A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of A Water Treatment Facility

MANUEL S.
ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-PSP

Lucena City
Document Title: Project Study Proposal
An Autonomous University Page No.: Page 1 of 102
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DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Effectivity Date: August 2019
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
Reviewed by: QMR
QUALITY FORM Approved by: President
A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water Treatment Facility
A Project Study Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Engineering
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation University
Lucena City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
by
Bautista, Jaspher D.
Mercurio, Justine Nicole T.
Ratio, Maria Ines M.
Rodillas, Chricent M.
April 2020
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-PSP
Lucena City
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Approval Sheet
This project study hereto entitled:
“A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water Treatment Facility” prepared
and submitted by Jaspher D. Bautista, Justine Nicole T. Mercurio, Maria Ines M. Ratio and
Chricent M. Rodillas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Industrial Engineering has been examined and is hereby recommended for acceptance
and approval for Final Examination.
Engr. Melissa Serrano
Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral examination with a grade of _____________ %.
Guillermo M. Rago Jr. Ed D. CE

Chairman
Engr. Rodher V. Sedenio Engr. Mark Anthony S. Lopez

Member Member
Benilda N. Villenas, Ph.D.

Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Industrial Engineering.
Guillermo M. Rago Jr. Ed D. CE
Dean, College of Engineering
Date: ___________________
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Acknowledgement
The researchers are deeply thankful to all the people who offered their helps, efforts,
ideas and knowledge and gave their whole support in making this research a success. This
project study won’t be possible if not because of them. The researchers would like to extend their
sincerest gratitude to the following:
First and foremost, to Almighty God, for the blessings He bestowed upon us. His
guidance is felt throughout the researchers’ journey. He is their source of strength and hope. They
cannot possibly do it without Him.
To the faculty of College of Engineering, for the guidance and for providing with all the
necessary facilities they needed and recommendations to further improve this project study.
To Sir Noel Rosales, for letting the researchers borrow the electrical equipment they
needed for the testing and evaluation of the prototype.
To their advisers, Engr. Rodher Sedenion, Engr. Hannah Balmes and Engr. Mark Lopez,
for providing new ideas and knowledge as well as their suggestions to further improve the
prototype and the research paper.
To their thesis adviser, Engr. Mel Serrano, for all the support she has given, as well as the
guidance and motivation and most especially, her patience and kindness towards her students.
To Engr. John Lorenz Nagar, for helping construct the prototype especially during times
of complications where he helped in trouble shooting. Also, the researchers are grateful for his
open suggestions and recommendations to further improve this project study.

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To everyone who let the researchers borrow other equipment used in the prototype, Engr.
Arjay Carlo for the solar charge controller and Ma’am Cecille Escrito for the battery storage. The
researchers would like to thank you for the generosity.
To the researchers’ loving family and relatives, for providing not only their financial
needs, but also their non-ending love and support and encouragement.
To their classmates and friends, for the good times and unforgettable experiences. The
researchers are thankful for no competition against other researchers happened, but only the
support of each other.
To Ma’am Mhaya Santander, for letting the researchers use their place in constructing
and fabricating the prototype.
To all the people from Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon Pagbilao, Quezon who accepted
the intention of this project study and further helped in evaluating the prototype. The researchers
are beyond grateful for your courtesy.
And lastly, the researchers would like to offer thanks and appreciation towards each other
for giving their bests, effort and time and determination. The hard works have finally paid off!
Bautista, Mercurio, Ratio, Rodillas

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Dedication
I will dedicate this research study, first of all to our Lord Jesus Christ, who reinforces our
faith and confidence in managing this study with the strategies and difficulties encountered in
planning and presenting this project study. I realize that he's really there for us in every struggle,
every pain and every trouble we'll face.
To my parents Julius and Leticia Bautista who were both present to provide us with both
financial and moral assistance and our encouragement to do our job and also be the first person
who was sorry for our mistake and who was the first to promote our progress. You are both the
perfect parents to be for me, thank you for endless love and care.
To Engr. Nagar, for being our guide for guiding and teaching us throughout this study.
To Engr Arjay and Sir Nhel for lending some equipments.
To all my fellow research students, to support each other and to offer their complete help
in any challenge and disagreement in the project analysis, and to do this study.
To the faculty of the College of Engineering which formed us all this way.
To our classmates and colleagues, to their encouragement and to our faith in this
productive endeavor.
Jaspher D. Bautista
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Dedication
I would like to dedicate this, before anyone else, to Almighty God who has been there for
me throughout my journey. Thank You for guiding me in the battles and challenges I’ve faced.
You are my source of strength whenever I feel pain and my hope in times I want to give up.
To my parents, Belinda Mercurio and David Mercurio, as well as to my only sibling,
Nicholas Mercurio, thank you for being my support system and source of inspiration and
happiness. Your love, prayers and encouragement enabled me to keep going.
To my grandmother, Natalia Tadiosa, and other relatives, Celerina Ferrer and Gloria
Mercurio, thank you for providing my financial needs especially on this project study.
To my advisers, Engr. Rodher Sedenio, Engr. Hannah Balmes and Engr. Mark Lopez,
thank you for the support, knowledge and ideas you’ve given us for this project study.
To our thesis adviser, Engr. Mel Serrano, thank you for being very hands-on to us. Thank
you for being approachable whenever a student seeks for help regarding our project studies.
To my thesismates, thank you for understanding during those times I get so impatient.
Your efforts and cooperation are so much appreciated. You made the entire process a whole lot
easier. YOU GUYS ARE THE BEST!
To my friends, especially to BSEE-V Block 1, thank you for the craziest memories. You
are my laughter to my tears. We have been supporting each other ever since, thank you.
Thank you so much everyone. I owe you all this success!
Justine Nicole T. Mercurio

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Dedication
To GOD who’s been by my side in very challenges and gives me hope in times I felt like
giving up.
To my parents, Edita Ratio and Pastor Ratio, thank you for giving me hope, love and
support in each decision I made. You give me guidance, strength, and inspiration in every work I
done.
To my sister, Shiela Cornejo and Cecille Escritor, thank you for helping me to achieve my
dreams and supporting me in my decisions. Thank you for guiding me walk in the right path to
have a greater future.
To my friends, especially to DELA TORRE family, thank you for giving joy, excitement,
buddy and comfort each day.
To the people who helped as build and finish this project study, Kuya Nagar, Kuya Arjay,
Ma’am Mel, Ma’am Hannah, Sir Sedenio, thank you for believing in our capabilities.
To the faculty of College of Engineering and to Manuel S. Enverga University
Foundation, thank you for the guidance and support.
I’m very proud to dedicate this to all of you.
THANK YOU!
Maria Ines M. Ratio

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Dedication
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to these beloved people who have meant and
continue to mean so much to me.
My mother, who has been my source of inspiration and strength when I thought of giving
up. My Father, although he’s no longer of this world, his memories continue to regulate my life.
His love for me knew no bounds and taught me the value of hard work. Thank you so much
“Daddy”, I will never forget you. To my Siblings (Ate, Kuya & Bunso) for providing continuous
moral, emotional, spiritual and financial support. To my adorable nieces (AM and Alex) who
never fails to brighten each stressful and pressured day. To my relatives’ encouragement and
pride.
To Engr. Nagar, Engr. Arjay, Engr. Mel, Engr. Hannah, Engr. Sedeño, and the rest of the
College of Engineering’s Faculty as well as to our Dean, Dr. Guillermo Rago, who exerted a lot
of patience and efforts by selflessly sharing their knowledge to finish this study.
To my friends; Knee Checkers and Sin of Pride, classmates and schoolmates who
willingly gave their words of advice and encouragement.
And lastly, I dedicated this book to our Almighty God. Thank you for the guidance,
strength, presence of mind, protection and skills and for giving me a healthy life. All of these, I
offer to you.
Chricent M. Rodillas
Lucena City
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Table of Contents
Contents Page No.
Title ………………………………………………………………………………..
Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………...
Dedication …………………………………………………………………………
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………….
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………..
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………........
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………
1.1. Background of the Study …………………………………………………
1.2. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………...
1.3. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………....
1.4. Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………...
1.5. Conceptual Framework Paradigm ………………………………………...
1.6. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………….
1.7. Acronyms ………………………………………………………………….
2. Review of Related Literature and Studies ………………………………..........

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3. Methods and Procedures …………………………………………………………
3.1 Research Design ……………………………………………………………..
3.2 Research Environment ……………………………………………………….
3.3 Procedures ……………………………………………………………………
3.4 Design Concept ……………………………………………………………...
4. Results and Discussions ………………………………………………………….
4.1 Data Gathering ……………………………………………………………….
4.2 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………...
4.3 Fabrication ………………………………....………....………....………......
4.4 Testing and Evaluation ...………………..………....………....………..........
4.5 Summary of Findings ………………………………………………………..
5. Conclusions and Recommendations ……………………………………………..
6. References ……………………………………………………………………….
7. Appendices ………………………………………………………………………
A. Component Data Specification Sheets……………………………………….
B. Informed Consent Form………………………………….......…….......……
C. Preliminary Survey Questionnaire……………………………………………
D. Results of Preliminary Survey Questionnaire………………………………..

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E. Survey and Site Visit……………………………………….………...........
F. Evaluation Survey Questionnaire……………………………………….……….............
G. Informed Borrow Consent……………………………………….………......................
H. Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) Articles and Tables…………………………………..
I. Sun Peak Hours……………………………………….………...........…...........…...........
J. Grammar Certification……………………………………….………...........…...........…
K. Turnitin Certification……………………………………….………...........…...........….
L. Turnitin Originality Resport……………………………………….………...........…......
8. Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………….

