MODULE 2 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you are

MATH LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
expected to:
OVERVIEW
1. Discuss the language, symbols,
In this chapter, we will be dealing with and conventions of mathematics
the language of mathematics. We will
study mathematical language and its 2. Explain the nature of
characteristics, the convention of mathematics as a language
mathematical language and
mathematical symbols. We will also be 3. Perform operations on
dealing with the difference between mathematical expressions
mathematical expression and
correctly
mathematical sentence. Moreover, the
four basic mathematical concepts such
4. Acknowledge that mathematics
as sets, functions, relations, and binary
is a useful language
operations will also be discussed.
Lesson 2.1 Introduction to Mathematical Language
Mathematics, being a language in itself,
may appear complex and difficult to
understand simply because it uses a
different kind of alphabet and grammar
structure. It uses a kind of language that
has been histrionically proven effective in
communicating and transmitting
mathematical realities. The language of
mathematics, like any other language, can
be learned; once learned, it allows us to see
fascinating things and provide us an
advantage to comprehend and exploit the
beauty of the beyond.
QUESTION

What are the 3

characteristics of a math
language? Explain each
briefly.
DEFINITION

A variable is a symbol commonly represented

by any letter that may assume various values.

For instance, the phrase "a number" is

sometimes expressed as a variable (x, a, c, or
any other letter in the English alphabet.)
QUESTION

What is a variable?
Explain briefly.
DEFINITION
A mathematical expression consists of terms. The
terms of a mathematical expression is separated
from other terms with either plus or minus sign.

A mathematical sentence is a combination of two

mathematical expression. It describes the
relationship of expressions using comparison
operators to form an equations or inequalities.
QUESTION

Explain the basic

difference between an
expression vs a sentence.
 EXPRESSIONS VS. SENTENCE
EXPRESSIONS SENTENCE
2 or more terms uses equality (=) or
separated by symbols inequalities (<,>,...) to show
(+, -, x ➗) complete relationships

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
11 2x + 3y a+b+c 3+2=5 x + 11 > y + 20

x2 4x + 11 ax + by + c x+y=7 ax + by + c = 0
QUESTION

Translate words into symbols:

"Four times the sum of a number
and five is thirty two"
QUESTION

Five less than a number is:

5 - x or x - 5
QUESTION

Translate words into symbols:

"Three more than seven times a
number is nine more than five
times the number."
QUESTION

Translate words into symbols:

"Twice the square of a number."
QUESTION

Translate words into symbols:

"The square of the sum of two
numbers."
QUESTION

Translate words into symbols:

"The sum of the square of two
numbers."
QUESTION

Translate words into symbols:

"The cube of a number less than
five."
QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

|
QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

∩
A B
QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

|A|
QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

⊂
A B
QUESTION

Determine the symbol:

⊆
A B
QUESTION

What is a set?
QUESTION

What is an element?
QUESTION

What are three way to

represent a set?
 REPRESENTATION OF SETS
1. Tabular form
2. Descriptive form
3. Set-Builder Notation
I. ROSTER FORM:
Listing all the elements of a set, separated by
commas, and enclosed within curly brackets {}.
Examples:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
⋯
C = {2, 4, 6, , 50}
⋯
D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, }
E = {blue, red, yellow}
II. DESCRIPTIVE FORM:
State in words the element of the set.
Examples:
A = Set of first five natural numbers.
B = Set of positive even integers less than or equal to
fifty.
C = Set of positive odd integers.
D = Set of primary colors.
E = A set of football players with ages between 22 years
to 30 years.
SET-BUILDER NOTATION
"Set A is the set of all x such that x is a natural number and is between 5 and 10."

the set of
Set A is
all x

A = {x | x N , 5 < x < 10} ∈

such that x is a and x is greater than five
natural but less than 10 or
number x is between 5 and 10
III. SET-BUILDER NOTATION:
Writing in symbolic form the common
characteristics shared by all elements of the set.
Examples:
A = {x | x > 0}
B = {x | x∈ Z, x > 4 }
C = {x | x∈ N, x < 7}
D = {x | x≥ 1 and x≤ 6}
QUESTION

What are the different

kinds of set?
Explain each.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SETS
EMPTY OR
UNIVERSAL SET FINITE SET INFINITE SET
NULL SET

Has no elements. It It is the totality of It has countable It has uncountable

is denoted by∅ or all the elements of number of number of
by empty braces {} the set under elements. We can elements.
consideration. list all the elements.

