Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electronics Communication Engineering Circuit Analysis and Synthesis Solution of Current in Series and Parallel Circuits Notes
Electronics Communication Engineering Circuit Analysis and Synthesis Solution of Current in Series and Parallel Circuits Notes
Electronics Communication Engineering Circuit Analysis and Synthesis Solution of Current in Series and Parallel Circuits Notes
com
Solution of Current in
AC Parallel and Series-
parallel Circuits
www.getmyuni.com
This lesson starts with two examples of parallel circuits fed from single phase ac
supply. The first example is presented in detail. The students are advised to study the two
cases of parallel circuits given in the previous lesson.
Example 16.1
The circuit, having two impedances of Z1 = (8 + j 15) Ω and Z 2 = (6 − j 8) Ω in
parallel, is connected to a single phase ac supply (Fig. 16.1a), and the current drawn is 10
A. Find each branch current, both in magnitude and phase, and also the supply voltage.
www.getmyuni.com
Z1 = (8 + j15) Ω
I1
A B
I = 10A
I2
Z2 = (6 – j8) Ω
Fig. 16.1 (a) Circuit diagram
Solution
Z1 ∠φ1 = (8 + j 15) = 17 ∠61.93° Ω Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 = (6 − j 8) = 10 ∠ − 53.13° Ω
I ∠0° (OC ) = 10 ∠0° = (10 + j 0) A
The admittances, using impedances in rectangular form, are,
1 1 8 − j 15 8 − j 15
Y1 ∠ − φ1 = = = 2 = = ( 27.68 − j 51.9) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Z 1 ∠φ1 8 + j 15 8 + 15 2 289
1 1 6 + j8 6 + j8
Y2 ∠φ 2 = = = 2 = = (60.0 + j 80.0) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Z 2 ∠ − φ2 6 − j 8 6 + 8 2
100
Alternatively, using impedances in polar form, the admittances are,
1 1
Y1 ∠ − φ1 = = = 0.05882 ∠ − 61.93°
Z 1 ∠φ1 17.0 ∠61.93°
= (27.68 − j 51.9) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
1 1
Y2 ∠φ 2 = = = 0.1 ∠53.13° = (60.0 + j 80.0) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 10.0 ∠ − 53.13°
The total admittance is,
Y ∠φ = Y1 + Y2 = [(27.68 − j 51.9) + (60.0 + j 80.0)] ⋅ 10 −3 = (87.68 + j 28.1) ⋅ 10 −3
= 92.07 ⋅ 10 −3 ∠17.77° Ω −1
The total impedance is,
1 1
Z ∠ −φ = = = 10.86 ∠ − 17.77° = (10.343 − j 3.315) Ω
Y ∠φ 92.07 ⋅ 10 −3 ∠17.77°
The supply voltage is
V ∠ − φ (V AB ) = I ∠0° ⋅ Z ∠ − φ = (10 × 10.86) ∠ − 17.77° = 108.6 ∠ − 17.77° V
= (103.43 − j 33.15) V
= (1.143 − j 6.286 ) A
I 2 ∠θ 2 (OE ) = I ∠0° − I1 ∠ − θ1 (OC − OD = OC − CE )
= (10.0 + j 0.0) − (1.143 − j 6.286) = (8.857 + j 6.286) A = 10.86 ∠35.36° A
Alternatively, the current I 2 is,
V ∠ − φ ⎛ 108.6 ⎞
I 2 ∠θ 2 (OE ) = =⎜ ⎟ ∠(−17.77° + 53.13°) = 10.86 ∠35.36° A
Z 2 ∠ − φ2 ⎝ 10.0 ⎠
= (8.857 + j 6.285) A
The phasor diagram with the total (input) current as reference is shown in Fig. 16.1b.