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List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
I Modified Likert Scale
II Water Pump Motor Specifications
III Total Watt-Hour per Day
IV PV Module Specification
V Battery Characteristics / Specification
VI Inverter Specification
VII Solar Charge Controller Specification
VIII Load Schedule
IX Cost of Materials
X DC Input Rating Test Results
XI Battery and Load Test Result
XII Prototype Test Result
XIII Results of Evaluation Survey Questionnaire

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List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 Research and Development Paradigm
2 Block Diagram of a Hybrid Solar Power System
3 Hybrid Solar Power System Schematic Diagram
4 Operational Flowchart of Fabricating
and Testing the Prototype
5 Water Treatment Facility Floor Plan
6 Lighting Layout and Power Layout
7 Electrical Layout Legend of Symbols
8 Assembled and Furnished Stand/Base of the Prototype
9 Fabrication of the Circuit Board/ Demo Board
10 Finished Prototype
11 Set-Up for DC Input Rating Test
12 Set-Up for Battery and Load Test

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PROJECT STUDY
I. Research Title: “A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water
Treatment Facility”
II. Name of Researcher: Jaspher D. Bautista
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Contact Details: 09156917155
Name of Researcher: Justine Nicole T. Mercurio
Name of Researcher: Maria Ines M. Ratio
Name of Researcher: Chricent M. Rodillas
Name of Research Adviser: Engr. Melissa Serrano
III. Project Study Proposal

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ABSTRACT
Almost over two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is filled with water and water is undeniably
a fundamental aspect of the ecosystem. Water is the most important resource on Earth upon
which every living and non-living being depends on. However, the world currently faces a major
concern with regards to water pollution. As the world population continues to escalate, further
human activities, such as persistent exploitation of wastes on bodies of waters, have worsened
the situation. Due to these circumstances, the researchers exploited a hybrid solar powered water
pump of a water treatment facility located in Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon Pagbilao Quezon.
Much of the electricity is needed for pumping the contaminated water supply from the
underground as it is necessary to push the water through the pipes into miscellaneous treatment
plants. In this project study, the researchers utilized the use of solar power and an alternating
source as the electrical sources of the designed hybrid power system. A manual transfer switch is
used for interchanging of these sources whenever the other is unavailable. On the solar power
side, an inverter is used to convert the energy gained from the sun stored in a battery to
alternating current in order to provide enough power to the water pump motor as well as to the
other alternating current loads in the designed system. This project study has been abundantly
beneficial to the residents of the area. Their problems in both water contamination and water
scarcity have been lessened upon the construction of the water treatment facility.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
All life here on Earth needs water in order to survive, especially us, humans. Humans use
water daily as they consume it when they drink; to cook their food; to keep their bodies clean
like taking a bath and brushing their teeth; and to clean their clothes, dishes, etc. Provision of
right amount of water in the right time is also used for plants and animals for them to grow and
breed. However, the world is currently facing a serious problem regarding water pollution which
results to a shortage in supply of water. The supply of water has become poisoned that there are
only few sources of freshwater left.
In the Philippines alone, chemical pollution is rapidly taking its toll in limiting the supply of
fresh water. Hazardous and lethal chemicals are being dumped on rivers, lakes and on other fresh
water supplies. According to the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) of the Philippines,
out of 127 freshwater bodies they have sampled, only 47% were found to have a good water
quality and 40% have only fair. Meanwhile, the remaining 13% showed to have a poor water
quality. Environment Secretary Angelo Reyes stated that as many as 50 among 421 rivers in the
Philippines are already considered as biologically dead [24]. The pollution of the world’s fresh
water is now happening at an alarming rate and humans should take action to stop it or else water
scarcity crisis could possibly happen ahead of time.
There are various types of water sources and one of them is the groundwater that exists
underground beneath the land surface. Basically, unlike surface water collected in rivers and
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lakes, groundwater is said to be often cleaner and safer to drink. It is because the soil can hold up
the pollutant, then later filters the water and only lets the clean water through. However, due to
enormous chemicals that the water contains, even the soil itself could sometimes not hold it up
anymore which causes the water to become unsafe and unfit for human use.
The same circumstance happened and still is happening in Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon
Pagbilao, Quezon. The location, though has a high number of residents, is neither supplied by
any water district yet, thus, prone in water scarcity. It causes the residents inconvenience and
affects their daily lives. Their only source of water is from the deep well pumps and another
problem in line with it is its evident water contamination. There are exactly 15 manual deep well
pumps in the area but neither of them emits clean water. The residents are intended to buy water
from selected water districts because intaking the water from the pumps causes them waterborne
diseases. They also have encountered such health problems associated with bathing in
contaminated water. 39 among 50 respondents have agreed that they are satisfied with their
services though, because in their defense, they do not have any other choice.
The researchers gained a positive response with a total average of 4.005 out of 5 which is
equivalent to agree in the overall results from the conducted pre-survey. From the total result,
94% of the residents of Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao, Quezon were in favor of
utilizing of a hybrid solar power system for the construction of the water treatment facility. The
residents believed that it will change their whole lives into a better one as it will meet their
demands and the services they need. This is the reason why the researchers continued pursuing in
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utilizing and exploiting a hybrid solar power system design of a water treatment facility in which
will serve as the electrical source of the entire facility.
To collect water from the ground, much of the electricity is needed for pumping the supply
from the underground. It is then necessary to push it through the pipes to the water treatment
plant; pushed through treatments systems, such as water filtration and injection of chemicals; and
pushed through more pipes up to the water tower – thus, miscellaneous treatment plant
consumption is the main reason of the proposed project.
Overall, the researchers’ main objective is to conduct a hybrid solar power system design
that will provide the main source of electricity of the water treatment facility. The hybrid power
system will be a combination of solar power from a photovoltaic system and another power
generating energy source. This way, the residents of Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon Pagbilao
Quezon could live without having to worry about both quantity and quality of water.
1.2. Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to design and develop a hybrid solar power system that
will provide the main electrical source of a water treatment facility in Sitio Iringan, Brgy.
Palsabangon, Pagbilao, Quezon. Furthermore, this study aims the following specific objectives:
1. To gather and analyze data to design and develop a hybrid solar power system.
2. To develop a hybrid solar power system.

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3. To design a circuit of designed hybrid power system using a solar, a renewable energy,
and another power generating energy source.
4. To fabricate a prototype of the designed hybrid solar power system and designed
circuit.
5. To test and evaluate the prototype in terms of functionality, effectiveness and
efficiency.
1.3. Significance of the Study
Due to evident contamination of water supply in Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao
Quezon, the researchers decided to design a hybrid solar power system of a water treatment
facility. The beneficiaries of this study are the following:
Community. The researchers found out that the aforementioned community often
experiences water shortage and contamination, thus the utilization of this study is highly relevant
and beneficiary to all the residents. Adaptation, development and enhancement of the proposed
project study will be a great factor in treating the water and increase its supply as well. This
project study will also provide safe drinking in every household in the area.
To the researchers. This project study will help the researchers to gain new knowledge,
develop their critical thinking and skills and acquire actual experience in designing. This will serve
as a preparation for the actual jobs of the researchers that they might encounter in the future.
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To future researchers. This project study will serve as a guide for their references for
either the development of the same study or for conducting similar and related studies. This will
help the future researchers to be familiarized with such electrical power system designs with the
use of different sources of energy.
1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study was conducted from August 2019 to April 2020 at the residential community of
Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao, Quezon. The project study mainly focuses on creating
an efficient hybrid power system for the electric source of a water treatment facility that will
provide the residents a sufficient and reliable water source.
For the limitations of the study; first, this project study will only supply one water
treatment facility in Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao, Quezon. Second, the researchers
will use a combination of solar power from a photovoltaic system and another power generating
energy source as the hybrid solar power system of the WTF. Further, the quantity of motors, light
and convenience outlets that can be powered by the HSPS is limited and will only be used upon the
computation of output voltage, current and power of the system and the individual power
consumption of the loads. To gain the required supply, sufficient and reliable light intensity and
source of electricity are needed.
The possible weaknesses or foreseen problem for a PV solar system is having inconsistent
sun intensity. Because the sun’s angle in the sky influences the intensity of the light received by
the Earth, the location of the sun affects how much energy a solar panel generates. Several factors
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determine the sun’s location relative to the panel, including time of day, season and latitude. Also,
this research does not specify lifetime duration of when the design prototype will retire.
1.5. Conceptual Framework
A Design of Hybrid
Data Gathering Design and Prototype Testing and Solar Power
and Analysis Development Fabrication Evaluation System of a Water
Treatment Facility
Fig. 1 Research and Development Paradigm
The R&D Design of the project study is summarized in a conceptual framework
paradigm shown above. This figure acts as a guide for the flow of the project study. It shows the
ideal pattern that explained several steps which includes the Data Gathering and Analysis,
Design and Development, Testing, Evaluation and the Output.
The researchers used different techniques in gathering the data, such as research, site
inspection, interviews and surveys in the chosen location. Based on the information and data
gathered by the researchers, different methods and computations had been taken. These methods
and computations were used for the design and development. There are different design
considerations used throughout the process, such as Solar Energy System Design and its Circuit
Design which includes specific computations. The researchers executed their plans according to
the circuit diagram of the prototype and later processed the fabrication.
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The researchers afterwards proceeded to the Testing and Evaluation of the prototype. It
was conducted by the researchers to verify the functionality and effectiveness of the project
study. Several trials were undertaken with different inputs used.
After verifying the most efficient output through the process of testing and evaluation, the
researchers proceeded to the final construction of the prototype for the output. The researchers
are now ready for the fulfillment of the objectives of the proposed project study which is the
hybrid solar power system design of the water treatment facility.
1.6. Definition of Terms
The following terms used by the researchers in designing the hybrid solar power system
of water treatment facility are hereby defined to provide a clearer understanding of the project
study:
Hybrid Power is a combination between different technologies to produce power. In this
project study, the combination of a solar power from a photovoltaic system and another power
generating energy source is used.
Photovoltaic Solar Energy System is a system composed of one or more solar
panels combined with an inverter and other electrical and mechanical hardware that
use energy from the sun to generate electricity. The system used in the study is specifically
composed of PV solar panels, solar charge controller, battery, inverter, automatic transfer switch
and the loads – 1HP water pump, lighting outlets and convenience outlets.
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Solar Powered Pump uses solar energy to pump water. The system operates on power
generated using solar PV system. The researchers will use 12 panels to operate the 1HP water
pump.
Water Contamination is any contamination of water with chemicals or other foreign
substances that are detrimental to human, plant, or animal health. This is the main problem that
the residents from Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao Quezon is currently facing. Their
only source of water is from the deep well pumps. Due to enormous chemicals that the water
contains from the ground, the soil itself could sometimes not hold up the pollutant which causes
the water to become unsafe and unfit for human use.
Water Scarcity is when there are insufficient freshwater resources to meet the human and
environmental demands of a given area. In Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao Quezon,
there are no water district that supplies the community. Specifically, there are only 15 manual
deep well pumps in the entire area considering that there are a total of 533 residents. These water
pumps frequently supplies sufficient amount of water and worse is the water is contaminated.
1.7. Acronyms
EMB - Environmental Management Bureau
HPS - Hybrid Power System
PEC - Philippine Electrical Code
PV - Photovoltaic
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UPS - Uninterrupted Power Supply
WTF - Water Treatment Facility
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This section includes the relevant body of supporting materials of the research work and
the comprehensive summary of the different references used by the researchers for the reviewed
related studies and literature. It also provides the rationale of the conceptual framework of the
study. The information gathered is presented to establish the credibility of the researchers.
Water Treatment Facility
Thirty-five out of fifty-five drugs were detected in the raw water at the facility intake
with concentrations up to 1200 ng/L. The behavior of the compounds was studied at each step:
prechlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation, granular activated carbon filtration and
post-chlorination; showing that the complete treatment accounted for the complete removal of all
the compounds detected in raw waters except for five of them. Phenytoin, atenolol and
hydrochlorothiazide were the three pharmaceuticals most frequently found in finished waters at
concentrations about 10 ng/L [1]. Possible measures for the abatement of the methane emission
are identified. Since methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change, the
abatement of the emission is necessary to achieve a more sustainable urban water management.
This requires thorough knowledge of the amount of methane that is emitted from a plant, but also
of the possible sources and sinks of methane on the plant [2].

