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121011-S&P - Car Parks - Presentation - v26
121011-S&P - Car Parks - Presentation - v26
presented by
Paul Mason, Business Development Manager
Alex Maymó, CFD Engineer
Agenda
• Basic principles
• Regulations
• Jet fans system
• Pollution / fume extraction
• Emergency fire smoke extract
• Fire smoke clearance
• Fire smoke control
• CFD examples
• Project examples
• Typical fan products
17/10/2012 2
Basic principles
17/10/2012 3
Basic principles - Regulation
Low pollution 6 ACH
BS 7346-7:2006
Normal
Section 6 High pollution 10 ACH
Pollution
Ventilation Low pollution
NP 127:2009 300 m3/(h·Space)
High pollution
600 m3/(h·Space)
Car Park
BS 7346-7:2006
Ventilation Smoke Clearance 10 ACH
Section 9
NP 127:2009
600 m3/(h·Space)
Emergency
Mode
BS 7346-7:2006 Smoke
Smoke Control
Section 10 & 11 production
17/10/2012 4
Basic principles - Regulations
• BS 7346-7:2006
• Sección 6: Vehicle exhaust pollution control
17/10/2012 5
Smoke clearance
UK BS 7346 -7 Code of practice ...... for covered car parks.
“the objective of the smoke control design is to aid access by the fire
service to more quickly locate and tackle a fire and carry out search and
rescue as necessary”
Section 11. Impulse ventilation to protect means of escape.
“the objective ..is to provide for the protection of escape routes for
occupants within the story as the car on fire......”
17/10/2012 6
Basic principles – Typical main extract fans
Two fans
each extracting
50% air flow
17/10/2012 7
Smoke clearance
17/10/2012 8
Smoke clearance – Ducted method
Extract fans10 ACH
EXHAUST
FANS
Duct is extracting 50% smoke at high
level and 50% air at low level
DUCT
50 % air at high level
Supply air
50 % air at
5 ACH
low level
LOW LEVEL
17/10/2012 9
Smoke clearance – Jet Fan system
Extract fans
10 ACH Smoke at high level is induced toward
extract point; more smoke removed?
Jet Fan
Supply air
17/10/2012 10
Potential benefits – Jet Fan VS. ducted ventilation
• Ducted system:
• Extract at high, and low level Will only extract
hot smoke at high level extract point
• Jet Fans system:
• Operates at high level and induces hot smoke
toward extract point
• Smoke exhaust may be increased
17/10/2012 11
smoke control
17/10/2012 12
smoke control
“the objective of the smoke control design is to aid access by the fire
service to more quickly locate and tackle a fire and carry out search and
rescue as necessary”
Section 11. Impulse ventilation to protect means of escape.
“the objective ..is to provide for the protection of escape routes for
occupants within the story as the car on fire......”
17/10/2012 13
smoke control - road tunnels
Vs = 1.5m/s Vs = 1.5m/s
AIR VELOCITY
17/10/2012 14
smoke control - road tunnels
JETFAN
Vs = 2.8ms-1
1.5 ms-1
entrained air flow
17/10/2012 15
smoke control - enclosed car parks
Ps
extract fans
smoke perimeter
17/10/2012 16
Fire smoke
17/10/2012 17
Fire smoke – Calculation of the rate of fire smoke production
M
M
Y
P
M = CePY3/2
where:
• M = Mass rate of smoke production (kg/sec)
• P = Perimeter of fire (m)
• Y = Height of smoke layer (m)
• Ce = Constant Source: UK BRE 368
17/10/2012 18
Smoke control – Calculate smoke volume flow
where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 20 m source BS 7346-7:2006
• Design Fire size HRR = 8MW source BS 73467:2006 (4MW with sprinklers)
• Analyse HRR values = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 MW
17/10/2012 19
Smoke control – Calculate smoke volume flow
where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 20 m source BS 7346-7:2006
• Calculated Fire size above HRR = 6 MW
• Alternative HRR values calculated = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 MW
17/10/2012 20
Fire smoke – Air change rate VS. Smoke production
BS 7346-7: 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)
where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 20 m source BS 7346-7:2006
• Design Fire size HRR = 8MW source BS 73467:2006
• Alternative HRR values shown = 1, 2, 4, 6 MW
17/10/2012 21
Fire testing
17/10/2012
Source: UK CLG / BRE research 2006-9 22
Fume extraction
17/10/2012 23
fume and emergency smoke extraction
Regulations varies from country to country, examples:
Ventilation requirements by country
Ventilation Pollution control Smoke ext Temp deg C
Europe
Belgium 300 m3/h / space 600 m3/h / car space 200 - 300 /2h
Croatia 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 400 / 2h
Denmark 5 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Ireland 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Finland 0.9 - 3.6 l/s / m2 10m3/s / 1000m2 300 / 2h
2.7 l/s /m2
France 300 m3/h / space 900m3/h / car space 400 / 2h
600m3/h /car space 200 / 2h
Germany 300 m3/h / space 600 m3/h / car space 300 / 1h
3.3l/s /m2 10 ac/h
Holland 4 ac/h CO 200ppm / 30min
10.8 m3/h/m2
Italy 3 ac/h none
Poland 2-300m3/h / space 3 Mw fire 300 / 1h
Portugal 300 m3/h / space CO 50ppm , 100 ppm 600m3/h / car space 400 / 2h*
Spain 120 l/s / space 150 l/s / space 300 / 2h*
Sweden 0.91 l/s m2
Turkey UK BS 7346-7 ?
