CHE 62 Process Design and Project Feasibility
Consultation Worksheet
Summary of Recommendations
1. Suggestion of using Pork Lard Oil
instead of Waste Pork Lard
2. Explanation more on the disadvantages
of using homogeneous catalyst for
biodiesel production
3. Expound more on the choice of using a
2-step process and not just a
heterogeneous base catalyzed process
4. Clarification on the catalyst being used
and how it differ to WDE.
5. Suggestion to add the fixed amount of
sulfuric acid ratio as applied during
esterification on the statement of the
problem
6. Expound more on the criteria on how
the reusability of the heterogeneous
CaO catalyst is based.
7. In specific objective 1, use to compare
not to characterize and add its purpose
in the study
8. In specific objective 2, state the
purpose of characterization of the
Action Taken Pages Found
The addition of the difficulty Section 1.1 p.1
of product purification and
non-reusability of the
homogenous catalyst.
The feedstock used has a Section 1.1 p.2
high free fatty acid content
which is necessary to be
treated using an acid catalyst
before it undergoes
transesterification using a
heterogeneous base catalyst
which is the CaO derived
from calcined duck eggshells.
The catalyst is CaO derived Section 1.3 p. 8
from WDE (waste duck
eggshell) which is produced
after thermal decomposition.
(Mass ratio for the H2SO4- Section 1.3 p.8
lard is fixed at during
esterification process. It is
added on the paper.)
Given the best ratio of CaO – Section 1.3 p.9
lard 1:0.3 given it has
produced the greatest yield,
how many times can the
catalyst be reused to give at
least 60% from its first yield?
To compare the differences Section 1.3 p.9
and similarities in the
physicochemical properties
of the CaO derived catalyst
and pure CaO that affect the
biodiesel yield.
To characterize the waste Section 1.3 p.9
pork lard FFA content before
CHE 62 Process Design and Project Feasibility
Consultation Worksheet
waste pork lard before and after
esterification
9. In specific objective 5, use the word to
compare not to characterize the
physicochemical properties of the
biodiesel produced to the premium
biodiesel in the industries and add its
purpose in the study
10. Elaborate the term WDE (waste duck
eggshells) as the catalyst
11. Elaborate the reason of using the
ethanol as an alcohol substitute for this
study
12. Justify the need of presenting the GC-
MS spectrum result of fatty acid ethyl
esters from Lard as shown in Figure 7.
13. Justify the need of presenting the FTIR
spectrum result of fatty acid ethyl
esters from Lard as shown in Figure 8.
14. In the research methodology, how was
the experiment randomized? What was
randomized?
15. Show diagram for the experimental
design.
and after esterification in
order to avoid soap
formation to proceed.
To compare the Section 1.3 p.10
physicochemical properties
of the biodiesel produced to
the premium biodiesel from
industries to test if the
ethanol, CDE and pork lard oil
a suitable combination for
biodiesel production.
Added in the Definition of Section 1.7 p. 12
Terms
The choice of using ethanol Section 2.6 p. 21
as a potential alternative is
mainly due to avoid the use
of a high toxicity and
corrosive alcohol which is the
most common used
methanol.
It served as a representation Section 2.8 p. 23
for the possible result for the
produced biodiesel using GC-
MS testing.
It served as a representation Section 2.8 p. 23
for the possible result for the
produced biodiesel using
FTIR testing.
The randomization happened Section 3.1 p.28
in the selection of the
amount of catalyst which is
based on the ratios in
different amount of yield
after esterification where
other important parameters
such as agitation rate,
pressure, reaction time and
temperature is held constant.
The experimental research Section 3.1 p.29
design diagram is presented
CHE 62 Process Design and Project Feasibility
Consultation Worksheet
16. Difference between instrumentation
and equipments used and state the
brand and models of the laboratory
devices used.
17. Describe in details waste oil
preparation steps, as well as the
characterization steps done.
18. Include the procedure for CaO recovery
and reusability in the methodology.
19. Compare either the particle size or the
porosity of the calcined duck eggshells
to that of the commercialized Calcium
Oxide and not the surface area.
in Table 3.
The instrumentation section Section 3.4 p.30-31
includes the list of apparatus
and devices use for the
physicochemical testing for
the feedstock, catalyst and
biodiesel product.
The list includes GC (AGILENT
7890) from F.A.S.T Labs for
fatty acid profile of the waste
pork lard.
Cleveland Open Cup Tester
(PARR -1108) for the
flashpoint and fire point test
Bomb Calorimeter used for
the higher heating value
(HHV) test
SEM Imaging and EDX
analysis was under an SEM
Machine (Hitachi TM4000+).
FTIR (SHIMADZU) apparatus
in Chemistry Laboratory for
the biodiesel
characterization.
The collection, filtration, Section 3.5 p. 31
heating, FFA testing and
esterification procedure is
added in the section.
The used CaO catalyst is Section 3.5 p. 33
recovered via filtration. It is
then washed with distilled
water, dried and reactivated
again by calcination for 1 hr
at 90ᵒC. The procedure is
already added in the section.
Particle sizes for both Section 4.1 p.44
calcined duck eggshells and
the commercial are
compared to know the
relationship towards its
catalytic activity.
CHE 62 Process Design and Project Feasibility
Consultation Worksheet
20. The two SEM images (commercial and
calcined) that were compared are of
different magnifications, which leads to
difficult comparison.
21. Use Tukey’s test for post hoc testing to
explain the differences obtained.
Provide p-values and degrees of
freedom for between and within
groups since One-way ANOVA was
used.
22. Explain why the eggshells were only
used once which is contrary to
literature wherein a the eggshells were
reused for up to 8 times.
23. Fill up the missing values for the acid
value and specific gravity. Be mindful of
the units. Compare the results
obtained to the standard values for
biodiesel.
Prepared by:
__________________________
Students’ Names and Signature
Approved by:
-----------------------------------------
Adviser
Commercial CaO were sent Section 4.1 p.45
again for SEM analysis with
the same magnification to
that of the calcined that were
sent beforehand.
Since there are two Section 4.3 p.47
independent variables being
considered, Two-way ANOVA
was used instead. ANOVA
tables are presented and a
Tukey’s test was employed.
Incomplete reactivation of Section 4.3 p.48
the catalyst which caused the
low product yield and so it
would be impossible to do
another run especially if the
same problem occurred.
Thus, a much lower yield
would be obtained.
The missing values were filled Section 4.3 p.49
up and the units are changed.
Since new combination of
feedstock, catalyst and
alcohol was employed, no
standard values were found
for this type of biodiesel and
so the obtained values are
compared to values of Coco
Methyl Ester (CME) sold in
the market.