2-B Human Trafficking in The Modern World

BSCRIM 2-B
RIVERA, GIO BALDERAMOS.

BUTAC, KARL BONHOEFFER INERE.
SANTIAGO, MARVIN HILARIO.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE MODERN WORLD
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
We live in the modern world. Here is the way of life unlike the old days. In the field of
technology we are already committing various crimes. One of which is human trafficking.
What is human trafficking?
Human trafficking is a group of crimes involving the exploitation of men, women, and children
for financial gains which is violation of fundamental human rights. Millions of men, women and
children are victims of human trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation
worldwide. Human trafficking is a part of larger problem of slavery, and one of the most
common wants people end up in slavery.
Oftentimes, it affects the most vulnerable in our society, which are our children. Usually,
children are forced into becoming sex slaves because of poverty. They are abused mentally,
physically, and intellectually. These children often carry the burden of abuse into adulthood
Research Question
1.What is human trafficking and how people lured into it
2.Who are the targets of the Human trafficking in today’s modern world
3.How Human Trafficking originated and where does it takes place
4. How Human Trafficking operates in our generation
5. What are the impacts of modern technology on human trafficking

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study could immensely beneficial too:
Historians. It would help them to nourish and/or to improve their knowledge when it comes to
crime.
Students. The finding would give students a realization on how to become a good citizen, for
they were the future of the country.
Teachers. The result of this study may also help teachers to have a room for developing future
law enforcer by teaching this study to the students.
Future Researchers. This research study may also serve as a spring board and reference to future
researcher if this study is related to theirs.

Theoretical Framework
Human Trafficking in the modern world paves way too many forms. In relation to this, the
following theories will serve as the basis to explain those things. Theories include general system
theory, Bronfennbrenner’s ecological systems theory, conflict theory and structural functional
theory.
General systems theory was introduced to the social work field in the late 1950’s and early
1960’s and was based on a biological model (Kondrat, 2013). The biologist credited with general
systems theory is Bertalanffy, who was concerned about the practice of studying phenomena as
isolated entities instead of players in feedback systems and hierarchical orders (Kondrat, 2013).
The social work understanding of general systems theory, much like the name suggests, is a
theory based on understanding a system–a series of components that interact with and influence
one another (Berg-Weger, 2005). General systems theory considers all systems as subsystems of
other systems, and considers large systems as environments for other systems, thus always
exploring the flow and impact of different systems between and against each other (Forder,
1976). General systems theory has mostly been replaced by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model,
but is still used in some areas of social work (Kondrat, 2013).
Moreover, there is some debate about the differences between general systems theory and
ecological systems theory (Schriver, 1998). A critique of general systems theory in its
application to social work is that it focuses on elements of an individual’s life as components of a

system, which comes with an assumption of equilibrium–both that the system needs it and that
the system can achieve it (Leighninger, 1977). Ecological systems theory also explicitly defines
the environmental systems as including nonliving elements, something sometimes assumed but
never explicitly stated in general systems theory (Shriver, 1998). Bronfenbrenner’s ecological
systems theory mostly replaced general systems theory in the late 1970s and early 1980s and is a
continuation of understanding the person in environment (Kondrat, 2013). The ecological
systems theory explores the relationship of an individual’s environment on their behavior,
whereas general systems theory seeks to understand the changes an individual’s system
undergoes when a change in a subsystem is made (Berg-Weger, 2005).
Bronfenbrenner argues that people develop within five systems of influence. They include the:
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1994).
The model is set up as a growing set of nesting circles, with each larger circle encompassing a
larger system, and each circle influencing each other bidirectionally. Newer versions of the
ecological model sometimes called the chronosystem is a policy-level-system, showing how
policy and greater institutional level processes impact a person’s smaller systems (Sallis &
Owen, 2015). This means that at the policy and institution levels, changes can influence how a
person lives and operates because they have to develop and mature with constraints or supports
from these powers. The individual is at the center of these five systems, and the ways in which
they all interact to influence the individual is the basis of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems
In relation to human trafficking and human rights, both general systems theory and
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory are often already present and applied when thinking
about interventions, even if not explicitly. Clawson and colleagues (2003), completed a needs
assessment for trafficking victims and agencies that provide services to victims. In their
assessment, they looked at the inputs of current efforts and services available via the throughput
of victim care. The outputs, or the current state of victim care as a result of the services available,
were analyzed in relation to how they can feed back into informing future efforts and services
available to victims. Since it has been several years since the analysis, a general systems theory
approach could be taken again to look at current inputs, influenced by previous outputs and
feedback loops, on victim care. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory can be seen when
evaluating risk factors for human trafficking and human rights violations. Poverty, a history of
abuse and neglect, substance use issues, political instability, homelessness, and marginalized
identities have been highlighted in other chapters as risk factors for an individual to become a
human trafficking victim. Risk factors can be understood within the ecological systems model,
which assists social workers in identifying areas for intervention and prevention for at-risk
populations.
Hence, Conflict theory emerged in the late 19th century from Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels (Hutchison, 2013). Conflict theory explores power structures and power disparities–that
is, how power differentials affect social inequality (Hutchison, 2013; Parillo, 2012; Rӧssel,
2013). Conflict theory serves as the opposite to functional theory (Shriver, 1998; Parillo, 2012),
which will be explored next. Conflict theory operates on the premise that humans are self-
interested and competitive by being forced into conflict over scarce resources and wealth
(Rӧssel, 2013; Shriver, 1998). Within conflict theory, wealthier classes are able to maintain
power over lower-income and ethnic minority groups by allowing oppressed groups to believe
that the advancement of another oppressed group will be to their detriment; therefore oppressed
groups assist in the oppression of each other in the hopes that they will be the ones to advance
(Parillo, 2012). From this perspective, social order exists through coercion of oppressed and less
powerful groups by the ruling and more powerful classes (Shriver, 1998). Similarly, social
change occurs through a conflict, evoking human response in the political, economic, and
cultural spheres (Hutchison, 2013). There is a lot of social work practice that evolves from
addressing social injustice through conflict theory. Early social work efforts at eliminating
oppression of immigrants, women, and children were based in conflict theory, and efforts
continue today through development of empowerment strategies for nondominant groups
(Hutchison, 2013). However, critics of conflict theory say that the theory does not account for
social unity and shared values, stating the theory is too radical (Parillo, 2012).
Structural-functional theory or functional theory states that every part of a society serves a
function in maintaining the solidarity and stability of the whole (Parillo, 2012). Ideally, all the
parts of a society maintain equilibrium and a state of balance under perfect conditions (Parillo,
2012). However, when problems arise, it is because a part of the social system has become
dysfunctional; usually caused by some type of rapid change, which the other parts of the system
are not able to adjust to and compensate for quickly enough (Parillo, 2012). At this point, the
society must decide if it will adjust by returning to its pre-conflict state or work to find a new
equilibrium (Parillo, 2012). Functional theory acts as the opposite of conflict theory because it
operates on the premise that humans are inherently cooperative and caring, each playing their
role in maintaining the harmony of the society (Schriver, 1998). Functionalists believe that all
problems regarding minority groups can be solved by small adjustments in the social system to
return to equilibrium (Parillo, 2012). Critics of functionalist theory, who often prefer conflict
theory, argue that the focus on stability ignores the inequalities of class, gender, and race that are
often the creators of conflict (Parillo, 2012).

In relation to human trafficking and human rights, conflict theory aims to offer a broad
explanation for why and how social inequality, power imbalance, and oppression are able to
occur. Sexism, racism, and classism are often contributors to human rights violations, as
highlighted in the case of child brides, sex trafficking, organ trafficking, and other forms of
victimization. Barner, Okech, and Camp (2014) illustrate how socioeconomic inequality not only
between classes on a small scale, but globally between developed and underdeveloped nations
fuels sex trafficking, violence, and political strife and civil war. From a similar perspective,
embracing a functionalist view requires one to question how and why oppression are able to
occur.
It also requires one to examine the utility of human rights violations and their place in
maintaining an equilibrium. For example, functionalists would argue in the past that gender roles
existed because they played a functional role in systematically meeting the needs of society with
men engaging in labor and wage-earning tasks while women were engaging in homemaking and
nurturing tasks (Parillo, 2012). Some would still argue this to be the case in modern times. In the
case of human rights, in order to address these kinds of violations, it is important to identify the
function the violation plays in maintaining a system within society, and then determining what
changes need to be made to move to a new form of harmony absent of the violation.
Human trafficking in the form of labor trafficking fulfills the need of cheap labor to create more
profits; sex trafficking meets the demand for sex from johns and provides money or other things
of value to pimps; child soldiers play various roles in meeting the needs of militant groups during
armed conflict; and organ trafficking supplies a limited resource to an ever-growing list of needy
recipients. Human rights violations as a whole can always be examined from the perspective of
the function they play in a larger picture. In order to prevent human rights violations, however, it
is important for social workers and other professionals to understand the need the violation
fulfills and intervene at a point that prevents the need for the violation to occur.
Conceptual Framework
Survey questions including the following:
1.What is human trafficking and how people lured into it
2.Who are the targets of the Human trafficking in today’s modern world
3.How Human Trafficking originated and where does it takes place
4. How Human Trafficking operates in our generation

