenda involves political initiatives and re-integrats program to persuade insurgents to leave the countryside and return the mainstream society to participate in the restoration of democracy. invoked the path of peace because she believed that it was the moral that a moral government must take. Nevertheless, Cory took a step when she said that while peace is the priority of her presidency, she not waiver” when the freedom and democracy are threatened. She said similar to Abraham Lincoln, she understands that “force may be neces: before mercy” and while she did not relish the idea, she “will do whatev: takes to defend the integrity and freedom of (her) country.” Cory then turned to the controversial topic of the Philippine foreign amounting to $26 billion at the time of her speech. This debt has balloo during the Marcos regime. Cory expressed her intention to honor those di despite mentioning that the people did not benefit from such debts, Thus mentioned her protestations about the way the Philippines was depri of choices to pay those debts within the capacity of the Filipino people. lamented: “Finally may I turn to that other slavery, our twenty-six billion dollar foreign debt. I have said that we shall honor it. Yet, the means by which we shall be able to do so are kept from us. Many of the conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt, continue to be imposed on us who never benefited from it.” She continued that while the country has experienced the calamit brought about by the corrupt dictatorship of Marcos, no commensu assistance was yet to be extended to the Philippines. She even remarked given the peaceful character of EDSA People Power Revolution, “ours have been the cheapest revolution ever.” She demonstrated that the Filips people fulfilled the “most difficult condition of the debt the negotiati which was the “restoration of democracy and responsible government.” 36 Readings in Philippine HistoryCory related to the US legislators that wherever she went, she met poor and unemployed Filipinos willing to offer their lives to democracy. She stated: “Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village. They came to me with one cry, democracy. Not food although they clearly needed it but democracy. Not work, although they surely wanted it but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they had to my campaign. They didn’t expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put food into their mouths, clothes on their back, education in their children and give them work that will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to respond quickly as the leader of the people so deserving of all these things.” Cory preceeded in enumerating the challenges of the Filipino people as they try building the new democracy. These are the persisting communist insurgency and the economic deterioration. Cory further lamented that these problems worsened by the crippling debt because half of the country's export earnings amounting to $2 billion will “go to pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received.” Cory then asked a rather compelling question to the US: “Has there been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than that my people have gone through? You have spent many lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to receive it. And here, you have a people who want it by themselves and need only the help to preserve it.” Cory ended her speech by thanking America for serving as home to her family for what she referred to as the “three happiest years of our lives together.” She enjoined America in building the Philippines as a new home for democracy and in turning the country as a “shining testament of our two nations’ commitment to freedom.” Analysis of Cory Aquino’ Speech Cory Aquino's speech was an important event in the political and diplomatic history of the country because it has arguably cemented the legitimacy of the EDSA government in the international arena. The speech talks of her family background, especially her relationship with her late husband, Ninoy Aquino. It is well known that it was Ninoy who served as the real leading figure of the opposition at that time. Indeed, Ninoy's eloquence and charisma can very well compete with that of Marcos, In her Chapter 2 | Content une Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine History EYspeech, Cory talked at length about Ninoy’s toil and suffering at the hands of the dictatorship that he resisted. Even when she proceeded talking about her new government, she still goes back to Ninoy’s legacies and lessons. Moreover, her attribution of the revolution to Ninoy’s death demonstrates not only Cory’s personal perception on the revolution, but since she was the president, it also represents what the dominant discourse was at that point in our history. The ideology or the principles of the new democratic government can also be seen in the same speech, Aquino was able to draw the sharp contrast between her government and of her predecessor by expressing her commitment to a democratic constitution drafted by an independent commission, She claims that such constitution upholds and adheres to the rights and liberty of the Filipino people. Cory also hoisted herself as the reconciliatory agent after more than two decades ofa polarizing authoritarian politics. For example, Cory sees the blown up communist insurgency as a product of a repressive and corrupt government. Her response to this insurgeney roots from her diametric opposition of the dictator (i.e., initiating reintegration of communist rebels to the mainstream Philippine society). Cory claims that her main approach to this problem is through peace and not through the sword of war. Despite Cory’s efforts to hoist herself as the exact opposite of Marcos, her speech still revealed certain parallelisms between her and the Marcos’ government. This is seen in terms of continuing the alliance between the Philippines and the US, despite the known affinity between the said world super power and Marcos, The Aquino regime, as seen in Cory's acceptance of the invitation to address the US Congress and to the content of the speech, decided to build and continue with the alliance between the Philippines and the US and effectively implemented an essentially similar foreign poliey to that of the dictatorship. For example, Cory recognized that the large sum of foreign debts incurred by the Marcos regime never benefitted the Filipino people, Nevertheless, Cory expressed her intention to pay off those debts Unknown to many Filipinos was the fact that there was a choice of waiving the said debt because those were the debt of the dictator and not of the country, Cory's decision is an indicator of her government's intention to carry on a debt-driven economy. Reading through Aquino's speech, we can already take cues, not just on Cory’s individual ideas and aspirations, but also the guiding principles and framework of the government that she represents. 38 Readings in Philippine History