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Water and wastewater systems are significant energy consumers with an estimated 3%-
4% of total U.S. electricity consumption used for the movement and treatment of water and
waste water. Water-energy issues are of growing importance in the context of water shortages,
higher energy and material costs, and a changing climate. In this economic environment, it is in
the best interest for utilities to find efficiencies, both in water and energy use. The energy
efficiency strategies described provide information on energy savings opportunities, which can
be used as a basis for discussing energy management goals with water and wastewater treatment
facility managers [4].
Further, phycoremediation was also used as algae for the removal or biotransformation of
pollutants from wastewater. Employing this technology in the treatment of industrial effluents
presents an alternative to the current practice of using conventional methods, including physical
and chemical methods [3].
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy can be produced from sources that can last lifetime. It covers the basic
scientific principles behind all major renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind and
biomass. It also provides in-depth information about how these raw renewable sources can
actually be converted into useful forms, transmitted into the grid and stored for future utilization
and undertakes the aspects of energy planning, environmental impacts and socioeconomic issues
on regional and global levels. The new material includes expanded coverage of bio-fuels, solar
conversion, biomass and fuel cells, storage and transmission, and a new chapter on integrated
technologies to introduce the hybrid systems are now being explored [5].
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The concept of smart energy systems: as opposed to the smart grid concept, which takes
focuses solely on the electricity sector, smart energy systems includes the entire energy system in
its approach to identifying suitable energy infrastructure designs and operating strategies [6]. The
typical smart grid focus on the electricity sector often leads to the definition of transmission
lines, flexible electricity demands, and electricity storage as the primary means to deal with the
integration of fluctuating renewable sources. However, due to the intermittent nature of wind
power and similar sources, these measures are not very effective or cost-efficient. The most
effective and least-cost solutions are found when the electricity sector is combined with the
heating sector and/or the transportation sector. Moreover, the combination of electricity and gas
infrastructures may play an important role in the design of future renewable energy systems.
Solar Energy
The solar energy powers virtually everything in Earth and atmosphere system. This
energy warms the air and the Earth's surfaces, and drives the winds, currents, evaporation,
clouds, rain, etc. Essentially, the process starts when the Sun's energy in the form of
electromagnetic radiation enters the atmosphere. The seasonal distribution of this energy depends
on the orbital characteristics of the Earth revolving around the Sun. The solar spectrum covers
the range of radiation from very short wavelengths to very long wavelengths. The spectrum
belonging to a blackbody at 6000K is pretty close to the incident radiation from the Sun at the
top of the Earth's atmosphere. When the Sun's radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere, it
is reflected, scattered, and absorbed by dust particles, gas molecules, ozone, and water vapor.
The magnitude of the solar radiation's attenuation at a given time and location is determined by
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atmospheric composition and length of atmospheric pathway the solar radiation travels. This
radiant energy entering the Earth and atmosphere system is eventually transformed into a variety
of other energy forms [8].
Solar power as the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). The research has been
underway since very beginning for the development of an affordable, in-exhaustive and clean
solar energy technology for longer term benefits [9]. Therefore, reviews the progress made in
solar power generation research and development since its inception. Attempts are also made to
highlight the current and future issues involved in the generation of quality and reliable solar
power technology for future applications.
Solar Photovoltaic
Electricity continued its remarkable growth trend in 2011, even in the midst of a financial
and economic crisis and even as the PV industry was enduring a period of consolidation [10]. As
they have for the past decade, PV markets again grew faster than anyone had expected both in
Europe and around the world. "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2016", a new
report from the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), assesses the European and
global markets for PV in 2011, and makes forecasts for the next five years. It is based on an
internal analysis of data from industry members, national associations, government agencies and
electric utilities.
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Global environmental concerns and the escalating demand for energy, coupled with
steady progress in renewable energy technologies, are opening up new opportunities for
utilization of renewable energy resources [11] .Solar energy is the most abundant, inexhaustible
and clean of all the renewable energy resources till date. The power from sun intercepted by the
earth is about 1.8 × 1011 MW, which is many times larger than the present rate of all the energy
consumption. Photovoltaic technology is one of the finest ways to harness the solar power. The
reviews of the photovoltaic technology, its power generating capability, the different existing
light absorbing materials used, its environmental aspect coupled with a variety of its
applications. Cooling the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration
to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic systems. Proper cooling can
improve the electrical efficiency, and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in
maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the
cooling system can be used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. It presents a
review of various methods that can be used to minimize the negative impacts of the increased
temperature while making an attempt to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic solar panels
operating beyond the recommended temperature of the Standard Test Conditions (STC).
Different cooling technologies are reviewed, namely Floating tracking concentrating cooling
system (FTCC); Hybrid solar Photovoltaic/Thermal system cooled by water spraying; Hybrid
solar Photovoltaic/Thermoelectric (PV/TE) system cooled by heat sink; Hybrid solar
Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) cooled by forced water circulation; Improving the performance of
solar panels through the use of phase-change materials; Solar panel with water immersion
cooling technique; Solar PV panel cooled by transparent coating (photonic crystal cooling);
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Hybrid solar Photovoltaic/Thermal system cooled by forced air circulation, and Solar panel with
Thermoelectric cooling. Several research papers are reviewed and classified based on their focus,
contribution and the type of technology used to achieve the cooling of photovoltaic panels. The
discussion has been done based on the advantages, disadvantages, and area of application as well
as techno-economic character of each technology reviewed. The purpose of this review is to
provide an understanding for each of the above-mentioned technologies to reduce the surface
temperature of the PV module. The study will focus on the surface temperature reduction array
bound by each of the cooling technologies. The performance of each cooling technology will
also be highlighted. In addition to this, this review will include a discussion comparing the
performance of each cooling technology. The outcomes of this study are detailed in the
conclusion section. It has revealed that any adequate technology selected to cool photovoltaic
panels should be used to keep the operating surface temperature low and stable, be simple and
reliable and, if possible, enable the use of extracted thermal heat to enhance the overall
conversion efficiency [12].
Solar Powered Pumping System
Agricultural technology is changing rapidly. Farm machinery, farm building and
production facilities are constantly being improved. Agricultural applications suitable for
photovoltaic (PV) solutions are numerous. These applications are a mix of individual
installations and systems installed by utility companies when they have found that a PV solution
is the best solution for remote agricultural need such as water pumping for crops or livestock. A
solar powered water pumping system is made up of two basic components. These are PV panels
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and pumps. The smallest element of a PV panel is the solar cell. Each solar cell has two or more
specially prepared layers of semiconductor material that produce direct current (DC) electricity
when exposed to light. The DC current is collected by the wiring in the panel. It is then supplied
either to a DC pump, which in turn pumps water whenever the sun shines or stored in batteries
for later use by the pump. The aim of this is to explain how solar powered water pumping system
works and what the differences with the other energy sources are [13].
The use of photovoltaics as the power source for pumping water is one of the most
promising areas in photovoltaic applications. With the increased use of water pumping systems,
more attention has been paid to their design and optimum utilization in order to achieve the most
reliable and economical operation. It represents the results of performance optimization of a
photovoltaic powered water pumping system in the Kuwait climate. The direct coupled
photovoltaic water pumping system studied consists of the PV array, DC motor, centrifugal
pump, a storage tank that serves a similar purpose to battery storage and a maximum power point
tracker to improve the efficiency of the system. The pumped water is desired to satisfy the
domestic needs of 300 persons in a remote area in Kuwait. Assuming a figure of 40 l/person/day
for water consumption, a volume of 12 m3 should be pumped daily from a deep well throughout
the year. A computer simulation program is developed to determine the performance of the
proposed system in the Kuwait climate. The simulation program consists of a component model
for the PV array with maximum power point tracker and component models for both the DC
motor and the centrifugal pump. The five-parameter model is adapted to simulate the
performance of amorphous silicon solar cell modules. The size of the PV array, PV array
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orientation and the pump-motor-hydraulic system characteristics are varied to achieve the
optimum performance for the proposed system. The life cycle cost method is implemented to
evaluate the economic feasibility of the optimized photovoltaic powered water pumping system
[14].
Off-Grid Solar System
Over one billion people lack access to electricity and many of them in rural areas far from
existing infrastructure. Off-grid systems can provide an alternative to extending the grid network
and using renewable energy, for example solar photovoltaics (PV) and battery storage, can
mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from electricity that would otherwise come from fossil fuel
sources. A model capable of comparing several mature and emerging PV technologies for rural
electrification with diesel generation and grid extension for locations in India in terms of both the
leveled cost and lifecycle emissions intensity of electricity was presented. The leveled cost of
used electricity, ranging from $0.46–1.20/kWh, and greenhouse gas emissions are highly
dependent on the PV technology chosen, with battery storage contributing significantly to both
metrics. The conditions under which PV and storage becomes more favorable than grid extension
is calculated and hybrid systems of PV, storage and diesel generation are evaluated. Analysis of
expected price evolutions suggests that the most cost-effective hybrid systems will be dominated
by PV generation around 2018 [15]..
On-Grid Solar System