5. What are the impacts of modern technology on human trafficking?
PROCESS
The researchers used the survey questionnaire in conducting this research.
OUTPUT
Implications and analysis of Human Trafficking in the modern world residing in Cauayan city.
This shows that through this survey questions and from the consolidated answers from our
respondents the researchers will be able to understand and analyze the implications of human
trafficking in the modern world.
CHAPTER II
What is Crime?
Crime, justice and the media
Ian Marsh, Gaynor Melville
Routledge, 2019
The relationship between crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system is examined and
analyzed in Crime Justice and the Media. This revised and thoroughly updated third edition
examines how crime and offenders have been depicted in the media throughout history, using a
variety of analytical perspectives to examine how crime, criminals, and punishment have been
covered. It also contains a new chapter on the impact of film and the cinema on crime and
justice. The third edition of Crime, Justice, and the Media examines how the media portrays
crime and criminal justice in a variety of contexts, including: digital media technologies, such as
social networking sites; moral panics over particular crimes and offenders, such as juvenile
crime, cybercrime, and paedophilia; and media coverage of victims of crime and criminals. The
media’s portrayal of criminal justice institutions, such as the police and prison service. This book
provides a straightforward, open, and thorough examination of analytical thought on the
relationship between the media, crime, and criminal justice, as well as a systematic examination
of how the media portrays crime, offenders, and those involved in the criminal justice process.
This book allows students to connect with and respond to the information provided by including
lessons, questions, and supplementary reading in each chapter, resulting in a deeper
understanding of the connection between the media and crime
Human mobility in large cities as a proxy for crime
Carlos Caminha, Vasco Furtado, Tarcisio HC Pequeno, Caio Ponte, Hygor PM Melo, Erneson A
Oliveira, José S Andrade Jr
PloS one 12 (2), e0171609, 2017
We look at the frequency of property crimes on a smaller scale in the neighbourhoods of a
heavily populated area, in terms of both residents and tourists. Our findings show that the only
significant allometric relationship found was between property crimes and the floating
population. More specifically, proof of superlinear activity suggests that a disproportionate
amount of property crimes occur in areas of the city where there is an elevated influx of citizens.
We have discovered that the number of crimes of peace disruption only correlates well with the
resident population, and in a superlinear fashion. Our research raises the exciting possibility that
the observed superlinearity. Our study raises the interesting possibility that the superlinearity
observed in previous studies [Bettencourt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 7301 (2007)
and Melo et al., Sci. Rep. 4, 6239
(2014)] for homicides versus population at the city scale could have its origin in the fact that the
floating population, and not the resident one, should be taken as the relevant variable
determining the intrinsic microdynamical behavior of the system.
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What is pornography?
Pornography and Men’s Violence Against Women, Part 2
Pornography and Prostitution: A Report on Exploitation and Demand, edited by Unizon, pp. 31-
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Posted: 14 Oct 2016
Last revised: 17 Aug 2019

Max Waltman
Stockholm University, Department of Political Science
Date Written: 2016
Abstract
The Swedish version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2808124
Report on the connections between pornography and gender-based abuse, with legal reform
recommendations for Sweden and comparisons to the United States. Unizon (a Swedish
women’s shelter umbrella NGO) wrote Part I (pp. 1-30) based on primary data from their
member organizations. Max Waltman collaborated with Unizon to write Part II (pp. 31–108).
Part II’s four chapters are focused on Waltman’s PhD dissertation (2014), which provides an
analytical review of current studies, accompanied by legal policy recommendations. Adopting a
problem-driven theoretical approach, the reality of pornography’s harms is analyzed. Evidence
shows its production exploits existing inequalities among persons typically drawn from other
forms of prostitution who suffer multiple disadvantages, such as extreme poverty, childhood
sexual abuse, and race and gender discrimination, making survival alternatives remote.
Consumption is divided by sex. A majority of young adult men consumes pornography
frequently; women rarely do, usually not unless initiated by others. After consumption, studies
show many normal men become substantially more sexually aggressive and increasingly
trivialize and support violence against women. Vulnerable populations — including among
others battered, raped, or prostituted women — are most harmed as a result. The report
concludes with a chapter outlining legal policy proposals. It analyzes their real and imagined
obstacles and potential to address real empirically documented harms with law.
First, a proposal is made to extend current procuring provisions to the creation of pornography,
so pornographers simply “promote” and “economically manipulate” the fact that people have sex
for a living. So long as an application of common law to crimes committed during processing
does not explicitly target the distribution of otherwise constitutionally protected expressive
content, case law demonstrates that freedom of speech is not an impediment (e.g., convictions of
art activism and of rapists who also filmed their offenses to make pornography). Second,
legislation prohibiting the distribution of similar information by similar means.
Amendments to the Swedish basic law are proposed, but they will be focused on a more precise
and narrowly tailored definition of graphic sexually explicit subordinating, dehumanizing, and
objectifying pornography, which evidence-based research suggests triggers more gender-based
abuse. Studies of the application of criminal pornography laws show serious deficiencies or non-
enforcement when the initiative does not lie among those affected, an approach that does not
account effectively for their perspectives and interests. Civil rights legislation against such sex
discrimination is recommended, among other things because studies of the application of
criminal pornography laws show serious deficiencies or non-enforcement when the initiative
does not lie among those affected an approach that does not account effectively for their
perspectives and interests. Actors will take on the role of the latter (e.g., women’s shelter
organizations) than disinterested, desensitized, or over-worked police officers and prosecutors.
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What is sexual harassment?
Law Relating to Sexual Harassment of Women at the Workplace in India: A Critical Review
Posted: 12 May 2018
Anuradha Chadha
Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus
Date Written: April 30, 2018
Abstract
It is a harsh reality that despite of various international laws for equality as well as empowerment
of women and various provisions of Indian Constitution along with various legislative measures,
with the increase in the women workforce, they still are denied the enjoyment of economic
empowerment and are facing sexual harassment on roads and also in their workplace at global
and also at national level. In the case of Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, the Apex Court of India
acknowledging the first time sexual harassment as unwelcome act laid down exhaustive
guidelines for its prevention. The guidelines framed by Supreme Court then received a legal
shape in the form of Sexual Harassment of Women at the Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition
and Redressal) Act, 2013, ‘The Gender Sensitization and Sexual Harassment of Women at the
Supreme Court of India (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Regulation, 2013’ and UGC
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal of Sexual Harassment of Women Employees and

