INTRODUCING

WORK AND ENERGY

Definition of WORK : ……….the product of the displacement (Δx) and the component of the
force (F) acting parallel to the displacement

𝐖 = 𝐅. 𝜟𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽

Cosθ represents the angle between the force and the direction of
displacement that the object experiences
The Direction of Displacement

Here the direction of displacement is in the same direction as the applied force, thus the angle
between F and Δx will be 00 hence Cosθ = 1
𝑾 = 𝑭. ∆𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 thus becomes 𝑾 = 𝑭. ∆𝒙. +𝟏 which is 𝑾 = 𝑭. ∆𝒙 (POSITIVE WORK)

However, if the direction of displacement is opposite to that of the force, then the angle
between F and Δx is hence Cosθ = -1
𝑾 = 𝑭. Δ𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ thus becomes 𝑾 = 𝑭. ∆𝒙(-1) which is 𝑾 = −𝑭. ∆𝒙
This introduces the concept of NEGATIVE WORK
Applying Force at an angle to an object – Component Force
Consider a 100N force being applied to an object at 300 to the horizontal

Fx = horizontal
component of the
force = FCosθ

𝐖 = 𝐅. 𝜟𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
(+1)
Positive and Negative Work
Worked Example

Positive direction

𝑾 = 𝑭. ∆𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
(64,95) (-1)
EXAMPLE 1
Memorandum

𝑭. 𝜟𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 =(𝟑𝟖𝟎)(20)(-1)

MECHANICAL ENERGY - Emech
Gravitational Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy
Mechanical energy ( continued)
Worked Example
Memorandum
EXAMPLE
MEMORANDUM
THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
THE WORK – ENERGY THEOREM ( continued)
Worked Example

Wnet = ΔEk Fnet.Δx = ΔEk

Worked Example (continued)
Conservation of Energy with External Forces and/or Resistive Forces present

Conservative Forces

In other words…….no energy leaves the system. It is fully CONSERVED

Non Conservative Forces (Resistive Forces)
These are forces that are resistive to the motion of an object and will cause energy to leave the
system in the form of heat/sound/light
Emech(A) + Wnc = Emech(B)

mechanical energy of the cyclist a point A

Memorandum

a)

b)

c) = F.Δx. Cosθ = (60)(8)(-1) = -480 J

Wnc
POWER

P = W
Δt
Worked Example
Worked Example
AVERAGE POWER

P = F.v
Worked Example

F//

F//
8283,3 N

8283,3 9783,3 N
Worked Example (continued)

9783,3 x 8 78 266,5 W
PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY
Worked Example

𝑾
𝑷 𝒐𝒖𝒕 =
∆𝒕
and 𝑾 = 𝑭. ∆𝒙. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 . 𝟗, 𝟖 . 𝟏𝟎 .(+1)
𝑾 = 𝟗𝟖 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱

𝟗𝟖 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑷 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = %𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = x 100
𝟓 𝑷𝒊𝒏
𝟏𝟗 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑷 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟗 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑾 = x 100
𝟑𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
% 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝟔𝟓, 𝟑%