Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics

Reviewer (Lesson 1 - ) • Mathema “that which is learnt”, derived from

manthano
• Mathaino “to learn” (Modern Greek)
Lesson 1: Mathematics in our World • The science of structure, order, and relations that has
evolved from elemental practices of counting,
measuring, and describing the shapes and characteristics
Patterns of objects (Encyclopedia Britannica)
• regular, repeated forms or designs
• studying patterns help in identifying relationships and
finding logical connections to form generalization and Characteristics of Mathematics
make predictions • CLASSIFICATION objects are grouped according to
• also exhibited in the external appearances of animals similarities and differences depending on specific
criteria such as shape, color, size, etc.
• LOGICAL SEQUENCE ideas in mathematics need
Bilateral Symmetry left and right portions are exactly the to flow in an order that makes sense
same; example: Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man • STRUCTURE the structure on a particular
mathematical set will allow mathematicians to study the
Rotational Symmetry rotating of a figure by several set further and find its relationship with other objects
degree and still achieving the appearance as the original • PRECISION how close the measured valued values
position; order of rotation are to each other
• ACCURACY how close a measured value is to the
actual (true) value
Angle of Rotation • ABSTRACTNESS process of extracting the
• Formula: 360°/n underlying essence of a mathematical concept by taking
• n is the order of rotation, also known as n-fold away any dependence on real-world objects
rotational symmetry • SYMBOLISM language that is uniquely constructed
• the smallest angles that a figure can be rotated while in such a way that all mathematicians understand
still preserving the original formation symbolic notations and mathematical formulas
• APPLICABILITY can lie anywhere on a spectrum
Example: The Gardenia Crape Jasmine
from the completely simple to the utterly complex
Order of Rotation = 5 • GENERALIZATIONS the process of finding and
Formula: 360°/n singling out in a whole class of similar objects
Computation: 360°/5
Answer: 72°
Nature of Mathematics
• A SCIENCE OF MEASURES interaction with a
concrete system with the aim of representing aspects of
Snowflake that system in abstract terms of ‘concrete’ implies ‘real’
• INTELLECTUAL GAME mathematics requires
Order of Rotation = 6 visual imagery; games and math both require a strong
Formula = 360°/n dose of patience, restraint, and concentration
Computation: 360°/6 • THE ART OF DRAWING CONCLUSIONS being
Answer: 60° able to reason is essential to understanding mathematics;
• A TOOL SUBJECT mathematics undeniably is a
highly powerful instrument of investigation
Packing Problems finding the optimum method of filling • A SYSTEM OF LOGICAL PROCEDURE problem
up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container; solving is a skill which can enhance our logical
optimize available space reasoning
• AN INTUITIVE METHOD the ability to see what is
According to Alan Turing’s theory, the stripes and spots
reasonable or not and the ability to put all these together
are made by chemical reactions and diffusion processes
in cells
The Importance of Mathematics Geometric Patterns deal with a motif or design that
• Mathematics in Nature depicts abstract shapes, like lines, polygons, and circles,
• Mathematics in Medical Field and typically repeats like a wallpaper
• Mathematics in Forensic
Example: What comes next?
• Mathematics in Fluid Dynamics
• Mathematics in Information Technology
• Mathematics in Archaeology
• Mathematics in Social Sciences
• Mathematics in Political Sciences
• Mathematics in Music and Arts Answer:

Some famous Mathematicians of Modern Time

• PYTHAGORAS
Word Patterns deal with the metrical patterns of poems
▸ Pythagorean Theorem and the syntactic patterns of how we make nouns plural
• ALBERT EINSTEIN or verbs past tense are both word patterns, and each
▸ Theory of Relativity (E = mc2) supports mathematical as well as natural language
▸ Mass and Energy Equation understanding
• RENE DESCARTES
Example: If the word MODERN can be encrypted as
▸ Cartesian Plane or Rectangular Coordinate
OQFGTP, how can you code the word WORLD?
System
a. YQSNF
• MARIE CURIE
b. YQTNF
▸ Radioactive Isotopes c. YQUNF
• JOHANNES KEPLER d. YQPNF
▸ Laws of Planetary Motion
• EUCLID Answer: b. YQTNF
▸ Father of Geometry Number Patterns deal with the prediction of the next
• LEONARDO PISANO term in a sequence. Working with number patterns lead
▸ Fibonacci Sequence directly to the concept of functions in mathematics: a
formal description of the relationships among different
quantities
Lesson 2: Patterns and Fibonacci Sequence
Example: What is the next number in the sequence 11,
13, 17, 19, 23, __?
a. 26 b. 27 c. 28 d. 29
G.H. Hardy
• “A pattern is a visible regularity in the world or in a Answer: d. 29
man-made design.” Why? The given numbers are all prime numbers
• A British Mathematician who characterized
mathematics as the study of patterns
Who was Fibonacci?
• A European Mathematician (1175-1250)
Logic Patterns deal with the characteristics of various • Real name: Leonardo of Pisa
objects, order, or sequence while other possess similar • “Filius Bonacci” means “the son of Bonacci”
attributes • He discovered Fibonacci sequence by investigating
how fast rabbits could breed under ideal circumstances
Example: What comes next?
What is the Fibonacci Sequence?
• a series of numbers that follow a unique integer
sequence
• these numbers generate mathematical patterns that
can be found in all aspects of life
• the patterns can be seen in everything from the
human body to the physiology of plants and animals
• the Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,…
• Fibonacci numbers can be represented as spiral also
known as Fibonacci spiral
The Rule
• xn = xn-1 + xn-2
• xn is term number “n”
• xn-1 is the previous term (n - 1)
• xn-2 is the term before that (n - 2)
Golden Ratio
• In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden ratio
if their ratio is the same of their sum to the larger of the
two quantities. “De Devina Proportione” by Luca
Paciolli
• known as famous irrational number: 1.61803398
called phi/𝜑
• used extensively by Ancient Greeks in architecture
Golden Section in Architecture
• appears in many of the proportions of the Parthenon
in Greece
• can be found in the Great Pyramid in Egypt
Lesson 3: The Language of Mathematics and Function

Mathematical Language is the system used to

communicate mathematical ideas
Context particular topics being studied
Convention where mathematicians and scientists have
decided that particular symbols will have particular
meaning

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

Example: What is the 15th term in the Fibonacci • Precision means able to make very fine distinction
sequence? • Concise means able to say things briefly
Formula: xn = xn-1 + xn-2 • Powerful means able to express complex thoughts
Solution: x15 = x15-1 + x15-2 → x15 = 377 + 233 with relative ease

Answer: x15 = 610

Binet’s Formula Expression
(
1+√5
𝑛
) −(
1−√5
)
𝑛
• mathematical expression
2 2
• 𝑓𝑛 = • finite combination of symbol that is well-defined
√5
according to ruled that depend on the context
• an explicit formula used to find the nth term of the • correct arrangement of mathematical symbols used to
Fibonacci sequence represent the object of interest, it does not contain a
• derived by mathematician Jacques Philippe Marie complete thought and it cannot determined if it is true or
Binet false
• already known by Abraham de Moivre

