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LESSON 1: The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far

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What Is COVID-19?
A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper
throat. Most coronaviruses aren't dangerous.
In early 2020, after a December 2019 outbreak in China, the World Health Organization identified
SARS-CoV-2 as a new type of coronavirus. The outbreak quickly spread around the world.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract
infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory
tract (windpipe and lungs).
It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through person-to-person contact.
Infections range from mild to deadly.
SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of coronavirus, including the ones that cause severe diseases
like Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
The other coronaviruses cause most of the colds that affect us during the year but aren’t a serious
threat for otherwise healthy people.
Is there more than one strain of SARS-CoV-2?
An early Chinese study of 103 COVID-19 cases found two strains, which they named L and S. The
S type is older, but the L type was more common in early stages of the outbreak. They think one
may cause more cases of the disease than the other, but they’re still working on what it all means. 
It is also normal for a virus to change, or mutate, as it infects people and this virus has done so.
There are several variants which have been named for the regions they were first discovered but
they have now spread to other areas and countries, some proving to be more contagious as well as
more deadly. 
How long will the coronavirus last?
There's no way to tell how long the pandemic will continue. There are many factors, including the
public’s efforts to slow the spread, researchers’ work to learn more about the virus, their search for
a treatment, and the success of the vaccines.

Symptoms of COVID-19
The main symptoms include:

 Fever   Headache
 Coughing  Sore throat
 Shortness of breath  Congestion/runny nose
 Trouble breathing  Loss of smell or taste
 Fatigue  Nausea
 Chills, sometimes with shaking  Diarrhea
 Body aches

virus can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure, heart problems, liver problems, septic shock, and
death. Many COVID-19 complications may be caused by a condition known as cytokine release
syndrome or a cytokine storm. This is when an infection triggers your immune system to flood your
P a g e | 32

bloodstream with inflammatory proteins called cytokines. They can kill tissue and damage your
organs.
If you notice the following severe symptoms in yourself or a loved one, get medical help right away:

 Trouble breathing or shortness of  New confusion

breath  Can’t wake up fully
 Ongoing chest pain or pressure  Bluish lips or face

Strokes have also been reported in some people who have COVID-19. Remember FAST:

 Face. Is one side of the person’s face numb or drooping? Is their smile lopsided?
 Arms. Is one arm weak or numb? If they try to raise both arms, does one arm sag?
 Speech. Can they speak clearly? Ask them to repeat a sentence.
 Time. Every minute counts when someone shows signs of a stroke. Call 911 right away.

If you’re infected, symptoms can show up in as few as 2 days or as many as 14. It varies from
person to person.
According to researchers in China, these were the most common symptoms among people who
had COVID-19:

 Fever 99%
 Fatigue 70%
 Cough 59%
 Lack of appetite 40%
 Body aches 35%
 Shortness of breath 31%
 Mucus/phlegm 27%

Some people who are hospitalized for COVID-19 have also have dangerous blood clots, including
in their legs, lungs, and arteries.
What to do if you think you have it
If you live in or have traveled to an area where COVID-19 is spreading:

 If you don’t feel well, stay home. Even if you have mild symptoms like a headache and
runny nose, stay in until you’re better. This lets doctors focus on people who are more
seriously ill and protects health care workers and people you might meet along the way. You
might hear this called self-quarantine. Try to stay in a separate room away from other people
in your home. Use a separate bathroom if you can.
 Call the doctor if you have trouble breathing. You need to get medical help as soon as
possible. Calling ahead (rather than showing up) will let the doctor direct you to the proper
place, which may not be your doctor’s office. If you don’t have a regular doctor, call your
local board of health. They can tell you where to go for testing and treatment.
 Follow your doctor’s advice and keep up with the news on COVID-19. Between your
doctor and health care authorities, you’ll get the care you need and information on how to
prevent the virus from spreading.
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(REFERENCE: Coronavirus & COVID-19 Overview: Symptoms, Risks, Prevention, Treatment & More
(webmd.com)

How do vaccines work?

Germs are all around us, both in our environment and in our bodies. When a person is
susceptible and they encounter a harmful organism, it can lead to disease and death.

The body has many ways of defending itself against pathogens (disease-causing organisms).

Skin, mucus, and cilia (microscopic hairs that move debris away from the lungs) all work as
physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place. 

When a pathogen does infect the body, our body’s defenses, called the immune system, are
triggered and the pathogen is attacked and destroyed or overcome.

The body's natural response

A pathogen is a bacterium, virus, parasite or fungus that can cause disease within the body.
Each pathogen is made up of several subparts, usually unique to that specific pathogen and the
disease it causes. The subpart of a pathogen that causes the formation of antibodies is called
an antigen. The antibodies produced in response to the pathogen’s antigen are an important
part of the immune system. You can consider antibodies as the soldiers in your body’s defense
system. Each antibody, or soldier, in our system is trained to recognize one specific antigen.
We have thousands of different antibodies in our bodies. When the human body is exposed to
an antigen for the first time, it takes time for the immune system to respond and produce
antibodies specific to that antigen. 

In the meantime, the person is susceptible to becoming ill. 

Once the antigen-specific antibodies are produced, they work with the rest of the immune
system to destroy the pathogen and stop the disease. Antibodies to one pathogen generally
don’t protect against another pathogen except when two pathogens are very similar to each
other, like cousins. Once the body produces antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, it
also creates antibody-producing memory cells, which remain alive even after the pathogen is
defeated by the antibodies. If the body is exposed to the same pathogen more than once, the
antibody response is much faster and more effective than the first time around because the
memory cells are at the ready to pump out antibodies against that antigen.

This means that if the person is exposed to the dangerous pathogen in the future, their immune
system will be able to respond immediately, protecting against disease. 
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How vaccines help

Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an
immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens
rather than the antigen itself. Regardless of whether the vaccine is made up of the antigen itself
or the blueprint so that the body will produce the antigen, this weakened version will not cause
the disease in the person receiving the vaccine, but it will prompt their immune system to
respond much as it would have on its first reaction to the actual pathogen.

Some vaccines require multiple doses, given weeks or months apart. This is sometimes needed
to allow for the production of long-lived antibodies and development of memory cells. In this
way, the body is trained to fight the specific disease-causing organism, building up memory of
the pathogen so as to rapidly fight it if and when exposed in the future.

Herd immunity

When someone is vaccinated, they are very likely to be protected against the targeted disease.
But not everyone can be vaccinated. People with underlying health conditions that weaken their
immune systems (such as cancer or HIV) or who have severe allergies to some vaccine
components may not be able to get vaccinated with certain vaccines. These people can still be
protected if they live in and amongst others who are vaccinated. When a lot of people in a
community are vaccinated the pathogen has a hard time circulating because most of the people
it encounters are immune. So the more that others are vaccinated, the less likely people who
are unable to be protected by vaccines are at risk of even being exposed to the harmful
pathogens. This is called herd immunity.

This is especially important for those people who not only can’t be vaccinated but may be more
susceptible to the diseases we vaccinate against. No single vaccine provides 100% protection,
and herd immunity does not provide full protection to those who cannot safely be vaccinated.
But with herd immunity, these people will have substantial protection, thanks to those around
them being vaccinated.

Vaccinating not only protects yourself, but also protects those in the community who are unable
to be vaccinated. If you are able to, get vaccinated.
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Throughout history, humans have successfully developed vaccines for a number of life-
threatening diseases, including meningitis, tetanus, measles and wild poliovirus.

In the early 1900s, polio was a worldwide disease, paralyzing hundreds of thousands of people
every year. By 1950, two effective vaccines against the disease had been developed. But
vaccination in some parts of the world was still not common enough to stop the spread of polio,
particularly in Africa. In the 1980s, a united worldwide effort to eradicate polio from the planet
began. Over many years and several decades, polio vaccination, using routine immunization
visits and mass vaccination campaigns, has taken place in all continents. Millions of people,
mostly children, have been vaccinated and in August 2020, the African continent was
certified wild poliovirus free, joining all other parts of the world except Pakistan and Afghanistan,
where polio has not yet been eradicated.

Protect yourself and others around you by knowing the facts and taking
appropriate precautions. Follow advice provided by your local health authority.

To prevent the spread of COVID-19:

 Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
 Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
 Wear a mask when physical distancing is not possible.
 Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
 Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.
 If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.

Calling in advance allows your healthcare provider to quickly direct you to the right
health facility. This protects you, and prevents the spread of viruses and other
infections.

 Masks/Face Shield
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Masks can help prevent the spread of the virus from the person wearing the mask to others.
Masks alone do not protect against COVID-19, and should be combined with physical
distancing and hand hygiene. Follow the advice provided by your local health authority.

Shine Together
Activity 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Corona virus?
_
_
2. Give some symptoms of COVID-19.
_
_

3. How safety measure can we do to prevent the virus?

_
_

Performance.

1. Write a slogan about how to prevent COVID-19. Use any editing application
2. Research and answer the following questions:
 What are the available vaccines in the Philippines?
 Who will get the vaccines first?  Why will the prioritized groups get the
vaccine first?
3. Interview a person who already get vaccinated. Ask the following questions:

 What brand of vaccine was injected?