E
I2= 10.86
53.13°
θ1 = 35.35
O C
Ф = 17.8°
θ1 = 79.7° I = 10A
61.90
VAB 108.63 V
I1 = 6.4 A
D
Fig. 16.1 (b) Phasor diagram
Alternative Method
Z ′ ∠φ ′ = Z1 ∠φ1 + Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 = (8 + j 15) + (6 − j 8) = (14 + j 7) = 15.65 ∠26.565° Ω
Z ⋅Z Z ∠φ ⋅ Z ∠ − φ 2 ⎛ 17.0 × 10.0 ⎞
Z ∠ −φ = 1 2 = 1 1 2 =⎜ ⎟ ∠(61.93° − 53.13° − 26.565°)
Z1 + Z 2 Z ′ ∠φ ′ ⎝ 15.65 ⎠
= 10.86 ∠ − 17.77° = (10.343 − j 3.315) Ω
The supply voltage is
V ∠ − φ (VAB ) = I ⋅ Z = (10 ×10.86) ∠ − 17.77° = 108.6 ∠ − 17.77° V
= (103.43 − j 33.15) V
I IL
+ IC
L
O
C
A
- D
230 V
Fig. 16.2 (a) Circuit diagram
Solution
P = 2.5 KW = 2.5 ⋅ 10 3 = 2500 W V = 230 V f = 50 Hz
The power factor in the inductive branch is cos φ L = 0.71 (lag )
The phase angle is φ L = cos −1 (0.71) = 44.77° ≈ 45°
P = V ⋅ I L cos φ L = 230 ⋅ (I L cos φ L ) = 2500
P 2500
IL = = = 15.31 A
V cos φ L 230 × 0.71
I L cosφ L = 15.31× 0.71 = 10.87 A ; I L sin φ L = 15.32 × sin 45° = 10.87 A
The current I L is, I L ∠ − φ L = 15.31∠ − 45° = (10.87 − j 10.87) A
The power consumed in the circuit remains same, as the capacitor does not consume
any power, but the reactive power in the circuit changes. The active component of the
total current remains same as computed earlier.
I cos φ = I L cos φ L = 10.87 A
The power factor of the current is cos φ = 0.866 (lag )
The phase angle is φ = cos −1 (0.866) = 30°
The magnitude of the current is I = 10.87 / 0.866 = 12.55 A
The current is I ∠ − φ = 12.55 ∠ − 30° = (10.87 − j 6.276) A
www.getmyuni.com
4.5 A
IC
230 V
A
φ
45°
C
IC
15.3 B
Fig. 16.2 (b) Phasor diagram
Example 16.3
An inductive load (R in series with L) is connected in parallel with a capacitance C of
12.5 μF (Fig. 16.3a). The input voltage to the circuit is 100 V at 31.8 Hz. The phase
angle between the two branch currents, ( I 1 = I L ) and ( I 2 = I C ) is 120° , and the current
in the first branch is I 1 = I L = 0.5 A . Find the total current, and also the values of R & L.
I A
I2
+ R
100 V
D
I 1 = 0.5A L C = 12.5 μF
-
Solution
f = 31.8 Hz ω = 2 π f = 2 π × 31.8 ≈ 200 rad / s V = 100 V
I 1 = 0.5 A C = 12.5 μF = 12.5 ⋅ 10 F−6
Series-parallel circuit
The circuit, with a branch having impedance Z 1 , in series with two parallel branches
having impedances, Z 2 and Z 3 , shown in Fig. , , is connected to a single phase ac
supply.
The impedance of the branch, AB is Z AB ∠φ AB = Z1 ∠φ1
1 1
Y2 ∠ − φ 2 = ; Y3 ∠ − φ 3 =
Z 2 ∠φ 2 Z 3 ∠φ 3
www.getmyuni.com
I2 = 0.25
I = 0.433
A 100 V B
30°
86.6 V 50 V 0.25 I2
D
Z1
0.5 I1
Fig. 16.3 (b) Phasor diagram
Example 16.4
Find the input voltage at 50 Hz to be applied to the circuit shown in Fig. 16.4a, such
that the current in the capacitor is 8 A?
