Linux On IBM Z Systems News and Exploitation

IO12389-Linux on IBM z Systems News and Exploitation
Dr. Holger Smolinski

Master Certified IT Specialist
IBM R&D Lab Germany
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016. Technical University/Symposia materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Linux on IBM z Systems in 1Q2016
Installed Linux MIPS at 42% CAGR*
 48% of z Systems Enterprises

have IFLs installed as of 1Q16
Installed Capacity Over Time
 94 of the top 100 z Systems
Enterprises are running Linux
on z as of 1Q16 **
Installed IFL Capacity

 27.7% of Total installed MIPS
run Linux as of 1Q16
 Installed IFL MIPS increased
by 14% YTY from 1Q15 to
1Q16
YE04 YE05 YE06 YE07 YE08 YE09 YE10 YE11 YE12 YE13 YE14 YE15 YTD16
 37% of all z Systems servers

have IFLs
 61% of new FIE/FIC z Systems accounts run
Linux
* Based on YE 2003 to YE 2015 **Top 100 is based on total installed MIPS
IBM Systems with z Architecture
IBM z Systems LinuxONE Systems

IBM z13 IBM LinuxONE Emperor
The world’s
fastest processor
Massive I/O throughput

Dedicated cryptographic
processors
IBM z13s IBM LinuxONE

Rockhopper
© 2015 IBM Corporation 5

IBM
Linux on IBM z Systems distributions
Linux Distribution landscape
6 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Linux on z Systems – Distro overview
Combine horizontal and vertical

scaling capabilities
• Non-disruptively add/remove
Ubuntu* … resources from guests
SUSE RHEL SUSE
z/VM • Non-disruptively add/remove
KVM zVM guests
Part. 1 Part. 2 Part. 3
HiperSocket LAN
HW
* - Ubuntu available since 04/2016
7
IBM
Linux on IBM z Systems distributions - SUSE
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10

• 07/2006 SLES10 GA: Kernel 2.6.16, GCC 4.1.0
• 04/2011 SLES10 SP4
• 03/2009 SLES11 GA: Kernel 2.6.27, GCC 4.3.3
• 07/2015 SLES11 SP4: Kernel 3.0, GCC 4.3.4

• 10/2014 SLES12 GA: Kernel 3.12, GCC 4.8
• 12/2015 SLES12 SP1

IBM
Linux on IBM z Systems distributions – Red Hat
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 5

• 03/2007 RHEL5 GA: Kernel 2.6.18, GCC 4.1.0
• 09/2014 RHEL5 Update 11

• 11/2010 RHEL6 GA: Kernel 2.6.32, GCC 4.4.0

• 06/2014 RHEL7 GA: Kernel 3.10, GCC 4.8

IBM
Linux on IBM z Systems distributions – Red Hat
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 6 - New and updated features

• Libreswan, one of the most widely supported and standardized VPN prot.
• New capabilities to the Identity Management client code (SSSD), namely:

• cached authentication lookup on the client with Active Directory servers
• support for adcli simplifies the management with an Active Directory domain
• support for user authentication via smart cards, for system login and sudo
• Relax-and-Recover for system administration ease

• a system archiving tool that enables to create local backups in ISO format
• for archive and replicated remotely for simplified disaster recovery operations.
• yum tool enhancements - when using the Scalable File System Add-on
• The simplified addition of packages via an Support for xfs filesystem sizes up to 300TB
• enable customers to migrate traditional workloads into container-based appl.

• Access to an updated Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8 platform image which – suitable for
deployment on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host.
IBM
Linux on IBM z Systems distributions
• Ubuntu
• Canonical and IBM announced plans to create an Ubuntu based
distribution
• Available since April 21. 2016
• Others
• Debian, Slackware, CentOS, Fedora
• Support may be available by some third party

IBM
Supported Linux Distributions
z13 and z13s
See www.ibm.com/systems/z/os/linux/resources/testedplatforms.html for latest updates and details.