 How did you feel after getting vaccinated?
 Have you noticed any side effects?
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Importance and Components of Consumer Health

What I Need to Learn

 Explain the importance of consumer health
 Enumerate the components of consumer health
 Describe the different components of consumer health
Essential Questions
1. Who is a consumer?
2 What is consumer health?
3. What are the components of consumer health?
4. Why is consumer health important?
5. Why is it important to exercise the rights of a responsible consumer?

Take Off

Study the following picture and the Consumer Rights formulated by the UN.
With a partner, talk about your interpretation and understanding of the Consumer
Rights.

Being a young consumer at one time or another, how do these rights benefit you and
the buying public?

Learn Together

Have you heard about consumer health? How do you think does consumer
health relate to consumer rights? Who
A consumer is a person who purchases goods or services for his/her personal
use and not for manufacture or resale. You and other people are consumers. You buy
some products or services you need. People buy products like food items, clothing,
accessories, medicines, appliances, furniture, cars, and other products. They also pay
for the services of dentists, lawyers, teachers, drivers, carpenters, plumbers,
technicians, doctors, nurses, caregivers, accountants, and other needed service
providers. Consumers make the decision whether or not to buy an item at the store, and
they can be influenced by marketing and advertisements. When you go to a store to buy
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a drink, or someone goes to a department store to buy a shirt, shoes, jacket or anything
else, you and that person are making that decision as a consumer.
As a consumer, you have to know or be aware of the maximum benefits that you can
get from paying for a product or a service that you want to avail of. You have to be
aware that the product or service you pay for does not pose any risk or does not

have a harmful effect on your health. Your health as a consumer represents more
than freedom from disease. It protects you physically, socially, and mentally and
it also aims to prevent diseases.
Consumer health is a condition of welfare enjoyed by people who buy products use
services that research believes be safe. The government protects this condition by
giving warnings about products and services that pose risks to public health and offering
disease prevention information. Efforts to protect the consumers also focus on food,
drug, and product safety. The focus of consumer health is to enable families, caregivers,
patients, and the general public to find current, reliable, and accessible health
information. Consumer health information might warn the public about tainted food or
drugs, and provide a method of filing against a product or service. Information is usually
available on every product from dietary supplements and cosmetics to products that
emit radiation.
Importance of Consumer Health
Consumer health is concerned with how healthy and active consumers are in
general, on a day-to-day basis. It is important because it empowers consumers in many
ways.
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1. It allows them to make wise and informed decision in purchasing products or availing
services. It helps consumers choose goods and services in the proper way.
2. It gives consumers protection from fraud and malpractice. It protects the public
against the risk of injury or harm associated with consumer products.
3. It gives consumers the ability to differentiate valid health information from myths and
misconceptions.
4. It helps make the consumers to be aware about their rights and abilities such as: the
right to basic needs, the right to safety, the right to choose goods and services, the
right to redress or to be paid back, and the right to consumer education.
Components of Consumer Health
The following are the components of consumer health.
1. Health information refers to any information which enables consumers to
understand their health and make health-related decisions for themselves and their
families. It also refers to any information that consumers or patients look for without
the need for intervention or interpretation by health professionals or librarians. It is
designed and aimed at a general audience rather than at individual clients. Its sole
purpose is to provide clear, straight- forward information and facts for consumers.
Health information is often sought to increase one's overall well-being and health
literacy skills. Consumers or patients can find this information from different sources
such as books, print ads from magazines and newspapers, radio, television, and
Internet.

2. Health products refer to substances or products that have something to do with

staying healthy or improving one's health. These include a variety of products such
as pharmaceutical products, vitamins and minerals, herbal medicines, dietary
supplements, homeopathic preparations, food, health drinks, probiotics, personal
health care products, and numerous alternative and traditional medicines.

3. Health services refer to public services providing health and/or medical care. They
include all services that deal with the diagnosis and treatment of disease or the
promotion/awareness, maintenance, and restoration of health. They include personal
and non-personal health services like the services of healthcare professionals or
healthcare workers, health units, health plans and providers, and health programs.
Consumer Rights
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Consumer Rights refer to a set or body of laws pertaining to things

that manufacturers of goods must do to protect consumer from harm.
1. Right to Satisfaction of Basic Needs is a consumer right which guarantees
survival, adequate food, shelter, clothing, education, health care, and sanitation.
Consumers must have equal and good access to necessary goods and services
such as food, shelter, education, health care, and sanitation. The right to satisfaction
of basic needs assures consumers that they can avail of the basic and prime
commodities at affordable prices and with good quality.

2. Right to Safety refers to the right of the

consumer to be protected against the marketing
or the provision of services that are harmful to
health and life. This right protects consumers
from products, manufacturing practices, a nd
services which could be hazardous to their
health or life. Consumers should be able to
assume that the products the y buy are
reasonably safe for their intended purpose when
used as indicated, to enjoy and maintain this
right, the consumers must use a product for its
intended purpose and properly follow its
instructions and warnings

3. Right to Be Informed is the right of consumers

to be protected against dishonest, false, or
misleading advertising or labeling of products.
They have the right to be given sufficient facts
and information needed to make intelligent and
informed decisions about a particular product or
service. Companies are required to supply all
the Information necessary for consumers.

4. Right to Choose refers to the right of

consumers to choose from a variety of products
and services that offer alter- natives in terms of
price, quality, and service. Distributors must set
prices based on existing competitive prices and
must guarantee the quality of their products or
services.

5. Right to Representation or Right to Be Heard refers

to the right of consumer to an assurance that the
government will take heed of the concerns of
consumers; Chat the government will protect those
interests through wise enactment of laws and
administrative regulations. In the same manner,
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businesses must address concerns during development and production of goods

and services.

6. Right to Redress is the right of consumers to receive compensation or payment for

the poor performance of services and poor quality products, or damage caused in
using them. This right gives consumers to receive a fair settlement of just claims,
including payment for misrepresentation, poor goods, or unsatisfactory services.

7. Right to Consumer Education is the right of

consumers to acquire knowledge and skills
needed to make informed choices about goods
and services, while being aware of basic
consumer rights and responsibilities. Programs
and information must be made available to
consumers which will enable them to become
well-informed consumers.

8. Right to Healthy and Sustainable

Environment is the right of consumers to live
and work in an environment which is non-
threatening to the well- being of present and
future generations. It is the responsibility of
business establishments and the government
agencies concerned to establish policies, both in
the production and regulation of goods and
services that do not harm the natural world.
These policies should help ensure that
consumers live in a clean, safe, sustainable,
and healthy environment.
Health and Everyday Life
You have learned that for every right you enjoy there is a corresponding
responsibility. You have several rights as a consumer and therefore you should also be
aware of the responsibilities of an informed consumer. As you grow and mature, it would
be better if you get to practice them in order to become a responsible consumer.
As a consumer, it is your responsibility to educate yourself about your rights and
also to look around and gather as much information as you can before making a
purchase. After making a purchase, it is your responsibility to read and follow any
product instructions or warnings, in order to keep vourself safe.
Here are some other responsibilities that you can practice as a young consumer.
 Critical awareness the responsibility to be more alert and questioning about the use
of product; the price, quality of goods and services you use.
 Social concern the responsibility to be aware of the impact of your consumption on
other citizens, especially disadvantaged or powerless groups whether in the local,
national, or international community.
 Environmental awareness the responsibility to understand the environmental
consequences of your consumption. You should recognize your individual and social
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responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect the Earth for future
generations.
 Solidarity the responsibility to organize together as consumers to develop the
strength and influence to promote and protect your interest.
 Action the responsibility to assert and act to ensure that you get a fair deal. As long
as you remain passive consumers, will continue to be exploited.
Shine Together
A. Knowledge
Activity 1
Describe the responsibilities that you can practice as a young consumer.
1. Action -
_
_
_
2. Critical Awareness
_
_
_
3. Environmental Awareness
_
_
_
4. Social Concern
_
_
_
5. Solidarity
_
_
_

Activity 2
Write the following under the correct heading.

cleaning agents radio vitamins tv advertisements

health units books hospitals food nurses
health internet doctors health care
health drinks print ads plans health programs
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Health Information Health Products Health Services

B. Understanding
1. Who is a consumer?
2. What is consumer health?
3. What are the components of consumer health?
4. Why is consumer health important?
Why is it important to exercise the rights of a responsible consumer?

LESSON 1: Personal Health – Issues and Concerns

ON THE DOT

1. Height and weight- You change in height and weight as you grow. Height refers
to how tall you are. You could measure your height using a ruler or a meter stick. It
is expressed centimeters or meters. Weight tells how heavy you are. A weighing
scale like the bathroom scale could be used to find your weight. Weight is
expressed in kilos. The change in height and weight could be seen clearly using a
graph.

2. Hearing- Problems the ears and with hearing are very common among children.
Most of them are caused by infections.

• Swimmer ‘s ear – is an infection of the auditory canal. It occurs often in children

who frequently go swimming. The infection can be caused by bacteria that
invade the constantly moist skin of the external earflap and the ear canal. The
ear may also itch or have a discharge. The infection is treated by applying an
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antibacterial eardrop prescribed by the doctor.