Why is it Significant?
• have useful applications with computer
programming, sorting of data, generation of random
numbers, etc.
Simplify Verbal Phrase Variable Expression
• the most common type involving an expression The sum of a number an 𝑛 + 19
• to simplify an expression means to get a different 19
name for the expression that in some way is simpler The difference of a 𝑛 − 11
• simpler means: number and 11
1. Using fewer symbols
▸ 3 + 1 + 5 and 9 are both names for the The product of 5 and a 5𝑛
number
same number, but 9 uses a fewer symbol
2. Using fewer operations The quotient of 49 and a 49
▸ 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 and 5×3 are both number 𝑛
names for the same number, but 5×3 uses fewer One third of a number 1
operations 𝑛
3
3. Using better suited for the current use
1𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
▸ is a great name for the
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
number “1” Verbal Sentence Mathematical Sentence
4. In a preferred style or format The sum of a number and 𝑛 + 19 = 25
2 1 19 is 25
▸ and are both names for the same The difference of a 𝑛 − 11 = 5
4 2
1 number and 11 is 5
number, but people usually prefer is said to be in
2
The product of 5 and a 5𝑛 = 35
reduced or simplest form
number equals 35
Example: Simplify the following expression The quotient of 49 and a 49
number is equal to 7 =7
(52 × √9 – 3) ÷ (7 + 8 ÷ 4) 𝑛
One third of a number is 1
Solution: (25 × 3 – 3) ÷ (7 + 8 ÷ 4) 𝑛 = 81
81 3
(75 – 3) ÷ (7 + 2)
72 ÷ 9
Example: Identify the following as mathematical
Answer: 8
expression or mathematical equation
Mathematical Sentence 1+2=4
• makes a statement about two expressions, either Answer: Mathematical equation
using numbers, variables, or a combination of both
5 -3
• can also use symbols or words like equals, greater
Answer: Mathematical expression
than, or less than
• correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that Mathematical Convention is a fact, name, notation, or
states a complete thought and can be determined whether usage which is generally agreed upon by mathematicians
it’s true, false, sometimes true, or sometimes false
Symbols Symbol Name Meaning/Definition
Example: Identify whether the following mathematical = equal sign equality
expression as true, false, or sometimes true/false ≠ not equal sign inequality
1+2=4 ≈ approximately equal approximation
Answer: False > strict inequality greater than
< strict inequality less than
𝓍=1 ≥ inequality greater than or equal to,
Answer: Sometimes true/false at least, no less than
≤ inequality less than or equal to, at
t+3=t+3 most, no more than
Answer: True ∞ infinity sign/lemniscate goes on forever
() parentheses calculate expression
Closed Sentence a sentence with a truth value of true or inside first
[] brackets calculate expression
false (ex: 8 is an even number) inside first
Open Sentence a sentence when it is not known if it is + plus sign addition
true or false (ex: n is an even number) - minus sign subtraction
± plus – minus both plus and minus
operations
 𝜑 phi/golden ratio 1.618034… Properties of Two Binary Operators
* asterisk multiplication • Closure Binary Operations the product and the sum
÷ division sign/obelus division of any two real numbers is also a real number
(ex: 5 + 3 = 8 and 5 × 3 = 15)
• Commutativity of Binary Operations addition and
Relation
multiplication of any two real numbers is commutative
• a set of ordered pairs
as seen in their mathematical symbols
• one-is-to-many correspondence
(ex: 4 + 5 = 5 + 4 and 4 × 5 = 5 × 4)
Domain the first coordinate in an ordered pair • Associativity of Binary Operations given any three
real numbers you may take any two and perform
Range second coordinate in an ordered pair addition or multiplication as the case maybe and you
Example: A = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4)} will end with the same answer
(ex: [4 + 5] + 7 = 4 + [5 + 7] )
Domain: {1, 2} • Distributivity of Binary Operations applies when
Range: {2, 3, 4} multiplication is performed on a group of two numbers
added or subtracted together
Function
(ex: 2(3x ± 5y) = 6x ± 10y or 6x + 10y or 6x – 10y)
• it is a relation in which each element in the domain is
• Identity Elements of Binary Operations the number
paired with exactly one element in the range
that you add to any real number and the result will be the
• one-is-to-one correspondence
same real number; the identity element for addition is
• many-is-to-one correspondence
zero and one for multiplication
(ex: 5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5 and 50 × 1 = 1 × 50 = 50)
• Inverse of Binary Operations
Function Notation
• y = f(x)
Example: Evaluate f(x) = x + 5 when x = 4 Operations on Functions
Solution: f(4) = 4 + 5 • Sum of Functions: (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
• Difference of Functions: (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
Answer: f(4) = 9 • Product of Functions: (f × g) (x) = f(x) × g(x)
Evaluate f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 10 for x = -2 • Quotient of Functions: (f ÷ g) (x) = f(x) ÷ g(x)
Solution: f(-2) = (-2)3 – 4(-2)2 + 3(-2) + 10 • Composite Function given two functions, we can
f(-2) = -8 – 4 (4) – 6 + 10 combine them in such a way so that the outputs of one
f(-2) = -8 – 16 – 6 + 10 function become the inputs of the other
f(-2) = -30 + 10
Answer: f(-2) = -20
Unary Operation
• involves only one value or accepts one value or
𝜋
operand (ex: π, cos 45°, tan 3 )

Binary Operators
• it can act on two operand “+” and “-“
• takes two values and include the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
exponentiation