IBM
Current Linux on IBM z Systems Technology
Key features & functionality already

contained in the SUSE & Red Hat Distributions

IBM
IBM z13 and z13s support 7.1 12.1
• Vector extension facility (kernel 3.18)

• Also known as Single-Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)
• 32 128-bit vector registers are added to the CPU
• 139 new instructions to operate on the vector registers
• User space programs can use vectors to speed up all kinds of
functions, e.g. string functions, crc checksums, …
• CPU multi threading support (> kernel 3.19)

• Also known as Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT)
• Once enabled the multi threading facility provides multiple CPUs for a
single core
• The CPUs of a core share certain hardware resource such as
execution units or caches
• Avoid idle hardware resources, e.g. while waiting for memory

IBM
IBM z13 and z13s support - CPU multi threading alias SMT
7.2 12.1
• CPU time accounting with SMT enabled

• New CPU-MF counters: number of cycles with n threads active
• Average thread density is calculated once per tick
• The raw CPU timer deltas are scaled with the average thread density
• The scaled CPU time is available via the 'taskstats' interface
• The standard CPU time values in /proc use the unscaled CPU time
New & improved

Formula

IBM
IBM z13 and z13s support - CPU multi threading alias SMT
7.2 12.1
• Workloads may or may not benefit from SMT

• Certain processor resources need to be underutilized for SMT to be
effective
• Workloads characteristics with a positive effect on SMT

• A large number of cache misses
• Long chains of instruction dependencies
• A large number of branch miss-predictions
• Workload characteristics with a detrimental effect on SMT

• A homogeneous instruction mix targeting a scarce function unit
• Intensive use of the memory system with poor cache locality
• Applications with poor scaling, in general MT requires more logical
CPUs

IBM
IBM z13 and z13s support 7.2 12.1
• Extended number of AP domains (kernel 3.18)

• AP crypto domains in the range 0-255 will be detected
• Crypto Express 5S cards (kernel 4.0)

• New generation of crypto adapters with improved performance
• z13 cache aliasing (kernel 4.0)

• Shared objects mapped to user space need to be aligned to 512KB for
optimum performance on z13

IBM
Linux on IBM z Systems features – Compiler toolchain
6.1 11.2
• zEnterprise 196 exploitation (gcc 4.6)
• Use option -march=z196 to utilize the new instructions added with z196
• Use -mtune=z196 to schedule the instruction appropriate for the new
out-of-order pipeline of z196
• Re-compiled code/apps get further performance gains through 110+ new
instructions
• zEC12/zBC12 exploitation CPU (gcc 4.8) 7.0 12.0

• Use option -march=zEC12 to utilize the instructions added with zEC12
• Use option -mtune=zEC12 to schedule the instructions appropriate for the
pipeline of zEC12
• Transactional memory support, Improved branch instructions
• z13/z13s exploitation CPU (gcc 5.2)

• Use option -march=z13 to utilize the instructions added with z13
• Use option -mtune=z13 to schedule the instructions appropriate for the
pipeline of z13

IBM
PCI support
• Native PCIe feature cards introduced on zEC12 and zBC12

• Plugged into an PCIe I/O drawer
• Managed by an internal firmware processor (IFP)
• Device driver for PCIe function is located in the operating system
• 10 GbE RoCE Express, networking card 7.0 12

Tec. preview
• Uses Infiniband RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE)
specification
12
• zEDC Express, data compression / decompression Tec. preview
• Implements compression as defined by RFC 1951 (DEFLATE)
• Comparable to “gzip -1”

IBM
Misc. Features
7.2 12.1
 SE/HMC filesystem (kernel 3.18)
– Mount the HMC media drive as a read-only Linux file system
– Main use case is the installation of a distribution from the HMC DCD driver
7.2 12.1
 Auto port scan resiliency for zfcp (kernel 3.19)
– Improves the Fibre Channel port scan behaviour
7.2 12.1
 In-kernel crypto: DRBG support (kernel 4.1)
– Deterministic Random Bit Generator alias RNG, PRNG
12.1
 Hot-patch support for function tracing (kernel 4.0)
– Use gcc's hotpatch support to generate better code for ftrace function tracing
– Each function starts with a six byte nop instruction which will be patched at
run-time

IBM
Linux on IBM z System Technology
Platform enhancements

IBM
IBM XL C/C++ for Linux on z Systems, V1.2

High-performance compiler now delivered
 XL C/C++ for Linux on z Systems offers:
– Increased return on hardware investments for improved application
performance with leading-edge optimization technology and exploitation of
the latest z Systems hardware.
 The Clang infrastructure in the front end with advanced optimization
technology in the IBM compiler back end.
 Highly tuned math libraries, including Mathematical Acceleration
– Subsystem (MASS), Basic Linear Algebraic Subprograms (BLAS), and
Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software (ATLAS).
 Standards compliance with support for international C and C++ programming
language standards and GNU C/C++ compatibility extensions for ease of
application migration to IBM z Systems.
 Software requirements
– Red Hat Enterprise Linux for IBM System z 7
– Red Hat Enterprise Linux for IBM System z 6.3
– SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for System z 12
23 – SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for System z 11 SP3 © 2016 IBM Corporation
IBM
KVM for IBM z Systems