Students in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2015 but the Act and the Regulations
fall far short of the norms set by the Vishaka judgment. In recent times, a number of judgements
have been pronounced providing reliefs to the victims of sexual harassment at working place but
this grievous form of crime against women still continues to be a matter of concern. In order to
curb this heinous crime, first of all, the faulty and controversial clauses in the present Act and
regulations need to be considered and amended; monitoring mechanisms need to be adopted
seriously; level of awareness needs to be raised among the general public and at the last Women
Reservation Bill for providing political participation to women needs to be enacted.
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What is sex trafficking?
Hiroaki MatsuuraEmail author
Living reference work entry
First Online: 14 April 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_66-1
Definitions
Sex trafficking is the trafficking of people for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Based on the
UN Palermo Protocol of 2000, sex trafficking is more formally defined as “the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by means of the threat or use of force or
other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a
position of vulnerability” for the purpose of commercial sex or other forms of sexual exploitation
(UNGA 2000).
Sex trafficking is one of the least studied forms of the international movement of population
occurring in almost all countries of the world. No country is immune to sex trafficking.
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Optineurin: A Coordinator of Membrane-Associated Cargo Trafficking and Autophagy
Thomas A. Ryan and imageDavid A. Tumbarello*
Optineurin is a multifunctional adaptor protein intimately involved in various vesicular
trafficking pathways. Through interactions with an array of proteins, such as myosin VI,
huntingtin, Rab8, and Tank-binding kinase 1, as well as via its oligomerisation, optineurin has
the ability to act as an adaptor, scaffold, or signal regulator to coordinate many cellular processes
associated with the trafficking of membrane-delivered cargo. Due to its diverse interactions and
its distinct functions, optineurin is an essential component in a number of homeostatic pathways,
such as protein trafficking and organelle maintenance. Through the binding of polyubiquitinated
cargoes via its ubiquitin-binding domain, optineurin also serves as a selective autophagic
receptor for the removal of a wide range of substrates. Alternatively, it can act in an ubiquitin-
independent manner to mediate the clearance of protein aggregates. Regarding its disease
associations, mutations in the optineurin gene are associated with glaucoma and have more
recently been found to correlate with Paget’s disease of bone and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS). Indeed, ALS-associated mutations in optineurin result in defects in neuronal vesicular
localisation, autophagosome–lysosome fusion, and secretory pathway function. More recent
molecular and functional analysis has shown that it also plays a role in mitophagy, thus linking it
to a number of other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s. Here, we review the role
of optineurin in intracellular membrane trafficking, with a focus on autophagy, and describe how
upstream signalling cascades are critical to its regulation. Current data and contradicting reports
would suggest that optineurin is an important and selective autophagy receptor under specific
conditions, whereby interplay, synergy, and functional redundancy with other receptors occurs.
We will also discuss how dysfunction in optineurin-mediated pathways may lead to perturbation
of critical cellular processes, which can drive the pathologies of number of diseases. Therefore,
further understanding of optineurin function, its target specificity, and its mechanism of action
will be critical in fully delineating its role in human disease.
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Doi:10.1038/nature08971
Expression and trafficking of MR1
Rajesh Lamichhane James E. Ussher
MHC class I‐related gene protein (MR1) is a non‐polymorphic MHC class IB antigen‐presenting
molecule that is the restricting molecule for mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a
prominent population of innate‐like antibacterial T cells. The MAIT cell–MR1 axis represents a
new paradigm in antigen presentation, with the MR1 ligand derived from vitamin B compounds
or their metabolic precursors. Many bacteria and some fungi produce the activating ligand for
MR1. In evolution, MR1 is highly conserved in most, but not all, mammals. In humans and
rodents it is expressed in a broad range of cell types, both haematopoietic and non‐
haematopoietic, although cell surface expression has been difficult to detect. Although MR1
trafficking shares features with both the MHC class I and MHC class II pathways, it is distinct.
Several strands of evidence suggest that the intracellular location where MR1 is loaded differs
for soluble ligand and for ligand derived from intact bacteria. The regulation of MR1 surface
expression may also vary between different cell types. This paper will review what is currently
known about the expression and trafficking of MR1 and propose a model for the loading and
trafficking of MR1.
References
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7Cheng Y, Belov K. Characterisation of non‐classical MHC class I genes in the Tasmanian
devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Immunogenetics 2014; 66: 727– 35.
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nonclassical MHC genes coevolve with TRAV genes used by innate‐like T cells in
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CFTR trafficking mutations disrupt cotranslational protein folding by targeting biosynthetic
intermediates
Hideki Shishido, Jae Seok Yoon, […]William R. Skach

Abstract
Protein misfolding causes a wide spectrum of human disease, and therapies that target misfolding
are transforming the clinical care of cystic fibrosis. Despite this success, however, very little is
known about how disease-causing mutations affect the de novo folding landscape. Here we show
that inherited, disease-causing mutations located within the first nucleotide-binding domain
(NBD1) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) have distinct effects
on nascent polypeptides. Two of these mutations (A455E and L558S) delay compaction of the
nascent NBD1 during a critical window of synthesis. The observed folding defect is highly
dependent on nascent chain length as well as its attachment to the ribosome. Moreover,
restoration of the NBD1 cotranslational folding defect by second site suppressor mutations also
partially restores folding of full-length CFTR. These findings demonstrate that nascent folding
intermediates can play an important role in disease pathogenesis and thus provide potential
targets for pharmacological correction.
References
1.Cutting, G. R. Cystic fibrosis genetics: from molecular understanding to clinical
application. Nat. Rev. Genet. 16, 45–56 (2015).
2.Sosnay, P. R. et al. Defining the disease liability of variants in the cystic fibrosis
transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Nat. Genet. 45, 1160–1167 (2013).
3.Lukacs, G. L. & Verkman, A. S. CFTR: folding, misfolding and correcting the DeltaF508
conformational defect. Trends Mol. Med. 18, 81–91 (2012).

4.Protasevich, I. et al. Thermal unfolding studies show the disease causing F508del
mutation in CFTR thermodynamically destabilizes nucleotide-binding domain 1. Protein
Sci. 19, 1917–1931 (2010).
5.Wang, C. et al. Integrated biophysical studies implicate partial unfolding of NBD1 of
CFTR in the molecular pathogenesis of F508del cystic fibrosis. Protein Sci. 19, 1932–1947
(2010).
6.Thibodeau, P. H. et al. The cystic fibrosis-causing mutation deltaF508 affects multiple
steps in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator biogenesis. J. Biol. Chem.
285, 35825–35835 (2010).
7.Rabeh, W. M. et al. Correction of both NBD1 energetics and domain interface is required
to restore DeltaF508 CFTR folding and function. Cell 148, 150–163 (2012).
8.Mendoza, J. L. et al. Requirements for efficient correction of DeltaF508 CFTR revealed
by analyses of evolved sequences. Cell 148, 164–174 (2012).
9.Mijnders, M., Kleizen, B. & Braakman, I. Correcting CFTR folding defects by small-
molecule correctors to cure cystic fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Pharm. 34, 83–90 (2017).
10.Taylor-Cousar, J. L. et al. Tezacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis
homozygous for Phe508del. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 2013–2023 (2017).
From Human Trafficking to Modern Slavery: The Development of Anti-Trafficking Policy in the
UK
Rose Broad & Nick Turnbull
Abstract
The UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 is the first national legislation to use the term ‘modern
slavery’ and to explicitly target ‘slavery’ as opposed to ‘human trafficking’, ‘forced labour’, or
other terms. This article explains the development of UK modern slavery policy, which did not
arise as a rational response to a defined problem, but has gradually emerged from the policy
process as a moderately structured problem. Problem structuring took place in two phases. The
first phase was marked by a series of problematisations and policy responses, with disjunctions
between the constructed policy problem and the social problem. Elite problematisations excluded
alternatives, although the final shape of policy remained open. Policy built up incrementally,
running ahead of research so that the policy frame was limited to sexual exploitation while
marginalising labour exploitation concerns. In the second phase, unresolved problems of
legislation were questioned under the influence of a new moralistic policy frame, an international
discourse on slavery, supported by elite political actors. Campaign groups and licit industry also
became more influential, increasing the policy scope to take in more types of exploitation. This
generated a second round of legislative problematisation, ultimately embedded in the Modern
Slavery Act 2015. The two-phase process and prevailing top-down policy direction worked
against human rights discourses and victim protection. Modern slavery remains a moderately
structured problem, with more work necessary to address unintended consequences and
implementation difficulties, including enhancing multi-agency working.
References
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Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(1), 29–47.
Agustin, L. (2008). Sex at the margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry.
London: Zed.
Anti-Slavery Commissioner (2017). Identifying, referring and supporting victims of
modern slavery in the UK’s national referral mechanism. Open letter to Sarah Newton
MP. Available at: http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/media/1114/letter-to-sarah-
newton-mp-on-the-national-referral-mechanism.pdf. Accessed 12/04/17.
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Balch, A. (2015). Understanding and evaluating UK efforts to tackle forced labour. In G.
Craig, L. Waite, H. Lewis, & K. Skrivankova (Eds.), Vulnerability, exploitation and
migrants: Insecure work in a globalised economy (pp. 86–98). Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Balch, A., & Geddes, A. (2011). Opportunity from crisis? Organisational responses to
human trafficking in the UK. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,
13(1), 26–41.
Bales, K. (1999). New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
Bales, K. (2005). Understanding global slavery: A reader. Oakland: University of
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Bell, S., & Hindmoor, A. (2009). Rethinking governance: The centrality of the state in
modern society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berman, J. (2003). (un)popular strangers and crises (un)bounded: Discourses of sex
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Teaching About Human Trafficking
James Moore
ABSTRACT
Even though slavery is illegal in all countries, it is still practiced in the form of human
trafficking. In fact, there are about twenty-five million men, women, and children who are
victims of human trafficking, a 150-billion-dollar industry that affects every country across the
globe. Modern communications, such as the Internet and cell phones, exacerbate the problem of
human trafficking and law enforcement faces enormous challenges in detecting, arresting, and
prosecuting human traffickers. Victims, fifty percent of whom are children, are sold into
prostitution, forced marriages, and forced labor in sweatshops, agriculture, and mining.
Additionally, some victims are forced into armed conflicts as children; others are killed and their
organs are harvested and sold on the black market. It is estimated that 50,000 victims are brought
into the United States annually. Human trafficking is a moral outrage, as well as a violation of
American and international law. Social studies education must teach about this egregious human
rights violation and encourage students to become involved in stopping this modern-day slavery.
By incorporating lessons into their curricula, all teachers can help produce young citizens
dedicated to protecting human rights for all people.
References
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Human Trafficking
Toney-Butler TJ, Mittel O1
Author information
Book from StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 15 Jun 2017
PMID: 28613660
Abstract
Human trafficking is a pressing public health concern which transcends all races, social classes,
demographics, and gender. No population is exempt from the ever-present threat of traffickers.
Human traffickers are motivated by greed, driven by quota, devoid of respect for human rights,
preying upon the vulnerable, and damaging the psychological and physical well-being of their
victims. The extent of the economic and social impacts on society are unknown and require
further research to define and guide community-based care, protocols, and formal curriculum
changes. [1] Financial and Global Statistics Human trafficking is a $150 billion industry
globally. In fact, the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) 2016 estimate reveals that 40.3
million people were victimized worldwide through modern-day slavery, 5.4 victims per every
thousand people in the world. Of these 40.3 million victims in 2016, 29 million were women and
girls (72% of total amount). Almost 5 million in 2016 were victims of forced sexual exploitation
globally, with children making up more than 20% of that number.
References
Rothman EF, Stoklosa H, Baldwin SB, Chisolm-Straker M, Kato Price R, Atkinson HG.,
HEAL Trafficking. Public Health Research Priorities to Address US Human Trafficking.
Am J Public Health. 2017 Jul;107(7):1045-1047. [Abstract: 28590857]
Fraley HE, Aronowitz T, Stoklosa HM. Systematic Review of Human Trafficking
Educational Interventions for Health Care Providers. West J Nurs Res. 2020
Feb;42(2):131-142. [Abstract: 30924735]