I1
R1 = 5 Ω L1 = 25.5 mH
I R3 = 7 Ω L3 = 38.2 mH
I1
A • • I 2 = 8A
•D •B
R2 = 8 Ω 318 μF
Solution
f = 50 Hz ω = 2 π f = 2 π × 50 = 314.16 rad / s
L1 = 0.0255 H L3 = 0.0382 H C = 318 μF = 318 ⋅ 10 −6 F
X 1 = ω L1 = 314.16 × 0.0255 = 8 Ω X 3 = ω L3 = 314.16 × 0.0382 = 12 Ω
X 2 = 1 /(ω C ) = 1 /(314.16 × 318 ⋅ 10 −6 ) = 10 Ω I 2 ∠0° = 8 ∠0° = (8 + j 0) A
Z1 ∠φ1 = R1 + j X 1 = (5 + j 8) = 9.434 ∠58° Ω
Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 = R2 − j X 2 = (8 − j 10) = 12.806 ∠ − 51.34° Ω
Z 3 ∠φ 3 = R3 + j X 3 = (7 + j 12) = 13.89 ∠59°.74 Ω
V AC ∠ − φ 2 = I 2 ∠0° ⋅ Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 = (8.0 × 12.806) ∠ − 51.34° = 102.45 ∠ − 51.34° V
= (64 − j 80) V
V AC ∠ − φ 2 ⎛ 102.45 ⎞
I1 ∠ − θ1 = =⎜ ⎟ ∠ − (51.34° + 58°) = 10.86 ∠ − 109.34° A
Z 1 ∠φ1 ⎝ 9.434 ⎠
= (−3.6 − j 10.25) A
I ∠ − θ 3 = I 1 ∠ − θ 1 + I 2 ∠0° = −(3.6 + j 10.25) + (8.0 + j 0.0) = (4.4 − j 10.25)
= 11.154 ∠ − 66.77° A
VCB ∠ − θ CB = I ∠ − θ 3 ⋅ Z 3 ∠φ 3 = (11.154 × 13.89) ∠(−66.77° + 59.74°)
= 154.93 ∠ − 7.03° V = (153.764 − j 18.96) V
V AB ∠ − θ AB = V AC ∠ − φ 2 + VCB ∠ − θ CB = (64.0 − j 80.0) + (153.764 − j 18.96)
= (217.764 − j 9 0.96) = 239.2 ∠ − 24.44° V
The phasor diagram with the branch current, I 2 as reference, is shown in Fig. 16.4b.
I2 = 8A
7.03°
51.34°
VDB = 154.9V
66.77°
58°
I VAD = 102.45 V
VAB = 239.2
I1 = 10.86A 11.15A
Example 16.5
A resistor of 50 Ω in parallel with an inductor of 30 mH, is connected in series with a
capacitor, C (Fig. 16.5a). A voltage of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to the circuit. Find,
(a) the value of C to give unity power factor,
(b) the total current, and
(c) the current in the inductor
R = 50 Ω
D
A • • B
C
L = 30 mH
230 V
50 Hz
Fig. 16.5 (a) Circuit diagram
Solution
f = 50 Hz ω = 2 π f = 2 π × 50 = 314.16 rad / s
R = 50 Ω V = 220 V L = 30 mH = 30 ⋅ 10 −3 = 0.03 H
X L = ω L = 314.16 × 0.03 = 94.24 Ω
1 1
C= = = 153.8 ⋅ 10 −6 = 153.8 μF
ω X C 314.16 × 20.7
So, Z AB ∠0° = R AB + j 0 = (39.02 + j 0.0) = 39.02 ∠0° Ω
The total current is,
I ∠0° = V ∠0° / Z AB ∠0° = (220.0 / 39.02) ∠0° = (5.64 + j 0.0) = 5.64 ∠0° A
The voltage, V AD is,
VAD ∠φ AD = I ∠0° ⋅ Z AD ∠φ AD = (5.64 × 44.17) ∠27.95° = 249.05 ∠27.95° V
= (220.0 + j 116.73) V
The current in the inductor, I L is,
I L ∠θ L = V AD ∠φ AD / X L ∠90° = (249.05 / 94.24) ∠(27.95° − 90°)
= 2.64 ∠ − 62.05° A = (1.24 − j 2.335) A
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 16.5b.
IR = 4.98 249.0
D
28° 116.7 V
28°
A
62° 5.64 B
(i) (ii)
Fig. 16.5 (b) Phasor diagram
Example 16.6
In the circuit (Fig. 16.6a) the wattmeter reads 960 W and the ammeter reads 6 A.
Calculate the values of VS , VC , I C , I , I L and X C .
I W R1 = 10 Ω
R2 = 6 Ω
D
A • A • • E
IL
+ VC
IC C
IC
jxL = j 8 Ω
-
•B
Fig. 16.6 (a) Circuit diagram
www.getmyuni.com
Solution
In this circuit, the power is consumed in two resistance, R1 and R2 only, but not
consumed in inductance L, and capacitance C. These two components affect only the
reactive power.