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The communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging
smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction
and operation of a smart grid. The researchers present the background and motivation of
communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. They also summarize major requirements
that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on
smart grid with communication infrastructures, they expect that the traditional carbon fuel-based
power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc,
to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide
emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent
home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. The
researchers further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a
complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers
and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a
communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate
electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing
increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and
supervision entities are interconnected [16].
Hybrid Solar System
A hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular for remote area power
generation applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in
prices of petroleum products. Economic aspects of these technologies are sufficiently promising
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to include them in developing power generation capacity for developing countries. Research and
development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are required to
continue for, improving their performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their
output and reliably integrating them with other conventional generating sources. The paper
describes methodologies to model HRES components, HRES designs and their evaluation. The
trends in HRES design show that the hybrid PV/wind energy systems are becoming gaining
popular. The issues related to penetration of these energy systems in the present distribution
network are highlighted [17].
Battery Maintenance
The electrolyte is a solution of 65 percent water and 35 percent sulfuric acid by weight or
about 76 percent and 24 percent sulfuric acid by volume.To increase the life of the battery, most
manufacturers produce electrolyte w/ a specific gravity of 1.265 when it is used to be in a
moderate climate.
After filling, recheck the electrolyte level, since the plates reach like sponges and quickly
reduce the level of the first fill. Always clean away spillage before you can change the battery
[23].
Solar Energy System Computation
For photovoltaic (PV) system, one important factor is the one with the most efficient
equipment or items, with the best price. First one to find is the size and cost of a required PV
array, the required battery will be then determined through the total wattages of the load with the
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required factor of the PEC. The computation is tested through mathematical equations. The
generated current and power of the PV array have been taken down and use for the daily solar of
the place. This enables the researchers to compute the initial cost needed with the desired
demand load to be installed [18].
The practicality of using solar PV array to drive water-pumping units for irrigation and
drinking in remote areas, where other sources of energy are not available. Solar Energy, being
expensive, is to be used very wisely. Thus, it is very important that the solar PV panels
maximizes the efficiency of the sun. Due to the expensive cost, the modelling of maximum
power point trackers (MPPTs) has become common to the control system of Solar PV water
pumping systems by selecting the efficiency of the MPPT [19].
Photovoltaic Effect
Bracing PV become big growth through year it including effect to public and private
investment, some comprehensive treatment covers: scientific basis of the photovoltaic effect and
solar cell operation, the production of solar silicon and of silicon-based solar cells and modules.
Measurements on solar cells and modules and compare results under systematized test conditions
to real outdoor performance, photovoltaic system installation and operation has components of
inverters and batteries [20]. It is advantageous have photovoltaic mechanisms that enable to
increase the efficiency of solar cells. In Solar Photovoltaic System we used either an atomic
force microscope or a micrometer-scale used in system to introduce some changes called strain
gradients. Creating very large photovoltaic currents from sunlight. The strain gradient makes
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bulk photovoltaic effect, which describe the absence of a p-n junction from the system. This
function may extend the present of solar cell technologies by boosting the solar energy the
conversion of efficiency from a wide pool of established as semiconductors [21]. The current
through in photovoltaic technology observes that the photoelectric conversion efficiency
decreases with effect of increasing the material temperature. The solution of photovoltaic effect
is to use a thermoelectric effect as a heat pump to manage the excess thermal energy of a
photovoltaic cell of the system [22].
3. METHODS AND PROCEDURE
The method and procedures aim to seek the various process and approaches that the
researchers will take in order to achieve the objectives of the study. To have the best result, the
most effective techniques, process and methods were adopted in developing both the system and
prototype. Designing the proposed project study will help the researchers to have the ability to
measure their capability through actual and critical thinking skills and electrical design
throughout the real word making structure and designing electrical system. This includes the
discussion of the research design, research environment, procedure, and design concept of the
study.
3.1. Research Design
The researchers used the Research and Development method to design, fabricate and
develop the electrical power system of a water treatment facility. This research was used to
determine and gather the necessary information to support the conceptualized design that the
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researchers used in this project study. The data helped the researchers to clearly understand the
concept, process and procedures of the study of the preferred design and prototype. Systematic
study of designing, developing and evaluating instructional operations, processes, and
procedures, including selection of materials, were used to meet its desired consistency and
effectiveness. Further, R&D method consists of series of activities that helps the researchers to
attain the most efficient, economical and ecological solutions to resolve a certain issue
encountered in the study and the different processes that were undertaken for consideration. The
process allowed the researchers to express their best abilities and capabilities in designing
alternatives and improvements.
3.2. Research Environment
This research study aims to help the residents of Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon Pagbilao
Quezon. The researchers decided to conduct their study on the said location because water
scarcity and water contamination frequently happens in the area. Sitio Iringan, Brgy.
Palsabangon Pagbilao Quezon has a total population of 533. To gather the average data as well as
the availability of needed materials, the researchers conducted site visit and conducted surveys
through providing questionnaires and performing interviews. The researchers found out that
there were 15 manual deep well pumps present in the area. Although there were many of them,
the researchers will only use one to utilize the project study and the government officials will be
the one to decide which among them is available. The residents from Sitio Iringan, Brgy.
Palsabangon Pagbilao Quezon are willing and have agreed in the construction of the water
treatment facility, therefore, no negations between them and the researchers were encountered.
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3.3. Procedures
This part includes all research related activities to be undertaken in order to achieve the
objectives of the study. It provides detailed description and complete information on the
preparation of the questionnaire and the interview, revision and dry run of questionnaire, details
of the data collection strategies and other approaches to be done in constructing the prototype.
3.3.1. Data Gathering and Analysis
The researchers used different techniques in gathering the data, such as research, site
inspection, interviews and surveys to the chosen location. The researchers chose Sitio Iringan,
Brgy. Palsabangon Pagbilao Quezon as their research locale and used the purposive sampling
approach to get the average data. Various theories, concept, and principles regarding the study
and specification of the materials fitted to the design of the system and prototype were also
included.
3.3.2. Design
Research and Development Method
The researchers present the research and development method in producing the prototype.
A systematic method of research was used on this project study that supports the
conceptualization, development and application of the design. The researchers gathered data
through the selected principles related to the design concept of the prototype to further help in
the development of the project study. The project mainly requires research on ideas, principles
and theories regarding the characteristics, design of a centralized photovoltaic system for
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streetlights. The necessary information was collected for the researchers to identify which of
which is needed for the implementation and development of the prototype. Prototype
development method was used in the study for the testing and evaluation of the design system to
further test it in terms of its functionality, effectiveness and efficiency.
System Design
Solar energy does not work without sunlight rays it emits. The fabrication of the prototype is
one sample of only technology that converts photons from the sun into electrical energy. Many
researchers have had their own designs and principles which they applied in constructing
photovoltaic systems depending on their applications. The sequences of process and operation in
construction of the prototype are shown in the block diagram.
Fig. 2 Block diagram of A Hybrid Solar Power System

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The researchers decided to use a manual transfer switch for the interchanging of two
sources of electricity: the photovoltaic system and one connected through an outlet. In the
photovoltaic system, energy gained from the sun will be stored in a battery, and every solar
electric system with batteries should have a solar charge controller. The charge controller will
regulate the amount of current the PV modules feed into the battery bank. The main function of
the charge controller is to prevent overcharging of the batteries and block the battery bank. An
inverter is also connected to convert the direct current to alternating current and is then
connected to the loads providing an alternating current and is supplied by the battery.
Circuit Design
Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram indicating the arrangements and connections of the
components in building the design prototype. It shows how they are connected systematically
and their functions.
Manual Transfer
Switch
Fig. 3 Hybrid Solar Power System Schematic Diagram

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3.3.3. Fabrication
Fabrication Process
The researchers proceeded to the fabrication of the prototype after preparing the materials to
be used. The researchers execute their plans according to the circuit diagram, schematic diagram
and design of the prototype.
Fig. 4 Operational Flowchart of Fabricating and Testing the Prototype
The set-up of the prototype requires that the solar panel must be placed at the exact spot
where the sun hours are its peak where the trees won’t block it. The prototype fabrication is done
based on the hybrid solar system designed by the researchers. The design circuit for the facility is
connected according to the prototype’s operation which is obtained through its circuit design
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computation. Since the prototype design requires an attentive production to guarantee that the
prototype is adequate to provide for the load, the most efficient output shall be attained. This is
where the researchers get to start the assessment of the prototype through testing and evaluation.
The prototype must always be improved throughout the process until the desired output is
obtained. Lastly, after testing and evaluation, the researchers shall proceed to the implementation
and maintenance of the prototype.
3.3.4 Testing and Evaluation
The testing of the prototype was executed through trial and error in the connections of
circuit and components until the desired efficiency is attained. The researchers used a Multi-
tester to measure necessary parameters and to assure that the prototype is working according to
its functions. This process is the verification of the prototype in terms of its functionality,
effectiveness, and efficiency.
Survey Results
To evaluate and gather the residents’ opinions, thoughts and recommendations for the
development and improvement of the study, the researchers prepared their survey questionnaires
that were later answered by the chosen 50 respondents. The researchers used the Likert
categorical scale to measure the answers of the respondents. The respondents were asked to
answer in categories of the responses by assigning a weighing equivalent rate to the answers. For
the five category scales, 5 is “strongly agree”, 4 is “agree”, 3 is “fairly agree”, 2 is “disagree”,
and 1 is “strongly disagree”. One (1) is assigned to the least satisfactory measurement and 5 is
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assigned to the most satisfactory measurement. The formula used to compute the collected data is
the weighted mean.
Where: WM = Weighted Mean

TR = Total number of respondents, and
= no. of responses that strongly agreed
= no. of responses that agreed
= no. of responses that fairly agreed
= no. of responses that disagreed
= no. of responses that strongly disagreed
Below are the given tables: Table I showing the Modified Likert Scale based on the results
obtained where the levels of agreement of the respondents to each standard were classified and
Table II showing the result of the respondents answer on different situations cited on the
preliminary survey questionnaires.

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Table I
Modified Likert Scale
Computed Mean Average Rate Description
4.21 - 5.00 5 Strongly Agree
3.41 – 4.20 4 Agree
2.61 – 3.40 3 Fairly Agree
1.81 – 2.60 2 Disagree
1.00 – 1.80 1 Strongly Disagree
3.4 Design Concept
The main concept of the project study that the researchers used were the principles of
photoelectric effect, photovoltaic effect, electrical circuits and other related principles.
Basically, the design concept of this prototype focuses in the solar power, the conversion of
energy from sunlight into electricity.
Photoelectric and photovoltaic effects have vital importance in the terms of electrical field. As
their name implies, these processes are due to the light effect. However, even being closely
related to each other, these processes differ in terms of their functionality.
In a solar PV energy system, the solar panel absorbs the light from the sun. The creation of
voltage as well as the current in the panel generates power and this phenomenon is called the
photovoltaic effect. Once power is generated, the electrons formed in the panel are emitted. The
emission of electrons or other free carriers when light hits a material is called the photoelectric
effect.
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The energy generated by the panel is a DC source, thus, must be converted to AC to be able to
supply heavy loads. This process can be technically elaborated through different electrical terms.
In this project study, the researchers provided an inverter for the aforesaid process. A solar charge
controller is also provided for the energy regulation and a battery bank for energy storage. An
automatic transfer switch is provided to switch the loads between the two sources – solar power
and another power generating source.
The connections of these tools and materials used in the circuit are utilized according to the
circuit diagram, schematic diagram and design of the prototype with accordance to the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC) standards.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This unit discusses the detailed discussion of the developed system/project and shows the
results of unit testing and acceptance testing. The project development, design computations, as
well as the electrical plan design are included in this unit. These results will be used later on in
drawing conclusions and recommendations.
4.1 Data Gathering and Analysis
A survey questionnaire and an evaluation questionnaire are prepared by the researchers to
gather their thoughts, opinions and suggestions for further development and improvement of this
project study. The respondents are chosen from the residents of the research locale. The
researchers conducted a site survey and oral interviews as well to gather necessary information
for the project study.