Leslie J. Human Trafficking: Clinical Assessment Guideline. J Trauma Nurs. 2018
Sep/Oct;25(5):282-289. [Abstract: 30216256]
Powell C, Dickins K, Stoklosa H. Training US health care professionals on human
trafficking: where do we go from here? Med Educ Online. 2017;22(1):1267980. [Abstract:
28178913]
Reid JA, Baglivio MT, Piquero AR, Greenwald MA, Epps N. No youth left behind to
human trafficking: Exploring profiles of risk. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2019;89(6):704-715.
[Abstract: 30431301]
Rothman EF, Farrell A, Bright K, Paruk J. Ethical and Practical Considerations for
Collecting Research-Related Data from Commercially Sexually Exploited Children. Behav
Med. 2018 Jul-Sep;44(3):250-258. [Abstract: 30020869]
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social justice. Am Psychol. 2017 Nov;72(8):778-790. [Abstract: 29172580]
Cimino AN, Madden EE, Hohn K, Cronley CM, Davis JB, Magruder K, Kennedy MA.
Childhood Maltreatment and Child Protective Services Involvement Among the

Commercially Sexually Exploited: A Comparison of Women Who Enter as Juveniles or as
Adults. J Child Sex Abus. 2017 Apr;26(3):352-371. [Abstract: 28471337]
Macias-Konstantopoulos WL. Caring for the Trafficked Patient: Ethical Challenges and
Recommendations for Health Care Professionals. AMA J Ethics. 2017 Jan 01;19(1):80-90.
Reid JA, Baglivio MT, Piquero AR, Greenwald MA, Epps N. Human Trafficking of Minors
and Childhood Adversity in Florida. Am J Public Health. 2017 Feb;107(2):306-311.
Munaza Batool Rizvi; Gregory P. Conners; Kevin C. King; Richard A. Lopez; Joni Rabiner.
Author Information
Last Update: March 10, 2021.
Continuing Education Activity
Unfortunately, child abuse and maltreatment is a significant Pennsylvania problem. There is
substantial morbidity and mortality associated with child abuse due to a child’s inability to
protect themselves. Healthcare providers frequently miss child abuse cases. For the diagnosis of
child abuse to be made, a high index of suspicion is needed. Pennsylvania has created a legal
structure and educational approach to assure health providers are able to identify abuse and
neglect in children and know how to engage state agencies in the protection and care of the child.
This activity reviews the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and reporting requirements in
Pennsylvania of child abuse. It highlights the role of the inter-professional team in its
management and prevention
Objectives:
Outline the definitions of child abuse, maltreatment, and neglect, according to Pennsylvania
State law.
Review the presentation and indicators of a child that has suffered abuse, maltreatment, or
neglect.
Summarize the situations mandated by Pennsylvania State law in which child abuse,
maltreatment, and neglect should be reported.
Summarize the situations mandated by Pennsylvania State law in which failure to report child
abuse, maltreatment, and neglect could lead to legal retribution
Introduction
Unfortunately, child abuse and maltreatment is a significant Pennsylvania problem. Substantial
morbidity and mortality is associated with child abuse due to a child’s inability to protect
themselves. Healthcare providers frequently miss a large amount of child abuse cases. For the
diagnosis of child abuse to be made, a reasonable cause of suspicion is needed.[1][2][3]
Pennsylvania has created a legal structure and educational approach to assure health providers
are able to identify abuse and neglect and know how to engage state agencies in the protection
and care of the child.
References
1.
Gershun M, Terrebonne C. Child welfare system interventions on behalf of children and
families: Highlighting the role of court appointed special advocates. Curr Probl Pediatr
Adolesc Health Care. 2018 Sep;48(9):215-231. [Abstract: 30224198]
2.
Liu Y, Merritt DH. Familial financial stress and child internalizing behaviors: The roles of
caregivers’ maltreating behaviors and social services. Child Abuse Negl. 2018 Dec;86:324-
335. [Abstract: 30220424]
3.
Miller GF, Chiang L, Hollis N. Economics and violence against children, findings from the
Violence Against Children Survey in Nigeria. Child Abuse Negl. 2018 Nov;85:9-16.
4.
Zeanah CH, Humphreys KL. Child Abuse and Neglect. J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;57(9):637-644. [Abstract: 30196867]
5.
Wolford SN, Cooper AN, McWey LM. Maternal depression, maltreatment history, and
child outcomes: The role of harsh parenting. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2019;89(2):181-191.
6.
Hansen JB, Killough EF, Moffatt ME, Knapp JF. Retinal Hemorrhages: Abusive Head
Trauma or Not? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Sep;34(9):665-670. [Abstract: 30180101]
7.
Gonzalez D, Bethencourt Mirabal A, McCall JD. StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls
Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Nov 21, 2020. [Abstract: 29083602]
8.
Brown CL, Yilanli M, Rabbitt AL. StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing; Treasure
Island (FL): Nov 20, 2020. [Abstract: 29262061]
9.
Van Horne BS, Caughy MO, Canfield M, Case AP, Greeley CS, Morgan R, Mitchell LE.
First-time maltreatment in children ages 2-10 with and without specific birth defects: A
population-based study. Child Abuse Negl. 2018 Oct;84:53-63. [Abstract: 30053644]
10.
Melmer MN, Gutovitz S. StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL):
Nov 20, 2020. [Abstract: 29262093]

Benjamin Houseman; George Semien.
Author Information
Last Update: February 17, 2021
Objectives:
Describe the cycle of abuse.
Describe the types of domestic and family violence.
Describe signs and symptoms of domestic violence.
Explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and
communication to identify and assist victims of domestic violence.
Introduction
Family and domestic violence (including child abuse, intimate partner abuse, and elder
abuse) is a common problem in the United States and Florida. Family and domestic health
violence are estimated to affect 10 million people in the United States every year. It is a
national public health problem, and virtually all healthcare professionals will at some point
evaluate or treat a patient who is a victim of some form of domestic or family violence.[1]
[2][3]
Unfortunately, each form of family violence begets interrelated forms of violence, and the
“cycle of abuse” is often continued from exposed children into their adult relationships,
and finally to the care of the elderly.
Domestic and family violence include a range of abuse including economic, physical, sexual,
emotional, and psychological toward children, adults, and elders.[4][5]
Intimate partner violence includes stalking, sexual and physical violence, and psychological
aggression by a current or former partner. In the United States, as many as one in four
women and one in nine men are victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence is thought
to be underreported. Domestic violence affects the victim, families, co-workers, and
community. It causes diminished psychological and physical health, decreases the quality of
life, and results in decreased productivity
References
1.
Reckdenwald A, Szalewski A, Yohros A. Place, Injury Patterns, and Female-Victim
Intimate Partner Homicide. Violence Against Women. 2019 May;25(6):654-676. [Abstract:
30235974]
2.
Williams J, Petersen N, Stoler J. Characterizing the spatial mismatch between intimate
partner violence related healthcare services and arrests in Miami-Dade County, Florida.
BMC Public Health. 2018 Aug 31;18(1):1085. [Abstract: 30170574]
3.
Da Silva N, Verdejo TR, Dillon FR, Ertl MM, De La Rosa M. Marianismo Beliefs, Intimate
Partner Violence, and Psychological Distress Among Recently Immigrated, Young Adult
Latinas. J Interpers Violence. 2018 May 01;:886260518778263. [Abstract: 29806565]
4.
Afulani PA, Sayi TS, Montagu D. Predictors of person-centered maternity care: the role of
socioeconomic status, empowerment, and facility type. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 May
11;18(1):360. [Abstract: 29751805]
5.
Bozzay ML, Joy LN, Verona E. Family Violence Pathways and Externalizing Behavior in
Youth. J Interpers Violence. 2020 Nov;35(23-24):5726-5752. [Abstract: 29294862]
6.
Mogos MF, Araya WN, Masho SW, Salemi JL, Shieh C, Salihu HM. The Feto-Maternal
Health Cost of Intimate Partner Violence Among Delivery-Related Discharges in the
United States, 2002-2009. J Interpers Violence. 2016 Feb;31(3):444-64. [Abstract:
25392375]
7.
Clark C, Yampolskaya S, Robst J. Mental health services expenditures among children
placed in out-of-home care. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011 Nov;38(6):430-9. [Abstract:
21116702]
8.
Becker M, Jordan N, Larsen R. Behavioral health service use and costs among children in
foster care. Child Welfare. 2006 May-Jun;85(3):633-47. [Abstract:16999388]
9.
Ferranti D, Lorenzo D, Munoz-Rojas D, Gonzalez-Guarda RM. Health education needs of
intimate partner violence survivors: Perspectives from female survivors and social service
providers. Public Health Nurs. 2018 Mar;35(2):118-125. [Abstract: 29178174]
10.
Bright MA, Thompson LA. Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Co-
occurring Health Conditions in Early Childhood. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2018 Jan;39(1):37-
45. [Abstract: 29040114]
Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women