• Impacted cerumen- is common often causes unpleasant symptoms and is
occasionally associated with serious squeal, including hearing loss, social
withdrawal, poor work function and perforated eardrums. Clinicians have sought
an effective means to remove impacted cerumen for centuries. For example,
softening earwax with the specific intention of facilitating removal dates to the
18th century. Since then, a large number of drugs to loosen impacted cerumen
have been routinely used in general practice and as over-the-counter
medications.
• Otitis media - refers to inflammation of the middle ear. When infection occurs, the
condition is called "acute otitis media." Acute otitis media occurs when a cold,
allergy, or upper respiratory infection, and the presence of bacteria or viruses
lead to the accumulation of pus and mucus behind the eardrum, blocking the
Eustachian tube. This causes earache and swelling. When fluid forms in the
middle ear, the condition is known as "otitis media with effusion." This occurs
in a recovering ear infection or when one is about to occur. Fluid can remain in
the ear for weeks to many months. When a discharge from the ear persists or
repeatedly returns, this is sometimes called chronic middle ear infection. Fluid
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can remain in the ear up to three weeks following the infection. If not treated,
chronic ear infections have potentially serious consequences such as temporary
or permanent hearing loss.

3. Vision – There are eye disorder that some people are born with and they could not
avoid them but do something to improve the eyesight. Below are a few of them.

• Astigmatism - This is an eye disorder caused by a defect in the curvature of the

cornea or lens of the eye. Most people with this defect can see clearly the things
directly in from of them, but seeing the objects above and below or objects to the
right or to the left sides or diagonally is not clear. Usually, prescribed eyeglasses
correct the problem.

• Myopia – When the eyeball is too long from front to back or the cornea is too
curved, the result can be myopia. This is better known as nearsightedness.

People with myopia can see close objects clearly, but objects at a distance look
blurry. In normal vision, the image o9f a distant object gets focused on the retina,
but in myopia, because of the greater length of the eyeball, the focused image
falls short of the retina and the result is a fuzzy image. Myopia tends to be
hereditary, developing at around age 12 and progressing until about age 20.
Rarely does the condition get any worse after age 30. Eyeglasses or contact
lenses easily correct nearsightedness.
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• Hyperopia – is the refractive error in which an image of distant object becomes

focused behind the retina. It’s either because the eyeball axis Is too short, or
because the refractive power of the object is too weak. This is commonly known
as farsightedness. This condition makes close objects appear out of focus.
Hyperopia causes headaches, eye strain and/or fatigue. Squinting, eye rubbing,
lack of interest in school and difficulty in reading are often observed among
children with this condition, eyeglasses or contact lenses help to correct or
improve hyperopia by adjusting the focusing power to the retina.

• Strabismus or squint – refers to any condition in which the eyes do not point to
the same direction when looking at an object. There are three types of this
condition – walleye, cross-eye, and vertical strabismus. Surgery may needed to
correct these eye defects. Eye doctors may prescribe corrective glasses to
remedy these defects.

• Xerophthalmia or dry eyes, is a medical condition in which the eye fails to

produce tears. It may be caused by a deficiency in vitamin A and is sometimes
used to describe that lack, although there may be other causes.
Xerophthalmia caused by a severe vitamin A deficiency is described by
pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva becomes dry,
thick and wrinkled. If untreated, it can lead to corneal ulceration and ultimately to
blindness as a result of corneal damage.

4. Skin, Hair, and nail

• Sunburn – is red, painful skin that feels hot to the touch. It usually appears within
a few hours after sun exposure and may take several days or weeks to fade.
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Intense sun exposure that results in sunburn increases the risk of certain
complications and related skin diseases, like skin cancer. Anyone can prevent
sunburn and the related skin conditions by protecting the skin when outdoors,
even on cloudy days. In case of sunburn, several home remedies and treatments
can relieve the pain and speed up the healing of the skin.
• Dandruff – is the scalp skin that comes off in tiny flakes. When there is too little
oil, the skin becomes flaky and dry. When there is too much oil, dandruff is also
possible. It may have a slight yellow color. Hair washing twice or thrice a week
becomes necessary. Combs and brushes must be washed very well. The hair
should be brushed regularly. Wholesome diet and overall cleanliness will help.
Massaging the scalp every day improves circulation.
• Corns – are also areas of hard, thick skin. They are usually made up of a soft
yellow ring of skin around a hard, gray center. They often form on the tops of the
toes or in between toes. Like calluses, corns come from pressure or repeated
rubbing of the toes. Corns usually develop after one has worn shoes that are
tight around the toe area.
• Blister – is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside. Blisters from on
hands and feet from rubbing and pressure, but they form more quickly than
calluses. Anyone can get blisters on the feet the same day he/she wears
uncomfortable or poor-fitting shoes or get blisters on the bare hands when using
a hammer, a shovel, or even when riding a bike.
• Callus – is an area of thick skin. It is formed at points where there is repeated
rubbing for a long period of time. The skin hardens from the pressure overtime
and eventually thickens; forming a hard though grayish or yellowish surface that
may feel rough.
• Ingrown Toenails – is common condition in which the corner or side of one of the
toenails grows and presses into the soft flesh of that toe. The result is pain,
redness, swelling and sometimes, an infection. An ingrown toenail usually affects
the big toe.

5. Posture and spine disorders – it used to describe an abnormal forward curve in

the upper spine because of slouching and a C-shaped curve along the entire spine
which can be seen from the side when a person slouches forward in the sitting
position. It is also often to as the slouched posture.

• Scoliosis - is the medical term for sideways curvature of the spine which is
usually the result when a person uses one hand- to do most of his/her tasks.
It can also result in one leg being longer than the other.
• Lordosis – is an excessive forward curve in the lower spine and is usually
associated with a swayback posture. Common causes are obesity or
pregnancy where the weight of the abdomen drags the lower spine forward.
• Kyphosis – is a more extreme forward curvature of the upper spine and is due
to an abnormality in the structure of the spine. It is generally referred to as the
hunchback posture. It is usually accompanied by a corresponding forward
curve in the lower spine so that it looks like an S-shape when seen from the
right side.
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6. Oral/dental problems
a. Cavities - are holes in teeth caused by tooth decay. Cavities are also referred to
as caries. When a cavity advances deep into the tooth, it may produce increased
sensitivity to foods that are cold, hot, or sweet. But not all cavities will cause a
toothache. There are three things to consider in the treatment of dental cavities:
prevention, remineralization, and restoration.
b. Gingivitis - is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that
causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation) of your gums. Because
gingivitis can be mild, you may not be aware that you have the condition. But it's
important to take gingivitis seriously and treat it promptly. Gingivitis can lead to
much more serious gum disease (periodontitis) and eventual tooth loss. The
most common cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene. Good oral health habits,
such as brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily and getting regular dental
checkups, can help prevent gingivitis.
c. Periodontitis - also known as gum disease, is linked to heart attacks and strokes.
Gum disease is an infection in the gums surrounding the teeth. Gum disease is
also one of the main causes of tooth loss among adults. There are two major
stages of gum disease: gingivitis and periodontitis. Regular dental checkups
along with brushing at least twice a day and flossing daily play an important role
in preventing gum disease.
d. Molocclusion - of the teeth is a misalignment problem that can lead to serious
oral health complications. It’s also known as: crowded teeth, crossbite, overbite,
underbite, open bite. The teeth won’t be able to perform vital functions if they’re
misaligned. Depending on the classification of malocclusion, the symptoms of the
disorder may be subtle or severe. Typical symptoms of malocclusion include:
• improper alignment of the teeth
• alteration in the appearance of the face
• frequent biting of the inner cheeks or tongue
• discomfort when chewing or biting
• speech problems, including the development of a lisp
• breathing through the mouth rather than the nose

e. Halitosis – is the outcome of poor oral hygiene and infection of the gums. Proper
brushing of the teeth and oral care can get rid of bad breath. Colds, sinuses, throat
infections, or tonsillitis can also cause halitosis.

ON THE DOT

I. Identify the word or phrase described in each item. Write your answer on the blank.

1. It refers to the scalp skin that comes off in tiny flakes.

2. This is the medical term for sideways curvature of the spine.

3. The poor oral hygiene and infection of gums often result in

this bad odor from the mouth.
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4. This is the excessive forward curve in the lower spine and is

usually associated with a swayback posture.
5.This term is used to describe an abnormal forward curve in
the upper spine because of slouching.
6.It is also known as: crowded teeth, crossbite, overbite,
underbite, and open bite.
7. Is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside.

8. Also known as gum disease

9. Is common condition in which the corner or side of one of the

toenails grows and presses into the soft flesh of that toe.
10.Is red, painful skin that feels hot to the touch.

II. Write True if the statement is correct and False if incorrect.

1. Callus usually develops after one has worn shoes that are tight around
the toe area.
2. An ingrown toenail usually affects the big toe.

3. Blister is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside.

4. Flat back is the backward curvature of the lower spine.

5. Hair washing twice or thrice a week might not be necessary.

6. Intense sun exposure can result in sunburn.

7. Astigmatism is an eye disorder caused by the defect in curvature of the

cornea or lens of the eyes.
8. Myopia is the clouding of the lens of the eye that results in obscured
vision.
9. Strabismus is a common and mild form of gum disease __
10.Cavities are holes in teeth caused by tooth decay.