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4.2 Design
The Developed System
Table II
Water Pump Motor Specifications
Max Capacity Max Head Max Suction Power Voltage Frequency Speed
Model (L/min) (m) Lift (m) (Hp) (V) (Hz) (rpm)
QB-60 35 35 8 0.5 220 50~60 3400
Water Demand/Volume
No. of Population: 533
Total water requirement (Liters per person per day): 3 liters per person per day
Liters per day: 533 X (3 liters per person per day) = 1599 liters per day
1𝑚3 = 1000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Volume = 1.599 m3 per day
Water tank volume capacity =1599 liters or 422.41 gallons
Assumed radius of water tank = 0.5 m
Volume of water tank = V = πr 2 h
1.599 = π(0.5)2 h
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ℎ = 2.0359 m
Total time that the water tank will be full:
Water tank volume capacity=1599 liters
Maximum capacity of water pump motor= 35 liters per minute
1599/35 = 45.6857 minutes or 0.7615 hour
0.7615 hour ≈ 1 hour
Circuit Design Computation
Table III
Total Watt-Hour per Day
Load Quantity Hours Watts Total Watt-hour
LED Fluorescent Lamp 3 3 10 90
LED Incandescent Bulb 4 10 9 360
0.5 HP Water Pump Motor 1 1 373 373
Other Loads - 1 20 20
Total Watt-Hour: 843 Watt-hour
To get the Solar PV system sizing:
Energy lost in the system = 1.3

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Total Watt-hour per day needed = (Watt-hr)(energy lost)
= (843Watt-hr)(1.3) = 1095.9 ≈ 1096 Watt-hr/day
Total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules
Panel Generation Factor = 4.50
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑉 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝑊𝑝 =
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1096
𝑊𝑝 = = 243.5556 𝑊
4.50
The PV panel modules needed:
300𝑊
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 1.2318
243.5556𝑊
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 300𝑊
Table IV
PV Module Specification
60-Cell Monocrystalline Module
Maximum Power - Pmax 300W
Module Efficiency – η 18.3 %
Open Circuit Voltage - Voc 39.8V
Short Circuit Current - Isc 9.77A
Maximum Power Voltage -Vmp 32.6V
Maximum Power Current - Imp 9.19A
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To get the battery capacity needed in terms of A-hr:
Battery capacity
Battery loss = 80%
Depth of charge = 50%
Nominal battery voltage = 12V DC
Day Autonomy = 1 day
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐴ℎ) = 𝑥 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦
(0.80)(0.50)(𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
(843𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑟)
= 175.625 𝐴 − ℎ𝑟
(80%)(50%)(12𝑣 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1 − 250𝐴ℎ 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
Table V
Battery Characteristics / Specification
Battery Pack – Lithium Iron-Phosphate (LiFePO4)
Nominal Voltage 12V
Normal Capacity 250Ah
Stored Energy 3.2kWh
Charge Voltage 14.4V ± 0.2V
Continuous Charge / Discharge Current 125A / 180A
Maximum Charge / Discharge Current 150A / 250A
Charge / Discharge Cut-off Voltage 14.8V ± 10V
Efficiency > 98%
Terminals M8 Stainless Steel
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To get the Inverter Sizing:
Rated inverter to the load = 25%-30%
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 (25 − 30%) + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
Total wattage of loads: (3x10) + (4x9) + 373 + 20 = 459 W
(459)(30%) + (459) = 596.7𝑊
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1 − 600 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠, 12𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟
Table VI
Inverter Specification
Micro Grid-Tie Inverter
DC Input Range 11V - 32V DC
DC Maximum Current 38A
AC Output Voltage 190V - 260V AC
Frequency Range 50Hz / 60Hz (Auto control)
Output Power 650W
Output Wave Pure Sine Wave
To get the Solar Charge Controller:
Energy lost in the system = 1.3
Short circuit current = 9.77A
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ( 𝐼𝑠𝑐 )(1.3 )
( 9.77)(1.3 ) = 12.701 𝐴
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𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1 − 20𝐴, 12𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝐶𝐶
Table VII
Solar Charge Controller Specification
CPY-20A MPPT Solar Charge Controller
Rated Voltage 12V / 24V DC Auto work
Voltage Output 5V
Rated Charge / Discharge Current 20A
USB Output 5V, 1A
No Load Current < 10mA
Voltage of Stop Charging 14.7V
MPPT Efficiency Maximum 99%
PROTECTION
DC circuit Breaker Computation (Battery to Inverter)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 459

= = 38.25𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 40𝐴, 2𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
12𝑉 12
AC circuit Breaker Computation (Inverter AC output to AC load)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝐸𝐷 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏 459

= = 2𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 15𝐴, 2𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
230𝑉 230
Surge Protection Device (DC) = Use 2pole DC
Surge Protection Device (AC) = Use 2pole AC

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Electrical Floor Plan and Layout with Design Computation
Fig. 5 Water Treatment Facility Floor Plan

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Fig. 6 Lighting Layout and Power Layout
Fig. 7 Electrical Layout Legend of Symbols

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Table VIII
Load Schedule
Ckt. Load No. of PROTECTION

No. Description Loads VA V A AT Conductor
1 Lighting Outlet 7 700 230 3.04 15AT 2 - 2.0mm2

THHN/THWN Cu. Wire
2 Convenience 3 540 230 2.35 15AT 2 - 3.5mm2

Outlet THHN/THWN Cu. Wire
2 - 3.5mm2
3 0.5 HP Water 1 1127 230 4.9 15AT THHN/THWN Cu. Wire
Pump Motor 1 - 3.5mm2
THHN/THWN Cu. Wire
(G)
2367 230 10.29
Design Computation
Feeder (I) = Total Ampere + 25% Therefore use:
Feeder (I) = 10.29A + 25% = 12.8625A 2 – 5.5mm2 THHN/THWN Cu. Wire
Total (I) = 12.8625A (125%) = 16.0781A 1 – 3.5mm2 THHN/THWN Cu. Wire (G)
30 AT, 2P, 230V, Circuit Breaker
The table presented above shows the actual load consumption and design computation of
the water treatment facility. The load description of the branch circuits, number of outlets,
ampere trip protection devices, wire sizes and the total computed load are provided to determine
the main circuit breaker protection and the feeder line. The sizes of wire as well as the ampacity
required for the circuit breaker protection were chosen with accordance to the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC) standards.

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4.3 Fabrication
This section simply comprises the processes involved in the fabrication and development
of the prototype. In the table below shows the materials and its specification that are used in
constructing the prototype. These materials are technically chosen based from the design
computation and the required standards of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC). The
measurements of the materials as well as the input of some components are also considered
accordingly in order for the researchers to achieve the most efficient output.
Fabrication Process
After the materials have been prepared, the researchers proceeded to the fabrication of the
prototype. The researchers executed their plans according to the circuit diagram, schematic
diagram and design of the prototype. The procedures done in the construction of the designed
prototype are shown below in the following figures:
(a) (b)
Fig. 8 Assembled and Furnished Stand/Base of the Prototype

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The researchers first constructed the stand of their prototype by cutting the angular bars
and assembled it by using a welder to combine the steels. (a) The plywood is used as the upper
and lower bases where the materials and components were assembled and arranged at. (b) It was
furnished and painted afterwards to enhance its physical appearance.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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(e) (f) (g)
Fig. 9 Fabrication of the Circuit Board/Demo Board
Figure 8 shows the assembled circuit board which contains the components used. The
researchers estimated where the components will be arranged without interfering one another. (a)
The flexible hose and PVC moulding, (b) as well as the wires, were cut in a desired length where
it would fit on the base and were later used in interconnecting the junction boxes, utility boxes,
bulb receptacles and the combined switch and outlet. (c) Both DC and AC breakers are placed on
a railing. (d) The solar PV module is placed and set above facing the sky in order to get the
sufficient solar energy source. (e) The other components were then screwed on the plywood. (f)
The water container, located on the lower base, which supplies the water tank by the use of water
pump motor, is also shown in the figure. (g) The final construction of the circuit/demo board is
presented above.
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(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Fig. 10 Finished Prototype

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After the stand/base and demo board are assembled, the researchers proceeded to the
connection of the circuit which is shown in the previous figure.
(a) The solar PV module, solar charge controller and the battery and inverter, with a DC
breaker between them, are all connected by a terminal block. Using a terminal block will prevent
interference between the connection of wires and possible visual problems.
(b) Since the researchers utilized a hybrid power system, an automatic transfer switch is
provided and is directly connected to the loads and to its two power sources: the solar panel
through inverter and the AC outlet source.
(c) Other loads which are connected by the AC wires consist of the following: AC bulbs
and the combined switch and outlet.
(d) The water pump motor beside the water container is placed on the lower base with a
depth of 40cm from the upper base where the water will flow through the water tank from the
water supply.
(e) The smaller water container is used as the faucet of the constructed water treatment
facility prototype where technically the consumers get water directly.
(f) The final construction of the entire prototype is shown.

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Costing of Prototype
Table IX
Cost of Materials
No. QTY. DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE TOTAL

1 1 50-Watt Solar panel P150 P1500
2 1 Solar charge controller Borrowed -
3 1 Inverter P700 P700
4 1 25 Ah-Battery Borrowed -
5 1 Manual Transfer Switch P400 P400
6 1 Water pump P500 P500
7 2 LED 5watts P90 P180
8 1 Combined Switch and Borrowed -
Convenience Outlet
9 2 Junction box P24 P48
10 2 Utility box P25 P25
11 - Moulding Case Scrap -

12 - Level hose Scrap -
13 1 DC Breaker P450 P450
14 1 AC Breaker P450 P450
15 2 meters #AWG THHN/THWN Cu. P15 P30
Wire
16 30 Wood Screw P0.75 P22.50
17 - Lead P10 P10
18 - Paint Borrowed -
19 1 Male Plug P39 P39
20 - Plywood Scrap -
Total: P4,354.50
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4.4 Testing and Evaluation
The last part in the fabrication process after the final construction is the testing and
evaluation of the prototype. On this section, various types of testing of some individual
components and the prototype as a whole are conducted by the researchers to be able to verify
the functionality, effectiveness and efficiency of the prototype. The results are presented through
graphs and tables.
Solar PV Module Testing
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 11 Set-Up for DC Input Rating Test
The figure above (a) shows the connection of the solar panel, the solar charge controller,
the storage battery and the ammeter during the first test conducted by the researchers. (b) The
value of DC voltage, in a given particular time, that the panel generates is shown in the charge
controller and (c) that of DC input current in the ammeter.

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Table X
DC Input Rating Test Results
24-hour Time DC Input Voltage DC Input Current
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
Since the consistency of the sun intensity couldn’t be guaranteed, it is important for the
researchers to determine when will the solar panel generate the most efficient energy. This test
was conducted from 6:00 to 18:00, time in 24-hour format, with 2-hour intervals. During testing,
the different values of DC voltage and DC input curent in a specified time were determined..
The results are presented in the table above. It is shown that the peak values occured at
12:00 which is almost equal to both of the operating voltage and current of the PV module
specifications. Though, with the results gathered, the values do not have that huge differences
between each other at all.
In addition, the charging time of the battery also depends on how much of the operating
current the solar PV module provides.