High-performance compiler now delivered
 Turned Linux into a hypervisor
 First release 1.1.0 in 9/2015

– Based on kernel 3.10 and qemu 2.3
– Kernel fixes up to v4.1 & fixes from qemu 2.4
– Run Linux guests on a Linux host
– Requires a zEC12 or newer machine
 Supported distributions
– SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 12 SP1
Links
http://www.ibm.com/systems/z/solutions/virtualization/kvm/
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg248332.html?Open

IBM
KVM for IBM z Systems v1.1.1. – 03 / 2016

 Support for SIMD, Single Instruction Multiple Data for higher compute capacity
 Support for Multithreading (SMT) to meet new business requirements
 RAS support enhanced for problem determination and high availability
 Crypto exploitation to Secure and protect business data and leverage

hardware acceleration for cryptographic functions
 Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) to Provide flexibility for

storage attachments
 Unattended installation of the KVM hypervisor simplifies administration

IBM
Java 8 boost on IBM z13 & SMT

- IBM Business Rules Processing

IBM
Java 8 boost on IBM z13 & SIMD

- String, Character conversion and Loop Acceleration

IBM
Java 8 on z13. Java Store inventory and point of sale Appl.

IBM
Containers in Linux
linuxcontainers.org is the the project behind Linux Containers (LXC), Linux

Container ‘hypervisor’ (LXD), Linux Container FileSystem (LXCFS) and Linux
cgroup deamon (CGManager).
• The goal is to offer a distro and vendor neutral environment for the
development of Linux container technologies.
• The main focus is system containers. This is achieved through a combination
of kernel security features such as namespaces, mandatory access control
and control groups.
Container characteristics:
 Isolated application environments within a Linux OS instance
 Each container has its own, different address space but same kernel
 Serve a single task
 Self contained set of files for applications
 Startup time and efficiency compare to native execution

IBM
Docker in Linux on z Systems 12.0
Docker is one implementation of Linux containers and their management
• Open, portable, light-weight run-time and packaging tool

• Container in standard operating environment and delivery vehicle for
applications with wildly different requirements
• Much faster to spin-up and efficient to run than a VM
• Isolated from each other
• Easily build and ship complex application, without worrying about infrastructure
differences or interference from other software stacks
• Quickly and reliably deploy and run applications on any infrastructure
• Docker Hub: share container building blocks and automate workflows
• Essential for horizontally scaling apps on the cloud
Terminology:
 Image: set of self contained files. Read-only.
 Container: a running instance, based on an image.
 Docker Swarm: for cluster management of Docker hosts (placement,
scheduling,.. ) *
 Docker Compose: used to create multi-container applications

IBM Docker is a container management system
Queue Java Application
interact appropriately?
Static website User DB Web frontend
Do services and apps

Multiplicity of Stacks
An engine that enables any

payload to be encapsulated as
a lightweight, portable, self-
sufficient container…
…that can be manipulated using

standard operations and run
Multiplicity of hardware
consistently on virtually any
Can I migrate smoothly and

hardware platform
environments
quickly
Contributor’s
Development Customer Data
QA server Production laptop
VM Center Public Cloud
Cluster

IBM
Node.js for Linux on z Systems

High-performance
Node.js v0.12
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/web/nodesdk
High Performance JavaScript for LinuxONE

 Highly scalable, event-driven platform with non-blocking I/O
 Thousands of concurrent connections with minimal overhead
 Up to 2.1x more RESTful web interactions with AcmeAir in
node.js
“Linux on z can scale to up to 30B RESTful web interactions/day with Dockerized
Node.js and MongoDB, driving over 470K database read and writes per second,
while maintaining response-times that are 2x better than alternative platforms.”
IBM
Blockchain: Revolutionary financial technology

 Blockchain is a shared, replicated ledger technology
 IBM supports an open standards, open source, open governance Blockchain
 Blockchain can open up business networks by taking out cost, improving
efficiencies and increase accessibility
 Ledger [1] is THE system of record

for a business
 records asset transfer between
participants.
 Business will have multiple
ledgers for multiple business
networks.
Party A’s Records
Counter-party
Bank records
records Ledger
Ledger Ledger
Party C’s Records Auditor records
Ledger Ledger Ledger