VENTURE

Air irritants are causes of dry eyes of people. What can you do to make the environment
free from irritants? List down at least three ways to make the environment clean.
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LESSON 2: Prevention and Management of Personal Health Issues and concerns

ON THE DOT

1. Developing self-management skills

a. Proper nutrition - depends on a balanced diet which has the right amount of
food nutrients your body needs. It is a combination of the three basic food
groups.

b. Proper hygiene
 washing the body often. If possible, everybody should have a shower or a bath every
day. However, there may be times when this is not possible, for example, when people
are out camping or there is a shortage of water
 If this happens, a swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will
cleaning the teeth at least once a day. Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way
of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided. It is very important to
clean teeth after breakfast and immediately before going to bed
 washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week.
 washing hands with soap after going to the toilet
 washing hands with soap before preparing and/or eating food. During normal daily
activities, such as working and playing, disease causing germs may get onto the hands
and under the nails. If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating, they
may get onto the food
 changing into clean clothes. Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before
wearing them again
 hanging clothes in the sun to dry. The sun's rays will kill some disease-causing germs
and parasites
 turning away from other people and covering
the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand
when coughing or sneezing. If this is not done,
droplets of liquid containing germs from the
nose and mouth will be spread in the air and
other people can breathe them in, or the
droplets can get onto food
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a. Regular physical activity – This helps strengthen your bones, muscles, heart, and
lungs. Gymnastics, swimming, dancing, and playing are some forms of physical
activity.

b. Enough rest and sleep - get a plenty of rest- 8 to 10 – hours a night – so that you
are refreshed and ready to start the day energetically every morning. Lack of
sleep can leave you feeling rundown and can affect the natural defense of your
body, your immune system.

c. Good posture - is the position in which you hold your body upright against gravity
while standing, sitting or lying down. Good posture involves training your body to
stand, walk, sit and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting
muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities.
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c. Oral care - is important to maintaining healthy teeth, gums and tongue. Oral
problems, including bad breath, dry mouth, canker or cold sores, TMD, tooth
decay, or thrush are all treatable with proper diagnosis and care.

2. Undergoing Health Appraisal Procedures is a series of procedures to assess or

determine the health status of students. The health status of the student is determined
through the use of teacher’s observation, screening test, health histories, and medical,
dental, and psychological evaluations.

Procedures in health appraisal

1. Scoping - key health issues and public concerns are identified that should be
considered the assessment. Health determinants that may be include factors such
as the social, and physical environment (housing quality, crime rates, and social
networks), personal or family circumstances (exercise, risky-behavior, and
employment)
2. Appraisal – within the defined scopes, available evidence is gathered and used to
estimate the potential health gains or losses.
3. screening – determines the potential health implications of the policy

SCREENING TESTS

Monitoring one’s health is your responsibility. To do this you have to start with your health
status. It is very important to know your health status. If it is good, you should know how to
maintain. If it is not, you should know how to improve it. Regular health screening and medical
check- up can help you take 9 necessary actions to immediately correct anything wrong. You
can do your own screening test with the help of your family, barangay health clinic personnel,
school clinic health personnel or your family doctor. To know your health and do the necessary
actions to improve it, you must submit to screening tests. It is very important to maintain your
health.
In school the Health teacher and school health personnel conduct the screening test of the
students. Screening tests include vision testing, hearing testing, and the height and weight
taking. The screening test is done at the beginning and towards the end of the school year. The
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results of the screening test will help the physician, nurse, dentist, and the teachers to identify
the students needing health counseling, referral, and follow-up. The schools the health
personnel can help assess and monitor the health status of students and other school
personnel through the school health service. It is done through observations, screening tests
and medical and dental examination. The school physician, school dentist, school nurse,
teachers, and other school personnel play an important role in promoting and maintaining the
wellness of all in the school.
SCREENING PROCEDURES

a. Height and weight – are being monitored during puberty to know the growth of a
child and also to get to its BMI to describe the body’s condition.

Procedure in Taking the Height

1. Remove your shoes or slippers.

2. Stand straight with the head, shoulders, and rear of the heels in contact with the
wallboard
3. Place the headpiece on top of the head vertically.
4. Record the height in centimeter to the nearest one-fourth.
5. Get the interpretation of the results based on the Filipino height and weight chart for
boys and girls.

Procedure in Taking the Weight

1. Remove your shoes and other heavy objects from your body and pockets
2. Stand straight on the middle of the weighing scale.
3. Balance the scale and read the weight properly to the tenth of a kilo and record it.
4. Get the interpretation of the results based on the Filipino chart of the height and
weight of boys and girls.

b. Self-breast examination – a procedure a woman can do to physically and

visually examine her breasts and underarm areas for changes. It has not been
shown that BSEs alone can accurately determine the presence of breast cancer.

Breast self-examination can be performed every month. Become familiar with how your
breasts usually look and feel so that you may notice any change from what is normal for
you:
If you still menstruate, the best time to do BSE is when your breasts are
least likely to be tender or swollen, such as a few days after your period ends.
If you no longer menstruate, pick a certain day—such as the first day of each
month—to remind yourself to do BSE
c. Vision screening – School vision screenings are important and can help to
detect eye conditions that are defined as ―commonly occurring, meaning that they
occur in more than 1% of the target population.
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Procedure in Vision Testing

1. Place the Snellen Chart in place with proper lighting.
2. Stand or sit when being tested. Stand in a 20-foot line distance from the Snellen
chart. Heel should touch the line or when sitting, the back of the line or when sitting,
the back of legs of the chair should touch the line.
3. Test with the eyeglass if the person is wearing an eyeglass.
4. Test both eyes first before testing the right and le eyes.
5. Cover one eye with cardboard while testing the other eye.
6. Point at the letter and let the student read it.
7. Record the result in fraction. The numerator represents the distance from the Chart
which is 20-feet and the denominator represents the lowest line. Read accurately.
8. Do not memorize the letters written on the Chart

d. Scoliosis test - Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves to the side. It
is an abnormal lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine. This condition commonly
develops during growth spurt of adolescents. It affects girls more often. This condition
can be corrected if treated early before the bones have fully developed. Early detection
can prevent scoliosis from progressing.

e. Hearing tests - are used to assess your ability to hear different sounds and
to determine if there are any problems.

Procedure in the Hearing Test

1. Stand 30 feet away from the tester facing the opposite direction. Cover one ear with
the hand.

2. The tester then whispers. The tester can whisper color, names of flowers, numbers,
or names of cities. Use only one of the them; do not mix any of these.

3. If the one being tested fails to hear from 30-feet distance, the tester can move to 25
feet near the one being tested. Repeat the whisper. If still, he/she fails to hear the
whisper, move closer up to ten feet then repeat the whispers.
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4. Repeat the test to the other ear.

5. Record the distance where he/she was able to hear the whisper. Remember, the results of
the screening tests are important basis in assessing ones health status.

A VISIT TO THE BARANGAY HEALTH CENTER/CLINIC

• Go to your barangay health clinic or school health clinic and request the nurse to
help you get your height and weight, your visual acuity and to check your hearing
ability.
• Record your height and weight and ask the nurse about the interpretation of the
result. 13
• Ask the nurse about the services they provide to the people in the community to
help them maintain good health.

BRIDGING

A. Answer the following questions in your notebook after knowing the results of your
screening test.

1. What is the importance of monitoring your health?

Now, continue your health adventure trail. You will do another activity that will help you
monitor your health habits and practices.

B. MY HEALTH HABITS LOG

A. Take note of your daily health habits and practices for one week.
B. Record the activities you do in your notebook that affect the physical, mental/emotional,
and social side of your health triangle.
C. Select the activities/habits/ practices that you would like to be part of your life.
D. Evaluate the results of your practices for one week.
Make a bar graph using the data from your daily log record. Answer the questions below after
your one-week observation log.
- What does your daily log of health activities/habits/practices show?

- If you will do the same activities again, are there activities that you wish you could
have not done? Why?

_
_
- What dimension of your health is properly managed?

_ _
_
- Which dimension needs improvement?
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_
_ _

- Do you see yourself as a responsible person as far as managing your health is

concerned? Why?

_
_
C. Complete the following statements:

- I firmly believe that health _ _

- To attain good health, I must _ _

- A healthy person lives _

Write your answer to the following questions based on your understanding of the
lesson. Put these in your notebook .

1. What might happen if you will not monitor your health status?

2. What do your health triangle assessment and your screening test results reveal about
your health?

3. How could you use that data in attaining good health?

4. How do you know that you have a balanced health triangle?

5. What are your strengths and weaknesses as far as health screening is concerned?
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Lesson 3: Characteristics of a Healthy School and Community Environment

ON THE DOT

A community is made up of different families living together in a particular

area. These families from your neighborhood. Each family contributes to the
betterment of the community.

A healthy community enables its members to live and to maintain a quality life. It
provides healthcare services that focus on prevention and treatment of diseases;
develops roads and playgrounds; build school; and gives other services to meet
the needs of the people in the community.

A healthy community also allows members to share their time, talents and
resources with one another. These people participate in activities for the
improvement of the environment. They also help maintain the peace and order in
the neighborhood and improve the social condition of the community.

Community members get involved in activities for:

1. Cleanliness, beautification, and environment conservation

Community members help each other in promoting healthy, clean, and attractive
surroundings. They observe cleanliness at home and in the community.

