10/12/2021

AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY

FIZ161 Physics-I

• 2021 - 2022 Fall

Chapter 1
Semester Units, Physical
• Lecture
Presentations
Quantities, and
Vectors

Prof. Dr. Aytaç Gürhan GÖKÇE

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The Nature of Physics

Physics is an experimental
science in which physicists
seek patterns that relate
the phenomena of nature.

The patterns are called

physical theories.

A very well established or

widely used theory is
called a physical law or
principle.

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Each measurement is
Used to describe natural
associated with a
phenomena
physical quantity

Measurements
Characteristics of
standards for
measurements
•Readily accessible
Need defined standards •Possess some property that can
be measured reliably
•Must yield the same results
when used by anyone
anywhere
•Cannot change with time

FIZ161 Physics-I | 2021-2022’Fall | Aydın Adnan Menderes University | Prof. Dr. Aytaç Gürhan GÖKÇE 3

Length, time, and mass are three

fundamental quantities of
physics.

The International System (SI for

Standards Système International) is the
and Units most widely used system of
units.
In SI units, length is measured in
meters, time in seconds, and
mass in kilograms.

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Fundamental Quantities and Their Units

Quantity SI Unit
Length meter

Mass kilogram

Time second

Temperature Kelvin

Electric Current Ampere

Luminous Intensity Candela

Amount of Substance mole

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Quantities In mechanics,
three fundamental
All other
quantities in

Used in quantities are

used:
mechanics can be
expressed in terms
of the three

Mechanics
•Length
•Mass fundamental
•Time quantities.

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Length is the distance between two points in space.

Units: SI – meter, m

Defined in terms of a meter – the distance traveled by light in a

vacuum during a given time
Mass
Units: SI – kilogram, kg

Since 2018 the value of the kilogram has been based on a

fundamental constant of nature called Planck’s constant (h)
Time
Units: seconds, s

Defined in terms of the oscillation of radiation from a cesium atom

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Unit Prefixes
• Prefixes can be used to create larger and smaller units for the fundamental
quantities. Some examples are:
1 𝜇m = 10 m (size of some bacteria and living cells)
1 km = 10 m (a 10-minute walk)
1 mg = 10 kg (mass of a grain of salt)
1 ns = 10 s (time for light to travel 0.3 m)

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Unit Consistency and Conversions

• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be
added or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure
you’re adding “apples to apples.”)
• Always carry units through calculations.
• Convert to standard units as necessary, by forming a ratio of
the same physical quantity in two different units, and using it
as a multiplier.
• For example, to find the number of seconds in 3 min, we write:

60 s
3 min = (3 min) = 180 s
1 min

FIZ161 Physics-I | 2021-2022’Fall | Aydın Adnan Menderes University | Prof. Dr. Aytaç Gürhan GÖKÇE 9

The uncertainty of a
measured quantity is
indicated by its number of
significant figures.

Uncertainty For multiplication and

and division, the answer can

have no more significant

Significant figures than the smallest

number of significant figures
Figures in the factors.

For addition and subtraction,

the number of significant
figures is determined by the
term having the fewest digits
to the right of the decimal
point.

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Operations with Significant Figures

– Multiplying or Dividing
• When multiplying or dividing several quantities, the number of
significant figures in the final answer is the same as the number of
significant figures in the quantity having the smallest number of
significant figures.
• Example: 25.57 m x 2.45 m = 62.6 m2
• The 2.45 m limits your result to 3 significant figures.

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Vectors and Scalars

• A scalar quantity can be described by a single number.
• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction
in space.
• In this book, a vector quantity is represented in boldface
italic type with an arrow over it: A .

• The magnitude of A is written as A or A .

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Drawing
Vectors
• Draw a vector as a line
with an arrowhead at
its tip.
• The length of the line
shows the vector’s
magnitude.
• The direction of the
line shows the vector’s
direction.

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Adding Two Vectors Graphically (1

of 3)

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Adding Two Vectors Graphically (2

of 3)

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Adding Two
Vectors
Graphically
(3 of 3)

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Adding More Than Two Vectors

Graphically (1 of 3)

• To add several
vectors, use the
head-to-tail
method.
• The vectors can be
added in any order.

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Adding More Than Two Vectors

Graphically (2 of 3)
• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.
• The vectors can be added in any order.

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Adding More Than Two Vectors

Graphically (3 of 3)
• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.
• The vectors can be added in any order.

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Subtracting Vectors

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Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

• If c is a scalar, the product
cA has magnitude c A.

• The figure illustrates

multiplication of a vector
by
a) a positive scalar and
b) a negative scalar.

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Addition of Two Vectors at Right Angles

• To add two vectors
that are at right
angles, first add the
vectors graphically.
• Then use
trigonometry to find
the magnitude and
direction of the sum.
• In the figure, a cross-
country skier ends up
2.24 km from her
starting point, in a
direction of 63.4
degrees east of
north.

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Components of a
Vector
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited
accuracy. Vector components provide a general
method for adding vectors.
• Any vector can be represented by an x-
component Ax and a y-component Ay.

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Positive and
Negative
Components
The components of a
vector may be positive
or negative numbers, as
shown in the figures.

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Finding
Components
We can calculate the
components of a vector
from its magnitude and
direction.

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Calculations Using Components

• We can use the components of a vector to find its
magnitude and direction: 𝐴 = 𝐴 + 𝐴 and tan𝜃 = 𝐴
𝐴
• We can use the components of a
set of vectors to find the
components of their sum:
𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 +. . . , 𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 +. . .

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Unit Vectors
• A unit vector has a
magnitude of 1 with no units.
• The unit vector
points inı̂ the +x-direction,
points inȷ̂ the +y-direction, and

points
k in the
+z-direction.
• Any vector can be expressed
in terms of its components as

A = 𝐴 ı̂ + 𝐴 ȷ̂ + 𝐴 k.
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The Scalar
Product (1 of 2)

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The Scalar Product (2 of 2)

• The scalar product can be
positive, negative, or zero,
depending on the angle
between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵.

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Calculating a Scalar Product Using

Components
• In terms of components:

• The scalar product of two vectors is the sum of the

products of their respective components.

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The Vector Product

If the vector product (“cross product”) of two vectors is
C = A × B then:

The direction of the vector product can be found using the right-
hand rule:

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The Vector Product is Anticommutative

A × B = −B × A

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