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Battery and Load Testing
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 12 Set-Up for Battery and Load Test
Figure 12 (a) shows the final set-up for the second test conducted by the researchers
which is the battery and load test. The (b) water pump motor and AC bulbs are already connected
in the circuit (c) along with the other necessary components for this particular test.
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Table XI
Battery and Load Test Result
Trial Output Output

No. Trial Description Voltage Current
1 All loads are turned off
2 Only the water pump motor is turned on
3 Only the bulbs are turned on
4 All loads are turned on
5 Battery at discharge rate
The researchers conducted the battery and load test under 5 trials. Under the first trial, the
loads are turned off and had N volts and N ampere output values. For the second trial up to the
fourth that are discussed further, the researchers kept the loads turned on for a minute and the
values presented in table remained as is within that 60-second period. The results gathered during
these trials are shown above.
Since the battery capacity used in the prototype is 25-Ah and provides N ampere to all the
loads while turned on, theoretically, the battery will last N hours with continuous usage. In
actual, the lifespan of the storage battery depends on the loads used and how long it will operate.
Assuming that all the loads will operate an hour in a day, then the battery will last up to N days.
For the final trial, the researchers measured the output values where the battery is down
to its discharge rate. The discharge rate of the battery is at N volts and N ampere.
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Prototype Testing
Table XII
Prototype Test Results
Steps Actions Expected Result Pass Fail Comments

1 Switch and test both sides of
the manual transfer switch.
The manual transfer switch is

set to the solar PV module
1a.
side.
The water pump motor ✔
and other loads must
1b. The manual transfer switch is be working when
set to the AC source. turned on as enough
energy is consumed. ✔
The operating voltage and

current varies depending on
The loads must still
the energy it consumes in a
work without direct
2 Without direct sunlight, switch specified time.
sunlight because the
the MTS back to the solar PV
energy consumed can ✔ If the loads didn’t work,
module side.
be provided by the check if the energy stored in
battery bank. the battery is still enough. If
not, immediately recharge it.
If the water pump motor does

not supply the desired
The water pump motor
amount while using the solar
must provide about
3 Keep the water pump motor ✔ PV source side, it means that
13L/min or at least 2
turned on and turn off the other the energy it consumes from
liters of water in 10
loads. direct sunlight or that from
seconds
the battery bank is not
enough
Overall Test Results: The designed prototype meets the requirements specification.
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The result of the prototype testing is shown in Table XII. Through the test, the researchers
were able to determine that the designed prototype has met the requirements specification.
As designed as a hybrid power system, the prototype must function using either of its
power sources given. During testing, it is shown that the prototype works using a solar energy
source or the direct AC source. It was tested by using the manual transfer switch.
Without direct sunlight, or even during night time, the prototype still works even
switched into the solar PV module side. This is because the energy stored during day time in the
battery bank happens to provide the power instead.
For the last step, the researchers tested the water pump motor. The result shows that it
works according to its specifications and provided about 13 liters per minute. This test helped the
researchers determine the requirements needed to satisfy the water demand.
Evaluation Results
Table XIII
Results of Evaluation Survey Questionnaire
Results Mean Rating

SITUATION 5 4 3 2 1
FUNCTIONALITY
1. The two sources, directly from the solar PV Strongly
module and from AC source side, provide Agree
38 10 2 - - 4.72
enough energy for the motor and other loads to
operate.
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2. The residents can still harvest water from the Strongly

facility even at night without sunlight because
39 11 - - - 4.78 Agree
either the battery storage or the alternative
source can be used.
3. Other components of the designed system are Strongly

working properly according to its function as Agree
29 13 8 - - 4.42
well.
EFFECTIVITY
4. The designed system assures safety and does

not harm both people and the environment.
33 13 3 - 1 4.54 Strongly
Agree
5. The prototype design is easy for the user to

operate and the components are properly
19 11 6 14 - 3.7 Agree
installed and insulated.
6. The prototype can be furthermore enhanced

and modified for improvement by using the
3 17 19 9 2 3.2 Fairly
same concepts and proper actual computations.
Agree
EFFICIENCY
7. The designed system provides low cost of 15 1 13 6 15 2.9 Fairly

maintenance. Agree
8. The equipment will take a long time before 13 6 11 12 8 3.08 Fairly

having it to replace them, thus low cost of Agree
operation.
9. The designed system helps in both reducing 24 13 8 3 2 4.08 Agree

electricity and water bills.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠: 213 + 95 + 44 + 70 + 28 = 450
5(213) + 4(95) + 3(44) + 2(70) + 1(78)

𝑊𝑀 = = 3.99
450
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After the researchers have finished the procedure of testing, they conducted an evaluation
survey and the selected beneficiaries from Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao Quezon are
the respondents. The questionnaire was divided into three parts, regarding its functionality,
effectiveness and efficiency, to further elaborate more and emphasize the analysis of the results
gathered.
In terms of functionality, the respondents strongly agreed that the two power sources of
the designed system provide enough energy for the loads to work. Other components used in the
prototype also worked according to its function, as strongly agreed by the respondents. The
respondents as well strongly agreed that they can still harvest water from the facility even at
night because even without sunlight, the battery bank or the direct AC source can be used to
provide power if the water pump motor is needed.
In terms of its effectiveness, the respondents strongly agreed that the designed system
won’t cause any harm to them or to the environment. They have agreed that the prototype design
is easy for the user to operate and that it can be furthermore enhanced and modified for
improvement.
And lastly, in terms of efficiency, the respondents have fairly agreed to two situations: the
designed system provides low cost of maintenance and the equipment will take a long time
before having it to replace them. They also agreed that the designed system will help in the
reduction of electricity and water bill.

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To summarize the overall results, the respondents have agreed, gathering a weighted
mean of 3.99, that the prototype designed by the researchers has met its objectives. It shows that
the prototype is working properly as designed. With the results gathered, the respondents agreed
that this project shall be developed and implemented.
4.5 Summary of Findings
After the conduct of the research, data gathering and analysis, the researchers were able
to gather the following findings:
1. The information and data gathered shows that the residents from Sitio Iringan,
Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao Quezon are currently experiencing water shortage
and water contamination. Due to these circumstances, the researchers came up to
the idea of designing a hybrid solar power system of a water treatment facility.
The facility mainly has two electrical sources which specifically are the solar
energy source and direct AC source.
2. The researchers have expanded their knowledge about Solar PV System and the
Philippine Electrical Code for them to be able to make the circuit design without
further failures and complications. All computations and any form of designing
are based on this concept.
3. The sun peak hour value is also considered in developing the designed system.
This helped the researchers determined when the solar PV modules would
produce the highest value of operating voltages and currents.

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4. The prototype was constructed as a downsized of the actual proposed designed of
a hybrid solar power system of the water treatment facility. However, it provides
the same function as the actual circuit design.
5. In testing the prototype as a whole, it is shown in the results that the designed
prototype meets the expected output.
6. On the evaluation results, the residents from the location have agreed that this
project study shall be developed and implemented in the area. By doing so, it will
satisfy their water needs and demands.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This unit summarizes the results obtained in the previous chapters and the conclusions
drawn by the researchers from these. Recommendations are included as well in this unit that
could be used for the further improvement by future researchers.
Conclusions
After analyzing and evaluating the project study entitled “A Design of Hybrid Solar
Power System of a Water Treatment Facility” for the community of Sitio Iringan, Brgy.
Palsabangon, Pagbilao Quezon, the researcher concluded at the following conclusions:
1. Sunlight is the most valuable factor for the production of electrical energy in this
project study. The researchers considered different concepts and principles such as
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photoelectric effect, photovoltaic effect, electrical circuits and other related
principles.
2. The final connection of the entire circuit is in parallel to maintain the same potential
difference between each component while the total circuit current is equal to the sum
of the individual branch currents. This connection is considered to avoid interference
between the loads.
3. The charging time of the battery bank depends on the light energy source that the
solar PV module consumes. It varies according to the operating current that the solar
PV module provides. It was concluded during the testing of the solar panels that the
sun peak hour in the location is almost and is exactly from 12:00-3:00 in the
afternoon.
4. During the construction of prototype, the researchers concluded that the amount of
radiation generated by the solar PV system depends on the position of the solar PV
module. It is highly advised to locate the modules facing the sky to achieve the most
efficient amount of energy.
5. The researchers performed several trials during the testing of the prototype, each of
its components and as a whole, until the most desired efficient output is achieved. In
the evaluation results of the prototype, the residents from the location have agreed
that this project study will satisfy their water needs and demands. However, there is
always a room for improvement according to them.

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Recommendations
From the findings and conclusions, the researchers came up with the following
recommendations:
1. The researchers recommend the use of automatic transfer switch so that when utility
power is interrupted from one source, it will automatically switch it to another to
lessen manual human operation.
2. The use of water level indicator in the water tank is recommended by the researchers
as well. This system will indicate whether a body of water inside the tank has a high
or low, nearly empty, level. With this, the user will identify when to turn the water
pump motor on to fill the tank again without having to check the water tank itself.
3. The researchers would recommend to the future researchers who will further pursue
the same related study to have a deep understanding about the photovoltaic system on
how it can generate electricity and its different types as well as about Philippine
Electrical Code that will serve as a guideline and help to determine its strict
standards.
4. To achieve the best and most efficient result, the researchers recommend the future
researchers that the materials to be used should be always of a high standard in order
to come up with the best results.
5. The design of this project study is recommended to be implemented in other areas
that encounter the same problem as the Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao
Quezon does.
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6. REFERENCES
[1] M. Huerta-Fontela, M. T. Galceran, and F. Ventura, “Occurrence and removal of
pharmaceuticals and hormones through drinking water treatment,” Water Res., 2011.
[2] M. R. J. Daelman, E. M. van Voorthuizen, U. G. J. M. van Dongen, E. I. P. Volcke, and M. C.
M. van Loosdrecht, “Methane emission during municipal wastewater treatment,” Water Res.,
2012
[3] P. Hanumantha Rao, R. Ranjith Kumar, B. Raghavan, V. Subramanian, and V.
Sivasubramanian, “Application of phycoremediation technology in the treatment of wastewater
from a leather-processing chemical manufacturing facility,” Water SA, 2011.
[4] J. Daw, K. Hallett, J. DeWolfe, and I. Venner, “Energy Efficiency Strategies for Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Facilities,” Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-7A30-53341 January 2012, 2012.
[5] R. Lauge-Kristensen, “Renewable energy,” in Sustainable Practices in the Built
Environment, Second Edition, 2008.
[6] S. A. Kale, Renewable energy systems. 2016.
[7] S. Sumath, L. Ashok Kumar, and P. Surekha, “Hybrid energy systems,”
[8] U. Aswathanarayana, “Solar energy,” in Green Energy: Technology, Economics and Policy,
2010.
[9] G. K. Singh, “Solar power generation by PV (photovoltaic) technology: A review,” Energy.
2013.
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[10] E. P. I. A. Epia, “for Photovoltaics Until 2016,” Europe, 2012.
[11] B. Parida, S. Iniyan, and R. Goic, “A review of solar photovoltaic technologies,”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011.
[12] J. Siecker, K. Kusakana, and B. P. Numbi, “A review of solar photovoltaic systems
cooling technologies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017.
[13] S. S. Patil and R. M. Zende, “Solar powered water pumping system,” in Proceedings of
2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Signal Processing and Security, ICSSS
2017, 2017.
[14] A. A. Ghoneim, “Design optimization of photovoltaic powered water pumping systems,”
Energy Convers. Manag., 2006.
[15] P. Sandwell et al., “Off-grid solar photovoltaic systems for rural electrification and
emissions mitigation in India,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 156, pp. 147–156, 2016.
[16] Y. Yan, Y. Qian, H. Sharif, and D. Tipper, “A survey on smart grid communication
infrastructures: Motivations, requirements and challenges,” IEEE Communications Surveys and
Tutorials. 2013.
[17] M. Abdelaziz Mohamed and A. M. Eltamaly, “Modeling of hybrid renewable energy
system,” in Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 2018.