Example: Example: Example: Example:

A= ∅ A = {2, 4, 6}, C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} E = {1, 2, 3, ...}
A = {} B = {1, 3, 7, 9, 11}, D = {2, 4, ..., 10} F = {..., -3, -2, -1}
C = {4, 8, 11}.

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8,
9, 11}
QUESTION

Explain the four kinds

of relationships
between each set.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SETS

JOINT SET DISJOINT SET EQUAL SET EQUIVALENT SET

Sets with at least Sets with no Sets with exactly the Sets with the same
one common set. common set. same elements. number of
elements.

Example: Example: Example: Example:

A = {1, 2, 3, 4} Q = {1, 3, 5, 7} H = {2, 4, 6, 8} D = {a, b, c}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8} R = {2, 4, 6, 8} G = {2, 4, 6, 8} E = {apple. orange,
pear}
A and b are joint. Q and R don't have H and G have the
They both have 2 a common exact same D and E both have
and 4 as elements. element. elements. 3 elements.
Joint Set Venn Diagram Disjoint Set Venn Diagram
QUESTION

Explain what is a
subset.
DEFINITION

SUBSET: is a set where all of its

elements can be found on a bigger
set.

The symbol ⊂ means "a subset of"

while ⊄
means "not a subset of".
QUESTION

Explain the difference

between a proper
subset and an
improper subset.
DEFINITION

PROPER SUBSET: there exist one element that

is not from the original set.

IMPROPER SUBSET: if/when the first set equals

the second set, then it is an improper subset.

The symbol ⊆ is used to mean an improper

subset.
QUESTION

Explain what is a
power set.
DEFINITION

POWER SET: includes all the

subsets of a given set including
the empty set. Denoted by P(A).
 EXAMPLE

R = {a, b, c}
List all the subsets of Set R.
Step 1: List the empty set a as a subset.
Step 2: List unique sets with 1 element.
Step 3: List unique sets with 2 elements.
DEFINITION
Step 4: List the set itself as a subset.
Step 5: Write all the subsets as a set to
complete the power set.
DEFINITION

The cardinality of a power set is

given by:
n
2
where n is the number of elements
of a given set. Written as |P(A)|.
OPERATION OF SETS
QUESTION

Explain the Union of

∪
Sets (A B)
DEFINITION

The union of sets is

obtained by combining the
elements of the sets.
QUESTION

Explain the
Intersection of Sets
∩
(A B)
DEFINITION

The intersection of sets are

the elements common to
both A and B.
QUESTION

Explain the
Difference of Sets
(A-B)
DEFINITION

Sets found in A but not

in B.
QUESTION

Explain the
Complement of Sets
(A')
DEFINITION

Elements found in the

universal set but not in
Set A.
QUESTION

Given:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
Find: 1. A' ∪ B'
2. A’ - B’
ANSWER

A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 9}
∪
A' B' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A’ - B’ = {1, 3, 5, 7}
QUESTION

Given:
P = {4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 17, 22}
Q = {5, 9, 13, 17, 20},
Find: 1. P ∪ (P - Q)
2. P - (P ⋂Q)
ANSWER

(P ⋂Q)= {13, 17}

P - (P ⋂Q) = {4, 7, 10, 16, 22}

(P - Q) = {4, 7, 10, 16, 22}

P U (P - Q) = {4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 17, 22}