A community member like you can help maintain cleanliness and orderliness. You can
do this by keeping the yards, the sidewalks, and other areas near your house clean
and orderly by sweeping and throwing garbage into the right bin. You should also give
your pets a bath regularly and disinfect the place where they usually stay.

Community members should as well devise a sanitary means of disposing garbage through
waste segregation and installing efficient sewage system at home. Moreover, they should grow
and cultivate plants.

2. Health and sanitation

Health centers, clean water and drainage, and adequate sewerage system are
some facilities needed in promoting and protecting the health of people in
community.

As a community member you can help control or eliminate disease-causing pests

like rats, mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches. Join cleanup drives of streets, canals
and streams in your community.

Healthy School Environment

The physical school environment encompasses the school building and all its contents
including physical structures, infrastructure, furniture, and the use and presence of chemicals
and biological agents; the site on which a school is located; and the surrounding environment
including the air, water, and materials with which children may come into contact, as well as

BRIDGING
nearby land uses, roadways and other hazards. WHO defines a health-promoting school as
―one that constantly strengthens its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and
working.‖3 The American Academy of Pediatrics defines a ―healthful school environment‖ as
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―one that protects students and staff against immediate injury or disease and promotes
prevention activities and attitudes against known risk factors that might lead to future disease or
disability.‖4 Provision of safe and sufficient water, sanitation, and shelter from the elements are
basic necessities for a healthy physical learning environment. Equally important is the
protection from biological, physical, and chemical risks that can threaten children’s health (see
Table 1). Infectious diseases carried by water, and physical hazards associated with poor
construction and maintenance practices are examples of risks children and school personnel
face at schools throughout the world.
A. Read each statement. Check right if the statement is about creating good
relations within the community. Check wrong if not.
Right Wrong

1. Promote sanitation by throwing garbage into the right

bin.

2. Collect used old items like clothes or toys for donations.

3. Join the activities like tutorials, recreational exercise,

and other civic activities/ engagement.

4. Earn and save money through livelihood projects during

vacation.

5. Omit donations for calamity victims in neighboring

barangays.

6. Help people cheerfully

7. Keep the community or neighborhood grounds and

surroundings clean and pleasant.
8. Complete tasks in the community that you have started.

9. Ignore neighbors whose faith or religious beliefs differ from

yours.

10. Throw trash anywhere

B. Make a 7. Keep the community or neighborhood grounds and

surroundings clean and pleasant.
slogan about
environment
cleanliness 8. Complete tasks in the community that you have started.
using any
editing tools
available. 9. Ignore neighbors whose faith or religious beliefs differ
from yours.
Lesson 4:
Keeping 10. Throw trash anywhere
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Homes, Schools and Communities Healthy through Proper Waste

ON THE DOT

1. Identification and separation of waste

A. Biodegradable waste is a type of waste which can

be broken down, in a matter of weeks or few months,
into its base compounds by micro-
organisms and other living things, regardless of what
those compounds may be. Biodegradable waste can be
commonly found in municipal solid waste (sometimes
called biodegradable municipal waste, or
BMW) as green waste, food
waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics.
Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, and slaughterhouse waste.

B. Non- Biodegradable - is a type of waste that

cannot be broken down into its base compounds by

micro-organisms, air, moisture or soil in a reasonable
amount of time. Non-biodegradable waste is an
environmental concern, as it threatens to overwhelm
landfills and create disposal problems.

Examples of Non-biodegradable are:

• Plastics

• Styrofoam

• Glass

• Cans
B. Hazardous waste- is a waste with properties
that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to
human health or the environment. The universe
of hazardous wastes is large and diverse.
Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, or
contained gases. They can be the by-products
of manufacturing processes, discarded used
materials, or discarded unused commercial
products, such as cleaning fluids (solvents) or
pesticides
However, materials can be hazardous wastes even if they are not specifically
listed or don't exhibit any characteristic of a hazardous waste. For example,
"used oil," products which contain materials on California's M-list, materials
regulated pursuant to the mixture or derived-from rules, and contaminated soil
generated from a "clean up" can also be hazardous wastes.

Proper Disposal of Household Hazardous Wastes

Communities should inform their residents about the potential effects of hazardous
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household materials on water quality and inform them how to properly store, handle,
and dispose of the chemicals. Citizens are frequently unaware that their bad habits
lead to water pollution. Once informed of the environmental dangers posed by
chemicals, they can adjust their behaviors to protect water quality.

Citizens should also know how to properly apply hazardous materials, especially how much is
sufficient and how to avoid releasing materials into the environment. For example, many people
who change their own automobile oil think that the only time that oil might be released is during
draining and refilling. Approximately 75 percent of the 420 million oil filters are sold annually are
disposed of in landfills. If recycled, these oil filters would yield 17.8 million gallons of oil and
161,500 tons of steel. Furthermore, approximately 850 million gallons of collected used oil
could be reclaimed for use as a fuel supplement or lubricant (Arner, 1996)

To minimize the disposal of hazardous products, it is important that citizens know that
it is best to use only those products that are absolutely necessary, and to use nontoxic
alternatives whenever possible. For example, it is possible to clean ovens by applying
table salt to spills, then scrubbing with soda water. Also, approximately a cup of
baking soda combined with a cup of white vinegar and a cup of ammonia in a gallon of
warm water makes an excellent multipurpose cleaner. (See the alternative products
fact sheet for more information about less toxic alternatives.)

Disposal of home hazardous products also requires special attention. When use of hazardous
household products is unavoidable, municipalities should emphasize to citizens that household
hazardous wastes should not be flushed down the drain because these drains lead to either a
home septic system or a municipal treatment plant, neither of which has adequate capability to
remove hazardous chemicals from wastewater. Toxic chemicals might also disrupt microbial
processes in septic tanks and treatment plants, reducing their effectiveness. Some of the toxins
can be removed, but a significant portion of these chemicals passes through treatment
processes and ultimately contaminates water resources. They should also be informed that
home hazardous products should never be poured on the ground, into gutters, or down storm
drains where they will eventually enter storm sewers and be transported untreated into nearby
waterbodies.
Benefits

Properly disposing of household hazardous wastes ensures that contamination

through leaks and spills does not occur. If toxic wastes are disposed of with
regular garbage, they could destroy landfill liners and compromise other disposal
areas.

2. Proper Waste Management

A. Waste reduction - (or prevention) is the preferred approach to waste

management because waste that never gets created doesn't have waste
management costs.

An example of waste reduction is reducing unnecessary packaging from

manufactured products and produce. If this excess packaging could be avoided,
no one would have to be concerned with the cost and effort of collecting the
excess packaging, separating it for recycling, breaking it down, transporting it to
manufacturers, and then integrating the recycled materials back into the
manufacturing process.

Waste reduction also helps conserve resources for future generations and contributes
to a cleaner environment.
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Things that can be recycled in school and in the community.

 Carrier bags and twist ties. Carrier bags can be reused in the shops or as bin bags
around the house. Paper bags make useful
 Envelopes By sticking labels over the address you can reuse envelopes.
 Alternatively, old envelopes can be used as scrap paper to make notes on.
 Jars and pots. By cleaning glass jars and small pots, you can use them as small
containers to store odds and ends.
 Newspaper, cardboard and bubble wrap Make useful packing material when
moving house or to store items.
 Old clothes – can be made into other textile items such as cushion covers
or teapot cosies.
 Packaging Such as foil and egg cartons can be donated to schools and
nurseries, where they can be use in art and craft projects.
 Scrap paper Can be used to make notes and sketches. Don’t forget to recycle it
when you no longer need it.
 Tyres Old tyres can be given to your local petrol station where they will be
recycled. Or you could make a tyre-swing by tying a strong rope
 around a tyre and attaching it to a tree.
 Used wood Can be used in woodcrafts for making objects such as a spice rack or a bird
table. Alternatively, it could be used as firewood.

Useful Tips

Old Electrical Equipment Donate old electrical equipment to schools

or community centers so that others can reuse them.

Donate Old Clothes and Books Other people can reuse your
unwanted clothes and books when you donate them to charity shops.

Car-boot Sale Have a car-boot sale and get rid of some unwanted
items. Other people may find a use for them, plus it gives you the
opportunity to earn some extra cash.
Rechargeable Batteries Rechargeable batteries can be reused many
times before they need throwing away, opposed to regular batteries
that create unnecessary waste.

Build a Compost Bin You can reuse many waste items, such as
eggshells and old tea bags, using a compost bin. This waste then
degrades and turns into compost that can be used to help your garden
grow.

Grass Cycling After mowing your lawn, instead of throwing the grass
cuttings away, leave them in your garden. The nutrients from the
cuttings go back into the soil and act as a fertilizer.

2. Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different

elements.
Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside
collection schemes, or automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or
mechanical biological treatment systems. Hand sorting was the first method used
in the history of waste sorting. Waste can also be sorted in a civic amenity site.
63 | P a g e

Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes
wood and related products, metals and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to
organic waste usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight
due to dampness. Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or
non-biodegradable waste.
Landfills are an increasingly pressing problem. Less and less land is available to
deposit refuse, but the volume of waste is growing all time. As a result,
segregating waste is not just of environmental importance, but of economic
concern, too.