P = 960 W I=6A R1 = 10 Ω
R2 = 6 Ω XL = 8 Ω
Total power is, P = I 2 ⋅ R1 + I L2 ⋅ R2 = (6) 2 × 10 + 6 ⋅ I L2 = 360 + 6 ⋅ I L2 = 960 W
or, 6 ⋅ I L2 = 960 − 360 = 600 W
So, I L = 600 / 6 = 10 A
The impedance of the inductive branch is,
Z L = R2 + j X L = (6 + j 8) = 10 ∠53.13° Ω
The magnitude of the voltage in the inductive branch is,
V DB = VC = I L ⋅ Z L = 10 × 10 = 100 V
Assuming VDB = 100 ∠0° as reference, the current, I L is,
I L ∠ − φ L = VDB ∠0° / Z L ∠φ L = (100 / 10) ∠ − 53.13° = 10 ∠ − 53.13° A = (6 − j 8) A
The current, I C ∠90° = j I C = VDB ∠0° / X C ∠ − 90° = (V / X C ) ∠90°
The total current is I ∠φ = I L ∠ − φ L + I C ∠90° = (6 − j 8) + j I C = 6 + j ( I C − 8)
So, I = (6) 2 + ( I C − 8) 2 = 6 A
or, 36 + ( I C − 8) 2 = (6) 2 = 36
So, I C = 8 A
The capacitive reactance is, X C = VDB / I C = 100 / 8 = 12.5 Ω
The total current is I ∠0° = (6 + j 0) = 6 ∠0° A
or, it can be written as,
I ∠ 0 ° = I L ∠ − φ L + I C ∠90 ° = ( 6 − j 8) + j 8 = ( 6 + j 0 ) = 6 ∠ 0 ° A
The voltage V AD is.
V AD ∠0° = I ∠0° ⋅ ( R1 + j 0) = ( I ⋅ R1 ) ∠0° = (6 × 10) ∠0° = 60 ∠0° = (60 + j 0) V
The voltage, VS = V AB is.
VS = V AB ∠0° = V AD ∠0° + VDB ∠0° = (60 + 100) ∠0° = 16 0 ∠0° = (160 + j 0) V
The current, I is in phase with VS = V AB , and also VDB .
The total impedance is,
Z AB ∠0° = Z AD ∠0° + Z DB ∠0° = V AB ∠0° / I ∠0° = (160 / 6) ∠0° = 26.67 ∠0°
= (26.67 + j 0.0) Ω
The impedance, Z DB is,
Z DB ∠0° = Z AB ∠0° − Z AD ∠0° = VDB ∠0° / I ∠0° = (100 / 6) ∠0° = 16.67 ∠0°
= (16.67 + j 0.0) Ω
Both the above impedances can be easily obtained using the circuit parameters by the
method given earlier, and then checked with the above values. The impedance, Z DB can
www.getmyuni.com
be obtained by the steps given in Example 16.3. The phasor diagram is shown in Fig.
16.6b.
8A
60 V
A B AB = 160 V (VO)
6A
I = 6A D
8A
53.13° A
Problems
16.1 Find the impedance, Zab in the following circuits (Fig. 16.7a-b): (check with
admittance diagrams in complex plane)
a • • a • •
l l
l
-j2
jl - j1 j1
b • • b• •
(a) (b)
Fig. 16.7
16.3 In a series-parallel circuit (Fig.16.8), the two parallel branches A and B, are in
series with the branch C. The impedances in Ω are, ZA = 5+j, ZB = 6-j8, and ZC
= 10+j8. The voltage across the branch, C is (150+j0) V. Find the branch
currents, IA and IB, and the phase angle between them. Find also the input
voltage. Draw the phasor diagram.
16.4 A total current of 1A is drawn by the circuit (Fig.16.9) fed from an ac voltage, V
of 50 Hz. Find the input voltage. Draw the phasor diagram.
ZA = (5 + j6) Ω
ZC = (10 + j8) Ω
P • • •R
Q
ZB = (6 – j8) Ω 150 V
Fig. 16.8
www.getmyuni.com
R1 = 25 Ω
A B
I=1A
+
60 μF R2 = 30 Ω
V
- L = 50 mH
Fig. 16.9