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[18] H. Nabipour Afrouzi, S. Vahabi Mashak, Z. Abdul-Malek, K. Mehranzamir, and B.
Salimi, “Solar array and battery sizing for a photovoltaic building in Malaysia,” J. Teknol.
(Sciences Eng., 2013
[19] G. Biji, “Modelling and simulation of PV based pumping system for maximum
efficiency,” in 2012 International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation,
EPSCICON 2012, 2012.
[20] A. Luque and S. Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. 2011.
[21] M. M. Yang, D. J. Kim, and M. Alexe, “Flexo-photovoltaic effect,” Science (80-. ).,
2018.
[22] B. S. Dallan, J. Schumann, and F. J. Lesage, “Performance evaluation of a photoelectric-
thermoelectric cogeneration hybrid system,” Sol. Energy, 2015.
[23] Barros, Patrick, A Design and Development of Prototype Portable Solar Power Module
Supplying small DC and AC Load, Lucena City: MSEUF, March 2005
[24] Department of Environment and Natural Resources, WATER BODIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES: Classification According to Beneficial Use

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7. APPENDIXES
Appendix A
Component Data Specification Sheets
No. Description Specifications
1 Water Pump Motor 19W, Single Phase
2Pole
2 Solar Panel 50W, 54 x 70 cm,

Monocrystalline
3 Solar Charge Controller 12V, 50A, PWM
4 Battery Voltage Rating 12V,

25Ah, Deep Cycle
5 Solar Power Inverter 12V to 220V, 500W
6 Manual Transfer Switch 2Pole, 63A
16AT, 2P,
7 DC and AC Breaker
Single Phase
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Appendix B
Informed Consent Form

TITLE: A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water Treatment Facility
STUDY PROPONENT/PRINCIPAL RESEARCHERS
Justine Nicole T. Mercurio (09159558399)
Jaspher D. Bautista (09156917155)
Maria Ines M. Ratio (09386728400)
Chricent M. Rodillas (09569462439)
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Declaration: No conflicts of interest were declared in relation to this study.
The financial costs of implementing this research shall be shouldered by the principal
investigators.
INTRODUCTION
You are being invited to participate in this study because you have the required knowledge to
evaluate this study. This consent form provides you with information to help you make an
informed choice. Please read this document carefully. If you have any questions, they should be
answered to your satisfaction before you decide whether to participate in this research study.
STUDY BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

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Water contamination and water scarcity are both main problems that the residents from
Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon Pagbilao Quezon are currently facing. The location, though has
a high number of residents, is neither supplied by any water district yet, thus, prone in water
scarcity. It causes the residents inconvenience and affects their daily lives. Their only source of
water is from the deep well pumps and another problem in line with it is its evident water
contamination. The residents are intended to buy water from selected water districts because
intaking the water from the pumps causes them waterborne diseases. They also have encountered
such health problems associated with bathing in contaminated water.
This is the reason why the researchers utilized and exploited a hybrid solar power system
design of a water treatment facility that will serve as the electrical source of the entire facility.
BENEFITS
The utilization of this project study is highly relevant and beneficiary to all the residents
of the community. Through water treatment, the water supply will increase and therefore will
meet the demands and services that the residents needed. It will reduce the risk of the residents
from having associated with such health problems and also provide safe drinking in every
household in the area.
ONE’S PARTICIPATION
The study procedure’s concern is data gathering wherein questionnaires shall be provided
to be answered by the residents of Sitio Iringan, Brgy. Palsabangon, Pagbilao, Quezon based on
their knowledge and experience. This activity mainly focuses on creating an efficient hybrid power
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system for the electric source of a water treatment facility that will provide the residents a sufficient
and reliable water source.
The participation of the participant will last until the questionnaire is completely filled up
by the respondent.
The participant can choose not to participate in the study or leave the study.
RISKS
Risk (severity and likelihood) that the study may introduce into the situation or that may
affect the study participants is when the prototype will not work or experience a malfunction.
PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
After the tallying of the data gathered from respondents, the questionnaires shall be shred
to pieces in order to prevent outside distribution of information.
GROUP CONFIDENTIALITY
In order to respect the privacy of all participants in this study, a participant has to agree to
maintain the confidentiality of the information discussed by all participants and researchers
during the focus group session.
OPEN DATA
I understand that the information I’ll provide in this study will be used for research
purposes. It will not be used in any manner which would allow identification of my individual
responses. Anonymised research data will be archived at the Theses section of Manuel S.
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Enverga University Foundation in order to make them available to other researchers in line with
current data sharing practices.
CONTACT INFO
If you have further questions or concerns about your participation in this research, or if
you suffer any damage related to the study, please contact:
Justine Nicole T. Mercurio 09159558399
Name Mobile Number
If you have questions about your rights as a participant or about ethical issues related to
this study, you can talk to someone who is not involved in the study at all. That person is:
Engr. Melissa M. Serrano ____________
Name Mobile Number
SIGNATURES
● I understand that my taking part is voluntary; I can withdraw from the study at any time
and I do not have to give any reasons for why I no longer want to take part.
● All of my questions and concerns have been answered
● I understand the information indicated this informed consent form

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● I understand that my participation in this study includes being interviewed.
● By signing this form, none of my legal rights have been given up
___________________________________ _________________
Signature over Printed Name of Participant/ Date
Substitute Decision-Maker
___________________________________ _________________
Signature over Printed Name of Date
Person Conducting the Consent Discussion
ONLY IF the responded is unable to read or requiring oral translation, accomplish this sub-
section:
● This form was accurately explained to, and apparently understood by, the
participant/substitute decision-maker, and
● Informed consent was freely given by the participant/substitute decision-maker.
___________________________________ _________________
Signature over Printed Name Date

of Impartial Witness/Translator
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Appendix C
Preliminary Survey Questionnaire
Letter to the Respondents
October 03, 2019
Dear Respondents,
Attached herewith is a questionnaire to gather data and/or information for our project
study entitled “A Proposed Electrical Design using Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water
Treatment Facility”. In line with this, we humbly request for your kind indulgence and
consideration by answering every question included in the questionnaire. Rest assured that any
information you’ll give will be treated with outmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much for sharing your precious time and effort.
Respectfully yours,
Approved by:
________________________________
Engr. Melissa R. Serrano
Thesis Adviser
INSTRUCTION: Kindly first fill-up the information below. Please mark a check (/) in the
corresponding box of your answer on the table below. Refer to the list below for your
corresponding answer.
Name (Optional):
Gender: ( ) Male ( ) Female Age: ( ) 16-25 years old ( ) 26-35 years old
( ) 36-45 years old ( ) 56 years old and above
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Occupation: ( ) Student ( ) Parent ( ) Employee

( ) Others: Please specify
Strongly Fairly Strongly
Agree Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
SITUATION
1. I often experience water scarcity in
our area.
2. Water interruption often happens in
the area.
3. Changes in weather affect the amount
of supply of water.
4. Water interruption causes
inconvenience and affects our daily
lives.
5. The amount of water supply I
consume remains consistent over
time.
6. I am satisfied with the water quality I
consume from the deep well.
7. I have experienced waterborne
diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera,
typhoid, etc., from the water I
consume from the deep well.
8. I have encountered health problems
associated with bathing in
contaminated water.
9. I usually spend high expenses when
buying drinking water from
particular water stations.
10. I drink water directly from the deep

well.
11. I have other sources of water aside
from the deep well.
12. Constructing a water treatment
facility will be a big help in our
community.
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facility will meet the services needed
by the demands of our community.
facility will be harmful to the
environment.
15. I am in favor in the construction of
water treatment facility in our
community.
Comments/Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Appendix D
Results of Preliminary Survey Questionnaire
Results Mean Rating

SITUATION 5 4 3 2 1
1. I often experience water 27 15 8 - - 4.39 Strongly

scarcity. Agree
2. Water interruption often 23 23 - 4 - 2.7 Fairly
happens in the area. Agree
3. Changes in weather affect the 17 17 12 4 - 3.94 Agree
amount of supply water.
4. Water interruption causes 33 13 3 - 1 4.54 Strongly
inconvenience and affects Agree
our daily lives
5. The amount of water supply I 19 11 6 14 - 3.7 Agree
consume remains consistent
over time.
6. I am satisfied with the water 3 17 19 9 2 3.2 Fairly
quality I consume from the Agree
deep well.
7. I have experienced 15 1 13 6 15 2.9 Fairly
waterborne diseases, such as Agree
diarrhea, cholera, typhoid,
etc., from the water I
consume from the deep well
8. I have encountered health 13 6 11 12 8 3.08 Fairly
problems associated with Agree
bathing in contaminated
water.
9. I usually spend high expenses 24 13 8 3 2 4.08 Agree
when buying drinking water
from particular water
stations.
10. I drink water directly from 14 16 11 5 4 3.62 Agree
the deep well.
11. I have other sources of water 16 13 9 8 4 3.58 Agree

aside from the deep well.
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12. Constructing a water 35 8 6 1 - 4.54 Strongly

treatment facility will be a Agree
big help in our community.
13. Constructing a water 38 8 4 - - 4.68 Strongly
treatment facility will meet Agree
the services needed by the
demands of our community.
14. Constructing a water 37 9 4 - - 4.66 Strongly
treatment facility will be Agree
harmful to the environment.
15. I am in favor in the 44 6 - - - 4.88 Strongly
construction of water Agree
treatment facility in our
community.
Total Responses: 358 + 176 + 114+ 66 + 36 = 750
5(358) + 4(176) + 3(114) + 2(66) + 1(36)
WM = = 4.005
750
The overall results obtained from the pre-survey gained a positive response from the
respondents with a total average of 4.005 which is equivalent to agree. It was therefore proven
that the majority of the respondents were in favor of utilizing of a hybrid solar power system for
the construction of the water treatment facility. Although some of the respondents have agreed
that they are satisfied with the water supply they consume from the deep well, they have
defended that it is only because they have no choice. With their continuous usage of the water,
some of the respondents have associated with such health problems. Further, the respondents
have strongly agreed that with the construction of the water treatment facility will be a big help
in their community and meet their services needed by their demands.