3. Waste Management - this involves ways that prevent the creation of waste in
the first place. Individuals, communities, School, businesses and industries all
have a role to play here. The benefits are immense and far outweigh the benefits
of other waste management methods. Environmentally, we save energy because
less energy is needed to produce, retrieve, process, and transport the stuff that
end up as waste, reducing our greenhouse emissions. Additionally, there are
fewer emissions from combustion facilities, and also less methane from landfills.
Most importantly, many of the raw materials needed to produce things such as
paper and plastic come from trees. Source reduction ensures that natural
resources are preserved.
Economically, we save money by reducing waste collection, transportation and
disposal costs.

Recycle

After source reduction, waste recycle in the usually considered. This involves the
collection, sorting, grading and processing of recyclable materials into new
materials again. For example, old newspapers can be processed into newsprint
(the kind of paper used in printing newspapers) and used again. Recyclable
materials include paper, plastics, glass and aluminum. These materials tend to
lose their quality if they go through recycling too many times. The environmental
benefits of source reduction also apply to recycling. Additionally, recycling plants
offer jobs and income to the people in the communities.
Disposal

This is the toughest part of waste management. It is the part that often poses and
brings environmental problems. When waste is not recycled, they may be sent to
the landfills, incinerated, combusted to energy or composted. These are all major
processes with consequences if they are not done properly, and they also involve
some serious equipment. This means it is usually funded or operated by the state
or government.
64 | P a g e

A. Identify the following. Write B for Bio-degradable, N for Non-Biodegradable, and

H for Hazardous waste.

1. Paper 6. Chemicals

2. Glass 7. Cans

3. Yard cutting 8. Used batteries

4. kitchen waste 9. expired medicines

5. Plastics 10. Styrofoam

B. List down at least 5 items that can be recycle and imagine what you can do
about it. Write it in the box.

C. Put a check( ) next to the answer that is most correct.

A. Which waste breaks down easily in the environment?

O a. A banana feels O c. Used batteries

O b. a plastic wrapper O d. A broken car

B. Janna drinks a box of apple juice. Which of this is not a waste from the product?

O a. Plastic wrapper O c. the apple juice

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O b. Apple seeds and stems O d. the straw

C. Which of this waste is toxic?

O a. Tree scraps from a paper mill O c. a half- empty box of rat poison

O b. an empty glass pickle jar O d. a broken ceramic plate

VENTURE

A. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use a dictionary to help you.

dispose toxic raw materials manufactured

waste
1. The word describes any part of an object that is not used.

2. You _ of object when you throw them away.

3. Objects that are made from machines using many different raw materials are
called _ goods or products.

4. The word describes something that is harmful to living

things.

5. Matter from the earth that is used to make product is called

B. Match the product on the left to the waste that usually goes along with it.

2. Cereal a. plastic container

3. markers b. bottle or car

4. soda c. cardboard box, plastic bag

5. yogurt d. tree scraps

6. notebook e. cardboard box, plastic tubes

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LESSON 5: The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far

What Is COVID-19?
A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper
throat. Most coronaviruses aren't dangerous.
In early 2020, after a December 2019 outbreak in China, the World Health Organization identified
SARS-CoV-2 as a new type of coronavirus. The outbreak quickly spread around the world.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract
infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory
tract (windpipe and lungs).
It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through person-to-person contact.
Infections range from mild to deadly.
SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of coronavirus, including the ones that cause severe diseases
like Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
The other coronaviruses cause most of the colds that affect us during the year but aren’t a serious
threat for otherwise healthy people.
Is there more than one strain of SARS-CoV-2?
An early Chinese study of 103 COVID-19 cases found two strains, which they named L and S. The
S type is older, but the L type was more common in early stages of the outbreak. They think one
may cause more cases of the disease than the other, but they’re still working on what it all means. 
It is also normal for a virus to change, or mutate, as it infects people and this virus has done so.
There are several variants which have been named for the regions they were first discovered but
they have now spread to other areas and countries, some proving to be more contageous as well
as more deadly. 
How long will the coronavirus last?
There's no way to tell how long the pandemic will continue. There are many factors, including the
public’s efforts to slow the spread, researchers’ work to learn more about the virus, their search for
a treatment, and the success of the vaccines.

Symptoms of COVID-19
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The main symptoms include:

 Fever   Headache
 Coughing  Sore throat
 Shortness of breath  Congestion/runny nose
 Trouble breathing  Loss of smell or taste
 Fatigue  Nausea
 Chills, sometimes with shaking  Diarrhea
 Body aches

The virus can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure, heart problems, liver problems, septic shock,
and death. Many COVID-19 complications may be caused by a condition known as cytokine
release syndrome or a cytokine storm. This is when an infection triggers your immune system to
flood your bloodstream with inflammatory proteins called cytokines. They can kill tissue and
damage your organs.
If you notice the following severe symptoms in yourself or a loved one, get medical help right away:

 Trouble breathing or shortness of  New confusion

breath  Can’t wake up fully
 Ongoing chest pain or pressure  Bluish lips or face

Strokes have also been reported in some people who have COVID-19. Remember FAST:

 Face. Is one side of the person’s face numb or drooping? Is their smile lopsided?
 Arms. Is one arm weak or numb? If they try to raise both arms, does one arm sag?
 Speech. Can they speak clearly? Ask them to repeat a sentence.
 Time. Every minute counts when someone shows signs of a stroke. Call 911 right away.

If you’re infected, symptoms can show up in as few as 2 days or as many as 14. It varies from
person to person.
According to researchers in China, these were the most common symptoms among people who
had COVID-19:

 Fever 99%
 Fatigue 70%
 Cough 59%
 Lack of appetite 40%
 Body aches 35%
 Shortness of breath 31%
 Mucus/phlegm 27%
Some people who are hospitalized for COVID-19 have also have dangerous blood clots, including
in their legs, lungs, and arteries.
What to do if you think you have it
If you live in or have traveled to an area where COVID-19 is spreading:

 If you don’t feel well, stay home. Even if you have mild symptoms like a headache and
runny nose, stay in until you’re better. This lets doctors focus on people who are more
seriously ill and protects health care workers and people you might meet along the way. You
might hear this called self-quarantine. Try to stay in a separate room away from other
people in your home. Use a separate bathroom if you can.
 Call the doctor if you have trouble breathing. You need to get medical help as soon as
possible. Calling ahead (rather than showing up) will let the doctor direct you to the proper
place, which may not be your doctor’s office. If you don’t have a regular doctor, call your
local board of health. They can tell you where to go for testing and treatment.
 Follow your doctor’s advice and keep up with the news on COVID-19. Between your
doctor and health care authorities, you’ll get the care you need and information on how to
prevent the virus from spreading.

How do vaccines work?

Germs are all around us, both in our environment and in our bodies. When a person is
susceptible and they encounter a harmful organism, it can lead to disease and death.

The body has many ways of defending itself against pathogens (disease-causing organisms).

Skin, mucus, and cilia (microscopic hairs that move debris away from the lungs) all work as
physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place. 

When a pathogen does infect the body, our body’s defenses, called the immune system, are
triggered and the pathogen is attacked and destroyed or overcome.

The body's natural response

A pathogen is a bacterium, virus, parasite or fungus that can cause disease within the body.
Each pathogen is made up of several subparts, usually unique to that specific pathogen and the
disease it causes. The subpart of a pathogen that causes the formation of antibodies is called
an antigen. The antibodies produced in response to the pathogen’s antigen are an important
part of the immune system. You can consider antibodies as the soldiers in your body’s defense
system. Each antibody, or soldier, in our system is trained to recognize one specific antigen.
We have thousands of different antibodies in our bodies. When the human body is exposed to
an antigen for the first time, it takes time for the immune system to respond and produce
antibodies specific to that antigen. 

In the meantime, the person is susceptible to becoming ill. 

Once the antigen-specific antibodies are produced, they work with the rest of the immune
system to destroy the pathogen and stop the disease. Antibodies to one pathogen generally
don’t protect against another pathogen except when two pathogens are very similar to each
other, like cousins. Once the body produces antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, it
also creates antibody-producing memory cells, which remain alive even after the pathogen is
defeated by the antibodies. If the body is exposed to the same pathogen more than once, the
antibody response is much faster and more effective than the first time around because the
memory cells are at the ready to pump out antibodies against that antigen.

This means that if the person is exposed to the dangerous pathogen in the future, their immune
system will be able to respond immediately, protecting against disease. 

How vaccines help

Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an
immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens
rather than the antigen itself. Regardless of whether the vaccine is made up of the antigen itself
or the blueprint so that the body will produce the antigen, this weakened version will not cause
the disease in the person receiving the vaccine, but it will prompt their immune system to
respond much as it would have on its first reaction to the actual pathogen.

Some vaccines require multiple doses, given weeks or months apart. This is sometimes
needed to allow for the production of long-lived antibodies and development of memory cells. In
this way, the body is trained to fight the specific disease-causing organism, building up memory
of the pathogen so as to rapidly fight it if and when exposed in the future.