This Committee Opinion was developed by the American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists’ Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women in collaboration with
committee members Veronica Gillispie, MD, Jennefer A. Russo, MD, MPH, and Kavita Shah
Arora, MD, MBE, MS.
Background
Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach that is often
underrecognized in the United States. The International Labor Organization estimates that 25
million individuals around the world are victims of modern slavery in the form of forced labor
and sex trafficking 1. The United States is not immune, and the Global Slavery Index estimates
that on any given day, more than 400,000 individuals in the United States are living in conditions
of modern slavery, a prevalence of 1.3 per 1,000 individuals 2. Human trafficking
disproportionately affects underserved women and children, with more than 70% of trafficking
cases involving women and girls and more than 90% of victims trafficked into the sex industry 1.
Human trafficking is estimated to be a $150 billion per year industry 3. The profit gained from
human trafficking and the ability to evade law enforcement make human trafficking a difficult
problem to address. It is important to note that these estimates for global and domestic human
trafficking have been criticized and questioned, and that data regarding illegal activity is difficult
to collect 4 5. However, these estimates are widely used by government agencies and others to
quantify the prevalence and effect of human trafficking 4 5. This Committee Opinion has been
updated to include screening questions and indicators to identify victims of human trafficking,
additional information regarding reporting obligations for suspected human trafficking, and
additional resources for survivors of human trafficking.

What Is Human Trafficking?
Human Trafficking is defined as “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or
obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the
purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery” 6. It takes the
form of forced labor, bonded labor, debt bondage among migrant workers, involuntary domestic
servitude, and sex trafficking. Victims of trafficking have been found in a wide range of legal
and illegal business settings, and this frequently hidden population is most often exploited in the
commercial sex industry, agriculture, factories, hotels, restaurants, as domestic workers, and by
marriage brokers and some adoption firms 7. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking in
which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion. Minors engaged in the
commercial sex industry (eg, online and street prostitution, pornography, stripping, escort
services) are considered victims of human trafficking regardless of the use of force, fraud, or
coercion 6. Trafficking of children most commonly takes the form of forced child labor, child
soldiers, and child sex trafficking
ABSTRACT: Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach
that is often underrecognized in the United States. Victims of trafficking have been found in a
wide range of legal and illegal business settings, and this frequently hidden population is most
often exploited in the commercial sex industry, agriculture, factories, hotels, restaurants, as
domestic workers, and by marriage brokers and some adoption firms. Human trafficking
disproportionately affects underserved women and children, with more than 70% of trafficking
cases involving women and girls and more than 90% of victims trafficked into the sex industry.
Obstetrician–gynecologists and other women’s health care providers are well-situated to identify
and assist victims of human trafficking. Many trafficked individuals present to outpatient
obstetrics and gynecology clinics, community health centers, family planning clinics, urgent care
centers, and adolescent medicine clinics, and one half of all female victims of sex trafficking
have visited the emergency department while involved in sex trafficking. Obstetrician–
gynecologists and other women’s health care providers should be aware of human trafficking,
recognize signs of human trafficking, and be prepared to assist patients who are victims or who
have been victims of human trafficking. This Committee Opinion has been updated to include
screening questions and indicators to identify victims of human trafficking, additional
information regarding reporting obligations for suspected human trafficking, and additional
resources for survivors of human trafficking.
References
International Labour Organization. Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and
forced marriage . Geneva: ILO; 2017. Available at:
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/w
cms_575479.pdf. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
Article Locations:
Article Location
Article Location
Walk Free Foundation. Global slavery index: United States. Available at:
https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/country-studies/united-states/. Retrieved
February 22, 2019.
Article Locations:
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International Labour Organization. Profits and poverty: the economics of forced labour .
Geneva: ILO; 2014. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---
declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf. Retrieved February 22, 2019.

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Weitzer R. New directions in research on human trafficking. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci
2014;653:6–24.
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Louis Univ Law J 2015;60(1):1–42.
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U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in persons report 2018. Available at:
https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2018/index.htm. Retrieved February 2
Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern
Cathy Zimmerman, Ligia Kiss
Summary points
Labor migration is an economic and social mobility strategy that benefits millions of people
around the world, yet human trafficking and the exploitation of low-wage workers is pervasive.
The negative health consequences of human trafficking—and labor exploitation more generally
—are sufficiently prevalent and damaging that they comprise a public health problem of global
magnitude.
Human trafficking and labor exploitation are substantial health determinants that need to be
treated as preventable, drawing on public health intervention approaches that target the
underlying drivers of exploitation before the harm occurs.
Exploitative practices are commonly sustained by business models that rely on disposable labor,
labyrinthine supply chains, and usurious labor intermediaries alongside weakening labor
governance and protections, and underpinned by deepening social and economic divisions.
Initiatives to address human trafficking require targeted actions to prevent the drivers of
exploitation across each stage of the labor migration cycle to stop the types of harm that can lead
to generational cycles of disability and disenfranchisement.
Introduction
While migration within and across national borders has been an economic and social mobility
strategy that has benefited millions of people around the world, there is growing recognition that
labor exploitation of migrant workers has become a problem of global proportions. Human
trafficking and other forms of extreme exploitation, including forced labor and forced marriage,
now collectively under the terminological umbrella “modern slavery,” are reported to affect an
estimated 40.3 million people globally, with 29.4 million considered to be in situations of forced
labor [1]. PLOS is launching a collection of essays and research articles on “Human Trafficking,
Exploitation and Health” to increase awareness of the problem and to urge health and nonhealth
professionals alike to engage in international and local responses to protect the health of
individuals and populations affected by trafficking
References
1.International Labor Organization. Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour
and forced marriage. Geneva: 2017.[27 Oct 2017].
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—
dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf.
2.United Nations General Assembly. Optional Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United
Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. 2000.[27 Oct 2017].
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-
a&chapter=18&lang=en.
3.United States Department of State. 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report. Washington DC:
2016.[27 Oct 2017]. https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.
4.Kiss L, Pocock NS, Naisanguansri V, Suos S, Dickson B, Thuy D, et al. Health of men,
women, and children in post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: an
observational cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health. 2015;3(3):e154–e61. Doi:
10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70016-1. Pmid:25701993
5.Pocock N, Kiss L, Oram S, Zimmerman C. Labor trafficking among men and boys in the
Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS): Exploitation, violence, occupational health risks and
injuries. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0168500. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168500.
pmid:27992583
6.International Labor Organization. ILO global estimate of forced labor: results and
methodology. Geneva: ILO, 2012.[27 Oct 2017]. File:///C:/Users/Micha/Downloads/ILO
%20global%20estimate%20of%20forced%20labour.pdf.
7.International Labor Organization. Asian decent work decade resource kit: labour market
governance. Bangkok: ILO, 2011.[27 Oct 2017]. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/
—asia/—ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_098156.pdf.
8.Reinecke J, Donaghey J. Governance Mechanisms for Promoting Global Respect for
Human Rights and Labour Standards in the Corporate Sphere: A Research Agenda for
Studying their Effectiveness: Warwick Univeristy; 2016 [cited 2017 27 Oct]. [27 Oct].
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/research/priorities/globalgovernance/themes/hrlsgg.
9.Ottisova L, Hemmings S, Howard L, Zimmerman C, Oram S. Prevalence and risk of
violence and the mental, physical, and sexual health problems associated with human
trafficking: an updated systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
2016;25(4):317–41. Doi: 10.1017/S2045796016000135. Pmid:27066701
10.Kiss L, Yun K, Pocock N, Zimmerman C. Exploitation, violence, and suicide risk among
child and adolescent survivors of human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Subregion.
JAMA Paediatrics. 2015;169(9):e152278–e
Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern
Cathy Zimmerman, Ligia Kiss
Introduction
While migration within and across national borders has been an economic and social mobility
strategy that has benefited millions of people around the world, there is growing recognition that
labor exploitation of migrant workers has become a problem of global proportions. Human
trafficking and other forms of extreme exploitation, including forced labor and forced marriage,
now collectively under the terminological umbrella “modern slavery,” are reported to affect an
estimated 40.3 million people globally, with 29.4 million considered to be in situations of forced
labor [1]. PLOS is launching a collection of essays and research articles on “Human Trafficking,
Exploitation and Health” to increase awareness of the problem and to urge health and nonhealth
professionals alike to engage in international and local responses to protect the health of
individuals and populations affected by trafficking
Discussion
Slavery and its like have existed for millennia; so have social and economic inequalities.
Through the declaration of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the international
community has promised that efforts will be dedicated to reducing poverty, ensuring healthy
lives, and, most encouragingly, promoting decent work. This brings us back to the proposition
we posed initially: human trafficking should be considered a global health concern. First, in
terms of prevalence, when compared with other well-recognised global health problems such as
the approximately 35 million people infected with HIV or the 1 million girls under age 15 who
give birth every year [60, 61], human trafficking seems to deserve similar attention, with current
estimates at approximately 40.3 million people [1]. Next, when considering harm, findings from
studies around the world indicate consistently that most trafficked people experience violence
and hazardous, exhausting work, and few emerge without longer-term, sometimes disabling,
physical and psychological damage
References
1.International Labor Organization. Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour
and forced marriage. Geneva: 2017.[27 Oct 2017].
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—
dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf.
2.United Nations General Assembly. Optional Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United
Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. 2000.[27 Oct 2017].
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-
a&chapter=18&lang=en.
3.United States Department of State. 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report. Washington DC:
2016.[27 Oct 2017]. https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.
4.Kiss L, Pocock NS, Naisanguansri V, Suos S, Dickson B, Thuy D, et al. Health of men,
observational cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health. 2015;3(3):e154–e61. Doi:
10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70016-1. Pmid:25701993
5.Pocock N, Kiss L, Oram S, Zimmerman C. Labor trafficking among men and boys in the
Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS): Exploitation, violence, occupational health risks and
injuries. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0168500. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168500.
pmid:27992583
6.International Labor Organization. ILO global estimate of forced labor: results and
methodology. Geneva: ILO, 2012.[27 Oct 2017]. File:///C:/Users/Micha/Downloads/ILO
%20global%20estimate%20of%20forced%20labour.pdf.
7.International Labor Organization. Asian decent work decade resource kit: labour market
governance. Bangkok: ILO, 2011.[27 Oct 2017]. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/
—asia/—ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_098156.pdf.
8.Reinecke J, Donaghey J. Governance Mechanisms for Promoting Global Respect for
Human Rights and Labour Standards in the Corporate Sphere: A Research Agenda for
Studying their Effectiveness: Warwick Univeristy; 2016 [cited 2017 27 Oct]. [27 Oct].
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/research/priorities/globalgovernance/themes/hrlsgg.
9.Ottisova L, Hemmings S, Howard L, Zimmerman C, Oram S. Prevalence and risk of
trafficking: an updated systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
2016;25(4):317–41. Doi: 10.1017/S2045796016000135. Pmid:27066701
10.Kiss L, Yun K, Pocock N, Zimmerman C. Exploitation, violence, and suicide risk among
child and adolescent survivors of human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Subregion.
JAMA Paediatrics. 2015;169(9):e152278–e.