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Appendix E
Survey and Site Visit
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Appendix F
Evaluation Survey Questionnaire

Letter to the Respondents
March 20, 2020
Dear Respondents,
The undersigned is currently conducting a research paper on “A Proposed Electrical
Design using Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water Treatment Facility.” The study aims to
design and develop a hybrid solar power system of a water treatment facility that will suit the
residents’ needs regarding water shortage and water contamination.
I am requesting to see the attached evaluation sheet and assess the prototype for further
development. Rest assured that your answers would be treated with strict confidentiality.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Approved by:
________________________________
Engr. Melissa R. Serrano
Thesis Adviser
Lucena City
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INSTRUCTION: Kindly first fill-up the information below. Please mark a check (/) in the
corresponding box of your answer on the table below. Refer to the list below for your
corresponding answer.
Name (Optional):
Gender: ( ) Male ( ) Female Age: ( ) 16-25 years old ( ) 26-35 years old
( ) 36-45 years old ( ) 56
years old and above
Occupation: ( ) Student ( ) Parent ( ) Employee
( ) Others: Please specify
Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree
CRITERIA
FUNCTIONALITY
1. The two sources, directly from the
solar PV module and from AC source
side, provide enough energy for the
motor and other loads to operate.
2. The residents can still harvest water
from the facility even at night
without sunlight because either the
battery storage or the alternative
source can be used.
3. Other components of the designed
system are working properly
according to its function as well.
EFFECTIVITY
4. The designed system assures safety

and does not harm both people and
the environment.
5. The prototype design is easy for the
user to operate and the components
are properly installed and insulated.
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6. The prototype can be furthermore

enhanced and modified for
improvement by using the same
concepts and proper actual
computations.
EFFICIENCY
7. The designed system provides low

cost of maintenance.
8. The equipment will take a long time
before having it to replace them, thus
low cost of operation.
9. The designed system helps in both
reducing electricity and water bills.
Comments/Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Lucena City
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Appendix G
INFORMED BORROW CONSENT
In signing this document, I, Cecille Escritor, am giving consent to the following
researchers from Manuel S. Enverga University, Lucena City – College of Engineering to borrow
and use the deep-cycle battery in conducting their study entitled “A Design of a Hybrid Solar
Power System of a Water Treatment Facility”:
MR. JASPHER D. BAUTISTA BSEE-V
MS. JUSTINE NICOLE T. MERCURIO BSEE-V
MS. MARIA INES M. RATIO BSEE-V
MR. CHRICENT M. RODILLAS BSEE-V
And I understand that they will be using the borrowed equipment as part of the
components in the prototype they will be constructing for their project study and to their
upcoming defense on April 2020.
Owner’s Signature Date

Researcher Date
Lucena City
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INFORMED BORROW CONSENT
In signing this document, I, Engr. Arjay Ilagan, am giving consent to the following
researchers from Manuel S. Enverga University, Lucena City – College of Engineering to borrow
and use the 30Ah solar charge battery in conducting their study entitled “A Design of a Hybrid
Solar Power System of a Water Treatment Facility”:
MR. JASPHER D. BAUTISTA BSEE-V
MS. JUSTINE NICOLE T. MERCURIO BSEE-V
MS. MARIA INES M. RATIO BSEE-V
MR. CHRICENT M. RODILLAS BSEE-V
And I understand that they will be using the borrowed equipment as part of the
components in the prototype they will be constructing for their project study and to their
upcoming defense on April 2020.
Owner’s Signature Date

Researcher Date
Lucena City
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Appendix H
Philippines Electrical Code (PEC) Articles and Tables

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Source: Philippine Electrical Code 2017 Edition

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Appendix I
Sun Peak Hours
Source: http://solarsystemsphilippines.com/residential-calculator/
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Lucena City
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Lucena City
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Appendix J
Gantt Chart
Activities Months
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1. Data gathering through:
a. Brainstorming"
b. Conduct survey
c. Acquiring data from respective
organization.
2. Formulation of title
3. Preparation of proposal paper
(Introduction, review of related
literature, methods and procedures)
4. Proposal defense
5. Submission of Final Proposal
paper
6. Data gathering and analysis
7. Design of _______________
8. Prototype fabrication
9. Testing
10. Evaluation
11. Continuation and Completion of
the manuscript
12. Final defense
13. Final revision
14. Submission of hardbound.
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8. CURRICULUM VITAE
JUSTINE NICOLE T. MERCURIO
#5 Gen. Luna St. Brgy. Castillo Tadiosa Residence
Pagbilao Quezon
Contact No. 09159558399 / 797-1791
mercurio.nicole@gmailcom
PERSONAL INFORMATION
AGE 20 Years Old CITIZENSHIP Filipino

BIRTHDATE September 29, 1998 CIVIL STATUS Single
PLACE OF BIRTH Quezon City RELIGION Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME David C. Mercurio OCCUPATION Seaman
MOTHER’S NAME Belinda T. Mercurio OCCUPATION OFW
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering A.Y. (2015-present)
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
University Site, Lucena City
Secondary: International School for Better Beginnings A.Y. (2010-2015)
9141 Moscow St., Lucena, Quezon
Primary: International School for Better Beginnings A.Y. (2004-2010)
9141 Moscow St., Lucena, Quezon
SHORT COURSES ATTENDED
Technical Skill System of Lucena Inc. (TSSLI)

Electrical Installation Maintenance NC II Electrical Installation Maintenance NC III
NC II (Holder) Certificate of Training
December 17, 2018 July 2018
SKILLS
 Perform installation of standard electrical protection system for lighting and grounding.
 Perform installation of electrical lighting systems, auxiliary outlets and lighting fixtures.
ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines (IIEE) -MSEUF Student

Chapter
Vice-President (External) A.Y 2018-2020
Member A.Y. 2017-2018
Official Publication of the Student Body of the College of Engineering: ENGINIUM
Editor-In-Chief A. Y 2018-2019
Managing Editor A.Y 2017-2018
Lucena City
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MARIA INES M. RATIO

Brgy. Ilaya Ilasan Tayabas City
Contact No. 09122474399
mariaines.ratio@gmailcom
BIRTHDATE January 21, 1999 CIVIL STATUS Single
PLACE OF BIRTH Tayabas City RELIGION Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME Pastor E. Ratio OCCUPATION Farmer
MOTHER’S NAME Edita M. Ratio OCCUPATION Vendor
Secondary: San Roque Parochial School A.Y. (2010-2015)
Ilasan Taybas City
Primary: Ilasan Elementary School A.Y. (2004-2010)
Ilasan Tayabas City

Electrical Installation Maintenance NC II
NC II (Holder)
December 17, 2018
SKILLS

Chapter
Vice-President (Internal) A.Y. 2019-2020
Member A.Y 2017-2019
Technology Math Club

President A. Y 2019-2020
Under-secretary A.Y 2018-2019
Lucena City
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CHRICENT M. RODILLAS
B11, L14 Daisy St. Intertown Homes Brgy. Bukal,
Pagbilao, Quezon
Contact No. 09569462439
rodillaschen@gmailcom

BIRTHDATE June 29, 1998 CIVIL STATUS Single
PLACE OF BIRTH Pagbilao Quezon RELIGION Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME Crispin G. Rodillas OCCUPATION Truck Driver
MOTHER’S NAME Ramonita M. Rodillas OCCUPATION Food Vendor

Secondary: Talipan National High School A.Y. (2010-2015)
Brgy. Talipan Pagbilao, Quezon
Primary: Pagbilao Central Elementary School A.Y. (2004-2010)
Pagbilao Quezon

NC II (Holder)
Certificate No.:
December 17, 2018
SKILLS
Chapter
Member A.Y. 2017-2020
Lucena City
Revision No.: 0
Reviewed by: QMR
JASPHER D. BAUTISTA
Brgy. Ilayang Iyam Lucena City
Contact No. 09156917155
jaspherbautista@gmail.com

BIRTHDATE October 14, 1998 CIVIL STATUS Single
PLACE OF BIRTH Lucena City RELIGION Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME Julius B. Bautista OCCUPATION OFW
MOTHER’S NAME Leticia D. Bautista OCCUPATION Housewife
Secondary: Quezon National High School A.Y. (2010-2015)
Lucena City
Primary: Lucena West 1 Elementary School A.Y. (2004-2010)
Lucena City

NC II (Holder)
December 17, 2018
Electrical Installation Maintenance NC III
NC III (Holder)
March 30, 2019
SKILLS

Chapter
Member A.Y. 2019-2020

A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of A Water Treatment Facility

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MANUEL S.

ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-PSP

A Design of Hybrid Solar Power System of a Water Treatment Facility

A Project Study Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Engineering

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation University

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Mercurio, Justine Nicole T.

Ratio, Maria Ines M.

Engr. Melissa Serrano

Approved by the Committee on Oral examination with a grade of _____________ %.

Guillermo M. Rago Jr. Ed D. CE

Engr. Rodher V. Sedenio Engr. Mark Anthony S. Lopez

Benilda N. Villenas, Ph.D.

Guillermo M. Rago Jr. Ed D. CE

Dean, College of Engineering

sincerest gratitude to the following:

cannot possibly do it without Him.

needed for the testing and evaluation of the prototype.

prototype and the research paper.

open suggestions and recommendations to further improve this project study.

researchers would like to thank you for the generosity.

support of each other.

and fabricating the prototype.

are beyond grateful for your courtesy.

Bautista, Mercurio, Ratio, Rodillas

every pain and every trouble we'll face.

To Engr Arjay and Sir Nhel for lending some equipments.

To my parents, Belinda Mercurio and David Mercurio, as well as to my only sibling,

happiness. Your love, prayers and encouragement enabled me to keep going.

easier. YOU GUYS ARE THE BEST!

Thank you so much everyone. I owe you all this success!

Justine Nicole T. Mercurio

have a greater future.

buddy and comfort each day.

To the faculty of College of Engineering and to Manuel S. Enverga University

Foundation, thank you for the guidance and support.

I’m very proud to dedicate this to all of you.

Maria Ines M. Ratio

continue to mean so much to me.

willingly gave their words of advice and encouragement.

Contents Page No.

Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………………

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………….

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………

List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………..

1.1. Background of the Study …………………………………………………

1.2. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………...

1.3. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………....

1.4. Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………...

1.5. Conceptual Framework Paradigm ………………………………………...

1.6. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………….

1.7. Acronyms ………………………………………………………………….

2. Review of Related Literature and Studies ………………………………..........

3. Methods and Procedures …………………………………………………………

3.1 Research Design ……………………………………………………………..

3.2 Research Environment ……………………………………………………….

3.3 Procedures ……………………………………………………………………

3.4 Design Concept ……………………………………………………………...

4. Results and Discussions ………………………………………………………….

4.1 Data Gathering ……………………………………………………………….