Herd immunity

When someone is vaccinated, they are very likely to be protected against the targeted disease.
But not everyone can be vaccinated. People with underlying health conditions that weaken their
immune systems (such as cancer or HIV) or who have severe allergies to some vaccine
components may not be able to get vaccinated with certain vaccines. These people can still be
protected if they live in and amongst others who are vaccinated. When a lot of people in a
community are vaccinated the pathogen has a hard time circulating because most of the people
it encounters are immune. So the more that others are vaccinated, the less likely people who
are unable to be protected by vaccines are at risk of even being exposed to the harmful
pathogens. This is called herd immunity.

This is especially important for those people who not only can’t be vaccinated but may be more
susceptible to the diseases we vaccinate against. No single vaccine provides 100% protection,
and herd immunity does not provide full protection to those who cannot safely be vaccinated.
But with herd immunity, these people will have substantial protection, thanks to those around
them being vaccinated.

Vaccinating not only protects yourself, but also protects those in the community who are unable
to be vaccinated. If you are able to, get vaccinated.
 Throughout history, humans have successfully developed vaccines for a number of life-
threatening diseases, including meningitis, tetanus, measles and wild poliovirus.

In the early 1900s, polio was a worldwide disease, paralyzing hundreds of thousands of people
every year. By 1950, two effective vaccines against the disease had been developed. But
vaccination in some parts of the world was still not common enough to stop the spread of polio,
particularly in Africa. In the 1980s, a united worldwide effort to eradicate polio from the planet
began. Over many years and several decades, polio vaccination, using routine immunization
visits and mass vaccination campaigns, has taken place in all continents. Millions of people,
mostly children, have been vaccinated and in August 2020, the African continent was
certified wild poliovirus free, joining all other parts of the world except Pakistan and
Afghanistan, where polio has not yet been eradicated.

Protect yourself and others around you by knowing the facts and taking
appropriate precautions. Follow advice provided by your local health authority.

To prevent the spread of COVID-19:

 Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
 Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
 Wear a mask when physical distancing is not possible.
 Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
 Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.
 If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.

Calling in advance allows your healthcare provider to quickly direct you to the right
health facility. This protects you, and prevents the spread of viruses and other
infections.

 Masks/Face Shield

Masks can help prevent the spread of the virus from the person wearing the mask to
others. Masks alone do not protect against COVID-19, and should be combined with
physical distancing and hand hygiene. Follow the advice provided by your local health
authority.
Shine Together
Activity 1. Answer the following questions.
4. What is Corona virus?
_
_
5. Give some symptoms of COVID-19.
_
_

6. How safety measure can we do to prevent the virus?

_
_

Performance.

4. Write a slogan about how to prevent COVID-19. Use any editing application

5. Interview a person who already get vaccinated. Ask the following questions:

 What brand of vaccine was injected?

 How did you feel after getting vaccinated?
 Have you noticed any side effects?
 Will you recommend the getting vaccinated?
Lesson 6: Diseases and Disorders Caused by Poor Sanitation

What I Need to Learn

 Describe diseases and disorders caused by poor environmental sanitation
 Explain how poor environmental sanitation can negatively impact the health of an
individual
Essential Questions
1. What are the common diseases and disorders caused by poor environmental
sanitation?
2. What is the importance of good environmental sanitation to the health of the
community and the people living in it?
3. How can poor environmental sanitation negatively impact the health of an individual?

Take Off
Study the pictures. Which pictures tell about environmental sanitation? Tell something
about each picture and its effects on the environment and the people.

Learn Together
What effect does each picture in Take Off show on the environment and the
people? What is meant by environmental sanitation?

Environmental sanitation, also

known as public cleanliness, refers to a
set of actions geared towards improving
the quality of the environment and
reducing the amount of diseases. These
actions include using clean and safe
toilets, keeping water sources clean, and
disposing of garbage safely. The
management of water, solid wastes, and
industrial wastes, as well as the topic of
pollution and noise control, all fall under
the scope of environmental sanitation.

You live in an environment that is full of living organisms, both visible and invisible to the naked
eye. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are an essential part of the environment. Bacteria
are everywhere in nature and they have an important role in maintaining life on the whole
planet. Scientists believe that without bacteria, life would seem impossible on Earth.

For example, good bacteria play an important role in the production healthy foods like
vegetables, fruit juices, and yogurts. These foods have good bacteria in them which help in the
digestion of foods, synthesize some important nutrients, enhance the function of your immune
system, and other beneficial effects. However, together with good bacteria, the environment
also contains harmful bacteria that cause diseases and even death in humans. In addition to
harmful bacteria, there are viruses, fungi, and parasites that cause dis-eases. This is the reason
why good environmental sanitation is necessary to maintain a healthy community and its
people.
Your well-being needs a healthy environment. Poor sanitation has negative
impacts on the environment and eventually on the health of the people living in it.
People living in crowded city slums and villages with poor sanitation means that wastes
lie on the streets, clogs the drains, and creates an immediate local hazard. This
condition also creates ideal conditions for the growth of disease-causing organisms.
When this type of environmental conditions continues to exist, the health of the people
suffers and diseases and disorders occur.

Some diseases and disorders due to poor sanitation are:

1. Respiratory Diseases
Poor environmental sanitation causes
outdoor and indoor pollution. Acute respiratory
infections, such as pneumonia and chronic
respiratory diseases, are linked to poor
sanitation. There is also increasing evidence that
poor environmental sanitation increases the risk
of tuberculosis. Respiratory infections are one of
the biggest causes of deaths in the world every
year. Half of these reported deaths are children.

2. Skin Diseases
Poor environmental sanitation can also cause some
skin diseases. Scabies is not consideréd a serious
condition but it is very common in poor, crowded
communities which may seriously impair the quality of
life of affected children. It is a parasite infestation of
the skin caused by microscopic mites that burrow into
the skin.
Poor environmental sanitation can also cause some skin diseases. Scabies is not consideréd
a serious condition but it is very common in poor, crowded communities which may seriously
impair the quality of life of affected children. It is a parasite infestation of the skin caused by
microscopic mites that burrow into the skin.

3. Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders

Diarrhea and cholera are two common gastrointestinal diseases caused by poor
sanitation and hygiene. Diarrheal diseases are the most common problem caused by
 poor sanitation and contaminated water. Cholera is a bacterial infection throughout the
intestinal tract. It causes diarrhea and if not treated, it can cause severe dehydration and
death.
The kind of germs parasites, bacteria, viruses
depend on the geographic area where a person lives
and its level of sanitation and hygiene standards.
Ascariasis (roundworm infection), trichuriasis
(whipworm infection), and hookworm disease are
intestinal worm infections caused by poor sanitation.
They are all transmitted through soil contaminated
with bowel discharge containing infective eggs or larvae. Transmission may take place
near the home, or in a communal area with poor sanitation facilities and that is polluted
with human feces.

4. Neurological Impairments
Neurological impairments are a group of disorders that affect the central and
peripheral nervous system the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. Some of these
disorders are epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, cerebrovascular
diseases including stroke, migraine and other headache disorders, and multiple
sclerosis. A neurological impairment or disability may
affect a person's speech, motor skills, vision,
memory, muscle actions, and learning abilities.

One of the causes of neurological disorders in

children, aside from traumas, infections, heredity,
and tumors, is exposure to toxic chemicals,
particularly lead and mercury poisoning. Lead and
mercury are found in the environment. Lead may be
found in old houses and buildings where lead water pipes and lead paint may still be
present. Mercury can be found in the elemental state (dental amalgam, thermometers),
inorganic (industrial processes) and organic compounds (pesticides, wood
preservatives, some medicines, and contaminated fish). Lead and mercury can enter
your body through ingestion or swallowing, inhalation, or absorption through the skin or
mucus membranes.

Health and Everyday Life

Disease-causing organisms are part of human existence. They co-exist with

people every day in the environment. Infections or diseases happen when your body's
line of defense, like your immune system, is overpowered by the attack of germs. You
can avoid getting infected by any disease-causing organism by being consistent with
your daily health habits and personal hygiene practices. You should also, in your own
way, contribute to public cleanliness. Participate and maintain healthy practices at
home. Improving and maintaining good sanitation in your own home is a significant
contribution to the health of your community.
Shine Together
A. Knowledge
Activity 1
Identify what is being asked in each statement.
_1. A parasite infestation of the skin caused by microscopic mites that
burrow into the skin.
_2. A bacterial infection throughout the intestinal tract which causes
diarrhea
_3. An acute respiratory infection due to poor environmental sanitation
_4. A group of disorders that affect the central and peripheral nervous
system
_5. A set of actions geared towards improving the quality of the
environment and reducing the amount of diseases.
Activity 2
Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If not, write FALSE.
_1. The management of water, solid, and industrial wastes fall under the
scope of environmental sanitation.
_2. Poor sanitation has negative impacts on the environment and on the
health of the people living in it.
_3. One of the causes of neurological disorders in children is exposure to
noise and air pollution.
_4. Disease-causing organisms co-exist with people every day in the
environment.
_5. Respiratory infections are one of the biggest causes of deaths in the
world every year.