Party B Records
Participants
have multiple
34 shared © 2016 IBM Corporation
ledgers
IBM
IBM Spectrum Scale for Linux on z Systems

Based on GPFS technology
 Robust clustered file system z Systems

Administration
Communicatio z Systems
z/VM n z/VM
– Concurrent high-speed, reliable data LPAR
Linux Linux Linux Linux LAN
LPAR
Linux Linux Linux Linux
access from multiple nodes

– Extreme scalability and accelerated SAN
Disk I/O
performance
Storage Storage
– Smooth, non distruptive capacity

expansion and reduction One cluster configuration example
Linux Supported
Support storage:
instances in for ECKD™- DS8000®, IBM
LPAR mode or based and FlashSystem™
on z/VM, on the FCP-based IBM Storwize®
same or different Heterogeneous Supported
Up to 32 cluster storage V7000, SVC, IBM
CECs clusters workloads:
XIV®,
nodes with same w/ client nodes WebSphere App.
or mixed Linux w/o local storage Server,
distributions / access running WebSphere MQ®
releases Linux on x86 or or similar
Support statements POWER® workloads
for first version
35 * New product name © 2016 IBM Corporation

IBM
IBM Spectrum Scale 4.2.0 - General overview
IBM Spectrum Scale enhancements, operational considerations

 Massive parallel access for shared data via cluster nodes
 Information Life cycle Mgmt (ILM)
 Store data, based on their use frequency
 Hierarchical Storage Mgmt (HSM)
 Effective backup for large files
 Active File Management (AFM)
 Synchronous / Asynchronous mirroring for HA / DR
 manage automatic Disaster / Recovery
 Compression to reduce storage and I/O

IBM
Future Linux on IBM z System Technology
Software which has already been developed

and integrated into the upstream packages
- but is not yet available in any
Enterprise Linux Distribution

IBM
New kernel features – NUMA emulation for KVM

IBM
New core kernel features

IBM
New kernel features – I/O improvements

IBM
New kernel features – networking improvements

IBM
s390-tools package: the Swiss army knife for Linux on z
 s390-tools is a package with a set of user space utilities to be used with

the Linux on IBM z Systems distributions.
– It is the essential tool chain for Linux on IBM z Systems
– It contains everything from the boot loader to dump related tools for a system crash
analysis .
 This software package is contained in all major (and IBM supported)

enterprise Linux distributions which support s390
– RedHat Enterprise Linux version 4, 5, 6, and 7
– SuSE Linux Enterprise Server version 9, 10, and 11
 Website:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/linux390/s390-tools.html
 Feedback: linux390@de.ibm.com

IBM
s390-tools package: the content
chccwdev dasdfmt
chchp dbginfo
dasdinfo
chreipl dumpconf
dasdstat
chshut zfcpdump DUMP
dasdview &
chcrypt zfcpdbf
fdasd
chmemCHANGE zgetdump DEBUG
tunedasd DASD
scsi_logging_level
lscss
lschp mon_fsstatd
lsdasd mon_procd vmconvert
lshmc ziomon vmcp
MONITOR
lsluns hyptop vmur
lsqeth cms-fuse z/VM
ip_watcher
lsreipl osasnmpd
lsshut cpuplugd
qetharp iucvconn
lstape qethconf
lszcrypt NETWORK iucvtty
qethqoat ts-shell
lszfcp
lsmemDISPLAY ttyrun MISC
tape390_display
hmcdrvfs tape390_crypt
FILESYSTEM
zdsfs TAPE zipl BOOT
IBM
s390-tools package: the zdsfs file system
 zdsfs – mount a z/OS DASD

– The zdsfs file systems is based on FUSE
– Use the zdsfs command to mount a z/OS DASD as read-only Linux file system.
– The zdsfs file system translates the z/OS data sets into Linux semantics
– Allows Linux to read z/OS physical sequential data sets and partitioned data sets
• Physical sequential data sets are represented as files
• Partitioned data sets are represented as directories that contain the PDS members as
files
– Other z/OS data set formats are not supported
– To access a z/OS DASD the raw-track access mode of the DASD must be enabled