Human trafficking for labour exploitation: the results of a two-phase systematic review mapping
the European evidence base and synthesising key scientific research evidence
Ella Cockbain, Kate Bowers & Galina Dimitrova
Objectives
Our objectives were (1) to systematically map the contours of the European evidence base on
labour trafficking, identifying its key characteristics, coverage, gaps, strengths and weaknesses
and (2) to synthesise key scientific research.
Methods
We took a two-phase approach: a systematic map followed by a detailed synthesis of key
scientific research evidence. Our search strategy included 15 databases, hand searches of
additional journals, backwards searches, snowball searches and expert recommendations. We
identified and screened 6106 records, mapped 152 and synthesised eight
Conclusions
There is a lack of high-quality studies into European labour trafficking. Methodological opacity,
insufficient rigour and publication in non-indexed locations impede the identification,
assessment and synthesis of evidence. Adherence to higher reporting standards would further the
field’s development and particular research gaps should be addressed
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Beth A. Simmons, Paulette Lloyd, and Brandon M. Stewart
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The past few decades have seen the proliferation of new laws criminalizing certain transnational
activities, from money laundering to corruption; from insider trading to trafficking in weapons
and drugs. Human trafficking is one example. We argue criminalization of trafficking in persons
has diffused in large part because of the way the issue has been framed: primarily as a problem
of organized crime rather than predominantly an egregious human rights abuse. Framing human
trafficking as an organized crime practice empowers states to confront cross border human
movements viewed as potentially threatening. We show that the diffusion of criminalization is
explained by road networks that reflect potential vulnerabilities to the diversion of transnational
crime. We interpret our results as evidence of the importance of context and issue framing,
which in turn affects perceptions of vulnerability to neighbors’ policy choices. In doing so, we
unify diffusion studies of liberalization with the spread of prohibition regimes to explain the
globalization of aspects of criminal law.
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Human Trafficking: Source, Transit, Destination Designations
Authors
Authors and affiliations
John N. MordesonEmail authorSunil MathewDavender S. Malik

Abstract
Trafficking in persons has been defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or
receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person, for the purpose of exploitation (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-
trafficking/whatishumantrafficking, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [6]).
Keywords
Human Trafficking Destination Designations Government Response Ratings Incidence Graph
South-eastern Central Europe
References
1.
S. Acharjee, J.N. Mordeson, Soft statistics w.r.t. utility and application in human
trafficking. New Math. Nat. Comput. 13, 289–310 (2017)
2.
Central Intelligence Agency, Field Listing: Trafficking in Persons (2014).
http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2196.html
3.
Global Slavery Index (2016). http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings

4.
http://www.economics-human-trafficking.org/data-and-reports, 3P Anti-trafficking Policy
Index – Data and Reports (2014)
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http://www.state.gov/j/tip/3p/index.htm, U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in action,
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6.
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/whatishumantrafficking, United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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D.S. Malik, S. Mathew, J.N. Mordeson, Fuzzy Incidence Graphs: Applications to Human
Trafficking (submitted)
Google Scholar
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J.N. Mordeson, S. Mathew, R. Borzooei, Vulnerability and Government Response to
Human trafficking: Vague fuzzy incidence graphs (submitted)

Google Scholar
10.
J.N. Mordeson, S. Mathew, Human trafficking: source, transit, destination designations.
New Math. Nat. Comput. 3, 209–218 (2017)
Human trafficking education for nurse practitioners: Integration into standard curriculum
Author links open overlay panelRebecca M.Lutz
Background
Human trafficking is a crime resulting in serious negative health outcomes for the victims. To
provide optimal care, thus improving health outcomes, healthcare providers must be able to
identify victims as they seek care for acute and chronic physical illness, communicable diseases,
sexually transmitted infections, and mental health disorders (Lederer and Wetzel, 2014; Oram et
al., 2012). Unfortunately, healthcare providers lack appropriate knowledge of clues that would
lead to victim identification. This may result in a failure to identify victims (Beck et al., 2015;
Ross et al., 2015; Konstantopoulos et al., 2013; Chisolm-Straker et al., 2012). Increasing the
number of healthcare providers able to identify, treat, and refer victims of trafficking for further
care is imperative
Objectives
The study evaluated the knowledge level of student nurse practitioners enrolled in an adult,
family, or pediatric clinical course. Knowledge domains included the definitions, laws,
prevalence, identification, treatment, and community and social service resources.
Design/Setting/Participants
The study was designed as a non-probability sampling of adult, family, and pediatric nurse
practitioner students (n = 73). Participants included students enrolled in the Adult & Older Adult
I or the Primary Care of the Child & Adolescent I course at a large public university.
Methods
The study was designed as a one hour educational intervention intended for presentation in a
lecture-style format. The educational intervention included a PowerPoint lecture and embedded
videos. The pre-survey, designed as a paper survey, contained a demographic section followed
by six survey questions covering the six domains of interest. Following the intervention,
participants completed the post-survey prior to leaving the classroom.
Results
Pre-survey results pinpointed knowledge gaps across all six domains under investigation. Post-
survey results revealed an increase in knowledge across all six domains of interest.
Conclusions
The educational intervention increased knowledge of human trafficking among students enrolled
in a nurse practitioner program. Informed nurse practitioners have the ability to identify, treat,
and refer victims of trafficking. As an integral part of the health care team, nurse practitioners
should receive trafficking education as part of the standard course curricula
Keywords
Human traffickingSex traffickingTraffickingNurse practitionerEducationHealth care provider
References
1.
S. Acharjee, J.N. Mordeson, Soft statistics w.r.t. utility and application in human
trafficking. New Math. Nat. Comput. 13, 289–310 (2017)
2.
Central Intelligence Agency, Field Listing: Trafficking in Persons (2014).
http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2196.html
3.
Global Slavery Index (2016). http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings
4.
http://www.economics-human-trafficking.org/data-and-reports, 3P Anti-trafficking Policy
Index – Data and Reports (2014)