B. Understanding

I. What are the common diseases and disorders caused by poor environmental
sanitation?
2. What is the importance of good environmental sanitation to the health of the
community and the people living in it?
How can poor environmental sanitation impact the health of an individual?
 LESSON 7: Environmental Sanitation

Practices What l Need to Learn

 Discuss ways to keep water and air clean and safe.
 Explain the effects of noisy environment
 Suggest ways to control/manage noise pollution
 Explain the effect of pests and rodents to one's health
 Identify some common diseases caused by pests and rodents
 Practice ways to prevent and control pests and rodents
Essential Questions
1. What is the importance of maintaining a healthy environment?
2. What are some effects of noisy environment?
3. What are the effects of pests and rodents on one's health?
4. How can you help prevent and control pests and rodents at home?

Take Off

Study the pictures. Tell something about each picture.

Which picture shows a good practice on environmental sanitation? Why?

Learn Together

You have learned that environmental sanitation improves the quality of the
environment and reduces the amount of diseases among the people. Public cleanliness
should be the primary concern of the leaders and residents in a community in order to
prevent the onset of health problems.
Here are some environmental sanitation practices that you and the leaders and
members of your community can practice.
Keep the water clean
Fresh water is one of the most important resources. When the water is polluted, it
is not only harmful to the environment but also to human health. Most of the water that
is used in homes, schools, and businesses come from rivers, lakes, and other surface
 water sources. Before water reaches our homes, it is treated to remove chemicals,
particulates, and bacteria. This process makes water potable or safe to drink. This
clean, potable water is then used for cooking, drinking, cleaning, bathing, watering
plants, and many other uses.

One person can make a difference in keeping the water clean. You can make a
difference. By making small changes, you and your family and friends can help prevent water
from getting dirty. Here some things that you can do to keep the water supply in the community
clean.
 Never pour chemicals down sinks or toilets.
Chemicals like paint, cleaning sprays, insect
sprays, pesticides, and many others should
never end up in our water. Encourage your
parents to use less pesticides or insecticides.
You can also encourage them to buy eco-
friendly products. There are some environment-
friendly substances that can be combined and
used as cleaning products.

 Recycle and dispose trash properly. This will reduce the amount of trash being
dumped into the environment. Never flush plastic or sandwich bags or adhesive
bandages down the toilet. Aside from the fact that they can damage sewer pipes,
they can end up littering beaches and bodies of water. Recycling and proper
garbage disposal keep them from making them
way into rivers and oceans.

 Help clean up streams or waterways in your

neighborhood or community. Participate in
community cleanups. Ask your parents and
friends to help out. You can even get your class or
your school to adopt a stream or creek.

 Use safe products whenever you can. You can

talk with your parents about replacing some
products with toxic chemicals with nontoxic ones.
The more safe and eco-friendly products people
use, the fewer unhealthy and toxic chemicals end
up in our water resources.

 Remove pet waste. Most households now have

pets. Pets produce waste that can get washed off
yards or lawns and parks and into the water
system. Waste carries bacteria. Bury or compost
pet wastes away from being possibly washed off
by the rainwater.
 Reduce water use. Conserve water. Turn off the
faucet when you're brushing your teeth or
washing your face. Clean fruits and vegetables in
a pan of water and not under a running tap.
Lower water usage means less water being
drained from the ecosystem. Irresponsible water
usage can lead to droughts.
 Reuse water. Water used for washing/rinsing the
dishes can be used to flush the toilet. Water that
has been used to wash fruits and vegetables can
be used to water the plants.

 Help keep the storm drains clean. Avoid

sweeping your yard trash, dry leaves, and grass
clippings into drains. Also, prevent debris, trash,
and hazardous chemicals from getting into the
drains. Eventually, they will flow into lakes, rivers,
and oceans.

The quality of the water in the community is directly linked to the lives of the people
living in it. By supporting clean water initiatives and similar measures that improve water
quality and wastewater treatment systems, people can each have a hand in ensuring
clean, safe water for themselves, for their families and for the community.

Keep the air clean

Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, can affect your health and the
environment every day. Polluted air contributes to asthma, emphysema, heart disease,
acute respiratory diseases, and other potentially deadly conditions. Managing and
controlling air pollution sources/causes are critical to the human health and
environmental health of the community.

Here are some practices that you can do to help keep the air in the community clean.

 Use pump sprays over aerosol sprays at home. Use non-aerosol products like
deodorant roll-ons instead of spray deodorants, setting lotion or gel instead of hair
spray, and many more.
 Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Recycling used materials uses less energy than
making new ones. Composting fruit and vegetable waste reduces the amount of
garbage piled and buried at garbage dumpsites. Talk to your parents to choose
products that have less packaging and are reusable. Suggest to them to shop with a
cloth or canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags.
 Use buses, jeepneys, and trains instead of cars. They can carry a lot more
people in one trip. This cuts down the amount of pollution produced.
 Turn off lights when they are not needed. Conserving electricity reduces the demand
for energy. Less electricity wastage means less electricity will be produced, and so
less coal, oil, and gas will have to be burned in power stations, which means less air
pollution and less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
 Use latex paints instead of oil-based paints. Oil-based paints contain solvents
that evaporate easily and give off fumes. Water-based latex paint has better color
retention and releases less pollutants into the air.
 Walk or use a bicycle whenever you can. It is better as it does not create any
pollution. It is also good for your body, since regular exercise will keep you fit and
healthy.

 Don't burn wood or trash. Instead of burning debris, start a compost pile in your
backyard for organic materials.

Control/manage noise pollution

Every source of noise is a potential source of noise pollution. Air conditioners, electronic
home appliances, trains, traffic, heavy equipment, and others all make noise. The
dangerous levels of noise of a noisy environment could be hazardous to human health.
Noise pollution has been linked to health problems like hearing loss, high blood
pressure, fatigue, increased stress, and sleeplessness.

How can you control or prevent noise pollution?

 Turn off electronic gadgets. Turn down volumes when playing various music
systems such as stereos, television, and the like.
 Stay away from noisy machines and heavy equipment.
 It has been observed that certain persons blow horns of their vehicles
unnecessarily, or remove silencers of the exhaust pipes of vehicles. Such
practices which produce much noise should be avoided.
 Use personal protection in places or
in occasions where noise cannot be
controlled or reduced. In certain
high noise areas such as airports
and some factories and construction
sites, workers wear headphones to
block out dangerous noise levels.
Cover your ears or wear
earplugs/headphones when near
these noisy places.
 Trees, hedges, and other vegetation along residential areas and along roads is a
good way to reduce noise pollution because they absorb sound. Help maintain
plants around your home.
Control the presence of pests and rodents
Household pests include insects like cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and dents like
rats or mice. Pests and rodents can have harmful effects on you and on your family's
health. Pests and rodents are carriers of disease-causing organisms like bacteria,
viruses, and parasites. Some diseases caused by pests and rodents are:
 Salmonellosis is a condition caused by bacteria of the salmonella group. It is a
type of food poisoning which can cause acute gastroenteritis, headache, fever
and vomiting.
 Leptospirosis is an infectious bacterial disease that occurs in rodents and can be
transmitted to humans. The disease is usually contacted by wading through flood
waters contaminated with mice urine.
 Plague is a disease of rodents caused by bacteria. Rat fleas teed on a bacteria-
 infected rodent and transmit the disease to humans through biting.
 Rat-bite fever is a disease of rodent caused by bacteria, II usually transmitted to
humans through rat biting,
 Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes.
 Hepatitis A is a form of viral hepatitis transmitted in food causing fever and
jaundice.

Preventing and controlling pests and rodents is very important in order to prevent the
occurrence of health problems caused by them. Here are some practices that you can
do to help keep your home pest-free.

Keep your house and your surroundings clean and dry. Many insects and
rodents are attracted to food and water. Keep your home dry and free from moist
places. Make sure all food and beverage containers outside the refrigerator or
freezer are tightly sealed.
Seal off possible entry points. Seal off cracks and holes
that are possible entry points for insect pests and rodents.
Dispose of garbage and liquid waste properly and
frequently. Store garbage in garbage bins with tight covers.
Garbage and leftovers are food for insect pests and
rodents. They also become breeding places for flies and
cockroaches.

Destroy breeding places of mosquitoes. Cover water

containers like pails and drums. Dispose containers or
receptacles which can hold water or place them upside
down so that they don't store water
when it rains.
Chemical control. Using
chemicals or pest poison is almost always necessary to
eliminate pest and rodent infestations. Choose lower-risk
and safer pesticides and keep using any pesticide, be sure
to limit the exposure of everyone in your household.

Health and Everyday Life

Building a healthy community is not the only

responsibility of its leaders. Every household has a duty and
responsibility to maintain cleanliness and sanitation. Being a
member of the family, it is your duty and responsibility to contribute to the health of your
family. You can always help in maintaining cleanliness and orderliness in your home by
doing your share of keeping your things and personal space in proper order. Keeping
your home clean and free from insect pests and rodents is a shared responsibility. You
should help each other in keeping your family healthy.
Shine To ether
Knowledge
Write your answers on the answer lines.
1. Give three ways to keep the water in your community clean and safe.
_
_
_
2. Give three ways to keep the air in your community clean and safe.
_
_
_

3. Give two ways by which you can help control and prevent noise pollution.
_
_
_

4. Give two ways by which you can help control pests and rodents at home.
_
_
_

Understanding
1. What is the importance of maintaining a healthy environment?
2. What are some effects of noisy environments?
3. What are the effects of pests and rodents on one's health?
4. How can you help prevent and control pests and rodents at home?
49 | P a g e