UK 6 ac/h CO 30ppm in 8h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h*
CO 90ppm in 15min
• Extract ducts:
• Take up space
• Increase fan pressure
• Can conflict with other services
• Lighting
• Pipework
17/10/2012 32
Basic principles – Duct installation
17/10/2012 33
Basic principles – Duct installation
17/10/2012 34
Basic principles – Car park without ducting
17/10/2012 35
Basic principles – Jet fans system
17/10/2012 36
Potential benefits – Jet Fan VS. ducted ventilation
17/10/2012 38
Basic principles – Typical car park Jet Fan
17/10/2012 39
Basic principles
Jetfan n
17/10/2012
Jet Fan - air entrainment 40
Basic principles – Axial Jet Fan plume
17/10/2012 41
Basic principles – Axial Jet Fan plume
17/10/2012 42
Basic principles –Centrifugal plume
17/10/2012 43
Basic principles –Centrifugal plume
17/10/2012 44
Basic principles
Basic principles
CFD + Jet Fan system?
17/10/2012 45
Basic principles: CFD – ducted extract, multiple grilles
Entrance ramp, air in
Extract ducting:
Total of 28 grilles in 4 rows
2 x extract
grilles
Influence of obstructions
17/10/2012 54
Fume extraction - Orientation
1 2
3 4
17/10/2012 Car park, 3m H 9340m2. 6 ac/h = 47 m3/s, 10 ac/h = 78m3/s. 26 Jetfans 55
Fume extraction – CFD air velocity
1 2
3 4
17/10/2012 Car park, 3m H x 9340m2. 6 ac/h = 47 m3/s, 10 ac/h = 78m3/s. 26 Jetfans 56
Jet Fan operation
17/10/2012 58
Example CFD analysis
17/10/2012 63
Example CFD analysis – Model of car park
Zone 3
Zone 2
25 Jet Fans
• 7 of TJHT/2/4-315-C 0,8/0,2kW F300
• 13 of IFHT-50N-C 4/8 1.1/0.18kW F300
• 5 of IFHT-75N-C 4/8 2,2/0,37kW F300
Zone 1
17/10/2012 65
Example CFD analysis – Possible cause and effect
A typical cause and effect table should be agreed, however, a typical arrangement may
be as follows:
The cause and effect describes how the main fans and Jet Fans will need to operate to
achieve the required ventilation conditions with the car park. For smoke clearance
systems, some regulations may require a delay before operation of JetFans, for safe
evacuation.