IBM
s390-tools package: the hmcdrv file system
 hmcdrvfs – mount the HMC media drive as virtual filesystem

– The hmcdrvfs file systems is based on FUSE
– On the HMC, the media must be assigned to the associated system image
– Use the hmcdrvfs command to mount the HMC media drive as read-only Linux file system
– Allows Linux to read files from the HMC media drive
– Required privileges
• For z/VM the guest virual machine must have at least privilege class B and the media
must be assigned to the LPAR where z/VM runs
• For LPAR, the activation profile must allow issuing SCLP requests.
– One use case would be installation of a distribution from the HMC DVD drive
 lshmc – list media contents in the HMC media drive

– Useful to quickly check what kind of HMC media drive is attached

IBM
New - ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/
Linux on IBM z Systems info at:

ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/linuxonibm/liaaf/lnz_r_main.html

IBM
Documentation news – Updates available

 Linux Distributions
– SUSE Linux Enterprise Server: 12 SP1, 11 SP 3
– Red Hat Enterprise Linux: RHEL 7.2, RHEL 6.8
 Upstream Linux 4.0, 4.1, 4.1

– ibm.com/developerworks/linux/linux390/documentation_dev.html
 Security
– Secure Key Common Cryptographic Architecture
4.2.10 Application Programmer's Guide
– Libica 2.2.0. Programmer's Guide
 KVM
- Quick Start, Device Driver,
- Installing SLES 12 as KVM guest
 Redbooks
– IBM Wave, Virtualization, Oracle, Security
 Whitepapers
– FileNet P8 5.1, Live Guest Relocation, iSCSI
IBM
Questions?
Dr. Holger Smolinski IBM Deutschland Research
& Development GmbH
Master Certified IT Specialist Schönaicher Strasse 220
71032 Böblingen, Germany
Office: +49 (0)7031-16-4652

Holger.Smolinski@de.ibm.com
Thanks to Martin Schwidefsky for the contribution to this content.

49
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NOTES: Linux penguin image courtesy of Larry Ewing (lewing@isc.tamu.edu) and The GIMP
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IO12389-Linux on IBM z Systems News and Exploitation

Dr. Holger Smolinski

 48% of z Systems Enterprises

Installed IFL Capacity

 37% of all z Systems servers

IBM z Systems LinuxONE Systems

Massive I/O throughput

IBM z13s IBM LinuxONE

© 2015 IBM Corporation 5

Linux on IBM z Systems distributions

Linux Distribution landscape

6 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Combine horizontal and vertical

* - Ubuntu available since 04/2016

Linux on IBM z Systems distributions - SUSE

• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10

• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12

8 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Linux on IBM z Systems distributions – Red Hat

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 5

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 6

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 7

9 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Linux on IBM z Systems distributions – Red Hat

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 6 - New and updated features

• New capabilities to the Identity Management client code (SSSD), namely:

• Relax-and-Recover for system administration ease

• enable customers to migrate traditional workloads into container-based appl.

Linux on IBM z Systems distributions

11 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Supported Linux Distributions

z13 and z13s

See www.ibm.com/systems/z/os/linux/resources/testedplatforms.html for latest updates and details.

12 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Current Linux on IBM z Systems Technology

Key features & functionality already

13 © 2016 IBM Corporation

IBM z13 and z13s support 7.1 12.1

• Vector extension facility (kernel 3.18)

• CPU multi threading support (> kernel 3.19)

14 © 2016 IBM Corporation

• CPU time accounting with SMT enabled

New & improved

16 © 2016 IBM Corporation

• Workloads may or may not benefit from SMT

• Workloads characteristics with a positive effect on SMT

• Workload characteristics with a detrimental effect on SMT

17 © 2016 IBM Corporation

IBM z13 and z13s support 7.2 12.1

• Extended number of AP domains (kernel 3.18)

• Crypto Express 5S cards (kernel 4.0)

• z13 cache aliasing (kernel 4.0)

18 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Linux on IBM z Systems features – Compiler toolchain

• zEC12/zBC12 exploitation CPU (gcc 4.8) 7.0 12.0

• z13/z13s exploitation CPU (gcc 5.2)

19 © 2016 IBM Corporation

• Native PCIe feature cards introduced on zEC12 and zBC12

• 10 GbE RoCE Express, networking card 7.0 12

20 © 2016 IBM Corporation

21 © 2016 IBM Corporation

Linux on IBM z System Technology

22 © 2016 IBM Corporation