5.
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/3p/index.htm, U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in action,
3Ps: Prosecution, Protection, and Prevention (2011)
6.
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/whatishumantrafficking, United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
7.
P. Majumdar, S.K. Samanta, On similarity measures of fuzzy soft sets. Int. J. Adv. Soft
Comput. Appl. 3(2), 1–8 (2011)
zbMATHGoogle Scholar
8.
D.S. Malik, S. Mathew, J.N. Mordeson, Fuzzy Incidence Graphs: Applications to Human
Trafficking (submitted)
Google Scholar
9.
J.N. Mordeson, S. Mathew, R. Borzooei, Vulnerability and Government Response to
Human trafficking: Vague fuzzy incidence graphs (submitted)
Google Scholar
10.
J.N. Mordeson, S. Mathew, Human trafficking: source, transit, destination designations.
New Math. Nat. Comput. 3, 209–218 (2017)
Helping Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Exit and Postexit
Interventions
Show all authors
Nathaniel A. Dell, Brandy R. Maynard
Background:
Human trafficking is a global problem and results in deleterious psychological, social, and
physical effects on the lives of those who are trafficked; however, it is not clear how to best
intervene with survivors. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the evidence of exit and
postexit intervention programs for survivors of human trafficking to inform practice and research
Method:
Systematic review methods were used to search, select, and extract data from published and
unpublished experimental, quasi-experimental, and preexperimental studies that assessed the
effects of any exit or postexit interventions for victims of human trafficking. The authors
searched eight databases, reviewed bibliographies, and conducted forward citation searches from
relevant reports and prior reviews to find studies authored between 2005 and 2015.
Results:
The search yielded six eligible studies that included 155 female and 6 male survivors from four
countries. Interventions were diverse, with three using a trauma-informed approach. Authors
measured a myriad of outcomes, including mental health, social network, community
reintegration, and employment; however, the quality of most studies was poor
References
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Human trafficking and labor exploitation: Toward identifying, implementing, and evaluating
effective responses
Ligia Kiss, Cathy Zimmerman
PLoS medicine 16 (1), e1002740, 2019
In an Editorial, Ligia Kiss and Cathy Zimmerman discuss the need for research on the prevention
of human trafficking and mitigation of its effects.
Global estimates suggest that about 25 million people are subjected to “modern slavery” in the
form of forced labor or human trafficking [1]. These men, women, and children are often migrant
workers who are exploited in diverse sectors, such as agriculture, mining, fishing, factory work,
domestic work, and forced sex work [1,2]. Although the eradication of modern slavery is among
the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals [3], development of effective responses for trafficking
prevention and assistance for victims remains elusive in this nascent field of health research. We
believe that intensified efforts against trafficking require a greater understanding of modifiable
factors and the causal pathways that lead to trafficking in different contexts and for individual
populations.
Human trafficking frequently involves multiple forms of abuse, including deception, coercion,
extortion, threats, and, for many, physical or sexual violence. A growing body of research shows
that survivors of extreme exploitation often suffer severe and enduring health consequences [4–
7]. Trafficking is associated with physical injuries including fractures, lacerations and lost limbs
[5,8], chronic pain and headaches, significant weight loss [7,9], and symptoms of infectious and
chronic diseases [8]. Sexual and reproductive health problems are common among women who
are sexually exploited and abused while trafficked [4,9]. For trafficking survivors, persistent
health problems include mental health consequences, especially symptoms of post-traumatic
stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and suicidality [4,5,9,10].
References
1. International Labor Office. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and
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View Article
Screening for human trafficking among homeless young adults
Author links open overlay panelMakiniChisolm-StrakeraHanniStoklosac
Abstract
Human trafficking is a public health issue affecting homeless young adults across the United
States; however, screening tools for trafficking specifically for this population are lengthy and
onerous. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive, brief, and user-friendly trafficking
screening tool for homeless young adults. Five candidate items for the screening tool were
identified from the Vera Institute’s Trafficking Victim Identification Tool (TVIT). Study
participants were asked the five candidate items, and then received a trafficking assessment using
the Human Trafficking Identification and Measurement (HTIAM-14), which is validated for the
homeless youth population. A multivariable logistic model was used to analyze the five
candidate items in relation to a trafficking experience on the longer HTIAM-14. Homeless

people, aged 18 to 22 years old, receiving support from Covenant House New Jersey were
eligible to participate in the study. Over 15 months in 2015–2017, 340 trafficking assessments
were performed for 307 participants; 8.8% (30) of the assessments revealed a human trafficking
experience. Of assessments identifying a trafficking experience, 66.7% (20) found sex trafficking
and 46.7% (14) labor trafficking, with 16.7% (5) demonstrating both forms of trafficking. We
validated a new screening tool, Quick Youth Indicators for Trafficking (QYIT). QYIT allows
providers to screen for trafficking among homeless young adults; an affirmative answer to at
least one QYIT question is 86.7% sensitive and 76.5% specific in identifying a trafficking
experience. QYIT is the first highly sensitive, comprehensive trafficking screening tool that is
truly brief and does not require a trafficking expert to administer. Use of QYIT at appropriate
agencies will enable social service providers to systematically detect and serve homeless young
adults who have labor and/or sex trafficking experiences
1. Introduction
1.1. Defining human trafficking
Often called “modern day slavery,” human trafficking is a human rights violation and a clear
manifestation of injustice. The United States (U.S.) federal definition of trafficking is: The
recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, and/or obtaining of a person for:
Labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of involuntary
servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery.
Commercial sex act(s) through the use of force, fraud, or coercion.

Any commercial sex act if the person is under 18 years of age, regardless of whether any form of
force, fraud, or coercion is involved (Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of
2000, aka TVPA)
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Abstract
The UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 is the first national legislation to use the term ‘modern
slavery’ and to explicitly target ‘slavery’ as opposed to ‘human trafficking’, ‘forced labour’, or
other terms. This article explains the development of UK modern slavery policy, which did not
arise as a rational response to a defined problem, but has gradually emerged from the policy
process as a moderately structured problem. Problem structuring took place in two phases. The
first phase was marked by a series of problematisations and policy responses, with disjunctions
between the constructed policy problem and the social problem. Elite problematisations excluded
alternatives, although the final shape of policy remained open. Policy built up incrementally,
running ahead of research so that the policy frame was limited to sexual exploitation while
marginalising labour exploitation concerns. In the second phase, unresolved problems of
legislation were questioned under the influence of a new moralistic policy frame, an international
discourse on slavery, supported by elite political actors. Campaign groups and licit industry also
became more influential, increasing the policy scope to take in more types of exploitation. This
generated a second round of legislative problematisation, ultimately embedded in the Modern
Slavery Act 2015. The two-phase process and prevailing top-down policy direction worked
against human rights discourses and victim protection. Modern slavery remains a moderately
structured problem, with more work necessary to address unintended consequences and
implementation difficulties, including enhancing multi-agency working.
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Measuring the Nature and Prevalence of Human Trafficking
Authors
Authors and affiliations
Amy FarrellEmail authorIeke de Vries
Abstract
Interest in measuring the extent of human trafficking victimization has grown as the public has
become more concerned about the problem. In the wake of legislation criminalizing human
trafficking acts, mandating government responses, and allocating funding to anti-trafficking

efforts, evidence about the nature and scale of the problem is needed to guide such efforts.
Despite attempts to develop robust methodologies to study human trafficking, few reliable
measures exist. This chapter examines the strengths and limitations of methodologies that have
been employed to measure the scope and nature of human trafficking victimization globally and
locally.
Keywords
Human trafficking Measurement Methodology Multiple system estimation Capture-recapture
Estimation
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rising problems of today’s society is viewed through Prisoners’ dilemma game using hesitant
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expressed by linguistic semantics first, and then corresponding indices are used. Finally, Nash
equilibrium is derived from the given definition, and the achieved result establishes a close
contact with reality using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
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Systematic Review of Human Trafficking Educational Interventions for Health Care Providers
Hannah E. Fraley, Teri Aronowitz, Hanni M. StoklosaFirst Published March 29, 2019
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Human trafficking is a global population health threat. Trafficking minors threatens the safety
and well-being of youth. Limited studies measure health care providers’ awareness and attitudes
toward trafficking. This systematic review synthesized retrospective and current knowledge and
identified gaps in educational interventions aimed at increasing providers’ awareness and
attitudes toward trafficking. A systematic search of four databases identified peer-reviewed
published papers between January 1, 2000 and September 1, 2018. The Cochrane
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attitudes toward victims. Multiphase educational approaches and use of content experts,
including survivors, in developing interventions enhanced sustainability of outcomes. Targeting
multidisciplinary health care teams, including nurses, enhanced interventions.
Keywords human trafficking, health care providers, awareness, attitudes, youth, victims,
survivors
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A Framework for the Development of Healthcare Provider Education Programs on Human
Trafficking Part Two: Survivors
Makini Chisolm-Straker,Cathy L. Miller ,Gloria Duke &Hanni Stoklosa
Background
Previous work indicates that clinicians are seeing patients while they are being trafficked and
these patients often have negative healthcare experiences. Survivor-recommended solutions are
essential to training healthcare provider (HCPs) to better care for this patient population.
Objective
This investigation explored what content survivors of human trafficking (HT) recommend be
included in HCP trainings on HT. Additionally, this study described the experiences of
trafficking survivors who accessed healthcare to provide context to their recommendations.
Methods
A two-round mixed-methods Delphi was deployed to identify what topics trafficking survivors
deemed important for inclusion in HCP educational programs. Survivors were recruited via
purposive and snowball sampling, and received a $25 Amazon.com gift card for participation.
Data was analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis and quantitatively using the Individual
Content Validity Index (ICVI) with a predetermined cut-off of 0.78.
Results
In phase one, 38 of 51 survivors approached participated; in phase two, 30 of the 38 participated.
Participants shared multiple negative clinical care experiences, including inappropriate physical
exams, breach of confidentiality, and frank HCP disbelief at patient disclosures. Based on their
experiences, participants recommended the following content be included in HCP education:

acceptable approaches to physical and psychosocial exams, appropriate patient referral methods,
safe discharge planning techniques, and strategies that minimized barriers to effective
recognition, intervention and referral for victims.
Conclusions
Human trafficking survivors are experts on their lived experiences and have valuable insights
into content that is important for inclusion in HCPs’ training on the issue. Survivor participants
emphasized measurable and immeasurable content as crucial components of a comprehensive
educational program for healthcare providers.
KEYWORDS: Human traffickinghealthcare provider educationDelphi Methodsex
traffickinglabor trafficking
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been dominated by analyses of due diligence obligations. Existing scholarship, however, has cast
doubt on the effectiveness of corporate due diligence in addressing human trafficking, because
human trafficking is the outcome of macro-level social structures that are created by and consist
of multiple actors, including business. The outsourcing and sub-contracting model provides
incentives throughout the global supply chain to sub-contract further to reduce the cost of labor,
which has led to human trafficking remaining a pervasive problem. Business responsibility for
human trafficking derives from the fact that business decisions and strategies enable the
conditions that allow for human trafficking to occur within their supply chains. To address
human trafficking, we propose a social connection and political responsibility model, based on
Iris Marion Young’s analysis of social connection and structural injustice, that is holistic,
forward-looking, and outcomes-oriented. We differentiate between businesses with a strong
connection to human trafficking and businesses with a weak connection, and within this
distinction delineate different pathways that firms can take to meet their political responsibilities
to address human trafficking. We conclude with implications for future research.
Keywords business ethics, due diligence, human rights, human trafficking, social connection
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Exploring the role of Spanish judges in the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking
for the purpose of sexual exploitation
Carmen Meneses-Falcón, Antonio Rúa-Vieites, Jorge Uroz-Olivares
Abstract
This study explores the difficulties that Spanish judges face during the judicial investigation and
trial of the trafficking of human beings for sexual exploitation. Here, we highlight the issues of
judges’ lack of training and the saturation of the courts due to the excessive work that these
crimes entail. To collect data, responses from 71 Spanish judges were collected through a
questionnaire, and nine semi-structured interviews were conducted in three Spanish provinces
(Barcelona, Malaga and Madrid). Noteworthy findings include the fact that almost half of the
judges had dealt with a case involving this type of crime and that a third ended up closing the
case. In the responses received, the lack of victims’ collaboration in the judicial process was
highlighted as one of the difficulties as was the lack of resources to investigate these crimes and
the involvement of other crimes
Keywords Human trafficking, judges, judicial investigation, magistrates, sexual exploitation,
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research design, study site and participants, as well as the research
techniques, data gathering procedures and treatment and analysis of data.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This research study will employ exploratory research design which focuses on identifying and
analyzing the Human Trafficking in the Modern World.
STUDY SITE AND PARTICIPANTS
The participants of the study will consist of ten students of BS CRIMINOLOGY in Isabela State
University-Cauayan Campus, where the reseacher have access.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Survey questionnaire will be used by the researcher in conducting the research the reseacher
have chosen this type of survey question for the reseacher to able to ask questions in order to
have clarifications on the answer if the applicant.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The reseacher will give a consent from the surveyor to know whether they will approve the
survey. The reseacher will get the information by doing survey questions with the students in
Isabela State University-Cauayan Campus. The reseacher will determine and summarize the data
gathered and determine the answer that are the same, they will categorize the answers accurately
and the researcher will then interpret the data gathered.

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
PRESENTATION OF DATA
In this research, we found that the all of our respondents are more knowledgeable about the
Human Trafficking in the Modern World.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Research Question 1
The variables relationships described in this section will address the first research question which
was; What is Human Trafficking and how people lured into it?
Human trafficking is any unlawful event wherein a person or group of people are
transferred,harbouring and sell for profit. In instances,Sometimes they are force to work for
someone without any profit come from their boss. Human Trafficking is the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people through force, fraud or deception, with
the aim of exploiting them for profit.Human traffickers lure their victims by using charm, lies
and deception, promising a better life and opportunities to make money.
Research Question 2
The second research question was; Who are the targets of Human Trafficking in today’s modern
world?
Human trafficking affects everyone women, men, children, youth, those foreign to a nation and a
country’s own citizens.The most common form of human trafficking is sexual exploitation. The
victims of sexual exploitation are predominantly women and girls. Surprisingly, in some of the
countries which provided information on the gender of traffickers, women make up the largest
proportion of traffickers.
Research Question 3
The third research question was; How Human Trafficking originated and where does take it
place?
The cause of human trafficking stems from adverse circumstances in origin countries, including
religious persecution, political dissension, lack of employment opportunities, poverty. Lack of
employment and poverty because they don’t have salary to provide their needs also that’s the
only way they think to have money for them to survive.
Research Question 4
The fourth research question was; How Human Trafficking operates in our generation?
Human trafficking occurs when a perpetrator, often referred to as a trafficker, takes an action,
and then employs the means of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of compelling the victim
to provide commercial sex acts or labor or services.They’re using social media to mesmerized or
to brainwash people.
Research Question 5
The fifth research question was; What are the impacts of modern technology on Human
Trafficking?
Technology and the internet provide the tools that traffickers can use. Online resources such as
open and classified advertisement sites, adult websites, social media platforms, chatrooms,
extending into the dark web enable traffickers to interact with an increasing number of potential
victims.They’re negative and positive. The negative impact is that the perpetrators using this
modern technology to communicate then will put the victims to danger that will end up to human
trafficking and the positive impact is that social media will give us knowledge on what are the
steps or the cronologic way of the perpetrators. Also,it will provide us knowledge about this
organization and how to avoid to become one of their victims.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
This study was conducted to analyze the Human Trafficking in the Modern World residing in
Isabela State University-Cauayan Campus. There are ten respondents which comprised the BS
Criminology students. In this study, researchers identified the impacts of Human Trafficking in
humans life. And in gathering data needed for this study, the researchers used the survey
questionnaire procedure
CONCLUSIONS
Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people
through force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit.Human traffickers
lure their victims by using charm, lies and deception, promising a better life and opportunities to
make money.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After reviewing the researchers findings, the researchers propose the following.
The future researchers may conduct a study about the What are the reasons why there are victims
of Human Trafficking.

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BSCRIM 2-B

RIVERA, GIO BALDERAMOS.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE MODERN WORLD

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

What is human trafficking?

common wants people end up in slavery.

1.What is human trafficking and how people lured into it

3.How Human Trafficking originated and where does it takes place

4. How Human Trafficking operates in our generation

5. What are the impacts of modern technology on human trafficking

This study could immensely beneficial too:

they were the future of the country.

law enforcer by teaching this study to the students.

researcher if this study is related to theirs.

but is still used in some areas of social work (Kondrat, 2013).

application to social work is that it focuses on elements of an individual’s life as components of a

continuation of understanding the person in environment (Kondrat, 2013). The ecological

systems theory explores the relationship of an individual’s environment on their behavior,

undergoes when a change in a subsystem is made (Berg-Weger, 2005).

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1994).

ecological model sometimes called the chronosystem is a policy-level-system, showing how

continue today through development of empowerment strategies for nondominant groups

often the creators of conflict (Parillo, 2012).

Survey questions including the following:

1.What is human trafficking and how people lured into it

3.How Human Trafficking originated and where does it takes place

4. How Human Trafficking operates in our generation

The researchers used the survey questionnaire in conducting this research.

trafficking in the modern world.

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Pornography and Men’s Violence Against Women, Part 2

Posted: 14 Oct 2016

Last revised: 17 Aug 2019

Stockholm University, Department of Political Science

Date Written: 2016

The Swedish version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2808124

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