Pollution control
Mode Sensing Extract Fans Jet Fans
A CO <30 ppm Off Off
B CO = 30 ppm Low Speed Low Speed
C CO = 90 ppm High Speed High Speed
Emergency smoke clearance
Smoke or
rapid
D High Speed High Speed
Temperature
rise
17/10/2012 66
Example CFD analysis – NPV
Velocity contour plot at 1.7 m above floor at 3.5 ACH
17/10/2012 67
Example CFD analysis – NPV
LMA at 1.7 m above floor at 3.5 ACH
17/10/2012 68
Example CFD analysis – NPV
Velocity contour at 2.75 m above floor at 3.5 ACH
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
17/10/2012 69
Example CFD analysis – Report considerations
Zone 3
Zone 2
17/10/2012 71
Example CFD analysis –
LMA at 1.7 m above floor at 6.75 ACH
Zone 3
Zone 2
17/10/2012 72
Example CFD analysis –
Velocity streamlines at 6.75 ACH
Zone 3
Zone 2
17/10/2012 73
Example CFD analysis – Report considerations
Project examples
17/10/2012 85
Project examples – Terra
17/10/2012 88
Project examples – Terra
17/10/2012 89
Project examples – The Polygon
Height Surface Aprox. Volume
Basement Zone
[m] [m2] [m3]
Z1.1 4.00 3,664 14,656
Z1.2 4.00 5,625 22,500
Basement 1
Z1.3 4.00 3,355 13,420
Z1.4 4.00 7,453 29,812
B1 4.00 20,097 80,388
Z2.1 2.74 3,635 9,960
Z2.2 2.74 5,894 16,150
Basement 2
Z2.3 2.74 6,438 17,640
Z2.4 2.74 7,743 21,216
B2 2.74 23,710 64,966
93
17/10/2012 93
Project examples – Zorlu Center
Floor to
Floor Surface
Level Zone ceiling Height Volume [m 3 ]
[m 2 ]
[m]
PB1 - 3.20 1,881 6,018
PB2A - 3.20 2,457 8,384
PB2 - 3.20 2,338 7,993
PB3 - 3.20 2,403 8,213
Z 4.1 3.20 2,724 9,239
PB4
Z 4.2 3.20 1,867 5,976
Z 5.2 & Z 5.3 3.20 3,069 10,342
PB5
Z 5.1 & Z 5.4 3.20 4,317 13,815
Z 6.2 & Z 6.3 3.20 3,499 11,708
PB6
Z 6.1 & Z 6.4 3.20 3,441 11,012
Z 7.2 & Z 7.3 3.20 3,499 11,197
PB7
Z 7.1 & Z 7.4 3.20 3,832 12,263
Total - 27.2 35,327 116,160
17/10/2012 94
Project examples – Armada
Note
location of
air entry
Access ramps
for air inlet
and extract
Extract air fans
17/10/2012 95
Project examples – Do’s & Dont’s
17/10/2012 96
Product
17/10/2012 97
Product
Model : TJHT
• Axial Flow Type
• 315 to 630 mm diameter
• 12N to 390N Thrust.
• Fully reversible impeller
• Fitted with 1 or 2 speed motor
• Terminal box, or optional Isolation switch fitted
for F200, F300, F400
• Supplied with inlet/outlet
protection guards or Deflectors
17/10/2012 98
Product
Model : TJHU
• Axial Flow Type
• 315 to 400 mm diameter
• 12N to 60N Thrust.
• Uni-direction impeller
• Fitted with 1 or 2 speed motor
• Terminal box, or optional Isolation switch fitted
for F200, F300, F400
• Supplied with inlet/outlet
protection guards or
inlet guard and outlet deflector
17/10/2012 99
Product
17/10/2012 100
Product
17/10/2012 101
Product
17/10/2012 102
Product
Centrifugal Induction Fan Model : IFHT
• Centrifugal Type
• Low headroom car park
• 50N, 75N, 100N thrust
• Terminal box connection
• Isolation switch option
• Fire rated F300 / 120, new F400 / 120
• Two speed 4 / 8 Pole
17/10/2012 103
Product
17/10/2012 104
Product
17/10/2012 105
Product
17/10/2012 106
Product
Models : TGT - THGT
Axial flow fans
• 400 to 1250 mm diameter
• Air volume flow from 1,500 to
120,000 m3/h
• TGT
•THGT Fire rated
F200/120
F300/120
F400/120
17/10/2012 107
Remember – Fans for life safety
17/10/2012 109
Fire – the results, costs?
17/10/2012
Source: Avon Fire & Rescue UK 110
Car Park Ventilation
by Jet Fan system
Questions
presented by
Alex Maymó
CFD Engineer
http://www.tv3.cat/videos/1534449/Incendi-espectacular-a-Viladecans